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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Praetura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Praetura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Praetors_and_their_duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praetors_and_their_duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Praetors and their duties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Praetors_and_their_duties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Praetors and their duties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Praetors_and_their_duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Republican</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Praetor_peregrinus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praetor_peregrinus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span><i>Praetor peregrinus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Praetor_peregrinus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Praetor_urbanus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praetor_urbanus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span><i>Praetor urbanus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Praetor_urbanus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_praetors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_praetors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Additional praetors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_praetors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Imperial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Praetors_as_judges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praetors_as_judges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Praetors as judges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Praetors_as_judges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Praetors as judges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Praetors_as_judges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quaestiones_perpetuae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quaestiones_perpetuae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Quaestiones perpetuae</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quaestiones_perpetuae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outdoor_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outdoor_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Outdoor actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outdoor_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later Roman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Praetor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بريتور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بريتور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Прэтар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прэтар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Претор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Претор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Praetor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Praetor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Praetor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetur" title="Praetur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Praetur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preetor" title="Preetor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Preetor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πραίτορας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πραίτορας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoro" title="Pretoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pretoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretore" title="Pretore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pretore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="پرایتور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرایتور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9teur" title="Préteur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Préteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%95%EB%AC%B4%EA%B4%80" title="법무관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="법무관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Պրետոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրետոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रीतर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रीतर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoro" title="Pretoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pretoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretore_(storia_romana)" title="Pretore (storia romana) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pretore (storia romana)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="פראיטור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פראיטור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პრეტორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრეტორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praetor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorius" title="Pretorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pretorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Praetor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Претор (титула) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Претор (титула)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Praetor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Praetor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="プラエトル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラエトル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Претор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Претор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Praetor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9tor" title="Prétor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prétor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Претор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Претор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preettori" title="Preettori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Preettori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Praetor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor" title="Pretor – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Pretor" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Praetor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Претор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Претор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Praetor" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B0%91%E9%81%B8%E5%AE%98" title="羅馬民選官 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅馬民選官" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Magistrate of the Roman Republic</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pretor" redirects here. For the village in North Macedonia, see <a href="/wiki/Pretor,_Resen" title="Pretor, Resen">Pretor, Resen</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Praetorian (disambiguation)">Praetorian</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of ancient Rome">Politics of ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/225px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/300px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a></b><br />753–509 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></b><br />509–27 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b><br />27 BC – AD 395</li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 284</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />AD 284–641</li></ul> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire"><b>Western</b></a><br />AD 395–476</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><b>Eastern</b></a><br />AD 395–1453</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">Sullan republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Augustus" title="Constitutional reforms of Augustus">Augustan reforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Political institutions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Assemblies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Ordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Extraordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrector" title="Corrector">Corrector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Public law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius" title="Ius">Ius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">Senatus consultum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestio_perpetua" title="Quaestio perpetua">Quaestio perpetua</a></i></li></ul> </div> <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">Senatus consultum ultimum</a></i></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Titles and honours</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">Praeses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">Triumvir monetalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Praetor</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PREE</span>-tər</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Classical Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈprae̯tɔr]</a></span>), also <i><b>pretor</b></i>, was the <a href="/wiki/Title#Titles_for_heads_of_state" title="Title">title</a> granted by the government of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">army</a>, and (ii) as an elected <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Magistrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Magistrates">magistratus</a></i> (magistrate), assigned to discharge various duties. The functions of the magistracy, the <i>praetura</i> (praetorship), are described by the adjective itself:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>praetoria potestas</i> (praetorian power), the <i>praetorium imperium</i> (praetorian authority), and the <i>praetorium ius</i> (praetorian law), the legal precedents established by the <i>praetores</i> (praetors). <i>Praetorium</i>, as a <a href="/wiki/Substantive" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantive">substantive</a>, denoted the location from which the praetor exercised his authority, either the headquarters of his <i><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></i>, the courthouse (tribunal) of his judiciary, or the city hall of his provincial governorship.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minimum age for holding the praetorship was 39 during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, but it was later changed to 30 in the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_title">History of the title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The status of the <i>praetor</i> in the early republic is unclear. The traditional account from Livy claims that the praetorship was created by the <a href="/wiki/Sextian-Licinian_Rogations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextian-Licinian Rogations">Sextian-Licinian Rogations</a> in 367 BC, but it was well known both to Livy and other Romans in the late republic that the chief magistrates were first called <i>praetor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201515_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201515-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Festus "refers to 'the praetors, who are now consuls'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201515_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201515-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The form of the republic changed substantially over its history and the accounts of the republic's development in the early imperial period are marred with anachronisms projecting then-current practices into the past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201518_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201518-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the earliest periods of the republic, <i>praetor</i> "may not have meant anything more than leader in the most basic sense",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201518–9_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201518–9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deriving from <i>praeire</i> (to proceed) or <i>praeesse</i> (to be preeminent).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201519_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201519-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early praetors may have simply been clan leaders leading "military forces privately and free from state control"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201520_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201520-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a multitude of private leaders leading private armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201523_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201523-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These early military leaders were eventually institutionalised into fixed magistrate bodies elected by the people with clear state control over military activities. This was also probably assisted by "the use of <i>recuperatores</i> to mediate disputes and fetial priests to control the declaration of war".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201533_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201533-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect to make it more difficult for private individuals to start wars against Rome's neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201533_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201533-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reforms in 449 BC also may have required "for the first time that all military commanders be confirmed by a popular assembly [representing] the Roman people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201536_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201536-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of the classical praetorship was a long process that had been underway by 367 BC. This was when the <a href="/wiki/Sextian-Licinian_Rogations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextian-Licinian Rogations">Sextian-Licinian Rogations</a> were passed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201537_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201537-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving the Roman people substantially more power over the selection of their military commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201537_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201537-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Livy claims that the rogations created the praetorship in 367 BC to relieve the consuls of their judicial responsibilities, "few modern historians would accept [this] account as written".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015184_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015184-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond the ancient knowledge that a title of praetor dated to the beginning of the republic, what became the classical praetorship was initially a military office with <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a> and "virtually identical in authority and capacity to the consulship".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015184_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015184-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, a fully-formed praetorship without colleague, as Livy's account implies, would be a "tremendous violation of Roman practice in which all regular magistracies were created in colleges consisting of at least two".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015185_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015185-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Scholars increasingly view the [rogations] as establishing a college of three (and only three) praetors, two of whom eventually developed into the historical consuls".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201541_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201541-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What became the classical praetorship in its early years also was not viewed as being less than the consuls, as "it was common practice for men to hold the praetorship after a consulship... since [doing so] was simply a method of holding <i>imperium</i> for a second year".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015186–7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015186–7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livy reports that until 337 BC the praetor was chosen only from among the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a>. In that year, eligibility for the <i>praetura</i> was opened to the <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeians</a>, and one of them, Quintus Publilius Philo, won the office.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only in the 125 years after the election of three military leaders did a clear distinction emerge between what became the consuls and what became the praetors due to the "normal Roman practice to reserve one commander in or near the city for purposes of defence and (eventually) for civilian administration".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015188_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015188-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glory and prestige won by the praetors fighting foreign wars, then still in Italy, is what led to the higher prestige of the consulship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015188–9_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015188–9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only in 180 BC with the passage of the <i>lex Villia annalis</i> was holding the praetorship after the consulship prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015186_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015186-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the consulship emerged from the praetorship with higher prestige and desirability, praetorian <i>imperium</i> was still not legally distinct (or inferior to consular <i>imperium</i>) until the very end of the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 241 BC, praetors started to be prorogued, allowing former praetors to act in the place of a praetor (ie <i><a href="/wiki/Propraetor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propraetor">pro praetore</a></i>) with power only "to conduct war in his assigned <i>provincia</i> [with] no other concerns or duties".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015212_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015212-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prorogation, in effect, granted private individuals a legally fictitious power to act in the place of the normal magistrates, allowing them to continue to act within their assigned task (<i>provincia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prorogation allowed a magistrate, whose <i>imperium</i> did not expire with his term until crossing the pomerium or being stripped by the people, to continue in his assigned task or <i>provincia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015214_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015214-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Praetura">Praetura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Praetura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The elected praetor was a <a href="/wiki/Curule_chair" class="mw-redirect" title="Curule chair">curule magistrate</a>, exercised <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i>, and consequently was one of the <i><a href="/wiki/Magistratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistratus">magistratus majores</a></i>. He had the right to sit in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sella_curulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sella curulis">sella curulis</a></i> and wear the <i><a href="/wiki/Toga#Varieties" title="Toga">toga praetexta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy7.1b_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy7.1b-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was attended by six <a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">lictors</a>. A praetor was a <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i> within his own sphere, subject only to the veto of the consuls (who outranked him).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas19754_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas19754-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>potestas</i> and <i>imperium</i> (power and authority) of the consuls and the praetors under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a> should not be exaggerated. They did not use independent judgment in resolving matters of state. Unlike today's executive branches, they were assigned high-level tasks directly by senatorial decree under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a>. </p><p>Livy describes the assignments given to either consuls or praetors in some detail. As magistrates, they had standing duties to perform, especially of a religious nature. However, a consul or praetor could be taken away from his current duties at any time to head a task force, and there were many, especially military. Livy mentions that, among other tasks, these executive officers were told to lead troops against perceived threats (domestic or foreign), investigate possible subversion, raise troops, conduct special sacrifices, distribute windfall money, appoint commissioners and even exterminate locusts. Praetors could delegate at will. The one principle that limited what could be assigned to them was that their duties must not concern them with <i>minima</i>, "little things". They were by definition doers of <i>maxima</i>. This principle of Roman law became a principle of later European law: <i><a href="/wiki/De_minimis" title="De minimis">Non curat minima praetor</a></i>, that is, the details do not need to be legislated, they can be left up to the courts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Praetors_and_their_duties">Praetors and their duties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Praetors and their duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican">Republican</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Republican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A second praetorship was created around 241 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015187_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015187-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more clearly separating this office from that of the consulship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015188_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015188-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two reasons for this: to relieve the weight of judicial business and to give the Republic a <a href="/wiki/Magistratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistratus">magistrate</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i> who could field an army in an emergency when both <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> were fighting a far-off war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Praetor_peregrinus"><i>Praetor peregrinus</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Praetor peregrinus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a>, a fourth magistrate entitled to hold <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i> appears, the <i>praetor qui inter peregrinos ius dicit</i> ("the praetor who administers justice among foreigners"). Although in the later Empire the office was titled <i>praetor inter cives et peregrinos</i> ("among citizens and foreigners", that is, having jurisdiction in disputes between citizens and noncitizens), by the time of the 3rd century BC, Rome's territorial annexations and foreign populations were unlikely to require a new office dedicated solely to this task. <a href="/wiki/T._Corey_Brennan" title="T. Corey Brennan">T. Corey Brennan</a>, in his two-volume study of the praetorship, argues that during the military crisis of the 240s the second praetorship was created to make another holder of <i>imperium</i> available for command and provincial administration <i>inter peregrinos</i>. During the <a href="/wiki/Hannibalic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannibalic War">Hannibalic War</a>, the <i>praetor peregrinus</i> was frequently absent from Rome on special missions. The urban praetor more often remained in the city to administer the judicial system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideIzxygbg8DkCpgPA604_604]_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideIzxygbg8DkCpgPA604_604]-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Praetor_urbanus"><i>Praetor urbanus</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Praetor urbanus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>praetor urbanus</i> presided in civil cases between citizens. The Senate required that some senior officer remain in Rome at all times. This duty now fell to the <i>praetor urbanus</i>. In the absence of the consuls, he was the senior magistrate of the city, with the power to summon the Senate and to organize the defense of the city in the event of an attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough19901014_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough19901014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was not allowed to leave the city for more than ten days at a time. He was therefore given appropriate duties in Rome. He superintended the <a href="/wiki/Ludi_Apollinares" title="Ludi Apollinares">Ludi Apollinares</a> and was also the chief magistrate for the administration of justice and promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Praetor%27s_Edict" title="Praetor's Edict">Praetor's Edict</a>. These Edicts were statements of praetor's policy as to judicial decisions to be made during his term of office. The praetor had substantial discretion regarding his Edict, but could not legislate. In a sense the continuing Edicts came to form a corpus of precedents. The development and improvement of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Law">Roman Law</a> owes much to the wise use of this praetorial discretion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson197431–62_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson197431–62-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additional_praetors">Additional praetors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Additional praetors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prorogatio" class="mw-redirect" title="Prorogatio">Prorogatio</a></div> <p>The expansion of Roman authority over other lands required the addition of praetors. Two were created in 227 BC, for the administration of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, and two more when the two <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispanic</a> provinces were formed in 197 BC. The dictator <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a> transferred administration of the provinces to <a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">former consuls and praetors</a>, simultaneously increasing the number of praetors elected each year to eight, as part of his <a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_constitutional_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulla's constitutional reforms">constitutional reforms</a>. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> raised the number to ten, then fourteen, and finally to sixteen.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial">Imperial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Imperial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> made changes that were designed to reduce the Praetor to being an imperial administrator rather than a magistrate. The electoral body was changed to the Senate, which was now an instrument of imperial ratification. To take a very simplistic view, the establishment of the principate can be seen as the restoration of monarchy under another name. The Emperor therefore assumed the powers once held by the kings, but he used the apparatus of the republic to exercise them. For example, the emperor presided over the highest courts of appeal. </p><p>The need for administrators remained just as acute. After several changes, Augustus fixed the number at twelve. Under <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, there were sixteen. As imperial administrators, their duties extended to matters that the republic would have considered <i>minima</i>. Two praetors were appointed by <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> for matters relating to <i><a href="/wiki/Fideicommissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fideicommissa">Fideicommissa</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a>), when the business in that department of the law had become considerable, but <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> reduced the number to one; and <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> added a Praetor for the decision of matters between the <i><a href="/wiki/Fiscus" title="Fiscus">fiscus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasury</a>) and individuals. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appointed a Praetor for matters relating to <i>tutela</i> (<a href="/wiki/Legal_guardian" title="Legal guardian">guardianship</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Praetors_as_judges">Praetors as judges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Praetors as judges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roman court cases fell into the two broad categories of civil or criminal trials. The involvement of a Praetor in either was as follows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Actions">Actions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an <i>actio</i>, which was civil, the Praetor could either issue an <i>interdictum</i> (interdict) forbidding some circumstance or appoint a <i>iudex</i> (<a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a>). Proceedings before the praetor were technically said to be <i>in iure</i>. At this stage, the Praetor would establish a <i>formula</i> directing the <i>iudex</i> as to the remedy to be given if he found that certain circumstances were satisfied; for instance, "Let X be <i>iudex</i>. If it appears that the defendant ought to pay 10,000 sesterces to the plaintiff, let the <i>iudex</i> condemn the defendant to pay 10,000 sesterces to the plaintiff. If it does not so appear, let the plaintiff absolve him."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas197524_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas197524-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After they were handed over to the <i>iudex</i>, they were no longer <i>in iure</i> before the Praetor, but <i>apud iudicem</i>. The <i>iudicium</i> of the <i>iudex</i> was binding. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, however, this two-stage process had largely disappeared, and the Praetor would either hear the whole case in person or appoint a delegate (a <i>iudex pedaneus</i>), taking steps for the enforcement of the decision; the <i>formula</i> was replaced by an informal system of <a href="/wiki/Pleadings" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleadings">pleadings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas197528_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas197528-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, the Urban Praetor allegedly issued an annual <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edict</a>, usually on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurists</a> (since the Praetor himself was not necessarily educated in the law), setting out the circumstances under which he would grant remedies. The legal provisions arising from the Praetor's Edict were known as <i>ius honorarium</i>; in theory the Praetor did not have power to alter the law, but in practice the Edict altered the rights and duties of individuals and was effectively a legislative document. In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, however, the terms of the Edict were made permanent and the Praetor's <i>de facto</i> legislative role was abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas197522–26_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas197522–26-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quaestiones_perpetuae"><i>Quaestiones perpetuae</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Quaestiones perpetuae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Praetors also presided at the <i>quaestiones perpetuae</i> (which were criminal proceedings), so-called because they were of certain types, with a Praetor being assigned to one type on a permanent basis. The Praetors appointed judges who acted as jurors in voting for guilt or innocence. The verdict was either acquittal or condemnation. </p><p>These quaestiones looked into <i>crimina publica</i>, "crimes against the public", such as were worthy of the attention of a Praetor. The penalty on conviction was usually death, but sometimes other severe penalties were used. In the late Republic, the public crimes were: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repetundae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Repetundae (page does not exist)">Repetundae</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambitus" title="Ambitus">Ambitus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majestas" class="mw-redirect" title="Majestas">Majestas</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peculatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peculatus (page does not exist)">Peculatus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Falsum</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Sicariis_et_Veneficis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Sicariis et Veneficis (page does not exist)">De Sicariis et Veneficis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Patricidis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Patricidis (page does not exist)">De Patricidis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The last three were added by the Dictator <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> in the early 1st century BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outdoor_actions">Outdoor actions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Outdoor actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Praetor administered justice in a <a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">tribunal</a>, he sat on a <i>sella curulis</i>, which was that part of the court reserved for the Praetor and his assessors and friends, as opposed to the <i>subsellia</i>, the part occupied by the <i>iudices</i> (judges) and others who were present. In court, the Praetor was referred to as acting <i>e tribunali</i> or <i>ex superiore loco</i> (lit. from a raised platform or from a higher place) but he could also perform ministerial acts out of court, in which case he was said to be acting <i>e plano</i> or <i>ex aequo loco</i> (lit. from the flat ground or from an equal or level place). For instance, he could in certain cases give validity to the act of manumission when he was out-of-doors, such as on his way to the bath or to the theatre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_Roman_era">Later Roman era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 395 AD, the praetors' responsibilities had been reduced to a purely municipal role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923Volume_1,_Chapter_1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923Volume_1,_Chapter_1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their sole duty was to manage the spending of money on the exhibition of games or on public works. However, with the decline of the other traditional Roman offices such as that of <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribune</a>, the praetorship remained an important portal through which aristocrats could gain access to either the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Western</a> or <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Eastern</a> senates. The praetorship was a costly position to hold as praetors were expected to possess a treasury from which they could draw funds for their municipal duties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many other Roman institutions, the praetor (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">πραίτωρ</span>, <i>praitōr</i>) survived in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (r. 527–565) undertook a major administrative reform beginning in 535, which involved the reunification of civil and military authority in the hands of the governor in certain provinces, and the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Diocese of Thrace</a> had already been abolished by the end of the 5th century by Anastasius, and its <i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">vicarius</a></i> became the new <i>praetor Justinianus</i> of Thrace, with authority over all the former Thracian provinces except for <a href="/wiki/Lower_Moesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Moesia">Lower Moesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythia Minor (Roman province)">Scythia Minor</a>, which became part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">quaestura exercitus</a></i>. Similarly, the governors of <a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a> (enlarged by merging it with <a href="/wiki/Honorias" title="Honorias">Honorias</a>) were upgraded to <i>praetores Justiniani</i>, and received the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Vir_spectabilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vir spectabilis">vir spectabilis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesenberg1954_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesenberg1954-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923339–341Volume_2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923339–341Volume_2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> he replaced the <i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus_vigilum" title="Praefectus vigilum">praefectus vigilum</a></i>, who was hitherto responsible for security, by a <i>praetor populi</i> (in Greek πραίτωρ [τῶν] δήμων, <i>praitōr [tōn] dēmōn</i>), with wide-ranging police powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesenberg1954_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesenberg1954-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923338Volume_2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923338Volume_2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 9th century, the <i>praitōr</i> was a junior administrative official in the <i><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">themata</a></i>, subordinate to the governing <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">stratēgos</a></i>. Gradually however, the civil functionaries assumed greater power, and by the late 10th century, the <i>praitores</i> (or <i>kritai</i>, "judges") were placed at the head of the civil administration of a <i>thema</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB"Praetor"_(A._Kazhdan),_p._1710_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB"Praetor"_(A._Kazhdan),_p._1710-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This division of civil and military duties was often abandoned in the 12th century, when the posts of civil <i>praitōr</i> and military <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> were frequently held in tandem. The provincial post fell out of use after the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">collapse of the Empire</a> in 1204.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB"Praetor"_(A._Kazhdan),_p._1710_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB"Praetor"_(A._Kazhdan),_p._1710-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Helene_Ahrweiler" title="Helene Ahrweiler">Helene Ahrweiler</a>, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikephoros II">Nikephoros II</a> (r. 963–969) reinstituted a praetor in Constantinople, as a high-ranking judge. He is possibly identical to the <a href="/wiki/Palaiologan_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaiologan era">Palaiologan-era</a> post of the <i>praitōr tou demōu</i>, whose holders are attested until 1355.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB"Praetor"_(A._Kazhdan),_p._1710_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB"Praetor"_(A._Kazhdan),_p._1710-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Book of Offices</i> of <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kodinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Kodinos">pseudo-Kodinos</a>, compiled around the same time, the <i>praitōr tou demōu</i> occupied the 38th place in the imperial hierarchy, between the <i><a href="/wiki/Megas_tzaousios" class="mw-redirect" title="Megas tzaousios">megas tzaousios</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_ton_oikeiakon" title="Logothetes ton oikeiakon">logothetēs tōn oikeiakōn</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerpeaux1966138_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerpeaux1966138-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but held no official function.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerpeaux1966182_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerpeaux1966182-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His court uniform consisted of a gold-brocaded hat (<i>skiadion</i>), a plain silk <i><a href="/wiki/Kabbadion" title="Kabbadion">kabbadion</a></i> tunic, and a plain, smooth wooden staff (<i>dikanikion</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerpeaux1966161_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerpeaux1966161-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical Latin Praetor became medieval Latin Pretor; Praetura, Pretura, etc. During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> the 71 <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania#History" title="Counties of Romania">counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> were divided into a various numbers of <i><a href="/wiki/Plas%C4%83" title="Plasă">plăși</a></i> (singular: <i>plasă</i>), headed by a <i>Pretor</i>, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Prefect_(Romania)" title="Prefect (Romania)">Prefect</a>. The institution headed by the Pretor was called <i>Pretură</i>. Currently, this office has survived only in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a>, where praetors are the heads of <a href="/wiki/Chi%C5%9Fin%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Chişinău">Chişinău</a>'s five sectors. </p><p>In Italy, until 1998, Praetor was a magistrate with particular duty (especially in civil branch). </p><p>The Italian-speaking Swiss <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Ticino">canton of Ticino</a> has <i>pretori</i> (singular: <i>pretore</i>) which is the chief magistrate (civil branch) of a district, heading a <i>pretura</i> (a court).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>pretori</i> are appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Ticino" title="Grand Council of Ticino">canton's parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> franchise, Praetor is the usual title of the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Romulan" title="Romulan">Romulan Empire</a>. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Scars_of_Mirrodin" title="Scars of Mirrodin">New Phyrexia</a></i> expansion of the <i><a href="/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering" title="Magic: The Gathering">Magic: The Gathering</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Collectible_card_game" title="Collectible card game">collectible card game</a>, the five Phyrexian rulers were labeled as praetors. </p><p>In the sci-fi gaming franchise <i><a href="/wiki/StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a></i>, two of the major characters, Fenix and Artanis, hold the title of Praetor. </p><p>In the 2016 game <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(2016_video_game)" title="Doom (2016 video game)">Doom</a></i>, the armor worn by the protagonist is called the Praetor suit. </p><p>In the 2017 game <i><a href="/wiki/Xenoblade_Chronicles_2" title="Xenoblade Chronicles 2">Xenoblade Chronicles 2</a></i>, one of the central antagonists Amalthus holds the title of Praetor in the <i>Praetorium</i> of Indol. </p><p>In the 2020 game <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Rock_Galactic" title="Deep Rock Galactic">Deep Rock Galactic</a></i>, one of the common enemies is called a Glyphid Praetorian. </p><p>In the popular book series by <a href="/wiki/Rick_Riordan" title="Rick Riordan">Rick Riordan</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Heroes_of_Olympus" title="The Heroes of Olympus">The Heroes of Olympus</a></i>, there is a Senate with two Praetors, one male and one female. </p><p>In the critically acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">MMORPG</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XIV" title="Final Fantasy XIV">Final Fantasy XIV</a></i>, "The <i>Praetorium</i>" is a level 50 dungeon. </p><p>In the 2022 game <i><a href="/wiki/Elden_Ring" title="Elden Ring">Elden Ring</a></i>, one of the antagonists Rykard holds the title of Praetor among his fellow demi-gods in the Lands Between. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Praetors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Praetors">List of Praetors of the Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_praetors" title="Category:Roman praetors">Category:Roman praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor%27s_Edict" title="Praetor's Edict">Praetor's Edict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="List of topics related to ancient Rome">List of topics related to ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Constitution of the Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Political institutions of Rome">Political institutions of Rome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a>, the ending of the adjective agrees with the case, gender, and number, of the noun, which is why the ending of <i>praetori-</i> varies in the phrases given.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most moderate-size Latin dictionaries list the praetorial nouns and adjectives, and uses and major sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the late Republic the census was discovering a population of the city of Rome numbering in the millions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Approximately "remedy", the seeking of restitution of property taken illegally by a magistrate and conviction of the perpetrator. Example: an illegal confiscation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Canvassing", an attempt to influence voters illegally. Example: buying votes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Against the "majesty" of the people; that is, treason. Example: plotting the murder of a magistrate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Embezzlement", the theft of public property. Example: the misappropriation of public money.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"False witness"; i.e., against perjurers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Concerning stabbers and poisoners"; i.e., against professional assassins and their collaborators.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Patricide", extended to the murder of relatives, presumably for property.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMadsen,_Jesper_M.;_Scott;_Andrew_G.2023" class="citation book cs1">Madsen, Jesper M.; Scott; Andrew G. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2uxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA377"><i>Brill's Companion to Cassius Dio</i></a>. BRILL. p. 377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-52418-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-52418-7"><bdi>978-90-04-52418-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Cassius+Dio&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-90-04-52418-7&rft.au=Madsen%2C+Jesper+M.%3B+Scott%3B+Andrew+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db2uxEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201515-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201515_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201515_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201518-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201518_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201518–9-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201518–9_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 18–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201519-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201519_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201520-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201520_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201523-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201523_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201533-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201533_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201533_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201536-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201536_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201537-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201537_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201537_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015184-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015184_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015184_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015185-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015185_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201541-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201541_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015186–7-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015186–7_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 186–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita libri (Livy)">Ab urbe condita</a></i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_8#15" class="extiw" title="wikisource:From the Founding of the City/Book 8">8.15</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015188-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015188_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015188_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015188–9-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015188–9_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 188–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015186-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015186_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 192. See also et seq discussion of Livy and Festus' use of <i>vis imperii</i> as referring to social, rather than legal, hierarchy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015212-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015212_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 214. Note that a <i>provincia</i> is not synonymous with a "province", a <i>provincia</i> could refer to a task, here usually a war, to be conducted or a place in which a task, here governance, was to occur. The latter meaning flows to "province".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015214-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015214_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livy7.1b-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Livy7.1b_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_7#1" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 7">7.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas19754-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas19754_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholas1975">Nicholas 1975</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015187-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015187_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideIzxygbg8DkCpgPA604_604]-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideIzxygbg8DkCpgPA604_604]_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2000">Brennan 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIzxygbg8DkC&pg=PA604">604</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough19901014-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough19901014_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1990">McCullough 1990</a>, p. 1014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson197431–62-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson197431–62_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1974">Watson 1974</a>, pp. 31–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capitolinus, <i>Vita Marci Antonini</i> Chapter 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas197524-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas197524_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholas1975">Nicholas 1975</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas197528-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas197528_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholas1975">Nicholas 1975</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas197522–26-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas197522–26_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholas1975">Nicholas 1975</a>, pp. 22–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923Volume_1,_Chapter_1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923Volume_1,_Chapter_1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, Volume 1, Chapter 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesenberg1954-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesenberg1954_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesenberg1954_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWesenberg1954">Wesenberg 1954</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923339–341Volume_2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923339–341Volume_2_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, pp. 339–341, Volume 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923338Volume_2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923338Volume_2_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 338, Volume 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB"Praetor"_(A._Kazhdan),_p._1710-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB"Praetor"_(A._Kazhdan),_p._1710_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB"Praetor"_(A._Kazhdan),_p._1710_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB"Praetor"_(A._Kazhdan),_p._1710_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, "Praetor" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1710.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerpeaux1966138-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerpeaux1966138_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerpeaux1966">Verpeaux 1966</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerpeaux1966182-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerpeaux1966182_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerpeaux1966">Verpeaux 1966</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerpeaux1966161-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerpeaux1966161_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerpeaux1966">Verpeaux 1966</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www4.ti.ch/poteri/giudiziario/giustizia-civile/preture/">Repubblica e Cantone Ticino</a> (in Italian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/opc/it/classified-compilation/20012210/index.html#a36">Constitution of Ticino</a> Article 36 (in Italian)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._Corey_Brennan" title="T. Corey Brennan">Brennan, T. Corey</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIzxygbg8DkC"><i>The Praetorship in the Roman Republic</i></a>. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 357–972. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513867-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513867-8"><bdi>0-19-513867-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Praetorship+in+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pages=357-972&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-513867-8&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=T.+Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeIzxygbg8DkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, John Bagnell</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/home.html"><i>History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i></a>. London: MacMillan & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+From+the+Death+of+Theodosius+I+to+the+Death+of+Justinian&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=John+Bagnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FBURLAT%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogula2015" class="citation book cs1">Drogula, Fred (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905949529"><i>Commanders & command in the Roman Republic and Early Empire</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2314-6"><bdi>978-1-4696-2314-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905949529">905949529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanders+%26+command+in+the+Roman+Republic+and+Early+Empire&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905949529&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-2314-6&rft.aulast=Drogula&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F905949529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFODB" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough1990" class="citation book cs1">McCullough, Colleen (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstmaninr00mccu"><i>The First Man in Rome</i></a></span>. Avon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-71081-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-380-71081-1"><bdi>0-380-71081-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Man+in+Rome&rft.pub=Avon+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-380-71081-1&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstmaninr00mccu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas1975" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas, Barry (1975). <i>An Introduction to Roman Law</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-876063-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-876063-9"><bdi>0-19-876063-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Roman+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-19-876063-9&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerpeaux1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verpeaux, Jean, ed. (1966). <i>Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices</i> (in French). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudo-Kodinos%2C+Trait%C3%A9+des+Offices&rft.pub=Centre+National+de+la+Recherche+Scientifique&rft.date=1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1974" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Alan (1974). <i>Law making in the later Roman Republic</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+making+in+the+later+Roman+Republic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesenberg1954" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wesenberg, Gerhard (1954). "Praetor". <i><a href="/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_Classischen_Altertumswissenschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft">Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft</a></i>. Band XXII, Halbband 44, Praefectura-Priscianus. cols. 1582–1606.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Praetor&rft.btitle=Realencyclop%C3%A4die+der+Classischen+Altertumswissenschaft&rft.series=Band+XXII%2C+Halbband+44%2C+Praefectura-Priscianus&rft.pages=cols.+1582-1606&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Wesenberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1875" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1875). "Praetor". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</a></i>. London: John Murray. pp. 956–957.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Praetor&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=956-957&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Praetor" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Praetor">Praetor</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D22%3Aentry%3Dpraetor-harpers">Peck, Harry Thurston, <i>Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Praetor</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/0963.html">Smith, William, <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Praetor.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010223755/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/0963.html">Archived</a> 2012-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021230100155/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=Liv1His.sgm&images=images%2Fmodeng&data=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fparsed&tag=public&part=all">Livy, Books 1–5</a>, English, University of Virginia searchable etext.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030127201738/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=Liv2His.sgm&images=images%2Fmodeng&data=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fparsed&tag=public&part=all">Livy, Books 6–10</a>, English, University of Virginia searchable etext.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030127201952/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=Liv6His.sgm&images=images%2Fmodeng&data=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fparsed&tag=public&part=all">Livy, Books 40–45</a>, English, University of Virginia searchable etext.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/leg3.shtml">Cicero, <i>de legibus</i>, Book 3, Latin.</a> The Latin Library site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak"><i>The Roman Law Library</i> by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120831060912/http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak">Archived</a> 2012-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil 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