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Alphabetical list of Greek inventions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alphabetical_list_of_Greek_inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-B" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#B"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>B</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-B-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>C</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>D</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>E</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-F" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#F"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>F</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-F-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-G" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#G"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>G</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-G-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-H" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#H"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>H</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-H-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-J" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#J"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>J</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-J-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>L</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-M" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#M"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>M</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-M-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-N" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#N"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>N</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-N-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-O" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#O"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>O</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-O-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-P" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#P"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.19</span> <span>V</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-V-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-W" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#W"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.20</span> <span>W</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-W-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Z" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Z"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.21</span> <span>Z</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Z-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discoveries_made_by_Greeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discoveries_made_by_Greeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Discoveries made by Greeks</span> </div> </a> <button 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaticano_2011_(88).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vaticano_2011_%2888%29.JPG/290px-Vaticano_2011_%2888%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vaticano_2011_%2888%29.JPG/435px-Vaticano_2011_%2888%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vaticano_2011_%2888%29.JPG/580px-Vaticano_2011_%2888%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i>, a famous fresco by the Italian Renaissance artist <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> as the central figures in the scene.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Greek inventions and discoveries</b> are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, by <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>. </p><p>Greek people have made major innovations to <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. Other major Greek contributions include being the birth of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">history</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Logic#History" title="Logic">Western logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics#Philosophy" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Western sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">ancient Greek law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek food">Greek food</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Alphabet">Greek Alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following is a list of inventions, innovations or discoveries known or generally recognized to be Greek. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabetical_list_of_Greek_inventions">Alphabetical list of Greek inventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Alphabetical list of Greek inventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>............................. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A">A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrolith" title="Acrolith">Acrolith</a>: An acrolith is a composite <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> made of stone together with other materials such as wood or inferior stone such as <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, as in the case of a figure whose clothed parts are made of wood, while the exposed flesh parts such as head, hands, and feet are made of marble. The wood was covered either by drapery or by gilding. This type of statuary was common and widespread in Classical antiquity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamics</a>: Modern aerodynamics only dates back to the seventeenth century, but aerodynamic forces have been harnessed by humans for thousands of years in sailboats and windmills. Fundamental concepts of <a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">continuum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic drag">drag</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pressure_gradient" title="Pressure gradient">pressure gradients</a> appear in the work of Aristotle and Archimedes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Air and water pumps</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a> and various other Greeks of Alexandria of the period developed and put to practical use various air and water pumps which served a variety of purposes,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as a <a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">water organ</a> and, by the 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Heron%27s_fountain" title="Heron's fountain">Heron's fountain</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alarm_clock" title="Alarm clock">Alarm clock</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> engineer and inventor Ctesibius (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 285–222 BC) fitted his clepsydras with a dial and pointer for indicating the time, and added elaborate "alarm systems, which could be made to drop pebbles on a gong, or blow trumpets (by forcing bell-jars down into water and taking the compressed air through a beating reed) at pre-set times" (<a href="/wiki/Vitruv" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitruv">Vitruv</a> 11.11).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a>: Alchemy, a forerunner of chemistry, has its origin in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Egypt">Hellenistic Egypt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Diophantus" title="Diophantus">Diophantus</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandrian</a> Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called <i><a href="/wiki/Arithmetica" title="Arithmetica">Arithmetica</a></i>. These texts deal with solving <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_equation" title="Algebraic equation">algebraic equations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have led, in <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a> to the modern notion of <a href="/wiki/Diophantine_equation" title="Diophantine equation">Diophantine equation</a>. In the context where algebra is identified with the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_equations" title="Theory of equations">theory of equations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diophantus" title="Diophantus">Diophantus</a> is credited as its inventor and thus the "father of algebra".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">Analog computer</a>: In 1900–1901, the <a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a> was found in the <a href="/wiki/Antikythera_wreck" title="Antikythera wreck">Antikythera wreck</a>. It is thought that this device was an analog computer designed to calculate astronomical positions and was used to predict lunar and solar eclipses based on Babylonian arithmetic-progression cycles. Whereas the Antikythera mechanism is considered a proper analog computer, the <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a> (also invented by the Greeks) may be considered as a forerunner.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a>: anarchic attitudes were first articulated by tragedians such as <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> who used the myth of <a href="/wiki/Antigone" title="Antigone">Antigone</a> to illustrate the conflict between rules set by the state and personal autonomy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Suez_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Suez Canal">Ancient Suez Canal</a>: Opened by Greek engineers under <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy II">Ptolemy II</a> (283–246 BC), following earlier, probably only partly successful attempts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anemoscope" title="Anemoscope">Anemoscope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Timosthenes" title="Timosthenes">Timosthenes</a> invented the anemoscope.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_bridge" title="Arch bridge">Arch bridge</a>: Possibly the oldest existing arch bridge is the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> <a href="/wiki/Arkadiko_Bridge" title="Arkadiko Bridge">Arkadiko Bridge</a> in Greece from about 1300 BC. The stone <a href="/wiki/Corbel_arch" title="Corbel arch">corbel arch</a> bridge is still used by the local populace.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_heat_ray" title="Archimedes' heat ray">Archimedes' heat ray</a>: is a device that <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> is purported to have used to burn attacking Roman ships during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(213%E2%80%93212_BC)" title="Siege of Syracuse (213–212 BC)">Siege of Syracuse</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 213–212 BC</span>). It does not appear in the surviving works of Archimedes and is described by historians writing many years after the siege.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">Aqueduct</a>: Although particularly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Romans</a>, aqueducts were likely first used by the <a href="/wiki/Minoans" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoans">Minoans</a> around 2000 BCE. The Minoans had developed what was then an extremely advanced <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation system">irrigation system</a>, including several aqueducts.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">Aqueduct (bridge)</a>: first built by the Minoans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a>: Despite the Legends and Myths of the Greek Mythologies, Many ancient Greeks believed that many modern mechanisms could have their own will despite human labor to use them as tools. Many Greeks had Written stories that believe that intelligent mechanisms could pose a danger to human society thanks to the stories of <a href="/wiki/Talos" title="Talos">Talos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandora" title="Pandora">Pandora</a>, and the Golden Maidens of the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>. By the year 3rd century BC, The first Artificial Intelligent Robot was created as a maiden named Philon by an unknown Greek Engineer marking the permanent beginning footsteps of Artificial Intelligence itself.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a>: a type of <a href="/wiki/Bagpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagpipe">bagpipe</a> played as a traditional instrument on the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">tsampouna</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a>: the earliest sports resembling association football are the ancient Greek games <i>Phaininda</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Episkyros" title="Episkyros">episkyros</a>.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a>: First used around 300 BC by astronomers in Greece. Used to determine the altitude of objects in the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a>: <a href="/wiki/Music_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Music in ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">wind instrument</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a>: Automata theory is the study of abstract machines and automata, as well as the computational problems that can be solved using them. It is a theory in theoretical computer science. The word automata comes from the Greek word αὐτόματος, which means "self-acting, self-willed, self-moving". An automaton (automata in plural) is an abstract self-propelled computing device which follows a predetermined sequence of operations automatically.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">Automaton</a>: An automaton (automata or automatons) is a relatively self-operating <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a>, or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-definition_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_door" title="Automatic door">Automatic doors</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heron_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Heron of Alexandria">Heron of Alexandria</a>, a 1st-century AD inventor from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, created schematics for automatic doors to be used in a temple with the aid of steam power.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a> described a float regulator for a <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clock</a>, a device not unlike the ball and cock in a modern flush toilet. This was the earliest feedback controlled mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="B">B</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baglamas" title="Baglamas">Baglamas</a>: long necked bowl-lute, is a <a href="/wiki/Plucked_string_instrument" title="Plucked string instrument">plucked string instrument</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek music">Greek music</a>; it is a smaller version of the <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">bouzouki</a> pitched an <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> higher (nominally D-A-D), with <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a> pairs on the four highest strings and an octave pair on the lower D.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a>: Greek missile weapon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">Bathtub</a>: The oldest bathtub was found on the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>: At its most comprehensive definition, biochemistry can be seen as a study of the components and composition of living things and how they come together to become life. In this sense, the history of biochemistry may therefore go back as far as the ancient Greeks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>-<a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> businessman <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lazaridis" title="Mike Lazaridis">Mike Lazaridis</a> founded <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="BlackBerry (company)">BlackBerry</a>, which created and manufactured the <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a> wireless hand-held device. Lazaridis served in various positions including co-chairman and Co-CEO of BlackBerry from 1984 to 2012 and Board Vice Chair and Chair of the Innovation Committee from 2012 to 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure pottery</a>: one of the principal styles of painting on <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">antique Greek vases</a>. It was especially common between the 7th and 5th centuries BC, although there are specimens dating as late as the 2nd century BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a>: Popular <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> in Greece.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">Body Armor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dendra_panoply" title="Dendra panoply">The Dendra panoply</a> or Dendra armour is an example of <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean-era</a> <a href="/wiki/Panoply" title="Panoply">panoply</a> (full-body armor) made of bronze plates uncovered in the village of <a href="/wiki/Dendra" title="Dendra">Dendra</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Argolid" class="mw-redirect" title="Argolid">Argolid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C">C</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calipers" title="Calipers">Calipers</a>: Earliest example found in the <a href="/wiki/Giglio_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Giglio Island">Giglio</a> wreck near the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> coast. The wooden piece already featured one fixed and a movable jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calisthenics" title="Calisthenics">Calisthenics</a>: a form of strength training that originated in ancient Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caller_ID" title="Caller ID">Caller ID</a>: 1968, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Paraskevakos" title="Theodore Paraskevakos">Theodore Paraskevakos</a>, while working in as a communications engineer for SITA in Athens, Greece, began developing a system to automatically identify a telephone caller to a call recipient. Developing the method for the basis for modern-day Caller ID technology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Cameo (carving)</a>: A method of carving originating in Greece.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal Lock">Canal Lock</a>: Built into Ancient Suez Canal under Ptolemy II.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">Cannon</a>: Ctesibius of Alexandria invented a primitive form of the cannon, operated by compressed air.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a>: The historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> mentions the invention of a mechanical arrow-firing catapult.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">Cella</a>: The inner chamber of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temple">Greek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Roman temple</a> in classical antiquity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">Cement</a>: cement, chemically speaking, is a product that includes <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">lime</a> as the primary binding ingredient. Lime (calcium oxide) was used on <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and by the ancient Greeks. There is evidence that the Minoans of Crete used crushed potsherds as an artificial <a href="/wiki/Pozzolan" title="Pozzolan">pozzolan</a> for hydraulic cement. Nobody knows who first discovered that a combination of <a href="/wiki/Slaked_lime" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaked lime">hydrated non-hydraulic lime</a> and a pozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture (see also: <a href="/wiki/Pozzolanic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Pozzolanic reaction">Pozzolanic reaction</a>), but such concrete was used by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a>, and three centuries later on a large scale by <a href="/wiki/Roman_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman engineers">Roman engineers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> was warmed by heated air that was circulated through flues laid in the floor, the first known central heating system. Central heating of buildings was later employed throughout the Greek world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetology" title="Cetology">Cetology</a>: Observations about Cetacea have been recorded since at least classical times. Ancient Greek fishermen created an artificial notch on the dorsal fin of dolphins entangled in nets so that they could tell them apart years later.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_drive" title="Chain drive">Chain drive</a>: First described by <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantium" title="Philo of Byzantium">Philo of Byzantium</a>, the device powered a <a href="/wiki/Repeating_crossbow" title="Repeating crossbow">repeating crossbow</a>, the first known of its kind.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">Cheesecake</a>: The earliest attested mention of a cheesecake is by the Greek physician <a href="/wiki/Aegimus" title="Aegimus">Aegimus</a> who wrote a book on the art of making cheesecakes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelys" title="Chelys">Chelys</a>: a stringed musical instrument, the common lyre of the ancient Greeks, which had a convex back of <a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortoiseshell material">tortoiseshell</a> or of wood shaped like the shell. The word <i>chelys</i> was used in allusion to the oldest lyre of the Greeks, which was said to have been invented by <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymn</a> to Hermes</i>, he came across a tortoise near the threshold of his mother's home and decided to hollow out the shell to make the soundbox of an instrument with seven strings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton (costume)</a>: A chiton is a form of <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunic</a> that fastens at the shoulder, worn by men and women of Ancient Greece and Rome.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine_sculpture" title="Chryselephantine sculpture">Chryselephantine sculpture</a>: sculpture made with <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>. Chryselephantine <a href="/wiki/Cult_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult statue">cult statues</a> enjoyed high status in Ancient Greece.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cithara" class="mw-redirect" title="Cithara">Cithara</a>: An ancient Greek musical instrument in the <a href="/wiki/Yoke_lutes" title="Yoke lutes">yoke lutes</a> family. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">modern Greek</a> the word <i>kithara</i> has come to mean "<a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>", a word which <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymologically</a> stems from <i>kithara</i>. The kithara was a seven-stringed professional version of the lyre, which was regarded as a rustic, or <a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">folk instrument</a>, appropriate for teaching music to beginners. As opposed to the simpler lyre, the kithara was primarily used by professional musicians, called <a href="/wiki/Kitharode" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitharode">kitharodes</a>. The kithara's origins are likely <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a>. Popular in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_kemen%C3%A7e" title="Classical kemençe">Classical kemençe</a>: it was mainly used by Greek immigrants from Asia Minor and in classical <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> music.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claw_of_Archimedes" title="Claw of Archimedes">Claw of Archimedes</a>: An ancient weapon devised by Archimedes to defend the seaward portion of Syracuse's <a href="/wiki/City_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="City wall">city wall</a> against <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious assault">amphibious assault</a>. Although its exact nature is unclear, the accounts of ancient historians seem to describe it as a sort of <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">crane</a> equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">grappling hook</a> that was able to lift an attacking ship partly out of the water, then either cause the ship to capsize or suddenly drop it. It was dropped onto enemy ships, which would then swing itself and destroy the ship.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a>: The Greeks began the formal study of climate; in fact the word climate is derived from the Greek word klima, meaning "slope," referring to the slope or inclination of the Earth's axis. Arguably the most influential classic text on climate was <i>On Airs, Water and Places written by</i> Hippocrates.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_tower" title="Clock tower">Clock tower</a>: See <a href="/wiki/Clock_tower" title="Clock tower">Clock tower</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochilia" title="Cochilia">Cochilia</a>: Greek traditional auxiliary percussion instrument.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>: according to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a>, the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Classless" class="mw-redirect" title="Classless">classless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> society first emerged in Ancient Greece; since the 20th century, Ancient Rome has also been discussed, among them thinkers such as Aristotle, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>, Plato, and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, with Plato in particular being discussed as a possible communist or socialist theorist, or as the first author to give communism a serious consideration.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians_(Aristotle)" title="Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)">The Athenian Constitution</a>: The Constitution of the Athenians (in ancient Greek Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία, Athenaion Politeia) describes the political system of ancient Athens. According to ancient sources, Aristotle compiled constitutions of 158 Greek states, of which the Constitution of the Athenians is the only one to survive intact. Modern scholars dispute how much of the authorship of these constitutions can be attributed to Aristotle personally; he at least would have been assisted by his students.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian order</a>: The Corinthian order is the last developed of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_order" title="Classical order">three principal classical orders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Roman architecture</a> this style of Architecture was mostly invented in Athens based on its other city state Corinth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_pulley" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound pulley">Compound Pulley</a>: Archimedes of Syracuse invented the first compound pulleys.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Counterweight mirror: Ctesibius' first invention was a counter-weighted mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterweight_trebuchet" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterweight trebuchet">Counterweight trebuchet</a>: The earliest written record of the <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet#Counterweight_trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">counterweight trebuchet</a>, a vastly more powerful design than the simple traction trebuchet,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appears in the work of the 12th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a>. Niketas describes a stone projector used by future emperor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> at the siege of Zevgminon in 1165. This was equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Windlass" title="Windlass">windlass</a>, an apparatus required neither for the traction nor hybrid trebuchet to launch missiles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">Crane (machine)</a>: Labor-saving device that allowed the employment of small and efficient work teams on construction sites. Later winches were added for heavy weights.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan lyra</a>: Greek pear-shaped, three-stringed bowed musical instrument, central to the traditional music of Crete and other islands in the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a> Archipelago, in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotalum" title="Crotalum">Crotalum</a>: ancient Greek clappers or castanets.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain" title="Curtain">Curtain</a>: Oldest curtains found in excavation sites at <a href="/wiki/Olynthus" title="Olynthus">Olynthus, Greece</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a>: Ctesibius and others such as Heron are considered to be some of the first to study cybernetic principles.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="D">D</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>: Led by <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a>, Athenians established what is generally held as the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">first democracy</a> in 508–507 BC. Cleisthenes is referred to as "the father of <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential gear">Differential gear</a>: The Antikythera mechanism, from the Roman-era Antikythera wreck, employed a differential gear to determine the angle between the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> positions of the sun and moon, and thus the <a href="/wiki/Phase_of_the_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase of the moon">phase of the moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">Disability ramp</a>: Oldest disability ramp found in Greece for people with trouble walking.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discus_throw" title="Discus throw">Discus throw</a>: The sport of throwing the discus traces back to it being an event in the original <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> of Ancient Greece.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric order</a>: The Doric order was one of the three orders of ancient Greek architecture.</li> <li>Double-action principal: Universal mechanical principle that was discovered and first applied by the engineer Ctesibius in his double action piston pump, which was later developed further by Heron to a <a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">fire hose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry dock</a>: Invented in Ptolemaic Egypt, under Ptolemy IV Philopator.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E">E</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a>: Ancient Greek philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> were among the first to record observations on natural history. However, they viewed life in terms of <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialism</a>. Early conceptions of ecology, such as a balance and regulation in nature can be traced to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, who described one of the earliest accounts of <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualism</a> in his observation of "natural dentistry".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a>: The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, who reported that <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> built his first elevator.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a>: The concept of an "element" as an indivisible substance has developed through three major historical phases: Classical definitions (such as those of the ancient Greeks), chemical definitions, and atomic definitions. The term 'elements' (stoicheia) was first used by the Greek philosopher Plato in about 360 BCE in his dialogue Timaeus, which includes a discussion of the composition of inorganic and organic bodies and is a speculative treatise on chemistry. Plato believed the elements introduced a century earlier by Empedocles were composed of small polyhedral forms: tetrahedron (fire), octahedron (air), icosahedron (water), and cube (earth).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a>: the earliest works on how to deal with the feelings of Emotions are the Greek Philosopher’s, Aristotle and Plato.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">Epicyclic gearing</a>: around 500 BC, the Greeks invented the idea of epicycles, of circles travelling on the circular orbits. The Antikythera Mechanism, circa 80 BCE, had gearing which was able to closely match the moon's elliptical path through the heavens, and even to correct for the nine-year <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a> of that path.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a>: The Greek physician <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, known as the father of medicine, sought a logic to sickness; he is the first person known to have examined the relationships between the occurrence of disease and environmental influences.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi-LASIK" title="Epi-LASIK">Epi-LASIK</a> eye surgery: Greek ophthalmologist <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Pallikaris" title="Ioannis Pallikaris">Ioannis Pallikaris</a>, who was the first person to perform <a href="/wiki/LASIK" title="LASIK">LASIK</a> eye surgery in 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed the improved epi-LASIK technique at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Crete" title="University of Crete">University of Crete</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme">Episteme</a>: is knowledge or understanding. The term epistemology (the branch of philosophy concerning knowledge) is derived from episteme or <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkyros" title="Episkyros">Episkyros</a>: a ball game invented in Greece. Considered to be the earliest ancestor of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">Escapement</a>: Described by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantium" title="Philo of Byzantium">Philo of Byzantium</a> (3rd century BC) in his technical treatise <i>Pneumatics</i> (chapter 31) as part of a <a href="/wiki/Washstand" title="Washstand">washstand</a> automaton for guests washing their hands. Philon's comment that "its construction is similar to that of clocks" indicates that such escapement mechanisms were already integrated in ancient water clocks.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a>: branch of philosophy that begins with the Greek Sophists of the fifth century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">Evidence-based medicine</a>: The Greek medical schools at <a href="/wiki/Knidos" title="Knidos">Knidos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a> were the first to develop rational theories of disease disconnected from religion and superstition and advocate healing based on empirically verified cures.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F">F</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: F"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a>: invented by Heron in the basis of Ctesibius' double action piston pump.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allowed for more efficient fire fighting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_pump" title="Fire pump">Fire pump</a>: an early device used to squirt water onto a fire was known as a <i>squirt</i> or <i>fire syringe</i>. Hand squirts and hand pumps are noted before Ctesibius of Alexandria invented the first fire pump around the 2nd century B.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">Flamethrower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>, heated in a <a href="/wiki/Brazier" title="Brazier">brazier</a> and pressurized by means of a pump, was ejected by an operator through a <a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">siphon</a> in any direction against the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, it could be poured down from swivel <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a> or hurled in pottery grenades.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a>: type of flute used in Greek folk music.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flushable pedestal toilets:</a> the 2nd millennium BC the Minoans developed flushable pedestal toilets, with examples excavated at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(Crete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akrotiri (Crete)">Akrotiri</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_flying_machines" title="Early flying machines">Flying machine</a>: as only described in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a> five centuries after him, he was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have actually flown some 200 meters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft rig</a>: Spritsails, the earliest fore-and-aft rigs, appeared in the 2nd century BC in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> on small Greek craft.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football" title="Football">Football</a>: The oldest sport that resembles modern <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> is the ancient Greek ball game, <a href="/wiki/Episkyros" title="Episkyros">Episkyros</a> which is dated before the 9th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a>: The Greek version of café frappé, using instant coffee, was invented in 1957 at the <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_International_Fair" title="Thessaloniki International Fair">Thessaloniki International Fair</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G">G</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: G"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastraphetes" title="Gastraphetes">Gastraphetes</a>: hand-held crossbow used by the Greeks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a>: Building on the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Map_of_the_World" title="Babylonian Map of the World">mapmaking practices of the Near East</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a>, a student of <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a>, was the first known person to produce a scale map of the known world, while some decades later <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus of Miletus</a> was the first to combine map-making with vivid descriptions of the people and landscapes of each location, taken from interviews with sailors and other travellers, initiating a field of study which Eratosthenes later named γεωγραφία (geography).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a>: The study of the physical material of the Earth dates back at least to ancient Greece when <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> wrote the work <i>Peri Lithon</i> (<i>On Stones</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a>: The study of landforms and the evolution of the Earth's surface can be dated back to scholars of Classical Greece. Herodotus argued from observations of soils that the <a href="/wiki/Nile_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile delta">Nile delta</a> was actively growing into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, and estimated its age. Aristotle speculated that due to <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">sediment transport</a> into the sea, eventually those seas would fill while the land lowered. He claimed that this would mean that land and water would eventually swap places, whereupon the process would begin again in an endless cycle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">Gimbal</a>: The inventor Philo of Byzantium described an eight-sided <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a> pot with an opening on each side, which can be turned so that any face is on top, dip in a pen and ink it-yet the ink never runs out through the holes of the side. This was done by the suspension of the inkwell at the center, which was mounted on a series of concentric metal rings which remained stationary no matter which way the pot turns itself.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">Glasses</a>: The precursor of glasses are the visual aid devices of ancient Greece. Scattered evidence exists for use of visual aid devices in Greek and Roman times, most prominently the use of an emerald by emperor Nero as mentioned by Pliny the Elder.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">Globe</a>: The earliest known example is the one constructed by Greek grammarian <a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Mallus" title="Crates of Mallus">Crates of Mallus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova" title="Çukurova">Çukurova</a> in modern-day Turkey), in the mid-2nd century BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a>: The word government derives from the Greek verb κυβερνάω [kubernáo] meaning to steer with a gubernaculum (rudder), the metaphorical sense being attested in the literature of classical antiquity, including Plato's Ship of State. Plato in his book The Republic (375 BC) divided governments into five basic types (four being existing forms and one being Plato's ideal form, which exists "only in speech").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>: Greek fire was an <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary</a> weapon used by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire</a> that was first developed <abbr>c.</abbr> 672. The Byzantines typically used it in <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval battles</a> to great effect, as it could continue burning while floating on water.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wrestling" title="Greek wrestling">Greek wrestling</a>: Type of wrestling. The most popular organized sport in Ancient Greece.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">Gristmill</a>: The Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> reports in his <i>Geography</i> a water-powered grain-mill to have existed near the palace of king <a href="/wiki/Mithradates_VI_Eupator" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithradates VI Eupator">Mithradates VI Eupator</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cabira" title="Cabira">Cabira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, before 71 BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a> that includes physical exercises requiring <a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">balance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flexibility_(anatomy)" title="Flexibility (anatomy)">flexibility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agility" title="Agility">agility</a>, coordination, dedication and endurance. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shoulders, back, chest, and <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdominal</a> muscle groups. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used in ancient Greece, more specifically in Sparta and Athens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyro_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyro (food)">Gyro:</a> Greek dish made from meat cooked on a vertical rotisserie. Like shawarma and al pastor meat, it is derived from the lamb-based doner kebab.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="H">H</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: H"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">Hand trebuchet</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet#Hand-trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">hand-trebuchet</a> (<i>cheiromangana</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Fustibalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fustibalus">staff sling</a> mounted on a pole using a <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">lever</a> mechanism to propel projectiles. Basically a portable trebuchet which could be operated by a single man, it was advocated by emperor <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a> around 965 to disrupt enemy formations in the open field. It was also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Ouranos#Ouranos'_Taktika" title="Nikephoros Ouranos">Taktika</a> of general <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Ouranos" title="Nikephoros Ouranos">Nikephoros Ouranos</a> (ca. 1000), and listed in the <i>Anonymus De obsidione toleranda</i> as a form of artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_pizza" title="Hawaiian pizza">Hawaiian pizza</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Panopoulos" title="Sam Panopoulos">Sam Panopoulos</a>, a Greek immigrant who moved to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> invented the Hawaiian pizza in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headband" title="Headband">Headband</a>: The beginning of headbands was no later than around 475 BC to 330 BC, with the ancient Greeks, who wore hair wreaths.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helepolis" title="Helepolis">Helepolis</a>: Greek <a href="/wiki/Siege_tower" title="Siege tower">siege tower</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron%27s_fountain" title="Heron's fountain">Heron's fountain</a>: Heron's fountain is a hydraulic machine invented by the 1st century AD inventor, mathematician, and physicist Heron of Alexandria.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a>: A himation was a type of clothing, a mantle or wrap worn by ancient Greek men and women from the Archaic through the Hellenistic periods.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a>: The earliest <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronologies</a> date back to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annal" class="mw-redirect" title="Annal">annals</a>. By contrast, the term "historiography" is taken to refer to written history recorded in a narrative format for the purpose of informing future generations about events. In this limited sense, "history" begins with the early historiography of Classical Antiquity, in about the 5th century BCE, with <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, the <i>father of history</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a>: The word holography comes from the Greek words ὅλος (holos; "whole") and γραφή (graphē; "writing" or "drawing").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a>: a philosophical school of thought that emphasizes the individual and social potential and <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">agency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human beings</a>. It considers human beings the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry. Traces of humanism can be traced in the ancient Greek philosophy. Pre-Socratics philosophers were the first Western philosophers to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason and natural law without relying on myth, tradition, or religion. <a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> philosopher and sophist, put forward some fundamental humanist ideas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a>: the history of the humanities can be traced to ancient Greece, as the basis of a broad education for citizens. The Classical Greek <i>paideia,</i> a course of general education dating from the Sophists in the mid-5th century BCE, which prepared young men for active citizenship in the polis, or city-state.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer">Hydrometer</a>: the hydrometer dates to Archimedes who used its principles to find the density of various liquids.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypodermic_needle" title="Hypodermic needle">Hypodermic needle</a>: the ancient Greeks and Romans knew injection as a method of medicinal delivery from observations of snakebites and poisoned weapons.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I">I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic order</a>: The Ionic order is one of the three orders of ancient Greek architecture.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="J">J</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: J"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">Javelin throw</a>: The javelin throw was added to the Ancient Olympic Games as part of the <a href="/wiki/Pentathlon" title="Pentathlon">pentathlon</a> in 708 BC. It included two events, one for distance and the other for accuracy in hitting a target.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L">L</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: L"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">Laboratory</a>: the earliest laboratory according to the present evidence is a home laboratory of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> of Samos, the well-known Greek philosopher and scientist. This laboratory was created when <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> conducted an experiment about tones of sound and vibration of string.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a>: a long-neck fretted instrument of the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> (hence the name) family, found in Greece and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a>: isolated strands of liberal thought have existed in Western philosophy since the Ancient Greeks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a>: Private or personal libraries made up of written books appeared in classical Greece in the 5th century BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a>: Logic comes from the Greek word <i>logos</i>, originally meaning "the word" or "what is spoken", but coming to mean "thought" or "reason". In the Western World, logic was first developed by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, who called the subject 'analytics'.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a>: Greek music genre composed in Greek language in accordance with the tradition of the Greek people.</li> <li>Lead sheathing: To protect a ship's hull from many creatures. See <a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia ship</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libor" title="Libor">Libor</a>: The <a href="/wiki/London_Inter-bank_Offered_Rate" class="mw-redirect" title="London Inter-bank Offered Rate">London Inter-bank Offered Rate</a> <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rate</a> benchmark was devised by Greek <a href="/wiki/Banker" class="mw-redirect" title="Banker">banker</a> Minos Zombanakis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouse</a>: According to <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> legend, Palamidis of Nafplio invented the first lighthouse, although they are certainly attested with the <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a> (designed and constructed by <a href="/wiki/Sostratus_of_Cnidus" title="Sostratus of Cnidus">Sostratus of Cnidus</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes" title="Colossus of Rhodes">Colossus of Rhodes</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> had earlier established a lighthouse at the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a> connected to Athens in the 5th century BC, essentially a small stone column with a fire beacon.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric poetry</a>: First written in the form of <a href="/wiki/Greek_lyric" title="Greek lyric">Greek lyric</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="M">M</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian lyra</a>: Greek pear-shaped, three-stringed bowed musical instrument, used mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Greek folk music</a> of the Greek region of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia (Greece)</a>, and especially in the <a href="/wiki/Drama_(regional_unit)" title="Drama (regional unit)">region of Drama</a>, usually accompanied by violin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathon</a>: The name <i>Marathon</i> comes from the legend of Philippides (or <a href="/wiki/Pheidippides" title="Pheidippides">Pheidippides</a>), the Greek messenger. The legend states that, while he was taking part in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Marathon,_Greece" title="Marathon, Greece">Marathon</a>, he witnessed a Persian vessel changing its course towards Athens as the battle was near a victorious end for the Greek army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a>: The study of marine biology dates back to Aristotle, who made <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology#Empirical_research" title="Aristotle's biology">many observations of life in the sea</a> around Lesbos, laying the foundation for many future discoveries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a>: market interdependence and integration first developed along the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_gum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastic gum">Mastic gum</a>: the ancient Greeks chewed mastic gum, made from the resin of the <a href="/wiki/Pistacia_lentiscus" title="Pistacia lentiscus">mastic tree</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>: Archimedes is considered the father of mathematics because of his notable inventions in mathematics and science. He was in the service of King Hiero II of Syracuse.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">Mathematical mechanics</a>: Archytas is believed to be the founder of mathematical mechanics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a>: The word meteorology is from the Ancient Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:μετέωρος">μετέωρος</a> <i>metéōros</i> (<i>meteor</i>) and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:-λογία">-λογία</a> <i>-logia</i> (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logy" class="extiw" title="wikt:-logy">-(o)logy</a></i>), meaning "the study of things high in the air". In (<i>Meteorologica</i> or <i>Meteora</i>) is a treatise by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. The text discusses what Aristotle believed to have been all the affections common to air and water, and the kinds and parts of the Earth and the affections of its parts. It includes early accounts of water <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> phenomena.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a>: Metaxa is a Greek spirit invented by Spyros Metaxas in 1888. It is exported to over 65 countries and it is among the 100 strongest spirit brands worldwide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a>: This distinctive two-door car was designed for the <a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation" title="British Motor Corporation">British Motor Corporation</a> by Greek engineer <a href="/wiki/Sir_Alec_Issigonis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alec Issigonis">Sir Alec Issigonis</a>. His grandfather Demosthenis migrated to Smyrna from <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a> in Greece in the 1830s and through the work he did for the British-built <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways" title="Turkish State Railways">Smyrna-Aydın Railway</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">Morphology</a>: Concept of form in biology, opposed to <a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">function</a>, dates back to Aristotle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">Museum</a>: It is originally from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> Μουσεῖον (<i><a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">mouseion</a></i>), which denotes a place or temple dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">muses</a> (the patron divinities in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> of the arts), and hence was a building set apart for study and the arts,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially the <a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Musaeum</a> (institute) for <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and research at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, built under <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> about 280 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Musical mirror: invented by Ctesibius.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a>: The antecedents of musical theatre in Europe can be traced back to the theatre of ancient Greece, where music and dance were included in stage comedies and tragedies during the 5th century BCE.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a>: The concept of multiple universes, or a multiverse, has been discussed throughout history, including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>. It has evolved and has been debated in various fields, including cosmology, physics, and philosophy. Some physicists argue that the multiverse is a philosophical notion rather than a scientific hypothesis, as it cannot be empirically falsified. In recent years, there have been proponents and skeptics of multiverse theories within the physics community. According to some, the idea of infinite worlds was first suggested by the pre-Socratic Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> in the sixth century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is debate as to whether he believed in multiple worlds, and if he did, whether those worlds were co-existent or successive.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hatleback2014_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatleback2014-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first to whom we can definitively attribute the concept of innumerable worlds are the Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Atomists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomists">Atomists</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> in the 5th century BCE, followed by <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a> (341–270 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a> (1st century BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-Siegfried2019_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegfried2019-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hatleback2014_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatleback2014-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rubenstein2014_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubenstein2014-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sedacca2017_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedacca2017-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the third century BCE, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a> suggested that the world eternally expired and regenerated, effectively suggesting the existence of multiple universes across time.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedacca2017_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedacca2017-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of multiple universes became more defined in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="N">N</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: N"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a>: Natural history begins with Aristotle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a>: the Minoan civilization is known to have the first navy. They built a powerful and long-lasting civilization based on a strong navy and trade throughout the Mediterranean Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_neuroscience" title="History of neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>: In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, interest in the brain began with the work of <a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon</a>, who appeared to have dissected the eye and related the brain to vision. He also suggested that the brain, not the heart, was the organ that ruled the body (what Stoics would call the <i>hegemonikon</i>) and that the senses were dependent on the brain. According to ancient authorities, Alcmaeon believed the power of the brain to synthesize sensations made it also the seat of memories and thought. The author of <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sacred_Disease" title="On the Sacred Disease">On the Sacred Disease</a></i>, part of the Hippocratic corpus, likewise believed the brain to be the seat of intelligence. The debate regarding the <i>hegemonikon</i> persisted among ancient Greek philosophers and physicians for a very long time. Already in the 4th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> thought that the heart was the seat of <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(trait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (trait)">intelligence</a>, while the brain was a cooling mechanism for the blood. He reasoned that humans are more rational than the beasts because, among other reasons, they have a larger brain to cool their hot-bloodedness. On the opposite end, during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herophilos" title="Herophilos">Herophilus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erasistratus" title="Erasistratus">Erasistratus</a> of Alexandria engaged in studies that involved <a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">dissecting</a> human bodies, providing evidence for the primacy of the brain. They affirmed the distinction between the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, and identifying the <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">ventricles</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Dura_mater" title="Dura mater">dura mater</a></i>. Their works are now mostly lost, and we know about their achievements due mostly to secondary sources. Some of their discoveries had to be re-discovered a millennium after their death. During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the Greek physician and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> dissected the brains of <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaque" title="Barbary macaque">Barbary apes</a>, swine, and other non-human mammals. He concluded that, as the cerebellum was denser than the brain, it must control the <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, while as the cerebrum was soft, it must be where the senses were processed. Galen further theorized that the brain functioned by the movement of animal spirits through the ventricles. He also noted that specific spinal nerves controlled specific muscles, and had the idea of the reciprocal action of muscles. Only in the 19th century, in the work of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Magendie" title="François Magendie">François Magendie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bell" title="Charles Bell">Charles Bell</a>, would the understanding of <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal function</a> surpass that of Galen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-stick_surface" title="Non-stick surface">Non-stick surface</a>: Scientific research reveals that the ancient Mycenaean's, more than 3,000 years ago used portable grilling trays for making souvlaki and non-stick pans for baking bread.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>: the earliest novels include classical Greek and Latin prose narratives from the first century BC to the second century AD, such as <a href="/wiki/Chariton" title="Chariton">Chariton</a>'s <i>Callirhoe</i> (mid 1st century), which is "arguably the earliest surviving Western novel."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="O">O</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: O"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Odometer: Odometer, a device used in the late Hellenistic time and by Romans for indicating the distance travelled by a vehicle. It was invented sometime in the 3rd century BC. Some historians attribute it to Archimedes, others to Heron of Alexandria. It helped revolutionize the building of roads and travelling by them by accurately measuring distance and being able to carefully illustrate this with a milestone.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraph</a>: In the 9th century, during the Arab–Byzantine wars, the Byzantine Empire used a system of beacons to transmit messages from the border with the Abbasid Caliphate across Asia Minor to the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.The main line of beacons stretched over some 450 miles (720 km). In the open spaces of central Asia Minor, the stations were placed over 60 miles (97 km) apart, while in <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>, with its more broken terrain, the intervals were reduced to ca. 35 miles (56 km). Based on modern experiments, a message could be transmitted the entire length of the line within an hour. The system was reportedly devised in the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (ruled 829–842) by <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Mathematician" title="Leo the Mathematician">Leo the Mathematician</a>, and functioned through two identical water clocks placed at the two terminal stations, Loulon and the Lighthouse. Different messages were assigned to each of twelve hours, so that the lighting of a <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfire</a> on the first beacon on a particular hour signalled a specific event and was transmitted down the line to Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>: The ancient Olympic Games (Ὀλυμπιακοὶ ἀγῶνες; Latin: Olympia, neuter plural: "the Olympics") were a series of athletic competitions among representatives of city-states and one of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrery" title="Orrery">Orrery</a>: the Antikythera mechanism, discovered in 1901 in a wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera and extensively studied, exhibited the <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_motion" title="Diurnal motion">diurnal motions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, and the five known <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="P">P</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: P"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a>: In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrinx" title="Syrinx">Syrinx</a> (Σύριγξ) was a forest <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a>. In her attempt to escape the affection of god Pan (a creature half goat and half man), she was transformed into a water-reed or calamos (cane-reed). Then, Pan cut several reeds, placed them in parallel one next to the other, and bound them together to make a melodic musical instrument. Ancient Greeks called this instrument Syrinx, in honour of the Muse, and Pandean, or Pan-pipes and Pan-flute, after Pan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a>: The mainstream academic view has been that pankration developed in the archaic Greek society of the 7th century BC, whereby, as the need for expression in violent sport increased, pankration filled a niche of "total contest" that neither boxing nor wrestling could. However, some evidence suggests that pankration, in both its sporting form and its combative form, may have been practiced in Greece already from the second millennium BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">Pantograph</a>: Hero of Alexandria first described pantographs in his work Mechanics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a>: The ancient Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a> concluded from fossil sea shells that some areas of land were once under water.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pap_smear" class="mw-redirect" title="Pap smear">Pap smear</a>: he test was invented by and named after the Greek doctor <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papanikolaou" title="Georgios Papanikolaou">Georgios Papanikolaou</a>, who started his research in 1923.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pap_test" title="Pap test">Pap test</a>: A test for <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a> developed by the Greek physician George Papanikolaou in 1923.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">Pediment</a>: Architectural element found particularly in Classical, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> architecture, and its derivatives, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gable</a>, usually of a triangular shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintel</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a>, if supported by <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a>, the triangular area within the pediment, is often decorated with <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>. A pediment is sometimes the top element of a <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a>. For symmetric designs, it provides a centre point and is often used to add grandness to entrances.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentathlon" title="Pentathlon">Pentathlon</a>: The first documented pentathlon occurred in 708 BC in Ancient Greece at the Ancient Olympic Games, and was also held at the other <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a>: A peplos is a body-length garment established as typical attire for <a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in ancient Greece">women in ancient Greece</a> by 500 BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork" title="Fork">Personal table fork</a>: Although its origin may go back to Ancient Greece, the personal table fork was most likely invented in the Eastern Roman (<i>Byzantine</i>) Empire, where they were in common use by the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a>: Physicians like Hippocrates and later Galen are believed to have been the first practitioners of physical therapy, advocating <a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">massage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manual_therapy" title="Manual therapy">manual therapy</a> techniques and <a href="/wiki/Hydrotherapy" title="Hydrotherapy">hydrotherapy</a> to treat people in 460 BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a>: The study of human physiology as a medical field originates in classical Greece, at the time of Hippocrates.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilates" title="Pilates">Pilates</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a> system developed in the early 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pilates" title="Joseph Pilates">Joseph Pilates</a>, after whom it was named. Pilates called his method "Contrology" and it is practiced worldwide. Pilates was a German physical trainer of Greek descent.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organ</a>: the Greek engineer Ctesibius of Alexandria is credited with inventing the organ in the 3rd century BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_pump" title="Piston pump">Piston pump</a>: invented by Ctesibius.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a>: the history of planetary science may be said to have begun with the Ancient Greek philosopher Democritus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">Pneumatics</a>: the origins of pneumatics can be traced back to the first century when ancient Hero of Alexandria wrote about his inventions powered by steam or the wind.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointed arch bridge">Pointed arch bridge</a>: The earliest known bridge resting on a pointed arch is the 5th or 6th century AD <a href="/wiki/Karamagara_Bridge" title="Karamagara Bridge">Karamagara Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>. Its single arch of 17 m spanned an affluent of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. A Greek inscription, citing from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, runs along one side of its arch rib. The structure is today submerged by the <a href="/wiki/Keban_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Keban Reservoir">Keban Reservoir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a>: As a social political science, contemporary political science started to take shape in the latter half of the 19th century. At that time it began to separate itself from political philosophy, which traces its roots back to the works of Aristotle and Plato.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a>: The work of ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Plato explored topics such as memory, perception, and learning, which influenced the development of modern psychology.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="R">R</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">Railway</a>: The 6 to 8.5 km long <a href="/wiki/Diolkos" title="Diolkos">Diolkos</a> represented a rudimentary form of <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a>: term used today to designate originally disparate kinds of urban Greek music which have come to be grouped together since the so-called rebetika revival, which started in the 1960s and developed further from the early 1970s onwards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure pottery</a>: one of the most important styles of figural <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Greek vase painting</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S">S</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: S"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">Salpinx</a>: Ancient Greek trumpet-like instrument.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a>: The earliest known mechanical mill is the <a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_sawmill" title="Hierapolis sawmill">Hierapolis sawmill</a>, a Roman water-powered stone mill in the Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Hierapolis" title="Hierapolis">Hierapolis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a>: Aristotle first mentioned the idea of a "mixed government" or hybrid government in his work Politics, where he drew upon many of the constitutional forms in the city-states of Ancient Greece.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sewers</a>: The Minoan civilization of Crete built an advanced underground sewer system that included flushed toilets and stone sewers. The capital of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon, Pella had a sophisticated water supply and sewerage system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a>: Written in the 2nd century CE by the <a href="/wiki/Satirist" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirist">satirist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_True_Story" title="A True Story">A True Story</a></i> contains many themes and tropes characteristic of modern science fiction, including travel to other worlds, <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial lifeforms</a>, interplanetary warfare, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_life_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial life form">artificial life</a>. Some consider it the first science fiction <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">Screw</a>: the screw was first described by Archytas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_press" title="Screw press">Screw press</a>: the screw press, probably invented in Greece in the 1st or 2nd century BC, has been used since the days of the Roman Empire for pressing clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">Shower</a>: The Ancient Greeks were the first known people to have showers, which were connected to their lead pipe plumbing system. A shower room for female <a href="/wiki/Sportsperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportsperson">athletes</a> with plumbed-in water is depicted on an Athenian vase. A whole complex of shower-baths was also found in a 2nd-century BC <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pergamum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergamum">Pergamum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a>: scholars have suggested that elements of socialist thought were present in the politics of classical Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a>: The sociological reasoning may be traced back at least as far as the ancient Greeks. <a href="/wiki/Social_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Social analysis">Social analysis</a> has origins in the common stock of Western knowledge and philosophy and ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">Souvlaki</a>: Excavations in <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini, Greece</a>, unearthed <a href="/wiki/Fire_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire dog">sets of stone cooking supports</a> used before the 17th century BC. In the supports there are pairs of indentations that were likely used for holding skewers. The line of holes in the base allowed the <a href="/wiki/Coals" class="mw-redirect" title="Coals">coals</a> to be supplied with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_staircase" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral staircase">Spiral staircase</a>: The earliest spiral staircases appear in Temple A in <a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, to both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a>. The temple was constructed around 480–470 BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculum_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculum (medical)">Speculum</a>: vaginal and anal specula were used by the ancient Greeks, and speculum <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> have been found in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_(tool)" title="Sponge (tool)">Sponge (tool)</a>: the first references of sponges used for hygiene dates from ancient Greeks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">Stadium</a>: the oldest known stadium is the <a href="/wiki/Stadium_at_Olympia" title="Stadium at Olympia">Stadium at Olympia</a> in Greece, where the ancient Olympic Games were held from 776 BC. Initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam engine</a>: Archimedes invented the first steam-powered device however, Hero of Alexandria designed the <a href="/wiki/Aeolipile" title="Aeolipile">Aeolipile</a>. The aeolipile is a simple bladeless <a href="/wiki/Radial_turbine" title="Radial turbine">radial steam turbine</a> which spins when the central water container is heated. Torque is produced by steam jets exiting the turbine, much like a <a href="/wiki/Tip_jet" title="Tip jet">tip jet</a>. Hero of Alexandria first described the <a href="/wiki/Aeolipile" title="Aeolipile">aeolipile</a> in the 1st century AD and many sources give him the credit for its invention.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam-powered device:</a> Archimedes invented the first steam-powered device with the <a href="/wiki/Steam_cannon" title="Steam cannon">Steam cannon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoa" title="Stoa">Stoa</a>: In ancient Greek architecture, is a covered walkway or <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a>, commonly for public use. Early stoas were open at the entrance with columns, usually of the Doric order, lining the side of the building; they created a safe, enveloping, protective atmosphere.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street" title="Street">Streets:</a> Example: The Porta Rosa (4th–3rd century BC) was the main street of <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a> (Italy) and connected the northern quarter to the southern quarter. The street is 5 meters wide. At its steepest, it has an inclination of 18%. It is paved with limestone blocks, grinders cut in square blocks, and on one side a small gutter for the drainage of rain water. The building is dated during the time of the reorganization of the city during Hellenistic age.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syringe" title="Syringe">Syringe</a>: First mentioned by Greek and Roman authors.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="T">T</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: T"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a>: It is predated in that the word was use by the Ancient Greeks in word tékhnē, used to mean 'knowledge of how to make things', which encompassed activities like architecture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaboura" title="Thaboura">Thaboura</a>: a type of a string instrument, evolved from the Greek musical instrument <a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">tambouras</a>. It is bigger than tambouras and it has 3 strings or 3 pairs of strings. The thaboura's history stretches back to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine culture</a> and originated in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">medieval Greece</a> times.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a>: the Minoan civilization was the first thalassocracy. The ancient Greeks first used the word thalassocracy to describe the government of the Minoan civilization, whose power depended on its navy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a>: Theatre, in its modern sense, involving the performance of pre-written tragic, dramatic and comedic plays for an audience, first originated in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a> in the 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_the_round" title="Theatre in the round">Theatre in the round</a>: Theatre-in-the-round was common in ancient theatre, particularly that of Greece and Rome, but was not widely explored again until the latter half of the 20th century.</li> <li>Three-masted ship: First recorded for <i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i> as well as other <a href="/wiki/Syracusan" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracusan">Syracusan</a> (merchant) ships under <a href="/wiki/Hiero_II_of_Syracuse" title="Hiero II of Syracuse">Hiero II of Syracuse</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">Thermometer</a>: various authors have credited the invention of the thermometer to Hero.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a>: In antiquity, <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Byblos" title="Philo of Byblos">Philo of Byblos</a> authored the first text that could now be called a thesaurus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholos_(architecture)" title="Tholos (architecture)">Tholos</a>: A <b>tholos</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: tholoi; from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> θόλος, meaning "conical roof"<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "dome"), is a form of building that was widely used in the classical world. It is a round structure with a circular wall and a roof, usually built upon a couple of steps (a podium), and often with a ring of columns supporting a conical or domed roof.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_siege_engine" title="Torsion siege engine">Torsion siege engine</a>: Preceding the development of torsion siege engines were tension siege engines that had existed since at least the beginning of the 4th century BC, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Gastraphetes" title="Gastraphetes">gastraphetes</a> in Heron of Alexandria's <i>Belopoeica</i> that was probably invented in Syracuse by <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius the Elder">Dionysius the Elder</a>. Simple Torsion devices could have been developed earlier, the first extant evidence of a torsion siege engine comes from the Chalcotheca, the arsenal on the Acropolis in Athens, and dates to c. 338 – 326 BC. It lists the building's inventory that included torsion catapults and its components such as hair springs, catapult bases, and bolts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toubeleki" title="Toubeleki">Toubeleki</a>: Greek traditional drum musical instrument.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a>, a Greek physician in the court of the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, made the first attempt to classify plants according to their toxic and therapeutic effect.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Truss roof">Truss roof</a>: See <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greco-Roman_roofs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greco-Roman roofs">List of Greco-Roman roofs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a>: Greek musical instrument and part of the bagpipe family. It is a double-<a href="/wiki/Chanter" title="Chanter">chantered</a> bagpipe, with no <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">drone</a>, and is inflated by blowing by mouth into a goatskin bag. The instrument is widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek islands">Greek islands</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a>: The first production of tsipouro was the work of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> in the 14th century on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia, Greece</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympanum:</a> Ancient Greek frame drum.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a>: Greek <a href="/wiki/Dip_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dip (food)">dip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sauce" title="Sauce">sauce</a> found in the cuisines of Southeast Europe and the Middle East. It is made of salted <a href="/wiki/Strained_yogurt" title="Strained yogurt">strained yogurt</a> or diluted yogurt mixed with <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, sometimes with <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lemon_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon juice">lemon juice</a>, and herbs such as <a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">dill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzouras" title="Tzouras">Tzouras</a>: Greek stringed musical instrument.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="V">V</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">Vending machine</a>: The first vending machine was described by Heron of Alexandria. His machine accepted a coin and then dispensed a fixed amount of <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a>. When the coin was deposited, it fell upon a pan attached to a lever. The lever opened up a valve, which let some water flow out. The pan continued to tilt with the weight of the coin until it fell off, at which point a counter-weight would snap the lever back up and turn off the valve.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="W">W</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: W"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">Watermill</a>: The use of <a href="/wiki/Water_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Water power">water power</a> was pioneered by the Greeks: The earliest mention of a water mill in history occurs in <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantium" title="Philo of Byzantium">Philo's</a> <i>Pneumatics.</i> The technological breakthrough occurred in the technically advanced and scientifically minded <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> between the 3rd and 1st century BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelbarrow" title="Wheelbarrow">Wheelbarrow</a>: The history of the wheelbarrow began in Greece circa 406 BC. However, there are no records that indicate who actually made it.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winch" title="Winch">Winch</a>: The earliest literary reference to a winch can be found in the account of <a href="/wiki/Herodotus_of_Halicarnassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodotus of Halicarnassus">Herodotus of Halicarnassus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Persian Wars</a> (<i>Histories</i> 7.36), where he describes how wooden winches were used to tighten the cables for a pontoon bridge across the Hellespont in 480 BC. Winches may have been employed even earlier in Assyria, though. By the 4th century BC, winch and pulley hoists were regarded by Aristotle as common for architectural use (<i>Mech</i>. 18; 853b10-13).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windlass" title="Windlass">Windlass</a>: The Greek scientist Archimedes was the inventor of the windlass.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">Windmill</a>: Hero of Alexandria in first-century Roman Egypt described what appears to be a wind-driven wheel to power a machine. His description of a wind-powered organ is not a practical windmill, but was either an early wind-powered toy, or a design concept for a wind-powered machine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_vane" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind vane">Wind vane</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_the_Winds" title="Tower of the Winds">Tower of the Winds</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a></i> in Athens featured atop a wind vane in the form of a bronze <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a> holding a rod in his outstretched hand rotating to the wind blowing. Below, its <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> was adorned with the eight wind deities. The 8 m high structure also featured <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundials</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clock</a> inside dates from around 50 BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreath_(attire)" title="Wreath (attire)">Wreath</a>: <a href="/wiki/Headdress" class="mw-redirect" title="Headdress">headdress</a> made of leaves, grasses, flowers or branches first worn in Greece.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Z">Z</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Z"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a>: Although the concept of zoology as a single coherent field arose much later, the zoological sciences emerged from <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> reaching back to the <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">biological works of Aristotle</a> and Galen in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discoveries_made_by_Greeks">Discoveries made by Greeks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Discoveries made by Greeks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy_and_physics">Astronomy and physics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Astronomy and physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a>: Thales discovered the equinox.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> believed that objects fell towards the earth because earth is the centre of the universe and attracted all the objects towards it.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a>: The notion that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus of Samos</a> in the 3rd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a>: Thales discovered the solstice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a>, along with his student <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a>, developed the atomic theory and is credited as the founder of atomism.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precession (astronomy)">Precession of the Earth's axis:</a> Discovered by <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> in 127 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-jones2010_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2010-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">Latitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">Longitude</a>: The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a>, who composed his now-lost <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Eratosthenes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography (Eratosthenes)">Geography</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a> in the 3rd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">Mathematical deduction</a>: Thales of Miletus, considered by Aristotle to be the first Greek philosopher,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is thought to be the first individual to apply <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deductive reasoning</a> to produce mathematical proofs, particularly in the field of <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a><sup id="cite_ref-Boyer_1991_loc=Ionia_and_the_Pythagoreans_p._43_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer_1991_loc=Ionia_and_the_Pythagoreans_p._43-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales%27_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales' theorem">Thales' theorem</a>: One of the most basic theorems of geometry, stating that whenever an angle is drawn from two ends of the diameter of a circle to any third point on its circumference, the angle formed at the third point is always a perfect right angle. The phenomenon was known empirically to the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonians</a> but was first <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_proof" title="Mathematical proof">proved</a> in the 6th century BC by Thales of Miletus, making him the first known individual to whom a <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics#Classical_period" title="Greek mathematics">mathematical discovery</a> has been attributed.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyer_1991_loc=Ionia_and_the_Pythagoreans_p._43_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer_1991_loc=Ionia_and_the_Pythagoreans_p._43-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercept_theorem" title="Intercept theorem">Intercept theorem</a>: Also attributed to Thales is the fundamental theorem of geometry that states that the ratios of corresponding sides of <a href="/wiki/Similar_triangles" class="mw-redirect" title="Similar triangles">similar triangles</a> (i.e. triangles formed from the intersection of two common lines with two different parallel lines) are equal. Thales is said to have used his theorem to determine the height of pyramids by measuring the lengths of their shadows.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conic_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Conic sections">Conic sections</a>: First developed by <a href="/wiki/Menaechmus" title="Menaechmus">Menaechmus</a> in the 4th century BC, but the most significant contribution is by <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius of Perga</a> in the 3rd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach1991145_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach1991145-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion" title="Method of exhaustion">Method of exhaustion</a>: Formalized by <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus of Cnidus</a> in the early 4th century BC, used by Archimedes to calculate the value of <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">pi</a> and the area under a curve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach199192_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach199192-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_proof" title="Mathematical proof">Mathematical proof</a>: The mathematical proof was a product of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Greek mathematics</a>, evolving gradually to reach the method still used today in <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Elements</a></i> around 300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach1991104_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach1991104-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes" title="Sieve of Eratosthenes">Sieve of Eratosthenes</a>: Developed by Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC to calculate prime numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach1991161_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach1991161-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a>: A form of cooperative <a href="/wiki/Argumentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Argumentation">argumentative</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a> and to draw out ideas and underlying <a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">presuppositions</a>. It is named after the Classical Greek philosopher Socrates and is introduced by him in Plato's <a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a> as midwifery (<a href="/wiki/Maieutic" class="mw-redirect" title="Maieutic">maieutics</a>) because it is employed to bring out definitions implicit in the interlocutors' beliefs, or to help them further their understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Greek mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek astronomy">Greek astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Ancient Greek technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">List of Byzantine inventions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myres, John. <i>Herodotus, Father of History</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953. 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Sa vie, son oeuvre, sa survie</i>, Berlin, Germany; Boston, Massachusetts: DE GRUYTER, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110862041.246">10.1515/9783110862041.246</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110862041" title="Special:BookSources/9783110862041"><bdi>9783110862041</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Simplicius.+Sa+vie%2C+son+oeuvre%2C+sa+survie&rft.atitle=The+Text+of+Simplicius%27+Commentary+on+Aristotle%27s+Physics&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110862041.246&rft.isbn=9783110862041&rft.aulast=Tar%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110862041.246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKočandrle2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kočandrle, Radim (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000983882000004X/type/journal_article">"Infinite Worlds in the Thought of Anaximander"</a>. <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>69</b> (2): 483–500. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000983882000004X">10.1017/S000983882000004X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8388">0009-8388</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216169543">216169543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Infinite+Worlds+in+the+Thought+of+Anaximander&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=483-500&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216169543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0009-8388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000983882000004X&rft.aulast=Ko%C4%8Dandrle&rft.aufirst=Radim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS000983882000004X%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2016" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Andrew (25 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TE0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121"><i>Anaximander: A Re-assessment</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-0625-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-0625-2"><bdi>978-1-4725-0625-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anaximander%3A+A+Re-assessment&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016-02-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-0625-2&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TE0CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurdGraham2008" class="citation book cs1">Curd, Patricia; Graham, Daniel W. (27 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lDvRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA239"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 239–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972244-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972244-0"><bdi>978-0-19-972244-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Presocratic+Philosophy&rft.pages=239-241&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972244-0&rft.aulast=Curd&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Graham%2C+Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlDvRCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatleback2014-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hatleback2014_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatleback2014_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatleback2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Hatleback, Eric Nelson (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/22668/1/Chimera_of_the_Cosmos_2.pdf"><i>Chimera of the Cosmos</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Chimera+of+the+Cosmos&rft.inst=University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Hatleback&rft.aufirst=Eric+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-scholarship.pitt.edu%2F22668%2F1%2FChimera_of_the_Cosmos_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegfried2019-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siegfried2019_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegfried2019" class="citation book cs1">Siegfried, Tom (17 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L36mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51"><i>The Number of the Heavens: A History of the Multiverse and the Quest to Understand the Cosmos</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 51–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97588-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97588-0"><bdi>978-0-674-97588-0</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"In some worlds there is no sun and moon, in others they are larger than in our world, and in others more numerous. The intervals between the worlds are unequal; in some parts there are more worlds, in others fewer; some are increasing, some at their height, some decreasing; in some parts they are arising, in others falling. They are destroyed by collision one with another. There are some worlds devoid of living creatures or plants or any moisture." ... Only an infinite number of atoms could have created the complexity of the known world by their random motions... In this sense, the atomist-multiverse theory of antiquity presents a striking parallel to the situation in science today. The Greek atomists' theory of the ultimate nature of matter on the smallest scales implied the existence of multiple universes on cosmic scales. Modern science's most popular attempt to describe the fundamental nature of matter—superstring theory—also turns out (much to the theorists' surprise) to imply a vast multiplicity of vacuum states, essentially the same thing as predicting the existence of a multiverse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Number+of+the+Heavens%3A+A+History+of+the+Multiverse+and+the+Quest+to+Understand+the+Cosmos&rft.pages=51-61&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019-09-17&rft.isbn=978-0-674-97588-0&rft.aulast=Siegfried&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL36mDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick1984" class="citation book cs1">Dick, Steven J. (29 June 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uak5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA6"><i>Plurality of Words: The Extraterrestrial Life Debate from Democritus to Kant</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31985-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31985-0"><bdi>978-0-521-31985-0</bdi></a>. <q>Why should other worlds have become the subject of scientific discourse, when they were neither among the phenomena demanding explanation?... it derived from the cosmogonic assumption of ancient atomism: the belief that the constituent bodies of the cosmos are formed by the chance coalescence of moving atoms, the same type of indivisible particles of which matter on Earth was composed... Given the occurrence of these natural processes, and the obvious example of potential stability revealed in our own finite world, it was not unreasonable to suppose the existence of other stable conglomerations. The atomists further employed the principle that when causes were present, effects must occur.6 Atoms were the agents of causality and their number was infinite. The effect was innumerable worlds in formation, in collision, and in decay."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plurality+of+Words%3A+The+Extraterrestrial+Life+Debate+from+Democritus+to+Kant&rft.pages=6-10&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984-06-29&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31985-0&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUak5AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubenstein2014-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rubenstein2014_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenstein2014" class="citation book cs1">Rubenstein, Mary-Jane (11 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fV-sAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">"Ancient Openings of Multiplicity"</a>. <i>Worlds Without End: The Many Lives of the Multiverse</i>. Columbia University Press. pp. 40–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15662-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15662-2"><bdi>978-0-231-15662-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Openings+of+Multiplicity&rft.btitle=Worlds+Without+End%3A+The+Many+Lives+of+the+Multiverse&rft.pages=40-69&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014-02-11&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15662-2&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=Mary-Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfV-sAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedacca2017-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sedacca2017_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedacca2017_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedacca2017" class="citation web cs1">Sedacca, Matthew (30 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nautil.us/the-multiverse-is-an-ancient-idea-236401/">"The Multiverse Is an Ancient Idea"</a>. <i>Nautilus</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>The earliest hints of the multiverse are found in two ancient Greek schools of thought, the Atomists and the Stoics. The Atomists, whose philosophy dates to the fifth century B.C., argued that that the order and beauty of our world was the accidental product of atoms colliding in an infinite void. The atomic collisions also give rise to an endless number of other, parallel worlds less perfect than our own.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nautilus&rft.atitle=The+Multiverse+Is+an+Ancient+Idea&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft.aulast=Sedacca&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnautil.us%2Fthe-multiverse-is-an-ancient-idea-236401%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegfried2019" class="citation web cs1">Siegfried, Tom (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/long-live-the-multiverse/">"Long Live the Multiverse!"</a>. <i>Scientific American Blog Network</i>. <q>Leucippus and Democritus believed that their atomic theory required an infinity of worlds... Their later follower, Epicurus of Samos, also professed the reality of multiple worlds. "There are infinite worlds both like and unlike this world of ours"...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American+Blog+Network&rft.atitle=Long+Live+the+Multiverse%21&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Siegfried&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fobservations%2Flong-live-the-multiverse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heimduo.org/did-the-minoans-have-a-strong-navy/#Why_was_the_Minoan_civilization_unsuccessful">"Did the Minoans have a strong navy? – Heimduo"</a>. <i>heimduo.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who+Invented+It&rft.atitle=Who+Invented+the+Wheelbarrow%3F&rft.date=2020-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whoinventedit.net%2Fwho-invented-the-wheelbarrow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engineeringclicks.com/greek-inventions/">"Unbelievable Greek Inventions – EngineeringClicks"</a>. <i>www.engineeringclicks.com</i>. 11 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.engineeringclicks.com&rft.atitle=Unbelievable+Greek+Inventions+%E2%80%93+EngineeringClicks&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringclicks.com%2Fgreek-inventions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCappi" class="citation web cs1">Cappi, Alberto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultureandcosmos.org/pdfs/16/Cappi_INSAPVII_Gravity_before_Newton.pdf">"The concept of gravity before Newton"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Culture and Cosmos</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cultureandcosmos.org/pdfs/16/Cappi_INSAPVII_Gravity_before_Newton.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+and+Cosmos&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+gravity+before+Newton&rft.aulast=Cappi&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultureandcosmos.org%2Fpdfs%2F16%2FCappi_INSAPVII_Gravity_before_Newton.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/heliocentrism">"heliocentrism | Definition, History, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=heliocentrism+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fheliocentrism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/atomism/History-and-major-representatives-of-the-various-atomisms">"Atomism - Democritus, Epicurus, Lucretius | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Atomism+-+Democritus%2C+Epicurus%2C+Lucretius+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fatomism%2FHistory-and-major-representatives-of-the-various-atomisms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones2010-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones2010_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Alexander (2010). "Ancient Rejection and Adoption of Ptolemy's Frame of Reference for Longitudes". In Jones, Alexander (ed.). <i>Ptolemy in Perspective</i>. Archimedes. Vol. 23. Springer. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-2788-7_2">10.1007/978-90-481-2788-7_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2787-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2787-0"><bdi>978-90-481-2787-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Rejection+and+Adoption+of+Ptolemy%27s+Frame+of+Reference+for+Longitudes&rft.btitle=Ptolemy+in+Perspective&rft.series=Archimedes&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-90-481-2788-7_2&rft.isbn=978-90-481-2787-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoller" class="citation book cs1">Roller, Duane W. <i>Eratosthenes' Geography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eratosthenes%27+Geography&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Duane+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Writer2015" class="citation web cs1">Staff Writer (4 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reference.com/history/invented-longitude-latitude-d2dee291b1582580">"Who Invented Longitude and Latitude?"</a>. <i>www.reference.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.reference.com&rft.atitle=Who+Invented+Longitude+and+Latitude%3F&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft.au=Staff+Writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reference.com%2Fhistory%2Finvented-longitude-latitude-d2dee291b1582580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/eratosthenes.html">"Eratosthenes: The Measurement of the Earth's Circumference"</a>. <i>www.juliantrubin.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.juliantrubin.com&rft.atitle=Eratosthenes%3A+The+Measurement+of+the+Earth%27s+Circumference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juliantrubin.com%2Fbigten%2Feratosthenes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, Metaphysics Alpha, 983b18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyer_1991_loc=Ionia_and_the_Pythagoreans_p._43-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyer_1991_loc=Ionia_and_the_Pythagoreans_p._43_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyer_1991_loc=Ionia_and_the_Pythagoreans_p._43_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyerMerzbach1991">Boyer & Merzbach 1991</a>, "Ionia and the Pythagoreans" p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_of_Rhodes" title="Hieronymus of Rhodes">Hieronymus</a> (3rd century BC) about Thales: "<i>Hieronymus says that [Thales] measured the height of the pyramids by the shadow they cast, taking the observation at the hour when our shadow is of the same length as ourselves (i.e. as our own height).</i>". Pliny writes: "<i>Thales discovered how to obtain the height of pyramids and all other similar objects, namely, by measuring the shadow of the object at the time when a body and its shadow are equal in length.</i>". However <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> gives an account, that may suggest Thales knowing the intercept theorem or at least a special case of it:"<i>.. without trouble or the assistance of any instrument [he] merely set up a stick at the extremity of the shadow cast by the pyramid and, having thus made two triangles by the intercept of the sun's rays, ... showed that the pyramid has to the stick the same ratio which the shadow [of the pyramid] has to the shadow [of the stick]</i>". (Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Thales.html"><i>Thales biography</i></a> of the <a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" class="mw-redirect" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">MacTutor</a>, the (translated) original works of Plutarch and Laertius are: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Dinner_of_the_Seven*.html#ref5"><i>Moralia, The Dinner of the Seven Wise Men</i>, 147A</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1"><i>Lives of Eminent Philosophers</i>, Chapter 1. Thales, para.27</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach1991145-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach1991145_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyerMerzbach1991">Boyer & Merzbach 1991</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach199192-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach199192_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyerMerzbach1991">Boyer & Merzbach 1991</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach1991104-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach1991104_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyerMerzbach1991">Boyer & Merzbach 1991</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach1991161-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyerMerzbach1991161_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyerMerzbach1991">Boyer & Merzbach 1991</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank" class="citation web cs1">Frank, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lifelessons.co/critical-thinking/socratic-method/">"The Socratic Method"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Socratic+Method&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flifelessons.co%2Fcritical-thinking%2Fsocratic-method%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyerMerzbach1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin_Boyer" title="Carl Benjamin Boyer">Boyer, C.B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Uta_Merzbach" title="Uta Merzbach">Merzbach, Uta</a> (1991). <i>A History of Mathematics</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-09763-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-09763-2"><bdi>0-471-09763-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematics&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-471-09763-2&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=C.B.&rft.au=Merzbach%2C+Uta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFFoss1991" class="citation">Foss, Clive. "Beacon". In <a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan (1991)</a>, pp. 273–274.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Haldon, John F. (1990). <i>Constantine Porphyrogenitus: Three treatises on imperial military expeditions</i>. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3700117787" title="Special:BookSources/3700117787"><bdi>3700117787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+Porphyrogenitus%3A+Three+treatises+on+imperial+military+expeditions&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=3700117787&rft.aulast=Haldon&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. London and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Toynbee, Arnold</a> (1973). <i>Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World</i>. London and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-215253-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-215253-X"><bdi>0-19-215253-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+Porphyrogenitus+and+His+World&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-19-215253-X&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Greek+inventions+and+discoveries" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inventions" title="Template:Inventions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inventions" title="Template talk:Inventions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inventions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inventions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inventions_and_discoveries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Inventions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discovery_(observation)" title="Discovery (observation)">discoveries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_inventions_or_discoveries" title="Category:Lists of inventions or discoveries">Lists of inventions or discoveries</a><br />by country/region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_inventions" title="Timeline of Australian inventions">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Austrian inventions and discoveries">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Azerbaijani inventions and discoveries">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Bangladeshi inventions and discoveries">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Brazilian inventions and discoveries">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of English inventions and discoveries">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Scottish inventions and discoveries">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Welsh inventions and discoveries">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian inventions and discoveries">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries" title="List of Chinese discoveries">discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Croatian inventions and discoveries">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Czech_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Czech inventions and discoveries">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Egyptian inventions and discoveries">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of French inventions and discoveries">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of German inventions and discoveries">Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indonesian inventions and discoveries">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_inventions_and_discoveries" title="Timeline of Irish inventions and discoveries">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Israeli inventions and discoveries">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Jamaican inventions and discoveries">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Japanese inventions and discoveries">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Korean inventions and discoveries">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Malaysian inventions and discoveries">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Mexican inventions and discoveries">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Dutch_inventions_and_discoveries" title="Lists of Dutch inventions and discoveries">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_inventions_and_innovations" title="List of Dutch inventions and innovations">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_discoveries" title="List of Dutch discoveries">discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_explorations" title="List of Dutch explorations">explorations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology" title="Timeline of Polish science and technology">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Portuguese inventions and discoveries">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_inventions" title="Portuguese inventions">inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_maritime_exploration" title="Portuguese maritime exploration">discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Serbian inventions and discoveries">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of South African inventions and discoveries">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Spanish inventions and discoveries">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Swiss inventions and discoveries">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Thai inventions and discoveries">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Vietnamese inventions and discoveries">Vietnam</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li>inventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(before_1890)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)">before 1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1890%E2%80%931945)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)">1890–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(after_1991)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)">after 1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">discoveries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple_discoveries" title="List of multiple discoveries">multiple discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_scientific_discoveries" title="Timeline of scientific discoveries">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Historic inventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_and_discoveries_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_inventions" title="List of military inventions">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_inventions_and_innovations_of_Indigenous_Americans" title="List of pre-Columbian inventions and innovations of Indigenous Americans">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_inventions" title="List of lost inventions">Lost inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spurious_inventions" title="List of spurious inventions">Spurious inventions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Inventors_by_nationality" title="Category:Inventors by nationality">Lists of inventors or discoverers</a><br />by country/region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventors" title="List of inventors">Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_educators,_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of African educators, scientists and scholars">African</a></li> <li>American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_scientists_and_inventors" title="List of Puerto Rican scientists and inventors">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Armenian inventors and discoverers">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Austrian inventors and discoverers">Austrian</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_inventors_and_designers" title="List of English inventors and designers">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Bulgarian inventors and discoverers">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of German inventors and discoverers">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventors" title="List of Italian inventors">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_inventors" title="List of New Zealand inventors">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Polish inventors and discoverers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Romanian inventors and discoverers">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_inventors" title="List of Russian inventors">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Serbian inventors and discoverers">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Spanish inventors and discoverers">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_inventors" title="List of Swedish inventors">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Swiss inventors and discoverers">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&oldid=1256469319">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries&oldid=1256469319</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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