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href="#Ancient_biographical_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ancient biographical traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_biographical_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Homeric_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Homeric_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of Homeric scholarship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_Homeric_scholarship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of Homeric scholarship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_Homeric_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity_of_the_Homeric_epics_and_Homeric_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity_of_the_Homeric_epics_and_Homeric_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historicity of the Homeric epics and Homeric society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity_of_the_Homeric_epics_and_Homeric_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style_and_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_and_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Style and language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_and_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Textual transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Selected bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interlinear_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlinear_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Interlinear translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlinear_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_works_on_Homer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_works_on_Homer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>General works on Homer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_works_on_Homer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influential_readings_and_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influential_readings_and_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Influential readings and interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influential_readings_and_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating_the_Homeric_poems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_the_Homeric_poems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Dating the Homeric poems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_the_Homeric_poems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Homer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 192 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-192" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">192 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%86%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AD" title="ሆሜር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሆሜር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هوميروس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوميروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հոմերոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հոմերոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeru" title="Homeru – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Homeru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="হোমাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হোমাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A9ro" title="Homéro – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Homéro" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гьомер – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гьомер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هومر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هومر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="হোমার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হোমার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гамер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гамер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Гамэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гамэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Омир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Омир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧོ་མུར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧོ་མུར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Һомер – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һомер" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A9r" title="Homér – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Homér" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeru" title="Omeru – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Omeru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Όμηρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όμηρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeru" title="Omeru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Omeru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هومر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هومر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A8re" title="Homère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%AAros" title="Homêros – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Homêros" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%AAr" title="Omêr – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Omêr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3im%C3%A9ar" title="Hóiméar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hóiméar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2mair" title="Hòmair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hòmair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" title="荷馬 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="荷馬" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A9%94%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="호메로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호메로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հոմերոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոմերոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3mer" title="Hómer – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hómer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omero" title="Omero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Omero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הומרוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הומרוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A8re" title="Homère – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Homère" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹೋಮರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೋಮರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeru" title="Omeru – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Omeru" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰომეროსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰომეროსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ہومر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہومر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeros" title="Omeros – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Omeros" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A8re" title="Homère – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Homère" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A8r" title="Omèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Omèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%AAros" title="Homêros – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Homêros" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer" title="Omer – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Omer" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AE%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1" title="ໂຮແມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຮແມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerus" title="Homerus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Homerus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C4%93rs" title="Homērs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Homērs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeras" title="Homeras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Homeras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omero" title="Omero – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Omero" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umer" title="Umer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Umer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A9rosz" title="Homérosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Homérosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хомер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хомер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC" title="ഹോമർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹോമർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeru" title="Omeru – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Omeru" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰომეროსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰომეროსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هوميروس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوميروس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هومر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هومر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerus" title="Homerus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Homerus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houmero" title="Houmero – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Houmero" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хомер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хомер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဟိုးမား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိုးမား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerus" title="Homerus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Homerus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9" title="ホメーロス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホメーロス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_(Dachter)" title="Homer (Dachter) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Homer (Dachter)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houm%C3%A8re" title="Houmère – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Houmère" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3meros" title="Hómeros – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Hómeros" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A8r" title="Omèr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Omèr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B0" title="ହୋମର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହୋମର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਹੋਮਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੋਮਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ہومر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہومر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هومر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هومر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoma" title="Uoma – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Uoma" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A" title="ហូម័រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហូម័រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A8re" title="Omère – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Omère" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer" title="Omer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Omer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_(Dichter)" title="Homer (Dichter) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Homer (Dichter)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omiros" title="Omiros – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Omiros" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хомер – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хомер" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/He-ma" title="He-ma – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="He-ma" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱦᱚᱢᱤᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱚᱢᱤᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omero" title="Omero – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Omero" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3m%C4%93ros" title="Hómēros – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hómēros" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeri" title="Homeri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Homeri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeru" title="Omeru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Omeru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هومر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هومر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A9r" title="Homér – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Homér" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%AFmer" title="Hůmer – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hůmer" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3" title="ھۆمیرۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھۆمیرۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хомер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хомер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஓமர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓமர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Һомер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һомер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="హోమర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హోమర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="โฮเมอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โฮเมอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ҳомер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳомер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomer" title="Gomer – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gomer" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ہومر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہومر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hozmaj" title="Hozmaj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hozmaj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omero" title="Omero – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Omero" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomer" title="Gomer – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gomer" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homere" title="Homere – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Homere" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" title="荷馬 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="荷馬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" title="荷馬 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="荷馬" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1" title="האמעראס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האמעראס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" title="荷馬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="荷馬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huomers" title="Huomers – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Huomers" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC" title="荷马 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="荷马" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cm%C3%A0" title="Ọmà – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ọmà" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6691#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Homer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Homer (disambiguation)">Homer (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homerus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Homerus (disambiguation)">Homerus (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homeric_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Homeric (disambiguation)">Homeric (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Homer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Homer_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble terminal bust of Homer. Roman copy of a lost Hellenistic original of the 2nd c. BCE."><img alt="Marble terminal bust of Homer. Roman copy of a lost Hellenistic original of the 2nd c. BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/440px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Marble terminal bust of Homer. Roman copy of a lost Hellenistic original of the 2nd c. BCE.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><div class="nickname" lang="grc">Ὅμηρος</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8th century BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Ios" title="Ios">Ios</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lefkowitz2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lefkowitz2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Homer</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ὅμηρος</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[hómɛːros]</a></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hómēros</i></span>; born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8th century BCE</span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> poet who is credited as the author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, two <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poems</a> that are foundational works of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient Greek literature</a>. Homer is considered one of the most revered and influential authors in history.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homer's <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> centers on a quarrel between King <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> and the warrior <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> during the last year of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. The <i>Odyssey</i> chronicles the ten-year journey of <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Ithaca</a>, back to his home after the fall of Troy. The epics depict man's struggle, the <i>Odyssey</i> especially so as Odysseus perseveres through punishment of the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poems are in <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a>, also known as Epic Greek, a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> which shows a mixture of features of the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a> dialects from different centuries; the predominant influence is Eastern Ionic.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most researchers believe that the poems were originally <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">transmitted orally</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being predominantly known for its tragic and serious themes, the Homeric poems also contain <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Homeric_laughter" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Homeric laughter">instances of comedy and laughter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homer's epic poems shaped aspects of ancient Greek culture and education, fostering ideals of heroism, glory, and honor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, Homer was simply the one who "has taught Greece" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τὴν Ἑλλάδα πεπαίδευκεν</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">tēn Helláda pepaídeuken</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> refers to Homer as "Poet sovereign", king of all poets;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the preface to his translation of the <i>Iliad</i>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> acknowledges that Homer has always been considered the "greatest of poets".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From antiquity to the present day, Homeric epics have inspired many famous works of literature, music, art, and film.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">The question</a> of by whom, when, where and under what circumstances the <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i> were composed continues to be debated. Scholars generally regard the two poems as the works of separate authors. It is thought that the poems were composed at some point around the late eighth or early seventh century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Ancient_accounts_of_Homer" title="Ancient accounts of Homer">accounts of Homer's life</a> circulated in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, the most widespread that he was a blind <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bard</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, a region of central coastal <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in present-day Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars consider these accounts <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legendary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_attributed_to_Homer">Works attributed to Homer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Works attributed to Homer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_(1825-1905)_-_Homer_and_his_Guide_(1874).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Homer_and_his_Guide_%281874%29.jpg/220px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Homer_and_his_Guide_%281874%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Homer_and_his_Guide_%281874%29.jpg/330px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Homer_and_his_Guide_%281874%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Homer_and_his_Guide_%281874%29.jpg/440px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Homer_and_his_Guide_%281874%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption><i>Homer and His Guide</i> (1874) by <a href="/wiki/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau" title="William-Adolphe Bouguereau">William-Adolphe Bouguereau</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Today, only the <i>Iliad</i> and <i>the</i> <i>Odyssey</i> are associated with the name "Homer". In antiquity, a large number of other works were sometimes attributed to him, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Contest_of_Homer_and_Hesiod" title="Contest of Homer and Hesiod">Contest of Homer and Hesiod</a></i>, several <a href="/wiki/Epigrams_(Homer)" title="Epigrams (Homer)">epigrams</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Iliad" title="Little Iliad">Little Iliad</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Nostoi" title="Nostoi">Nostoi</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Greek_poem)" title="Thebaid (Greek poem)">Thebaid</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Epigoni_(epic)" title="Epigoni (epic)">Epigoni</a></i>, the comic mini-epic <i><a href="/wiki/Batrachomyomachia" title="Batrachomyomachia">Batrachomyomachia</a></i> ("The Frog–Mouse War"), the <i><a href="/wiki/Margites" title="Margites">Margites</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Oechalia" title="Capture of Oechalia">Capture of Oechalia</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Phocais" title="Phocais">Phocais</a></i>. These claims are not considered authentic today and were not universally accepted in the ancient world. As with the multitude of legends surrounding Homer's life, they indicate little more than the centrality of Homer to ancient Greek culture.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraziosi2002165–168_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraziosi2002165–168-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_biographical_traditions">Ancient biographical traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient biographical traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_accounts_of_Homer" title="Ancient accounts of Homer">Ancient accounts of Homer</a></div> <p>Some ancient accounts about Homer were established early and repeated often. They include that Homer was blind (taking as self-referential a passage describing the blind <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bard</a> <a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(Odyssey_character)" title="Demodocus (Odyssey character)">Demodocus</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Graziosi_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graziosi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he resided at <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, that he was the son of the <a href="/wiki/River_Meles" title="River Meles">river Meles</a> and the nymph <a href="/wiki/Crithe%C3%AFs" title="Critheïs">Critheïs</a>, that he was a wandering bard, that he composed a varying list of other works (the "Homerica"), that he died either in <a href="/wiki/Ios_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ios (island)">Ios</a> or after failing to solve a riddle set by fishermen,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various explanations for the name "Homer" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὅμηρος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hómēros</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Graziosi_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graziosi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another tradition from the days of the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> says <a href="/wiki/Epicaste" title="Epicaste">Epicaste</a> (daughter of <a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>) were the parents of Homer.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two best known ancient biographies of Homer are the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Homer_(Pseudo-Herodotus)" title="Life of Homer (Pseudo-Herodotus)">Life of Homer</a></i> by the Pseudo-Herodotus and the <i><a href="/wiki/Contest_of_Homer_and_Hesiod" title="Contest of Homer and Hesiod">Contest of Homer and Hesiod</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lefkowitz2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lefkowitz2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early fourth century BC <a href="/wiki/Alcidamas" title="Alcidamas">Alcidamas</a> composed a fictional account of a poetry contest at Chalcis with both Homer and <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>. Homer was expected to win, and answered all of Hesiod's questions and puzzles with ease. Then, each of the poets was invited to recite the best passage from their work. Hesiod selected the beginning of <i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i>: "When the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a> born of <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a> ... all in due season". Homer chose a description of Greek warriors in formation, facing the foe, taken from the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. Though the crowd acclaimed Homer victor, the judge awarded Hesiod the prize; the poet who praised <a href="/wiki/Husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Husbandry">husbandry</a>, he said, was greater than the one who told tales of battles and slaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Homeric_scholarship">History of Homeric scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of Homeric scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homeric_scholarship" title="Homeric scholarship">Homeric scholarship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">Homeric Question</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Townley_Homer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Townley_Homer.jpg/220px-Townley_Homer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Townley_Homer.jpg/330px-Townley_Homer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Townley_Homer.jpg/440px-Townley_Homer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Part of an eleventh-century manuscript, "the Townley Homer". The writings on the top and right side are <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">scholia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The study of Homer is one of the oldest topics in scholarship, dating back to antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickey2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickey2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the aims of Homeric studies have changed over the course of the millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickey2012_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickey2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest preserved comments on Homer concern his treatment of the gods, which hostile critics such as the poet <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a> of Colophon denounced as immoral.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allegorist <a href="/wiki/Theagenes_of_Rhegium" title="Theagenes of Rhegium">Theagenes of Rhegium</a> is said to have defended Homer by arguing that the Homeric poems are <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> were widely used as school texts in ancient Greek and Hellenistic cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickey2012_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickey2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunter2018_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the first literary works taught to all students.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter2018_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Iliad</i>, particularly its first few books, was far more intently studied than the <i>Odyssey</i> during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter2018_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the poems' prominence in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">classical Greek</a> education, extensive commentaries on them developed to explain parts that were culturally or linguistically difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickey2012_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickey2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> and Roman periods, many interpreters, especially the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoics</a>, who believed that Homeric poems conveyed Stoic doctrines, regarded them as allegories, containing hidden wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps partially because of the Homeric poems' extensive use in education, many authors believed that Homer's original purpose had been to educate.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homer's wisdom became so widely praised that he began to acquire the image of almost a prototypical philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathius of Thessalonica</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">John Tzetzes</a> produced commentaries, extensions and <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">scholia</a> to Homer, especially in the twelfth century.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eustathius's commentary on the <i>Iliad</i> alone is massive, sprawling over nearly 4,000 oversized pages in a 21st-century printed version and his commentary on the <i>Odyssey</i> an additional nearly 2,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_from_the_first_printed_edition_(editio_princeps)_of_collected_works_by_Homer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Page_from_the_first_printed_edition_%28editio_princeps%29_of_collected_works_by_Homer.jpg/220px-Page_from_the_first_printed_edition_%28editio_princeps%29_of_collected_works_by_Homer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Page_from_the_first_printed_edition_%28editio_princeps%29_of_collected_works_by_Homer.jpg/330px-Page_from_the_first_printed_edition_%28editio_princeps%29_of_collected_works_by_Homer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Page_from_the_first_printed_edition_%28editio_princeps%29_of_collected_works_by_Homer.jpg/440px-Page_from_the_first_printed_edition_%28editio_princeps%29_of_collected_works_by_Homer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2846" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Page from the first printed edition (<a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">editio princeps</a>) of collected works by Homer edited by <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Chalkokondyles" title="Demetrios Chalkokondyles">Demetrios Chalkokondyles</a>. Florence, 1489. <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1488, the Greek scholar <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Chalkokondyles" title="Demetrios Chalkokondyles">Demetrios Chalkokondyles</a> published in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> the <i><a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">editio princeps</a></i> of the Homeric poems.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest modern Homeric scholars started with the same basic approaches towards the Homeric poems as scholars in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dickey2012_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickey2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allegorical interpretation of the Homeric poems that had been so prevalent in antiquity returned to become the prevailing view of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renaissance humanists praised Homer as the archetypically wise poet, whose writings contain hidden wisdom, disguised through allegory.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In western Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> was more widely read than Homer and Homer was often seen through a Virgilian lens.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1664, contradicting the widespread praise of Homer as the epitome of wisdom, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_H%C3%A9delin,_abb%C3%A9_d%27Aubignac" title="François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac">François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac</a> wrote a scathing attack on the Homeric poems, declaring that they were incoherent, immoral, tasteless, and without style, that Homer never existed, and that the poems were hastily cobbled together by incompetent editors from unrelated oral songs.<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifty years later, the English scholar <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bentley" title="Richard Bentley">Richard Bentley</a> concluded that Homer did exist but that he was an obscure, prehistoric oral poet whose compositions bear little relation to the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> as they have been passed down.<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bentley, Homer "wrote a Sequel of Songs and Rhapsodies, to be sung by himself for small Earnings and good Cheer at Festivals and other Days of Merriment; the <i>Ilias</i> he wrote for men, and the <i>Odysseis</i> for the other Sex. These loose songs were not collected together in the Form of an epic Poem till <a href="/wiki/Pisistratus" title="Pisistratus">Pisistratus</a>' time, about 500 Years after."<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Wolf" title="Friedrich August Wolf">Friedrich August Wolf</a>'s <i>Prolegomena ad Homerum</i>, published in 1795, argued that much of the material later incorporated into the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> was originally composed in the tenth century BC in the form of short, separate oral songs,<sup id="cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which passed through oral tradition for roughly four hundred years before being assembled into prototypical versions of the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> in the sixth century BC by literate authors.<sup id="cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being written down, Wolf maintained that the two poems were extensively edited, modernized, and eventually shaped into their present state as artistic unities.<sup id="cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolf and the "Analyst" school, which led the field in the nineteenth century, sought to recover the original, authentic poems which were thought to be concealed by later excrescences.<sup id="cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the Analyst school were two camps: proponents of the "lay theory", which held that the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> were put together from a large number of short, independent songs,<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proponents of the "nucleus theory", which held that Homer had originally composed shorter versions of the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i>, which later poets expanded and revised.<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small group of scholars opposed to the Analysts, dubbed "Unitarians", saw the later additions as superior, the work of a single inspired poet.<sup id="cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By around 1830, the central preoccupations of Homeric scholars, dealing with whether or not "Homer" actually existed, when and how the Homeric poems originated, how they were transmitted, when and how they were finally written down, and their overall unity, had been dubbed "the Homeric Question".<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Analyst school began to fall out of favor among Homeric scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It did not die out entirely, but it came to be increasingly seen as a discredited dead end.<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in around 1928, <a href="/wiki/Milman_Parry" title="Milman Parry">Milman Parry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lord" title="Albert Lord">Albert Lord</a>, after their studies of folk bards in the Balkans, developed the "Oral-Formulaic Theory" that the Homeric poems were originally composed through improvised oral performances, which relied on traditional epithets and poetic formulas.<sup id="cite_ref-Foley1988_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley1988-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory found very wide scholarly acceptance<sup id="cite_ref-Foley1988_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley1988-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and explained many previously puzzling features of the Homeric poems, including their unusually archaic language, their extensive use of stock epithets, and their other "repetitive" features.<sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars concluded that the "Homeric Question" had finally been answered.<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the 'Neoanalysts' sought to bridge the gap between the 'Analysts' and 'Unitarians'.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Neoanalysts sought to trace the relationships between the Homeric poems and other epic poems, which have now been lost, but of which modern scholars do possess some patchy knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neoanalysts hold that knowledge of earlier versions of the epics can be derived from anomalies of structure and detail in the surviving versions of the <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i>. These anomalies point to earlier versions of the <i>Iliad</i> in which Ajax played a more prominent role, in which the Achaean embassy to Achilles comprised different characters, and in which Patroclus was actually mistaken for Achilles by the Trojans. They point to earlier versions of the <i>Odyssey</i> in which Telemachus went in search of news of his father not to Menelaus in Sparta but to Idomeneus in Crete, in which Telemachus met up with his father in Crete and conspired with him to return to Ithaca disguised as the soothsayer Theoclymenus, and in which Penelope recognized Odysseus much earlier in the narrative and conspired with him in the destruction of the suitors.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most contemporary scholars, although they disagree on other questions about the genesis of the poems, agree that the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> were not produced by the same author, based on "the many differences of narrative manner, theology, ethics, vocabulary, and geographical perspective, and by the apparently imitative character of certain passages of the <i>Odyssey</i> in relation to the <i>Iliad</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all scholars agree that the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> are unified poems, in that each poem shows a clear overall design and that they are not merely strung together from unrelated songs.<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also generally agreed that each poem was composed mostly by a single author, who probably relied heavily on older oral traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all scholars agree that the <i>Doloneia</i> in Book X of the <i>Iliad</i> is not part of the original poem, but rather a later insertion by a different poet.<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some ancient scholars believed Homer to have been an eyewitness to the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>; others thought he had lived up to 500 years afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary scholars continue to debate the date of the poems.<sup id="cite_ref-Graziosi2002_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graziosi2002-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2004_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A long history of oral transmission lies behind the composition of the poems, complicating the search for a precise date.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one extreme, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Janko" title="Richard Janko">Richard Janko</a> has proposed a date for both poems to the eighth century BC based on linguistic analysis and statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-Graziosi2002_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graziosi2002-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2004_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barry_B._Powell" title="Barry B. Powell">Barry B. Powell</a> dates the composition of the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> to sometime between 800 and 750 BC, based on the statement from <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, who lived in the late fifth century BC, that Homer lived four hundred years before his own time "and not more" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καὶ οὐ πλέοσι</span></span>) and on the fact that the poems do not mention <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a> battle tactics, <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">inhumation</a>, or literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">Martin Litchfield West</a> has argued that the <i>Iliad</i> echoes the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> and that it must have been composed around 660–650 BC at the earliest, with the <i>Odyssey</i> up to a generation later.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also interprets passages in the <i>Iliad</i> as showing knowledge of historical events that occurred in the ancient Near East during the middle of the seventh century BC, including the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> in 689 BC and the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thebes" title="Sack of Thebes">Sack of Thebes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> in 663/4 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the other extreme, a few American scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nagy" title="Gregory Nagy">Gregory Nagy</a> see "Homer" as a continually evolving tradition, which grew much more stable as the tradition progressed, but which did not fully cease to continue changing and evolving until as late as the middle of the second century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Graziosi2002_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graziosi2002-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2004_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_28-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"'Homer" is a name of unknown etymological origin, around which many theories were erected in antiquity. One such linkage was to the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὅμηρος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hómēros</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">hostage</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">surety</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). The explanations suggested by modern scholars tend to mirror their position on the overall Homeric Question. Nagy interprets it as "he who fits (the song) together". West has advanced both possible Greek and Phoenician etymologies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraziosi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvCHsh9QWzLYCpgPA51_51–89]_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraziosi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvCHsh9QWzLYCpgPA51_51–89]-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-east_face_622_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east_face_622-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity_of_the_Homeric_epics_and_Homeric_society">Historicity of the Homeric epics and Homeric society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historicity of the Homeric epics and Homeric society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">Historicity of the Iliad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homeric_Greece-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/310px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/465px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/620px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Greece according to the <i>Iliad</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars continue to debate questions such as whether the Trojan War actually took place – and if so when and where – and to what extent the society depicted by Homer is based on his own or one which was, even at the time of the poems' composition, known only as legends. The Homeric epics are largely set in the east and center of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, with some scattered references to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and other distant lands, in a warlike society that resembles that of the Greek world slightly before the hypothesized date of the poems' composition.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient Greek chronology, the sack of Troy was dated to 1184 BC. By the nineteenth century, there was widespread scholarly skepticism that the Trojan War had ever happened and that Troy had even existed, but in 1873 <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a> announced to the world that he had discovered the ruins of Homer's Troy at <a href="/wiki/Hisarlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisarlik">Hisarlik</a> in modern Turkey. Some contemporary scholars think the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Troy_VIIa" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy VIIa">Troy VIIa</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1220 BC was the origin of the myth of the Trojan War, others that the poem was inspired by multiple similar sieges that took place over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most scholars now agree that the Homeric poems depict customs and elements of the material world that are derived from different periods of Greek history.<sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SacksMurrayBrody2014_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SacksMurrayBrody2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MorrisPowell1997_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorrisPowell1997-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the heroes in the poems use bronze weapons, characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> in which the poems are set, rather than the later <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> during which they were composed;<sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SacksMurrayBrody2014_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SacksMurrayBrody2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MorrisPowell1997_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorrisPowell1997-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet the same heroes are cremated (an Iron Age practice) rather than buried (as they were in the Bronze Age).<sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SacksMurrayBrody2014_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SacksMurrayBrody2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MorrisPowell1997_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorrisPowell1997-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some parts of the Homeric poems, heroes are described as carrying large shields like those used by warriors during the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean period">Mycenaean period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, in other places, they are instead described carrying the smaller shields that were commonly used during the time when the poems were written in the early Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_36-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Iliad</i> 10.260–265, Odysseus is described as wearing a <a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet" title="Boar's tusk helmet">helmet made of boar's tusks</a>. Such helmets were not worn in Homer's time, but were commonly worn by aristocratic warriors between 1600 and 1150 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decipherment of <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> in the 1950s by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ventris" title="Michael Ventris">Michael Ventris</a> and continued archaeological investigation has increased modern scholars' understanding of the Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilisation">Aegean civilisation</a>, which in many ways resembles the ancient Near East more than the society described by Homer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrisPowell1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrYAtDgAAQBAJpgPA625_625]_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrisPowell1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrYAtDgAAQBAJpgPA625_625]-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some aspects of the Homeric world are simply made up;<sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_36-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for instance, the <i>Iliad</i> 22.145–56 describes there being two springs that run near the city of Troy, one that runs steaming hot and the other that runs icy cold.<sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_36-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is here that <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> takes his final stand against Achilles.<sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_36-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists, however, have uncovered no evidence that springs of this description ever actually existed.<sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_36-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_and_language">Style and language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Style and language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cropped_image_of_Homer_from_Raphael%27s_Parnassus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cropped_image_of_Homer_from_Raphael%27s_Parnassus.jpg/220px-Cropped_image_of_Homer_from_Raphael%27s_Parnassus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cropped_image_of_Homer_from_Raphael%27s_Parnassus.jpg/330px-Cropped_image_of_Homer_from_Raphael%27s_Parnassus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cropped_image_of_Homer_from_Raphael%27s_Parnassus.jpg/440px-Cropped_image_of_Homer_from_Raphael%27s_Parnassus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Detail of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Parnassus" title="The Parnassus">The Parnassus</a></i> (painted 1509–1510) by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, depicting Homer wearing a crown of laurels atop <a href="/wiki/Mount_Parnassus" title="Mount Parnassus">Mount Parnassus</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> on his left and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> on his right</figcaption></figure> <p>The Homeric epics are written in an artificial <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> or 'Kunstsprache' only used in epic <a href="/wiki/Hexameter" title="Hexameter">hexameter</a> poetry. Homeric Greek shows features of multiple regional Greek dialects and periods, but is fundamentally based on <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic Greek</a>, in keeping with the tradition that Homer was from Ionia. Linguistic analysis suggests that the <i>Iliad</i> was composed slightly before the <i>Odyssey</i> and that Homeric formulae preserve features older than other parts of the poems.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poems were composed in unrhymed <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a>; ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metre</a> was quantity-based rather than stress-based.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homer frequently uses set phrases such as <a href="/wiki/Epithets_in_Homer" title="Epithets in Homer">epithets</a> ('crafty <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>', 'rosy-fingered <a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Dawn</a>', 'owl-eyed <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>', etc.), Homeric formulae ('and then answered [him/her], Agamemnon, king of men', 'when the early-born rose-fingered Dawn came to light', 'thus he/she spoke'), <a href="/wiki/Homeric_simile" title="Homeric simile">simile</a>, type scenes, ring composition and repetition. These habits aid the extemporizing bard, and are characteristic of oral poetry. For instance, the main words of a Homeric sentence are generally placed towards the beginning, whereas literate poets like <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> or <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a> use longer and more complicated syntactical structures. Homer then expands on these ideas in subsequent clauses; this technique is called <a href="/wiki/Parataxis" title="Parataxis">parataxis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The so-called '<a href="/wiki/Type_scene" title="Type scene">type scenes</a>' (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">typische Szenen</i></span>), were named by Walter Arend in 1933. He noted that Homer often, when describing frequently recurring activities such as eating, <a href="/wiki/Homeric_prayer" title="Homeric prayer">praying</a>, fighting and dressing, used blocks of set phrases in sequence that were then elaborated by the poet. The 'Analyst' school had considered these repetitions as un-Homeric, whereas Arend interpreted them philosophically. Parry and Lord noted that these conventions are found in many other cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'Ring composition' or <a href="/wiki/Chiastic_structure" title="Chiastic structure">chiastic structure</a> (when a phrase or idea is repeated at both the beginning and end of a story, or a series of such ideas first appears in the order A, B, C ... before being reversed as ... C, B, A) has been observed in the Homeric epics. Opinion differs as to whether these occurrences are a conscious artistic device, a mnemonic aid or a spontaneous feature of human storytelling.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both of the Homeric poems begin with an invocation to the <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adler2003_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler2003-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Iliad</i>, the poet beseeches her to sing of "the anger of Achilles",<sup id="cite_ref-Adler2003_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler2003-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <i>Odyssey</i>, he asks her to tell of "the man of many ways".<sup id="cite_ref-Adler2003_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler2003-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar opening was later employed by Virgil in his <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adler2003_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler2003-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textual_transmission">Textual transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Textual transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema,_English_(born_Netherlands)_-_A_Reading_from_Homer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_English_%28born_Netherlands%29_-_A_Reading_from_Homer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/310px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_English_%28born_Netherlands%29_-_A_Reading_from_Homer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_English_%28born_Netherlands%29_-_A_Reading_from_Homer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/465px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_English_%28born_Netherlands%29_-_A_Reading_from_Homer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_English_%28born_Netherlands%29_-_A_Reading_from_Homer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/620px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_English_%28born_Netherlands%29_-_A_Reading_from_Homer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5227" data-file-height="2617" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/A_Reading_from_Homer" title="A Reading from Homer">A Reading from Homer</a></i> (1885) by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The orally transmitted Homeric poems were put into written form at some point between the eighth and sixth centuries BCE. Some scholars believe that they were dictated to a <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribe</a> by the poet and that our inherited versions of the <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i> were in origin orally dictated texts.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lord" title="Albert Lord">Albert Lord</a> noted that the Balkan bards that he was studying revised and expanded their songs in their process of dictating.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars hypothesize that a similar process of revision and expansion occurred when the Homeric poems were first written down.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scholars hold that, after the poems were created in the eighth century, they continued to be orally transmitted with considerable revision until they were written down in the sixth century.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After textualisation, the poems were each divided into 24 rhapsodes, today referred to as books, and labelled by the letters of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. Most scholars attribute the book divisions to the Hellenistic scholars of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some trace the divisions back further to the Classical period.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very few credit Homer himself with the divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In antiquity, it was widely held that the Homeric poems were collected and organised in Athens in the late sixth century BCE by <a href="/wiki/Pisistratus" title="Pisistratus">Pisistratus</a> (died 528/7 BCE), in what subsequent scholars have dubbed the "Peisistratean recension".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that the Homeric poems were originally transmitted orally and first written down during the reign of Pisistratus is referenced by the first-century BCE Roman orator <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> and is also referenced in a number of other surviving sources, including two ancient <i>Lives of Homer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From around 150 BCE, the texts of the Homeric poems found in papyrus fragments exhibit much less variation, and the text seems to have become relatively stable. After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a>, Homeric scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Zenodotus" title="Zenodotus">Zenodotus</a> of Ephesus, <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Aristophanes of Byzantium">Aristophanes of Byzantium</a> and in particular <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samothrace" title="Aristarchus of Samothrace">Aristarchus of Samothrace</a> helped establish a canonical text.<sup id="cite_ref-Haslam2012_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haslam2012-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first printed edition of Homer was produced in 1488 in Milan, Italy by <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Chalkokondyles" title="Demetrios Chalkokondyles">Demetrios Chalkokondyles</a>. Today scholars use medieval manuscripts, <a href="/wiki/Papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyri">papyri</a> and other sources; some argue for a "multi-text" view, rather than seeking a single definitive text. The nineteenth-century edition of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ludwich" title="Arthur Ludwich">Arthur Ludwich</a> mainly follows Aristarchus's work, whereas van Thiel's (1991, 1996) follows the medieval vulgate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">Martin West</a> (1998–2000) or <a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Allen" title="Thomas William Allen">T. W. Allen</a>, fall somewhere between these two extremes.<sup id="cite_ref-Haslam2012_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haslam2012-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 19em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaeans (Homer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliomancy" title="Bibliomancy">Bibliomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Ships" title="Catalogue of Ships">Catalogue of Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creophylus_of_Samos" title="Creophylus of Samos">Creophylus of Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_Poets" title="Cyclic Poets">Cyclic Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception_of_Zeus" title="Deception of Zeus">Deception of Zeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Greek_cosmology" title="Early Greek cosmology">Early Greek cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Odyssey" title="Geography of the Odyssey">Geography of the <i>Odyssey</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_psychology" title="Homeric psychology">Homeric psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Homer's Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Homeric_characters" title="List of Homeric characters">List of Homeric characters</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Homericae" title="Sortes Homericae">Sortes Homericae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabulae_Iliacae" title="Tabulae Iliacae">Tabulae Iliacae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telemachy" title="Telemachy">Telemachy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Golden Bough (mythology)">The Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Battle_Order" title="Trojan Battle Order">Trojan Battle Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War_in_literature_and_the_arts" title="Trojan War in literature and the arts">Trojan War in literature and the arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetus_A" title="Venetus A">Venetus A</a> manuscript</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lefkowitz2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lefkowitz2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lefkowitz2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLefkowitz2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lefkowitz" title="Mary Lefkowitz">Lefkowitz, Mary R.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1H9xrMAkrcC&pg=PA14"><i>The Lives of the Greek Poets</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. 14–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472503077" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472503077"><bdi>978-1472503077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Greek+Poets&rft.pages=14-30&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1472503077&rft.aulast=Lefkowitz&rft.aufirst=Mary+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1H9xrMAkrcC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/summary/Homer-Greek-poet">"Learn about Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Learn+about+Homer%27s+The+Iliad+and+The+Odyssey&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsummary%2FHomer-Greek-poet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merionwest.com/2021/04/16/odysseus-the-first-western-man/">"Odysseus: the First Western Man"</a>. 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odysseus%3A+the+First+Western+Man&rft.date=2021-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmerionwest.com%2F2021%2F04%2F16%2Fodysseus-the-first-western-man%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoseSchenker2015" class="citation book cs1">Hose, Martin; Schenker, David (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DgBSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445"><i>A Companion to Greek Literature</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118885956" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118885956"><bdi>978-1118885956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Greek+Literature&rft.pages=445&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1118885956&rft.aulast=Hose&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Schenker%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDgBSCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, D. Gary (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vPnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA351"><i>Ancient Greek Dialects and Early Authors: Introduction to the Dialect Mixture in Homer, with Notes on Lyric and Herodotus</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1614512950" title="Special:BookSources/978-1614512950"><bdi>978-1614512950</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Dialects+and+Early+Authors%3A+Introduction+to+the+Dialect+Mixture+in+Homer%2C+with+Notes+on+Lyric+and+Herodotus&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1614512950&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=D.+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5vPnBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlRoisman1996" class="citation book cs1">Ahl, Frederick; Roisman, Hanna (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dB27oJJb_NYC&pg=PA7"><i>The Odyssey Re-formed</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801483356" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801483356"><bdi>978-0801483356</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Odyssey+Re-formed&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0801483356&rft.aulast=Ahl&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.au=Roisman%2C+Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdB27oJJb_NYC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell, Robert H. "Homer’s humor: laughter in the Iliad." hand 1 (2007): 596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutherford2010" class="citation book cs1">Rutherford, R. B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oB1zMDoDhGsC&pg=PP1"><i>Homer: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-980510-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-980510-5"><bdi>978-0-19-980510-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer%3A+Oxford+Bibliographies+Online+Research+Guide&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-980510-5&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoB1zMDoDhGsC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToo2010" class="citation book cs1">Too, Yun Lee (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fGsVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86"><i>The Idea of the Library in the Ancient World</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199577804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199577804"><bdi>978-0199577804</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+the+Library+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199577804&rft.aulast=Too&rft.aufirst=Yun+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfGsVDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_R._MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis R. MacDonald">MacDonald, Dennis R.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17xEDe6_Jt4C&pg=PA17"><i>Christianizing Homer: The Odyssey, Plato, and the Acts of Andrew</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195358629" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195358629"><bdi>978-0195358629</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630083720/https://books.google.com/books?id=17xEDe6_Jt4C&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianizing+Homer%3A+The+Odyssey%2C+Plato%2C+and+the+Acts+of+Andrew&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0195358629&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Dennis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D17xEDe6_Jt4C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy_(Longfellow_1867)/Volume_1/Canto_5" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Divine Comedy (Longfellow 1867)/Volume 1/Canto 5">Divine Comedy, Inferno, Canto IV, 86–88 (Longfellow's translation)</a>:<div class="poem"> <p>Him with that falchion in his hand behold,<br /> ⁠Who comes before the three, even as their lord.<br /> That one is Homer, Poet sovereign; </p> </div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Iliad_of_Homer_(Pope)/Preface" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Iliad of Homer (Pope)/Preface">Alexander Pope's Preface to his translation of the Iliad</a>:<br />"Homer is universally allowed to have had the greatest invention of any writer whatever. The praise of judgment Virgil has justly contested with him, and others may have their pretensions as to particular excellencies; but his invention remains yet unrivalled. Nor is it a wonder if he has ever been acknowledged the greatest of poets, who most excelled in that which is the very foundation of poetry."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatacz1996" class="citation book cs1">Latacz, Joachim (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzRhA7q7ZuMC&pg=PA2"><i>Homer, His Art and His World</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472083534" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472083534"><bdi>978-0472083534</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer%2C+His+Art+and+His+World&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0472083534&rft.aulast=Latacz&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzRhA7q7ZuMC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroallyHyde2011" class="citation book cs1">Croally, Neil; Hyde, Roy (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-arAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26"><i>Classical Literature: An Introduction</i></a>. Routledge. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136736629" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136736629"><bdi>978-1136736629</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Literature%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1136736629&rft.aulast=Croally&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Hyde%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-arAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaisy_Dunn2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Dunn" title="Daisy Dunn">Daisy Dunn</a> (22 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/who-was-homer">"Who was Homer?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+was+Homer%3F&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2020-01-22&rft.au=Daisy+Dunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fblog%2Fwho-was-homer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Nigel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8pXhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA366"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece</i></a>. Routledge. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136788000" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136788000"><bdi>978-1136788000</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136788000&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8pXhAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomilly1985" class="citation book cs1">Romilly, Jacqueline de (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_DTllltXBQC&pg=PA1"><i>A Short History of Greek Literature</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226143125" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226143125"><bdi>978-0226143125</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Greek+Literature&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0226143125&rft.aulast=Romilly&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_DTllltXBQC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span><br /><a href="#CITEREFGraziosi2002">Graziosi 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCHsh9QWzLYC&pg=PA15">15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFKelly2012" class="citation">Kelly, Adrian D. "Homerica". In <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2012">Finkelberg (2012)</a>.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe0606">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0606</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraziosiHaubold2005" class="citation book cs1">Graziosi, Barbara; Haubold, Johannes (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LiDUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24"><i>Homer: The Resonance of Epic</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. 24–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0715632826" title="Special:BookSources/978-0715632826"><bdi>978-0715632826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer%3A+The+Resonance+of+Epic&rft.pages=24-26&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0715632826&rft.aulast=Graziosi&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Haubold%2C+Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLiDUAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraziosi2002165–168-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraziosi2002165–168_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraziosi2002">Graziosi 2002</a>, pp. 165–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graziosi-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graziosi_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graziosi_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraziosi2002">Graziosi 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCHsh9QWzLYC&pg=PA138">138</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Odyssey</i>, 8:64ff.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The riddle was: "We left whatever we caught and carry whatever we didn’t". (The solution: lice.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sententiaeantiquae.com/2017/02/11/a-riddle-and-how-homer-went-blind/">"A Riddle, and How Homer Went Blind"</a>. <i>Sententiae Antiquae</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sententiae+Antiquae&rft.atitle=A+Riddle%2C+and+How+Homer+Went+Blind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsententiaeantiquae.com%2F2017%2F02%2F11%2Fa-riddle-and-how-homer-went-blind%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcllibrary.org/Hesiod/homrhes.html">"Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns, and Homerica"</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Contest_of_Homer_and_Hesiod" title="Contest of Homer and Hesiod">Contest of Homer and Hesiod</a></i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParke1967" class="citation book cs1">Parke, Herbert William (1967). <i>Greek Oracles</i>. pp. 136–137 citing the <i><a href="/wiki/Contest_of_Homer_and_Hesiod" title="Contest of Homer and Hesiod">Certamen</a></i>, 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Oracles&rft.pages=136-137+citing+the+%27%27Contest+of+Homer+and+Hesiod%7CCertamen%27%27%2C+12&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Parke&rft.aufirst=Herbert+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFKelly2012" class="citation">Kelly, Adrian D. "Biographies of Homer". In <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2012">Finkelberg (2012)</a>.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe0243">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0243</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> <i>Theogony & Works and Days</i>. Oxford University Press. p. xx.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theogony+%26+Works+and+Days&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickey2012-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dickey2012_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickey2012_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickey2012_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickey2012_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickey2012_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFDickey2012" class="citation">Dickey, Eleanor. "Scholarship, Ancient". In <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2012">Finkelberg (2012)</a>.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1307">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1307</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-West2011-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2011_28-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (December 2011). "The Homeric Question Today". <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i>. <b>155</b> (4): 383–393. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23208780">23208780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Homeric+Question+Today&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=383-393&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23208780%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamberton2010-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_29-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamberton2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Lamberton" title="Robert D. Lamberton">Lamberton, Robert</a> (2010). "Homer". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grafton" title="Anthony Grafton">Grafton, Anthony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, Glenn W.</a>; Settis, Salvatore (eds.). <i>The Classical Tradition</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 449–452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03572-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homer&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=449-452&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03572-0&rft.aulast=Lamberton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter2018-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter2018_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter2018_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter2018_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Hunter" title="Richard L. Hunter">Hunter, Richard L.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxNSDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Measure of Homer: The Ancient Reception of the </i>Iliad<i> and the </i>Odyssey<i><span></span></i></a>. 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Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253342607" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253342607"><bdi>978-0253342607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Oral+Composition%3A+History+and+Methodology&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0253342607&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=John+Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZo-665SEuqsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFHeiden2012" class="citation">Heiden, Bruce. "Scholarship, 20th Century". In <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2012">Finkelberg (2012)</a>.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1313">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1313</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFEdwards2012" class="citation">Edwards, Mark W. "Neoanalysis". 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"The Cretan Odyssey: A Lie Truer than Truth". <i>American Journal of Philology</i> 115 (1994) 157–173. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30641542/The_Cretan_Odyssey_A_Lie_Truer_Than_Truth">The_Cretan_Odyssey</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (1999). "The Invention of Homer". <i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Quarterly">Classical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>49</b> (2): 364–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2F49.2.364">10.1093/cq/49.2.364</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8388">0009-8388</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/639863">639863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Invention+of+Homer&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=364-382&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0009-8388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F639863%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcq%2F49.2.364&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFWest2012" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin L.</a> "Homeric Question". 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De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1614517375" title="Special:BookSources/978-1614517375"><bdi>978-1614517375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22New+Trends+in+Homeric+Scholarship%22+in+Homer%27s+Iliad%3A+The+Basel+Commentary&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1614517375&rft.aulast=Latacz&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.au=Bierl%2C+Anton&rft.au=Olson%2C+S.+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOIXeoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaïd2011" class="citation book cs1">Saïd, Suzanne (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78--kADZigAC&pg=PA14"><i>Homer and the Odyssey</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 14–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199542840" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199542840"><bdi>978-0199542840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer+and+the+Odyssey&rft.pages=14-17&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199542840&rft.aulast=Sa%C3%AFd&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78--kADZigAC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graziosi2002-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graziosi2002_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graziosi2002_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graziosi2002_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraziosi2002">Graziosi 2002</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCHsh9QWzLYC&pg=PA90">90–92</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler2004-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2004_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2004_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2004_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2004">Fowler 2004</a>, pp. 220–232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2003" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Jonathan S. 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Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58907-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58907-9"><bdi>978-0-521-58907-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer+and+the+Origins+of+the+Greek+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=217-222&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58907-9&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Barry+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeZGXGR-S_BQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2002" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Jonathan M. 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University of Chicago Press. pp. 235–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226313290" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226313290"><bdi>978-0226313290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenicity%3A+Between+Ethnicity+and+Culture&rft.pages=235-236&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0226313290&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJBh7BjUlAMC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFWest2012" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin L.</a> "Date of Homer". 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L.</a> (1997). <i>The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 622.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+Face+of+Helicon%3A+West+Asiatic+Elements+in+Greek+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=622&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFRaaflaub2012" class="citation">Raaflaub, Kurt A. "Historicity of Homer". 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Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140136869" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140136869"><bdi>978-0140136869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Odysseus&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0140136869&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=Moses+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaeBPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWees2009" class="citation book cs1">Wees, Hans van (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0PtODgAAQBAJ"><i>War and Violence in Ancient Greece</i></a>. ISD LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1910589298" title="Special:BookSources/978-1910589298"><bdi>978-1910589298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Violence+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.pub=ISD+LLC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1910589298&rft.aulast=Wees&rft.aufirst=Hans+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0PtODgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Morris_(historian)" title="Ian Morris (historian)">Morris, Ian</a> (1986). 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444396935" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444396935"><bdi>978-1444396935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Greek+Mythology&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1444396935&rft.aulast=Dowden&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_XsN0O_BQ0cC%26pg%3DPA440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SacksMurrayBrody2014-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SacksMurrayBrody2014_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SacksMurrayBrody2014_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SacksMurrayBrody2014_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacksMurrayBrody2014" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Brody, Lisa R. 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Infobase Publishing. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438110202" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438110202"><bdi>978-1438110202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ancient+Greek+World&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1438110202&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Murray%2C+Oswyn&rft.au=Brody%2C+Lisa+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyyrao0dadqAC%26pg%3DPA356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MorrisPowell1997-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MorrisPowell1997_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MorrisPowell1997_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MorrisPowell1997_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrisPowell1997">Morris & Powell 1997</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYAtDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA434">434–435</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1996" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Michael (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5HDjtGwYjsC&q=boar's%20tusk%20helmet&pg=PA130"><i>In Search of the Trojan War</i></a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21599-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21599-3"><bdi>978-0-520-21599-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Los Angeles, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-867-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-867-9"><bdi>978-0-89236-867-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mycenaeans&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=The+J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-867-9&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXwzT1048Z4C%26q%3Dboar%27s%2520tusk%2520helmet%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2004" class="citation book cs1">Everson, Tim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztoTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT11"><i>Warfare in Ancient Greece: Arms and Armour from the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great</i></a>. Brimscombe Port: The History Press. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9506-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9506-4"><bdi>978-0-7524-9506-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Ancient+Greece%3A+Arms+and+Armour+from+the+Heroes+of+Homer+to+Alexander+the+Great&rft.place=Brimscombe+Port&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-9506-4&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztoTDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrisPowell1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrYAtDgAAQBAJpgPA625_625]-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrisPowell1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrYAtDgAAQBAJpgPA625_625]_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrisPowell1997">Morris & Powell 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYAtDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA625">625</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFWilli2012" class="citation">Willi, Andreas. "Language, Homeric". In <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2012">Finkelberg (2012)</a>.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe0792">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0792</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker2010" class="citation book cs1">Bakker, Egbert J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oa42E3DP3icC&pg=PA401"><i>A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444317404" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444317404"><bdi>978-1444317404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Ancient+Greek+Language&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1444317404&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Egbert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doa42E3DP3icC%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFEdwards2012" class="citation">Edwards, Mark W. "Meter". In <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2012">Finkelberg (2012)</a>.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe0913">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0913</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNussbaum1986" class="citation book cs1">Nussbaum, Gerry B. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aUMlAAAAMAAJ"><i>Homer's Metre: A Practical Guide for Reading Greek Hexameter Poetry</i></a>. Bristol Classical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0862921729" title="Special:BookSources/978-0862921729"><bdi>978-0862921729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer%27s+Metre%3A+A+Practical+Guide+for+Reading+Greek+Hexameter+Poetry&rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0862921729&rft.aulast=Nussbaum&rft.aufirst=Gerry+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaUMlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFEdwards2012" class="citation">Edwards, Mark W. "Style". In <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2012">Finkelberg (2012)</a>.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1377">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1377</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFReece2012" class="citation">Reece, Steve T. "Type-Scenes". In <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2012">Finkelberg (2012)</a>.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1488">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1488</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1992" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, Mark W. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citeulike.org/group/5373/article/4187736">"Homer and Oral Tradition: The Type-Scene"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oral_Tradition_(journal)" title="Oral Tradition (journal)">Oral Tradition</a></i>. <b>7</b>: 284–330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oral+Tradition&rft.atitle=Homer+and+Oral+Tradition%3A+The+Type-Scene&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=284-330&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citeulike.org%2Fgroup%2F5373%2Farticle%2F4187736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2014" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, Keith (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz8ABAAAQBAJ"><i>The Shield of Homer: Narrative Structure in the Illiad</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400863372" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400863372"><bdi>978-1400863372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shield+of+Homer%3A+Narrative+Structure+in+the+Illiad&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1400863372&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJz8ABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFMinchin2012" class="citation">Minchin, Elizabeth. "Ring Composition". In <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2012">Finkelberg (2012)</a>.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1287">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1287</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adler2003-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adler2003_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adler2003_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adler2003_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adler2003_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2003" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Eve (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gbUaAAAAQBAJ&q=Homer's%20Muse&pg=PA4"><i>Vergil's Empire: Political Thought in the Aeneid</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2167-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2167-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-2167-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vergil%27s+Empire%3A+Political+Thought+in+the+Aeneid&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2167-4&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Eve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgbUaAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DHomer%27s%2520Muse%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Reece, "Homer's Iliad and Odyssey: From Oral Performance to Written Text", in Mark Amodio (ed.), <i>New Directions in Oral Theory</i> (Tempe: Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2005) 43–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lord" title="Albert Lord">Albert B. Lord</a>, <i>The Singer of Tales</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1960).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Kirk" title="Geoffrey Kirk">Kirk, G. S.</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IgHVXQfEzA4C&pg=PA117"><i>Homer and the Oral Tradition</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521213097" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521213097"><bdi>978-0521213097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer+and+the+Oral+Tradition&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0521213097&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIgHVXQfEzA4C%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFFoley2012" class="citation">Foley, John Miles. "Oral Dictated Texts". In <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2012">Finkelberg (2012)</a>.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1029">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1029</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagy1996" class="citation book cs1">Nagy, Gregory (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6GCHXNMeHMoC"><i>Poetry as Performance: Homer and Beyond</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521558488" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521558488"><bdi>978-0521558488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry+as+Performance%3A+Homer+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0521558488&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6GCHXNMeHMoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, <i>Homerische Untersuchungen</i> (Berlin, 1884) 369; R. Pfeiffer, <i>History of Classical Scholarship</i> (Oxford, 1968) 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFWest2012" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin L.</a> "Book Division". In <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2012">Finkelberg (2012)</a>.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe0253">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0253</a>; S. West, <i>The Ptolemaic Papyri of Homer</i> (Cologne, 1967) 18–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>P. Mazon, <i>Introduction à l'Iliade</i> (Paris, 1912) 137–140.</li><li>C. H. Whitman, <i>Homer and the Heroic Tradition</i> (Cambridge [Massachusetts], 1958) 282–283</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">G. P. Goold (1960). "Homer and the Alphabet". <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_and_Proceedings_of_the_American_Philological_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association">Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</a></i>. <b>91</b>: 272–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283857">10.2307/283857</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283857">283857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=Homer+and+the+Alphabet&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=272-291&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283857%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=G.+P.+Goold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li><li>K. Stanley, <i>The Shield of Homer</i> (Princeton, 1993) 37, 249ff.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1980" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Minna Skafte (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xgyJoouOkyAC&pg=PA128"><i>The Homeric Question and the Oral-formulaic Theory</i></a>. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8772890968" title="Special:BookSources/978-8772890968"><bdi>978-8772890968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Homeric+Question+and+the+Oral-formulaic+Theory&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-8772890968&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Minna+Skafte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxgyJoouOkyAC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haslam2012-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haslam2012_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haslam2012_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFHaslam2012" class="citation">Haslam, Michael. "Text and Transmission". In <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2012">Finkelberg (2012)</a>.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1413">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1413</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelberg2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margalit_Finkelberg" title="Margalit Finkelberg">Finkelberg, Margalit</a>, ed. (2012). <i>The Homer Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302">10.1002/9781444350302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405177689" title="Special:BookSources/9781405177689"><bdi>9781405177689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Homer+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444350302&rft.isbn=9781405177689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fowler_(academic)" title="Robert Fowler (academic)">Fowler, Robert</a>, ed. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_i1h6"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Homer</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01246-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01246-1"><bdi>978-0-521-01246-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Homer&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01246-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_i1h6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraziosi2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Graziosi" title="Barbara Graziosi">Graziosi, Barbara</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCHsh9QWzLYC"><i>Inventing Homer: The Early Perception of Epic</i></a>. Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521809665" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521809665"><bdi>978-0521809665</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Homer%3A+The+Early+Perception+of+Epic&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Classical+Studies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521809665&rft.aulast=Graziosi&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvCHsh9QWzLYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisPowell1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Morris_(historian)" title="Ian Morris (historian)">Morris, Ian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barry_B._Powell" title="Barry B. Powell">Powell, Barry B.</a>, eds. (1997). <i>A New Companion to Homer</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09989-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09989-0"><bdi>978-90-04-09989-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Companion+to+Homer&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09989-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions">Editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Texts in Homeric Greek</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Chalcondyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Chalcondyles">Demetrius Chalcondyles</a> <i>editio princeps</i>, Florence, 1488</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Aldine_editions" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldine editions">Aldine editions</a> (1504 and 1517)</li> <li>1st ed. with comments, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Micyllus" title="Jacob Micyllus">Micyllus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Camerarius" title="Joachim Camerarius">Camerarius</a>, Basel, 1535, 1541 (improved text), 1551 (incl. the <a href="/wiki/Batrachomyomachia" title="Batrachomyomachia">Batrachomyomachia</a>)</li> <li>Th. Ridel, Strasbourg, c. 1572, 1588 and 1592.</li> <li>Wolf (Halle, 1794–1795; Leipzig, 1804 1807)</li> <li>Spitzner (Gotha, 1832–1836)</li> <li>Bekker (Berlin, 1843; Bonn, 1858)</li> <li>La Roche (<i>Odyssey</i>, 1867–1868; <i>Iliad</i>, 1873–1876, both at Leipzig)</li> <li>Ludwich (<i>Odyssey</i>, Leipzig, 1889–1891; <i>Iliad</i>, 2 vols., 1901 and 1907)</li> <li>W. Leaf (<i>Iliad</i>, London, 1886–1888; 2nd ed. 1900–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Walter_Merry" class="mw-redirect" title="William Walter Merry">William Walter Merry</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Riddell_(scholar)" title="James Riddell (scholar)">James Riddell</a> (<i>Odyssey</i> i–xii., 2nd ed., Oxford, 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Monro_(scholar)" title="David Monro (scholar)">Monro, D. B.</a> (<i>Odyssey</i> xiii–xxiv. with appendices, Oxford, 1901)</li> <li>Monro, D. B. and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Allen" title="Thomas William Allen">Allen, T. W.</a> (<i>Iliad</i>), and Allen (<i>Odyssey</i>, 1908, Oxford).</li> <li>D. B. Monro and T. W. Allen 1917–1920, <i>Homeri Opera</i> (5 volumes: <i>Iliad</i>=3rd edition, <i>Odyssey</i>=2nd edition), Oxford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814528-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814528-4">0-19-814528-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814529-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814529-2">0-19-814529-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814531-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814531-4">0-19-814531-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814532-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814532-2">0-19-814532-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814534-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814534-9">0-19-814534-9</a></li> <li>H. van Thiel 1991, <i>Homeri Odyssea</i>, Hildesheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-487-09458-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-487-09458-4">3-487-09458-4</a>, 1996, <i>Homeri Ilias</i>, Hildesheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-487-09459-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-487-09459-2">3-487-09459-2</a></li> <li>P. von der Mühll 1993, <i>Homeri Odyssea</i>, Munich/Leipzig. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-598-71432-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-598-71432-7">3-598-71432-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">M. L. West</a> 1998–2000, <i>Homeri Ilias</i> (2 volumes), Munich/Leipzig. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-598-71431-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-598-71431-9">3-598-71431-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-598-71435-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-598-71435-1">3-598-71435-1</a></li> <li>M. L. West 2017, <i>Homerus Odyssea</i>, Berlin/Boston. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-042539-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-042539-4">3-11-042539-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interlinear_translations">Interlinear translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Interlinear translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Iliad of Homer a Parsed Interlinear</i>, Handheldclassics.com (2008) Text <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60725-298-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60725-298-6">978-1-60725-298-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_Homer" title="English translations of Homer">English translations of Homer</a></div> <p>This is a partial list of translations into English of Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzgerald" title="Robert Fitzgerald">Robert Fitzgerald</a> (1910–1985) <ul><li><i>The Iliad</i>, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-52905-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-52905-1">0-374-52905-1</a></li> <li><i>The Odyssey</i>, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-52574-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-52574-9">0-374-52574-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fagles" title="Robert Fagles">Robert Fagles</a> (1933–2008) <ul><li><i>The Iliad</i>, Penguin Classics (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-027536-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-027536-3">0-14-027536-3</a></li> <li><i>The Odyssey</i>, Penguin Classics (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026886-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-026886-3">0-14-026886-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Lombardo" title="Stanley Lombardo">Stanley Lombardo</a> (b. 1943) <ul><li><i>Iliad</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company" title="Hackett Publishing Company">Hackett Publishing Company</a> (1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-352-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-352-2">0-87220-352-2</a></li> <li><i>Odyssey</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company" title="Hackett Publishing Company">Hackett Publishing Company</a> (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-484-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-484-7">0-87220-484-7</a></li> <li><i>Iliad</i>, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930972-08-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-930972-08-3">1-930972-08-3</a></li> <li><i>Odyssey</i>, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-930972-06-7">1-930972-06-7</a></li> <li><i>The Essential Homer</i>, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930972-12-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-930972-12-1">1-930972-12-1</a></li> <li><i>The Essential Iliad</i>, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930972-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-930972-10-5">1-930972-10-5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_B._Powell" title="Barry B. Powell">Barry B. Powell</a> (b. 1942) <ul><li><i>Iliad</i>, Oxford University Press (2013) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932610-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932610-5">978-0-19-932610-5</a></li> <li><i>Odyssey</i>, Oxford University PressI (2014) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936031-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936031-4">978-0-19-936031-4</a></li> <li><i>Homer's Iliad and Odyssey: The Essential Books</i>, Oxford University Press (2014) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939407-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939407-4">978-0-19-939407-4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(novelist)" title="Samuel Butler (novelist)">Samuel Butler</a> (1835–1902) <ul><li><i>The Iliad</i>, Red and Black Publishers (2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934941-04-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934941-04-1">978-1-934941-04-1</a></li> <li><i>The Odyssey</i>, Red and Black Publishers (2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934941-05-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934941-05-8">978-1-934941-05-8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Wilson_(classicist)" title="Emily Wilson (classicist)">Emily Wilson</a> (b. 1971) <ul><li><i>The Odyssey</i>, W. W. Norton (2017) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08905-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08905-9">978-0-393-08905-9</a></li> <li><i>The Iliad</i>, W. W. Norton (2023) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781324001805" title="Special:BookSources/9781324001805">9781324001805</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_works_on_Homer">General works on Homer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General works on Homer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carlier, Pierre (1999). <i>Homère</i> (in French). Paris: Les éditions Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-60381-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-60381-0"><bdi>978-2-213-60381-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hom%C3%A8re&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+%C3%A9ditions+Fayard&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-213-60381-0&rft.aulast=Carlier&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_de_Romilly" title="Jacqueline de Romilly">de Romilly, Jacqueline</a> (2005). <i>Homère</i> (5th ed.). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_France" title="Presses Universitaires de France">Presses Universitaires de France</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-054830-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-054830-0"><bdi>978-2-13-054830-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hom%C3%A8re&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-13-054830-0&rft.aulast=de+Romilly&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Latacz" title="Joachim Latacz">Latacz, J.</a> (2004). <i>Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery</i>. Translated by Windle, Kevin; Ireland, Rosh. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926308-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926308-0"><bdi>978-0-19-926308-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troy+and+Homer%3A+Towards+a+Solution+of+an+Old+Mystery&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926308-0&rft.aulast=Latacz&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span> In German, 5th updated and expanded edition, Leipzig, 2005. In Spanish, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-233-3487-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-233-3487-2">84-233-3487-2</a>. In modern Greek, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-16-1557-1" title="Special:BookSources/960-16-1557-1">960-16-1557-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Monro_(scholar)" title="David Monro (scholar)">Monro, David Binning</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Homer"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Homer">"Homer" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 626–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homer&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=626-39&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Monro&rft.aufirst=David+Binning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_B._Powell" title="Barry B. Powell">Powell, Barry B.</a> (2007). <i>Homer</i> (2nd ed.). Malden, Massachusetts; Oxford, UK; Carlton, Victoria: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5325-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5325-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-5325-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts%3B+Oxford%2C+UK%3B+Carlton%2C+Victoria&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5325-6&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Barry+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vidal-Naquet" title="Pierre Vidal-Naquet">Vidal-Naquet, Pierre</a> (2000). <i>Le monde d'Homère</i> (in French). Paris: Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-01181-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-01181-9"><bdi>978-2-262-01181-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+monde+d%27Hom%C3%A8re&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-262-01181-9&rft.aulast=Vidal-Naquet&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Wace" title="Alan Wace">Wace, A. J. B.</a>; F. H. Stubbings (1962). <i>A Companion to Homer</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-07113-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-07113-7"><bdi>978-0-333-07113-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Homer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-333-07113-7&rft.aulast=Wace&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+B.&rft.au=F.+H.+Stubbings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influential_readings_and_interpretations">Influential readings and interpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Influential readings and interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Auerbach" title="Erich Auerbach">Auerbach, Erich</a> (1953). "Chapter 1". <a href="/wiki/Mimesis:_The_Representation_of_Reality_in_Western_Literature" title="Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature"><i>Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11336-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11336-4"><bdi>978-0-691-11336-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.btitle=Mimesis%3A+The+Representation+of+Reality+in+Western+Literature&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11336-4&rft.aulast=Auerbach&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span> (orig. publ. in German, 1946, Bern)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">de Jong, Irene J. F. (2004). <i>Narrators and Focalizers: the Presentation of the Story in the Iliad</i> (2nd ed.). London: Bristol Classical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85399-658-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85399-658-0"><bdi>978-1-85399-658-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrators+and+Focalizers%3A+the+Presentation+of+the+Story+in+the+Iliad&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85399-658-0&rft.aulast=de+Jong&rft.aufirst=Irene+J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Mark W. (1987). <i>Homer, Poet of the Iliad</i>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3329-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3329-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-3329-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer%2C+Poet+of+the+Iliad&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-3329-8&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fenik, Bernard (1974). <i>Studies in the Odyssey</i>. Hermes, Einzelschriften 30. Wiesbaden: Steiner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Odyssey&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=Hermes%2C+Einzelschriften+30&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Fenik&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Finley" title="Moses Finley">Finley, Moses</a> (2002). <i>The World of Odysseus</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-017-5"><bdi>978-1-59017-017-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Odysseus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-59017-017-5&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=Moses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nagy" title="Gregory Nagy">Nagy, Gregory</a> (1979). <i>The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry</i>. Baltimore; London: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+the+Achaeans%3A+Concepts+of+the+Hero+in+Archaic+Greek+Poetry&rft.place=Baltimore%3B+London&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Nagy, Gregory (2010). <i>Homer: the Preclassic</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95024-5"><bdi>978-0-520-95024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer%3A+the+Preclassic&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95024-5&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Reece, Steve. <i>The Stranger's Welcome: Oral Theory and the Aesthetics of the Homeric Hospitality Scene.</i> Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentaries">Commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Iliad</i>: <ul><li>P.V. Jones (ed.) 2003, <i>Homer's Iliad. A Commentary on Three Translations</i>, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85399-657-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85399-657-2">1-85399-657-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Kirk" title="Geoffrey Kirk">G. S. Kirk</a> (gen. ed.) 1985–1993, <i>The Iliad: A Commentary</i> (6 volumes), Cambridge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28171-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28171-7">0-521-28171-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28172-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28172-5">0-521-28172-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28173-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28173-3">0-521-28173-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28174-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28174-1">0-521-28174-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31208-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31208-6">0-521-31208-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31209-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31209-4">0-521-31209-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Latacz" title="Joachim Latacz">J. Latacz</a> (gen. ed.) 2002 <i>Homers Ilias. Gesamtkommentar. Auf der Grundlage der Ausgabe von Ameis-Hentze-Cauer (1868–1913)</i> (6 volumes published so far, of an estimated 15), Munich/Leipzig. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-598-74307-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-598-74307-6">3-598-74307-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-598-74304-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-598-74304-1">3-598-74304-1</a></li> <li>N. Postlethwaite (ed.) 2000, <i>Homer's Iliad: A Commentary on the Translation of Richmond Lattimore</i>, Exeter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85989-684-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85989-684-6">0-85989-684-6</a></li> <li>M. W. Willcock (ed.) 1976, <i>A Companion to the Iliad</i>, Chicago. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-89855-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-89855-5">0-226-89855-5</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Odyssey</i>: <ul><li>A. Heubeck (gen. ed.) 1990–1993, <i>A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey</i> (3 volumes; orig. publ. 1981–1987 in Italian), Oxford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814747-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814747-3">0-19-814747-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-872144-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-872144-7">0-19-872144-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814953-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814953-0">0-19-814953-0</a></li> <li>P. Jones (ed.) 1988, <i>Homer's Odyssey: A Commentary based on the English Translation of Richmond Lattimore</i>, Bristol. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85399-038-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85399-038-8">1-85399-038-8</a></li> <li>I. J. F. de Jong (ed.) 2001, <i>A Narratological Commentary on the Odyssey</i>, Cambridge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46844-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46844-2">0-521-46844-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating_the_Homeric_poems">Dating the Homeric poems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dating the Homeric poems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Janko, Richard (1982). <i>Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns: Diachronic Development in Epic Diction</i>. Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23869-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23869-4"><bdi>978-0-521-23869-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer%2C+Hesiod+and+the+Hymns%3A+Diachronic+Development+in+Epic+Diction&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Classical+Studies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23869-4&rft.aulast=Janko&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Buck, Carl Darling (1928). <i>The Greek Dialects</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Dialects&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Carl+Darling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hesiodhomerichym1914hesi"><i>Hesiod, the Homeric hymns and Homerica</i></a>. The Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Evelyn-White, Hugh Gerard. London; New York: Heinemann; MacMillen. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hesiod%2C+the+Homeric+hymns+and+Homerica&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=The+Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Heinemann%3B+MacMillen&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhesiodhomerichym1914hesi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ford, Andrew (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homerpoetryofpas00ford"><i>Homer : the poetry of the past</i></a>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2700-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2700-8"><bdi>978-0-8014-2700-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer+%3A+the+poetry+of+the+past&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-2700-8&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomerpoetryofpas00ford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Kirk" title="Geoffrey Kirk">Kirk, G. S.</a> (1962). <i>The Songs of Homer</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Songs+of+Homer&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; Scott, Robert (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b31364949_0001"><i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i></a> (revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press; Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press%3B+Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb31364949_0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Murray" title="Gilbert Murray">Murray, Gilbert</a> (1960). <i>The Rise of the Greek Epic</i> (Galaxy Books ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Greek+Epic&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Galaxy+Books&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Schein, Seth L. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mortalhero00seth"><i>The Mortal Hero : An Introduction to Homer's Iliad</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05128-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05128-7"><bdi>978-0-520-05128-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mortal+Hero+%3A+An+Introduction+to+Homer%27s+Iliad&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05128-7&rft.aulast=Schein&rft.aufirst=Seth+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmortalhero00seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Silk, Michael (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homeriliadlandma00mssi"><i>Homer: The Iliad</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83233-5"><bdi>978-0-521-83233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer%3A+The+Iliad&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83233-5&rft.aulast=Silk&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomeriliadlandma00mssi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Smith, William, ed. (1876). <i>A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</i>. Vol. I, II & III. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Thurman" title="Judith Thurman">Thurman, Judith</a> (18 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/09/18/emily-wilson-profile">"Mother Tongue: How Emily Wilson makes Homer modern"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> (Long-form article on <a href="/wiki/Emily_Wilson_(classicist)" title="Emily Wilson (classicist)">Emily Wilson</a>'s Homer translations). pp. 46–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Mother+Tongue%3A+How+Emily+Wilson+makes+Homer+modern&rft.pages=46-53&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft.aulast=Thurman&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2023%2F09%2F18%2Femily-wilson-profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Homer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Homer">Homer</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Homer" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Homer">Homer</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Homer&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Homer">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Homer&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Homer</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Homer&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Homer">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Homer&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Homer&redirect=true">Works by Homer at Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/homer">Works by Homer in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/705">Works by Homer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Homer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Homer%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Homer%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Homer%22%29%20OR%20%28%22century-century%22%20AND%20Homer%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Homer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/765">Works by Homer</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Homer; Murray, Augustus Taber (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iliadmurray01homeuoft"><i>The Iliad with an English Translation</i></a> (in Ancient Greek and English). Vol. I, Books I–XII. London; New York: William Heinemann; G. P. Putnam's Sons – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad+with+an+English+Translation&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=William+Heinemann%3B+G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Homer&rft.au=Murray%2C+Augustus+Taber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Filiadmurray01homeuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/homer/">The Chicago Homer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141004181122/http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/homer/">Archived</a> 4 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?20200">Homer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6691#P1233" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Heath, Malcolm (4 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908005656/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/resources/poetics/poet-hom.htm">"CLAS3152 Further Greek Literature II: Aristotle's Poetics: Notes on Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i>"</a>. Department of Classics, University of Leeds. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/resources/poetics/poet-hom.htm">the original</a> on 8 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CLAS3152+Further+Greek+Literature+II%3A+Aristotle%27s+Poetics%3A+Notes+on+Homer%27s+Iliad+and+Odyssey&rft.pub=Department+of+Classics%2C+University+of+Leeds&rft.date=2001-05-04&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leeds.ac.uk%2Fclassics%2Fresources%2Fpoetics%2Fpoet-hom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Bassino, Paola (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingpoets.dur.ac.uk/w/Homer:_A_Guide_to_Selected_Sources">"Homer: A Guide to Selected Sources"</a>. <i>Living Poets: a new approach to ancient history</i>. Durham University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Poets%3A+a+new+approach+to+ancient+history&rft.atitle=Homer%3A+A+Guide+to+Selected+Sources&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bassino&rft.aufirst=Paola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivingpoets.dur.ac.uk%2Fw%2FHomer%3A_A_Guide_to_Selected_Sources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_related_to_Homer_in_antiquity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Homer" title="Template:Homer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Homer" title="Template talk:Homer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Homer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Homer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_related_to_Homer_in_antiquity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works related to <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homer</a> in antiquity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributed to Homer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batrachomyomachia" title="Batrachomyomachia">Batrachomyomachia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cercopes_(epic_poem)" title="Cercopes (epic poem)">Cercopes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigoni_(epic)" title="Epigoni (epic)">Epigoni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigrams_(Homer)" title="Epigrams (Homer)">Epigrams</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Kiln_(poem)" title="Kiln (poem)">Kiln</a>")</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Iliad" title="Little Iliad">Little Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margites" title="Margites">Margites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nostoi" title="Nostoi">Nostoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Oechalia" title="Capture of Oechalia">Capture of Oechalia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phocais" title="Phocais">Phocais</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Greek_poem)" title="Thebaid (Greek poem)">Thebaid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Homer_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/72px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/108px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/144px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About Homer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_accounts_of_Homer" title="Ancient accounts of Homer">Ancient accounts of Homer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contest_of_Homer_and_Hesiod" title="Contest of Homer and Hesiod">Contest of Homer and Hesiod</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Homer_(Pseudo-Herodotus)" title="Life of Homer (Pseudo-Herodotus)">Life of Homer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Homer&#039;s_Odyssey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odyssey_navbox" title="Template:Odyssey navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Odyssey_navbox" title="Template talk:Odyssey navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odyssey_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odyssey navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Homer&#039;s_Odyssey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Homeric_characters" title="List of Homeric characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctimene" title="Ctimene">Ctimene</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticlea" title="Anticlea">Anticlea</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laertes (father of Odysseus)</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus" title="Autolycus">Autolycus</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurycleia_of_Ithaca" title="Eurycleia of Ithaca">Eurycleia</a> (chief servant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentor_(Odyssey)" title="Mentor (Odyssey)">Mentor</a> (advisor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phemius" title="Phemius">Phemius</a> (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumaeus" title="Eumaeus">Eumaeus</a> (swineherd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoetius" title="Philoetius">Philoetius</a> (cowherd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanthius_(Odyssey)" title="Melanthius (Odyssey)">Melanthius</a> (goatherd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melantho_(Odyssey)" title="Melantho (Odyssey)">Melantho</a> (maid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medon_(mythology)" title="Medon (mythology)">Medon</a> (herald)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argos_(dog)" title="Argos (dog)">Argos</a> (pet dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other monarchs<br />and royals</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous" title="Alcinous">Alcinous</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scheria" title="Scheria">Phaeacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphates" title="Antiphates">Antiphates</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretus" title="Aretus">Aretus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)"> Arete</a> of Phaeacia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deucalion_of_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Deucalion of Crete">Deucalion of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echetus" title="Echetus">Echetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echephron" title="Echephron">Echephron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_(son_of_Nestor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus (son of Nestor)">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratichus" title="Stratichus">Stratichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peisistratus_(Odyssey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peisistratus (Odyssey)">Peisistratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a></li> <li>Princess <a href="/wiki/Nausicaa" title="Nausicaa">Nausicaa</a> of Phaeacia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodamas" title="Laodamas">Laodamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idomeneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Idomeneus">Idomeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentes_(King_of_the_Taphians)" title="Mentes (King of the Taphians)">Mentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymedes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrasymedes (mythology)">Thrasymedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolus" title="Aeolus">Aeolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothea" title="Leucothea">Leucothea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ino (Greek mythology)">Ino</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_of_the_Sea" title="Old Man of the Sea">Old Man of the Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suitors_of_Penelope" title="Suitors of Penelope">Suitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agelaus" title="Agelaus">Agelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphimedon" title="Amphimedon">Amphimedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphinomus" title="Amphinomus">Amphinomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinous_of_Ithaca" title="Antinous of Ithaca">Antinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesippus" title="Ctesippus">Ctesippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoptolemus" title="Demoptolemus">Demoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurymachus" title="Eurymachus">Eurymachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leodes" title="Leodes">Leodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimedes" title="Perimedes">Perimedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Characters_in_the_Odyssey" title="Category:Characters in the Odyssey">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticlus" title="Anticlus">Anticlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphus" title="Antiphus">Antiphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(Odyssey_character)" title="Demodocus (Odyssey character)">Demodocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolius" title="Dolius">Dolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elpenor" title="Elpenor">Elpenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupeithes" title="Eupeithes">Eupeithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryalus" title="Euryalus">Euryalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurylochus_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurylochus (mythology)">Eurylochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halitherses" title="Halitherses">Halitherses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles#Hero_or_god" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaeus" title="Arnaeus">Irus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicones" title="Cicones">Kikonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesaulius" title="Mesaulius">Mesaulius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(friend_of_Odysseus)" title="Polites (friend of Odysseus)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydamna" title="Polydamna">Polydamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoclymenus" title="Theoclymenus">Theoclymenus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Odissea_(1911_film)" title="L'Odissea (1911 film)">L'Odissea</a></i> (1911 Italian)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(1954_film)" title="Ulysses (1954 film)">Ulysses</a></i> (1954 Italian)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Ringo" title="The Return of Ringo">The Return of Ringo</a></i> (1965 Italian)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nostos:_The_Return" title="Nostos: The Return">Nostos: The Return</a></i> (1989 Italian)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses%27_Gaze" title="Ulysses' Gaze">Ulysses' Gaze</a></i> (1995 Greek)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sans_plomb_(film)" title="Sans plomb (film)">Sans plomb</a></i> (2000 French)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F" title="O Brother, Where Art Thou?">O Brother, Where Art Thou?</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_(film)" title="Keyhole (film)">Keyhole</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_(2024_film)" title="The Return (2024 film)">The Return</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(1968_miniseries)" title="The Odyssey (1968 miniseries)">The Odyssey</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_31" title="Ulysses 31">Ulysses 31</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(1997_miniseries)" title="The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)">The Odyssey</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_Odyssey" title="Mission Odyssey">Mission Odyssey</a></i> (2002-2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_and_the_Isle_of_the_Mists" title="Odysseus and the Isle of the Mists">Odysseus and the Isle of the Mists</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Odyssey" title="Star Trek: Odyssey">Star Trek: Odyssey</a></i> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prose fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_True_Story" title="A True Story">A True Story</a></i> (2nd century AD)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Aventures_de_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9maque" title="Les Aventures de Télémaque">Les Aventures de Télémaque</a></i> (1699)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Desire" title="The World's Desire">The World's Desire</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Comedy_(novel)" title="The Human Comedy (novel)">The Human Comedy</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Ithaca_(novel)" title="Return to Ithaca (novel)">Return to Ithaca</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Fish:_A_Novel_of_Mythic_Proportions" title="Big Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions">Big Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Penelopiad" title="The Penelopiad">The Penelopiad</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Books_of_the_Odyssey" title="The Lost Books of the Odyssey">The Lost Books of the Odyssey</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Circe_(novel)" title="Circe (novel)">Circe</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(poem)" title="Ulysses (poem)">Ulysses</a>" (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey:_A_Modern_Sequel" title="The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel">The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cantos" title="The Cantos">The Cantos</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Operetta" title="Pagan Operetta">Pagan Operetta</a></i> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Current_Nobody" title="Current Nobody">Current Nobody</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclops_(play)" title="Cyclops (play)">Cyclops</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ithaka_(play)" title="Ithaka (play)">Ithaka</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_ritorno_d%27Ulisse_in_patria" title="Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria">Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria</a></i> (opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Apple_(musical)" title="The Golden Apple (musical)">The Golden Apple</a></i> (musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glam_Slam_Ulysses" title="Glam Slam Ulysses">Glam Slam Ulysses</a></i> (musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Home_Sweet_Homer_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Sweet Homer (musical)">Home Sweet Homer</a></i> (musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus,_Verbrecher" title="Odysseus, Verbrecher">Odysseus, Verbrecher</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penelope_(Enda_Walsh_play)" title="Penelope (Enda Walsh play)">Penelope</a></i> (play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Song</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Brave_Ulysses" title="Tales of Brave Ulysses">Tales of Brave Ulysses</a>" (song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(album)" title="The Odyssey (album)">The Odyssey</a>" (song)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jar_(pelike)_with_Odysseus_and_Elpenor" title="Jar (pelike) with Odysseus and Elpenor">Jar with Odysseus and Elpenor</a> (c. 440 B.C.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_on_the_Island_of_the_Phaecians" title="Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians">Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians</a></i> (c. 1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telemachus_and_the_Nymphs_of_Calypso" title="Telemachus and the Nymphs of Calypso">Telemachus and the Nymphs of Calypso</a></i> (1782)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrow_of_Telemachus" title="The Sorrow of Telemachus">The Sorrow of Telemachus</a></i> (1783)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_at_the_Court_of_Alcinous" title="Odysseus at the Court of Alcinous">Odysseus at the Court of Alcinous</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Homer_(Ingres)" title="The Apotheosis of Homer (Ingres)">The Apotheosis of Homer</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Deriding_Polyphemus" title="Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus">Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sirens_and_Ulysses" title="The Sirens and Ulysses">The Sirens and Ulysses</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Circe_Offering_the_Cup_to_Ulysses" title="Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses">Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_and_the_Sirens_(Waterhouse)" title="Ulysses and the Sirens (Waterhouse)">Ulysses and the Sirens</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_and_Polyphemus_(B%C3%B6cklin)" title="Odysseus and Polyphemus (Böcklin)">Odysseus and Polyphemus</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_and_the_Sirens_(Draper)" title="Ulysses and the Sirens (Draper)">Ulysses and the Sirens</a></i> (1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_scholarship" title="Homeric scholarship">Homeric scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Laughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric Laughter">Homeric Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">Homeric Question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorizontes" title="Chorizontes">Chorizontes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgensen%27s_law" title="Jørgensen's law">Jørgensen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Odyssey" title="Geography of the Odyssey">Geography of the Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">Historicity of the Homeric epics</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_Unbound" title="Odysseus Unbound">Odysseus Unbound</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Homer's Ithaca</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cave_of_the_Nymphs_in_the_Odyssey" title="On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey">On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rediscovering_Homer" title="Rediscovering Homer">Rediscovering Homer</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Odysseus%27_Scar" title="Odysseus' Scar">Odysseus' Scar</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hermoniakos%27_Iliad" title="Hermoniakos' Iliad">Hermoniakos' Iliad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteron_proteron" title="Hysteron proteron">Hysteron proteron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithets_in_Homer" title="Epithets in Homer">Epithets in Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">Dactylic hexameter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_Homer" title="English translations of Homer">Translations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/On_First_Looking_into_Chapman%27s_Homer" title="On First Looking into Chapman's Homer">On First Looking into Chapman's Homer</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Homer" title="On Translating Homer">On Translating Homer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey:_The_Search_for_Ulysses" title="Odyssey: The Search for Ulysses">Odyssey: The Search for Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wishbone_and_the_Amazing_Odyssey" title="Wishbone and the Amazing Odyssey">Wishbone and the Amazing Odyssey</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Between_Scylla_and_Charybdis" title="Between Scylla and Charybdis">Between Scylla and Charybdis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telemachy" title="Telemachy">Telemachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekyia" title="Nekyia">Nekyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suitors_of_Penelope" title="Suitors of Penelope">Suitors of Penelope</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(album)" title="The Odyssey (album)">The Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_of_the_Sea" title="Old Man of the Sea">Old Man of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Homer" title="The Apotheosis of Homer">The Apotheosis of Homer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contempt_(film)" title="Contempt (film)">Contempt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cold_Mountain_(novel)" title="Cold Mountain (novel)">Cold Mountain</a></i> (novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cold_Mountain_(film)" title="Cold Mountain (film)">Cold Mountain</a></i> (film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Daughter" title="Homer's Daughter">Homer's Daughter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_between_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_and_Homer%27s_Iliad_and_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey">Parallels between Virgil's <i>Aeneid</i> and Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Homer&#039;s_Iliad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iliad_navbox" title="Template:Iliad navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iliad_navbox" title="Template talk:Iliad navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iliad_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iliad navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Homer&#039;s_Iliad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Homeric_characters" title="List of Homeric characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achaeans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acamas" title="Acamas">Acamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> (king of Mycenae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapenor" title="Agapenor">Agapenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax the Greater</a> (king of Salamis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcimus_(mythology)" title="Alcimus (mythology)">Alcimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticlus" title="Anticlus">Anticlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilochus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus">Antilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus_(mythology)" title="Arcesilaus (mythology)">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalaphus_(son_of_Ares)" title="Ascalaphus (son of Ares)">Ascalaphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automedon" title="Automedon">Automedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balius_and_Xanthus" title="Balius and Xanthus">Balius and Xanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_(mythology)" title="Bias (mythology)">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a> (prophet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a> (king of Argos)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephenor" title="Elephenor">Elephenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epeius" title="Epeius">Epeius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoros" title="Eudoros">Eudoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryalus" title="Euryalus">Euryalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurybates" title="Eurybates">Eurybates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydamas" title="Eurydamas">Eurydamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurypylus_(king_of_Thessaly)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurypylus (king of Thessaly)">Eurypylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guneus" title="Guneus">Guneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a> (queen of Sparta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ialmenus" title="Ialmenus">Ialmenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idomeneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Idomeneus">Idomeneus</a> (king of Crete)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia</a> (princess of Mycenae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitus" title="Leitus">Leitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonteus_(mythology)" title="Leonteus (mythology)">Leonteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycomedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycomedes">Lycomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaon_(mythology)" title="Machaon (mythology)">Machaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medon_(mythology)" title="Medon (mythology)">Medon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meges" title="Meges">Meges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> (king of Sparta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menestheus" title="Menestheus">Menestheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriones_(mythology)" title="Meriones (mythology)">Meriones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> (king of Pylos)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nireus" title="Nireus">Nireus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> (king of Ithaca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(mythology)" title="Palamedes (mythology)">Palamedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peneleos" title="Peneleos">Peneleos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoctetes" title="Philoctetes">Philoctetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(son_of_Amyntor)" title="Phoenix (son of Amyntor)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podalirius" title="Podalirius">Podalirius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podarces" title="Podarces">Podarces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(friend_of_Odysseus)" title="Polites (friend of Odysseus)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypoetes" title="Polypoetes">Polypoetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promachus" title="Promachus">Promachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protesilaus" title="Protesilaus">Protesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prothoenor" title="Prothoenor">Prothoenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schedius" title="Schedius">Schedius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinon" title="Sinon">Sinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stentor" title="Stentor">Stentor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthenelus" title="Sthenelus">Sthenelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talthybius" title="Talthybius">Talthybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teucer" title="Teucer">Teucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thersites" title="Thersites">Thersites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoas_(king_of_Aetolia)" title="Thoas (king of Aetolia)">Thoas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymedes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrasymedes (mythology)">Thrasymedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlepolemus" title="Tlepolemus">Tlepolemus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trojans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> (royal demigod)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesepus" title="Aesepus">Aesepus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenor,_son_of_Antenor" class="mw-redirect" title="Agenor, son of Antenor">Agenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcathous" title="Alcathous">Alcathous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphimachus" title="Amphimachus">Amphimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchises" title="Anchises">Anchises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenor_(Trojan)" title="Antenor (Trojan)">Antenor</a> (king's brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphates" title="Antiphates">Antiphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphus" title="Antiphus">Antiphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelochus" title="Archelochus">Archelochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asius_(mythology)" title="Asius (mythology)">Asius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteropaios" title="Asteropaios">Asteropaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyanax" title="Astyanax">Astyanax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atymnius" title="Atymnius">Atymnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axylus" title="Axylus">Axylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calesius" title="Calesius">Calesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caletor" title="Caletor">Caletor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a> (princess of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryseis" title="Chryseis">Chryseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryses" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryses">Chryses</a> (priest of Apollo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytius" title="Clytius">Clytius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co%C3%B6n" title="Coön">Coön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares Phrygius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deiphobus" title="Deiphobus">Deiphobus</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolon_(mythology)" title="Dolon (mythology)">Dolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistrophus_(mythology)" title="Epistrophus (mythology)">Epistrophus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemus" title="Euphemus">Euphemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbus" title="Euphorbus">Euphorbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucus (soldier)">Glaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgythion" title="Gorgythion">Gorgythion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a> (queen of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperenor" title="Hyperenor">Hyperenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsenor" title="Hypsenor">Hypsenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamenus" title="Iamenus">Iamenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilioneus" title="Ilioneus">Ilioneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbrius" title="Imbrius">Imbrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphidamas" title="Iphidamas">Iphidamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebriones" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebriones">Kebriones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n" title="Laocoön">Laocoön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycaon of Troy">Lycaon</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanippus" title="Melanippus">Melanippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnon" title="Memnon">Memnon</a> (King of Ethiopia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentes_(King_of_the_Cicones)" title="Mentes (King of the Cicones)">Mentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mydon" title="Mydon">Mydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mygdon_of_Phrygia" title="Mygdon of Phrygia">Mygdon of Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othryoneus" title="Othryoneus">Othryoneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandarus" title="Pandarus">Pandarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthous" title="Panthous">Panthous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedasus" title="Pedasus">Pedasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peirous" title="Peirous">Peirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthesilea" title="Penthesilea">Penthesilea</a> (Queen of the Amazons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys_(Trojan_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phorcys (Trojan War)">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podes" title="Podes">Podes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(prince_of_Troy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polites (prince of Troy)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydamas_(mythology)" title="Polydamas (mythology)">Polydamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybus_(Trojan_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polybus (Trojan War)">Polybus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydorus_of_Troy" title="Polydorus of Troy">Polydorus</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyxena" title="Polyxena">Polyxena</a> (princess of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a> (king of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylaemenes" title="Pylaemenes">Pylaemenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylaeus" title="Pylaeus">Pylaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyraechmes" title="Pyraechmes">Pyraechmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhesus_of_Thrace" title="Rhesus of Thrace">Rhesus of Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpedon_(Trojan_War_hero)" title="Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)">Sarpedon</a> (king of Lycia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamandrius_(Trojan_war)" title="Scamandrius (Trojan war)">Scamandrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano" title="Theano">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucalegon" title="Ucalegon">Ucalegon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Ships" title="Catalogue of Ships">Catalogue of Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception_of_Zeus" title="Deception of Zeus">Deception of Zeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Paris">Judgment of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Battle_Order" title="Trojan Battle Order">Trojan Battle Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">Dactylic hexameter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_scholarship" title="Homeric scholarship">Homeric scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Laughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric Laughter">Homeric Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">Homeric Question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorizontes" title="Chorizontes">Chorizontes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgensen%27s_law" title="Jørgensen's law">Jørgensen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">Historicity of the Iliad</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Iliad_or_the_Poem_of_Force" title="The Iliad or the Poem of Force">The Iliad or the Poem of Force</a>" (1939 essay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_and_Patroclus" title="Achilles and Patroclus">Interpretation of Achilles' and Patroclus' relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milawata_letter" title="Milawata letter">Milawata letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_between_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_and_Homer%27s_Iliad_and_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey">Parallels between Virgil's <i>Aeneid</i> and Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rediscovering_Homer" title="Rediscovering Homer">Rediscovering Homer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Iliad" title="Ambrosian Iliad">Ambrosian Iliad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Nitriensis" title="Codex Nitriensis">Codex Nitriensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_20" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 20">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_21" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 21">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_098" title="Uncial 098">Uncial 098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetus_A" title="Venetus A">Venetus A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetus_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venetus B (page does not exist)">Venetus B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Latina" title="Ilias Latina">Ilias Latina</a></i> (60–70 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictys_Cretensis" title="Dictys Cretensis">Dictys Cretensis Ephemeridos belli Trojani</a></i> (c. 4th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Daretis Phrygii de excidio Trojae historia</a></i> (5th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hermoniakos%27_Iliad" title="Hermoniakos' Iliad">Hermoniakos' Iliad</a></i> (14th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Aida" title="Men in Aida">Men in Aida</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_Homer" title="English translations of Homer">English translations of Homer</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_First_Looking_into_Chapman%27s_Homer" title="On First Looking into Chapman's Homer">On First Looking into Chapman's Homer</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Homer" title="On Translating Homer">On Translating Homer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Verse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> (19 BCE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priapea_68" title="Priapea 68">Priapea 68</a></i> (c. 100)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Troie" title="Roman de Troie">Roman de Troie</a></i> (1155)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_bello_Troiano" title="De bello Troiano">De bello Troiano</a></i> (1183)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Criseyde" title="Troilus and Criseyde">Troilus and Criseyde</a></i> (c. 1380s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Lock" title="The Rape of the Lock">The Rape of the Lock</a></i> (1712)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shield_of_Achilles" title="The Shield of Achilles">The Shield of Achilles</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_Music_(poem)" title="War Music (poem)">War Music</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omeros" title="Omeros">Omeros</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebrand_(Bradley_novel)" title="The Firebrand (Bradley novel)">The Firebrand</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Ships_Before_Troy" title="Black Ships Before Troy">Black Ships Before Troy</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troy_(novel)" title="Troy (novel)">Troy</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilium_(novel)" title="Ilium (novel)">Ilium</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ransom_(Malouf_novel)" title="Ransom (Malouf novel)">Ransom</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Achilles" title="The Song of Achilles">The Song of Achilles</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Starcrossed_(novel)" title="Starcrossed (novel)">Starcrossed</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Girls" title="The Silence of the Girls">The Silence of the Girls</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhesus_(play)" title="Rhesus (play)">Rhesus</a></i> (5th century BC play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Troilus and Cressida">Troilus and Cressida</a></i> (1602)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_War_Will_Not_Take_Place" title="The Trojan War Will Not Take Place">The Trojan War Will Not Take Place</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Apple_(musical)" title="The Golden Apple (musical)">The Golden Apple</a></i> (1954 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Helena_(1924_film)" title="Helena (1924 film)">Helena</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy_(film)" title="Helen of Troy (film)">Helen of Troy</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_Horse_(film)" title="The Trojan Horse (film)">The Trojan Horse</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troy_(film)" title="Troy (film)">Troy</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_Makers" title="The Myth Makers">The Myth Makers</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Trojan_War" title="In Search of the Trojan War">In Search of the Trojan War</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy_(miniseries)" title="Helen of Troy (miniseries)">Helen of Troy</a></i> (2003 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troy:_Fall_of_a_City" title="Troy: Fall of a City">Troy: Fall of a City</a></i> (2018 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Priam" title="King Priam">King Priam</a></i> (1961 Tippett opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Steel" title="The Triumph of Steel">The Triumph of Steel</a></i> (1992 album)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/And_Then_There_Was_Silence" title="And Then There Was Silence">And Then There Was Silence</a>" (2001 song)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabulae_Iliacae" title="Tabulae Iliacae">Tabulae Iliacae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_and_Briseis" title="Achilles and Briseis">Achilles and Briseis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andromache_Mourning_Hector" title="Andromache Mourning Hector">Andromache Mourning Hector</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anger_of_Achilles" title="The Anger of Achilles">The Anger of Achilles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ambassadors_of_Agamemnon_in_the_tent_of_Achilles" title="The Ambassadors of Agamemnon in the tent of Achilles">The Ambassadors of Agamemnon in the tent of Achilles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Homer_(Ingres)" title="The Apotheosis of Homer (Ingres)">The Apotheosis of Homer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_and_Thetis" title="Jupiter and Thetis">Jupiter and Thetis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Loves_of_Paris_and_Helen" title="The Loves of Paris and Helen">The Loves of Paris and Helen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_supporting_the_body_of_Patroclus" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelaus supporting the body of Patroclus">Menelaus supporting the body of Patroclus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestes_Pursued_by_the_Furies" title="Orestes Pursued by the Furies">Orestes Pursued by the Furies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revelers_Vase" title="The Revelers Vase">The Revelers Vase</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thetis_Receiving_the_Weapons_of_Achilles_from_Hephaestus" title="Thetis Receiving the Weapons of Achilles from Hephaestus">Thetis Receiving the Weapons of Achilles from Hephaestus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Statue of Zeus at Olympia">Statue of Zeus at Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Achilles%27_heel" title="Achilles' heel">Achilles' heel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ever_to_Excel" title="Ever to Excel">Ever to Excel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hold_your_horses" title="Hold your horses">Hold your horses</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Warriors:_Legends_of_Troy" title="Warriors: Legends of Troy">Warriors: Legends of Troy</a></i> (video game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Bronze_(comics)" title="Age of Bronze (comics)">Age of Bronze</a></i> (comics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Homericae" title="Sortes Homericae">Sortes Homericae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus_(commentator)" title="Heraclitus (commentator)">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weighing_of_souls" title="Weighing of souls">Weighing of souls</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Where_Troy_Once_Stood" title="Where Troy Once Stood">Where Troy Once Stood</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_rain" title="Blood rain">Blood rain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theban_Cycle" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theban_Cycle" title="Template:Theban Cycle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theban_Cycle" title="Template talk:Theban Cycle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theban_Cycle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theban Cycle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theban_Cycle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theban_Cycle" title="Theban Cycle">Theban Cycle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oedipodea" title="Oedipodea">Oedipodea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Greek_poem)" title="Thebaid (Greek poem)">Thebaid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigoni_(epic)" title="Epigoni (epic)">Epigoni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcmeonis" title="Alcmeonis">Alcmeonis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PyrgiTheban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PyrgiTheban.jpg/47px-PyrgiTheban.jpg" decoding="async" width="47" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PyrgiTheban.jpg/71px-PyrgiTheban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PyrgiTheban.jpg/94px-PyrgiTheban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1764" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominal authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinaethon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinaethon">Cinaethon</a> (<i>Oedipodea</i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homer</a> (<i>Thebaid</i>, <i>Epigoni</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_of_Teos" title="Antimachus of Teos">Antimachus of Teos</a> (<i>Epigoni</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epic_Cycle" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epic_Cycle" title="Template:Epic Cycle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epic_Cycle" title="Template talk:Epic Cycle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epic_Cycle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epic Cycle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epic_Cycle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Stasinus" title="Stasinus">Stasinus</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homer</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aethiopis" title="Aethiopis">Aethiopis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arctinus_of_Miletus" title="Arctinus of Miletus">Arctinus of Miletus</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Iliad" title="Little Iliad">Little Iliad</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Lesches" title="Lesches">Lesches</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliupersis" title="Iliupersis">Iliupersis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arctinus_of_Miletus" title="Arctinus of Miletus">Arctinus of Miletus</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nostoi" title="Nostoi">Nostoi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Agias" title="Agias">Agias</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eumelus_of_Corinth" title="Eumelus of Corinth">Eumelus of Corinth</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homer</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telegony" title="Telegony">Telegony</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Eugammon_of_Cyrene" title="Eugammon of Cyrene">Eugammon of Cyrene</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6691#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000036354151X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/224924963">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/382159474179327661328">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1145857053522921435">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/29137/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqKh3CdKYwpGP9q6PwcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11855333X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Homer."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095639">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11907688f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11907688f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00443699">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Homerus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV018814">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35204200">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001474&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000082457&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000004312&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX907843">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/18868">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068585764">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90069675">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000040458&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000016617&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000034746">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=34000">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199612729">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdfjvj5rjnrc0">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810582427505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/55034">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262592305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513043106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14123227">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00258983?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500279109">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ebde00ad-8f53-48bb-a6c8-a5b0d7c01705">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/11060730">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/863914">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11855333X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11855333X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Homère (08..?-08..? av. J.-C.) Ὅμηρος (08..?-08..? av. J.-C.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026924005">IdRef</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qz9r2d">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30101036">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homer&oldid=1258807652">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homer&oldid=1258807652</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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