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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSAIL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>CSAIL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSAIL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Offices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outreach_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outreach_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Outreach activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outreach_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_researchers" 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CSAIL_Alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSAIL_Alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>CSAIL Alliances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSAIL_Alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CSAIL_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/CSAIL_Logo.png/106px-CSAIL_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/CSAIL_Logo.png/159px-CSAIL_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/CSAIL_Logo.png/212px-CSAIL_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stata_Center1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stata_Center1.jpg/200px-Stata_Center1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stata_Center1.jpg/300px-Stata_Center1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stata_Center1.jpg/400px-Stata_Center1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1, 1963<span class="noprint">; 61 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1963-07-01</span>)</span> (as Project MAC)<br />July 1, 2003 (as CSAIL)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Field of research</div></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Director_(business)" title="Director (business)">Director</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Daniela_L._Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniela L. Rus">Daniela L. Rus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Address</th><td class="infobox-data label">The <a href="/wiki/Ray_and_Maria_Stata_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray and Maria Stata Center">Stata Center</a> (Building 32)<br />32 Vassar Street<br />Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139<br />USA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">CSAIL</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Operating agency</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csail.mit.edu">csail<wbr />.mit<wbr />.edu</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</b> (<b>CSAIL</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute">research institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) formed by the 2003 merger of the Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI Lab). Housed within the <a href="/wiki/Ray_and_Maria_Stata_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray and Maria Stata Center">Ray and Maria Stata Center</a>, CSAIL is the largest on-campus laboratory as measured by research scope and membership. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzman_College_of_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzman College of Computing">Schwarzman College of Computing</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is also overseen by the MIT Vice President of Research.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_activities">Research activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Research activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CSAIL's research activities are organized around a number of semi-autonomous research groups, each of which is headed by one or more professors or research scientists. These groups are divided up into seven general areas of research: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li>Systems (includes <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architecture</a>, databases, <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networks</a> and networked systems, <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, programming methodology, and <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, among others)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computing Research at MIT began with <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a>'s research into a <a href="/wiki/Differential_analyser" title="Differential analyser">differential analyzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>'s electronic <a href="/wiki/Boolean_algebra" title="Boolean algebra">Boolean algebra</a> in the 1930s, the wartime <a href="/wiki/MIT_Radiation_Laboratory" title="MIT Radiation Laboratory">MIT Radiation Laboratory</a>, the post-war <a href="/wiki/Whirlwind_I" title="Whirlwind I">Project Whirlwind</a> and Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), and <a href="/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory" title="MIT Lincoln Laboratory">MIT Lincoln Laboratory</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment" title="Semi-Automatic Ground Environment">SAGE</a> in the early 1950s. At MIT, research in the field of artificial intelligence began in the late 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_MAC">Project MAC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Project MAC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 1, 1963, Project MAC (the Project on Mathematics and Computation, later <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronymed</a> to Multiple Access Computer, Machine Aided Cognitions, or Man and Computer) was launched with a $2 million grant from the <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA). Project MAC's original director was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fano" title="Robert Fano">Robert Fano</a> of MIT's Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE). Fano decided to call MAC a "project" rather than a "laboratory" for reasons of internal MIT politics – if MAC had been called a laboratory, then it would have been more difficult to raid other MIT departments for research staff. The program manager responsible for the DARPA grant was <a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a>, who had previously been at MIT conducting research in RLE, and would later succeed Fano as director of Project MAC. </p><p>Project MAC would become famous for groundbreaking research in <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">theory of computation</a>. Its contemporaries included <a href="/wiki/Project_Genie" title="Project Genie">Project Genie</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>, and (somewhat later) <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>'s (USC's) <a href="/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute" title="Information Sciences Institute">Information Sciences Institute</a>. </p><p>An "AI Group" including <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a> (the director), <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a> (inventor of <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>), and a talented community of computer programmers were incorporated into Project MAC. They were interested principally in the problems of vision, mechanical motion and manipulation, and language, which they view as the keys to more intelligent machines. In the 1960s and 1970s the AI Group developed a <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> operating system called <a href="/wiki/Incompatible_Timesharing_System" title="Incompatible Timesharing System">Incompatible Timesharing System</a> (ITS) which ran on <a href="/wiki/PDP-6" title="PDP-6">PDP-6</a> and later <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a> computers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early Project MAC community included Fano, Minsky, Licklider, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_J._Corbat%C3%B3" title="Fernando J. Corbató">Fernando J. Corbató</a>, and a community of computer programmers and <a href="/wiki/Tech_Model_Railroad_Club" title="Tech Model Railroad Club">enthusiasts</a> among others who drew their inspiration from former colleague John McCarthy. These founders envisioned the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Utility_computing" title="Utility computing">computer utility</a> whose computational power would be as reliable as an electric utility. To this end, Corbató brought the first computer <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">Compatible Time-Sharing System</a> (CTSS), with him from the MIT Computation Center, using the DARPA funding to purchase an <a href="/wiki/IBM_7090#IBM_7094" title="IBM 7090">IBM 7094</a> for research use. One of the early focuses of Project MAC would be the development of a successor to CTSS, <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a>, which was to be the first <a href="/wiki/High_availability" title="High availability">high availability</a> computer system, developed as a part of an industry consortium including <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Laboratories</a>. </p><p>In 1966, <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> featured Project MAC in the September thematic issue devoted to computer science,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that was later published in book form. At the time, the system was described as having approximately 100 TTY terminals, mostly on campus but with a few in private homes. Only 30 users could be logged in at the same time. The project enlisted students in various classes to use the terminals simultaneously in problem solving, simulations, and multi-terminal communications as tests for the multi-access computing software being developed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AI_Lab_and_LCS">AI Lab and LCS<span class="anchor" id="AI_Lab"></span><span class="anchor" id="LCS"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: AI Lab and LCS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1960s, Minsky's <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> group was seeking more space, and was unable to get satisfaction from project director Licklider. Minsky found that although Project MAC as a single entity could not get the additional space he wanted, he could split off to form his own laboratory and then be entitled to more office space. As a result, the MIT AI Lab was formed in 1970, and many of Minsky's AI colleagues left Project MAC to join him in the new laboratory, while most of the remaining members went on to form the Laboratory for Computer Science. Talented programmers such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, who used <a href="/wiki/TECO_(text_editor)" title="TECO (text editor)">TECO</a> to develop <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">EMACS</a>, flourished in the AI Lab during this time. </p><p>Those researchers who did not join the smaller AI Lab formed the Laboratory for Computer Science and continued their research into <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed systems</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">theory of computation</a>. Two professors, <a href="/wiki/Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerald Jay Sussman</a>, chose to remain neutral — their group was referred to variously as Switzerland and Project MAC for the next 30 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Among much else, the AI Lab led to the invention of <a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machines</a> and their attempted <a href="/wiki/Commercialization" title="Commercialization">commercialization</a> by two companies in the 1980s: <a href="/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machines" title="Lisp Machines">Lisp Machines Inc</a>. This divided the AI Lab into "camps" which resulted in a hiring away of many of the talented programmers. The incident inspired Richard Stallman's later work on the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>. "Nobody had envisioned that the AI lab's hacker group would be wiped out, but it was." ... "That is the basis for the free software movement — the experience I had, the life that I've lived at the MIT AI lab — to be working on human knowledge, and not be standing in the way of anybody's further using and further disseminating human knowledge".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CSAIL">CSAIL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: CSAIL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the fortieth anniversary of Project MAC's establishment, July 1, 2003, LCS was merged with the AI Lab to form the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, or CSAIL. This merger created the largest laboratory (over 600 personnel) on the MIT campus<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was regarded as a reuniting of the diversified elements of Project MAC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2019)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2018, CSAIL launched a five-year collaboration program with <a href="/wiki/IFlytek" title="IFlytek">IFlytek</a>, a company sanctioned the following year for allegedly using its technology for surveillance and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">human rights abuses in Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2019, MIT announced that it would review its partnerships with sanctioned firms such as iFlyTek and <a href="/wiki/SenseTime" title="SenseTime">SenseTime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2020, the agreement with iFlyTek was terminated.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CSAIL moved from the School of Engineering to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Schwarzman_College_of_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzman College of Computing">Schwarzman College of Computing</a> by February 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Offices">Offices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1963 to 2004, Project MAC, LCS, the AI Lab, and CSAIL had their offices at 545 <a href="/wiki/Technology_Square_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" title="Technology Square (Cambridge, Massachusetts)">Technology Square</a>, taking over more and more floors of the building over the years. In 2004, CSAIL moved to the new <a href="/wiki/Stata_Center" title="Stata Center">Ray and Maria Stata Center</a>, which was built specifically to house it and other departments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outreach_activities">Outreach activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Outreach activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IMARA (from <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> word for "power") group sponsors a variety of outreach programs that bridge the <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide#Global_digital_divide" title="Digital divide">global digital divide</a>. Its aim is to find and implement long-term, sustainable solutions which will increase the availability of educational technology and resources to domestic and international communities. These projects are run under the aegis of CSAIL and staffed by MIT volunteers who give training, install and donate computer setups in greater <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">tribal reservations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">American Southwest</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji Islands</a>. The CommuniTech project strives to empower under-served communities through sustainable technology and education and does this through the MIT Used Computer Factory (UCF), providing refurbished computers to under-served families, and through the Families Accessing Computer Technology (FACT) classes, it trains those families to become familiar and comfortable with computer technology.<sup id="cite_ref-OUTREACH_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OUTREACH-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_researchers">Notable researchers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable researchers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Including members and alumni of CSAIL's predecessor laboratories) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Fellows</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Demaine" title="Erik Demaine">Erik Demaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dina_Katabi" title="Dina Katabi">Dina Katabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniela_L._Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniela L. Rus">Daniela L. Rus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regina_Barzilay" title="Regina Barzilay">Regina Barzilay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Shor" title="Peter Shor">Peter Shor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Tenenbaum" title="Joshua Tenenbaum">Joshua Tenenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> recipients <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Adleman" title="Leonard Adleman">Leonard M. Adleman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_J._Corbat%C3%B3" title="Fernando J. Corbató">Fernando J. Corbató</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi_Goldwasser" title="Shafi Goldwasser">Shafi Goldwasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butler_Lampson" title="Butler Lampson">Butler W. Lampson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Micali" title="Silvio Micali">Silvio Micali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Rivest" title="Ron Rivest">Ronald L. Rivest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shamir" title="Adi Shamir">Adi Shamir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Liskov" title="Barbara Liskov">Barbara Liskov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stonebraker" title="Michael Stonebraker">Michael Stonebraker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJCAI_Computers_and_Thought_Award" title="IJCAI Computers and Thought Award">IJCAI Computers and Thought Award</a> recipients <a href="/wiki/Terry_Winograd" title="Terry Winograd">Terry Winograd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Winston" title="Patrick Winston">Patrick Winston</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Marr_(neuroscientist)" title="David Marr (neuroscientist)">David Marr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerald Jay Sussman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevanlinna_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevanlinna Prize">Rolf Nevanlinna Prize</a> recipients <a href="/wiki/Madhu_Sudan" title="Madhu Sudan">Madhu Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Shor" title="Peter Shor">Peter Shor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinos_Daskalakis" title="Constantinos Daskalakis">Constantinos Daskalakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_Prize" title="Gödel Prize">Gödel Prize</a> recipients <a href="/wiki/Shafi_Goldwasser" title="Shafi Goldwasser">Shafi Goldwasser</a> (two-time recipient), <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Micali" title="Silvio Micali">Silvio Micali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Herlihy" title="Maurice Herlihy">Maurice Herlihy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rackoff" title="Charles Rackoff">Charles Rackoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johan_H%C3%A5stad" title="Johan Håstad">Johan Håstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Shor" title="Peter Shor">Peter Shor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madhu_Sudan" title="Madhu Sudan">Madhu Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award" title="Grace Murray Hopper Award">Grace Murray Hopper Award</a> recipients <a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi_Goldwasser" title="Shafi Goldwasser">Shafi Goldwasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Guy L. Steele, Jr.">Guy L. Steele, Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Danny_Hillis" title="Danny Hillis">W. Daniel Hillis</a></li> <li>Textbook authors <a href="/wiki/Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Harold Abelson</a> and Gerald Jay Sussman, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Cormen" title="Thomas H. Cormen">Thomas H. Cormen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Leiserson" title="Charles E. Leiserson">Charles E. Leiserson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Winston" title="Patrick Winston">Patrick Winston</a>, Ronald L. Rivest, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Liskov" title="Barbara Liskov">Barbara Liskov</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Guttag" title="John Guttag">John Guttag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Saltzer" title="Jerry Saltzer">Jerome H. Saltzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frans_Kaashoek" title="Frans Kaashoek">Frans Kaashoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Stein" title="Clifford Stein">Clifford Stein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lynch" title="Nancy Lynch">Nancy Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Clark" title="David D. Clark">David D. Clark</a>, former chief protocol architect for the Internet; co-author with Jerome H. Saltzer (also a CSAIL member) and <a href="/wiki/David_P._Reed" title="David P. Reed">David P. Reed</a> of the influential paper "<a href="/wiki/End-to-end_principle" title="End-to-end principle">End-to-End</a> Arguments in Systems Design"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Grimson" title="Eric Grimson">Eric Grimson</a>, expert on computer vision and its applications to medicine, appointed Chancellor of MIT March 2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Frankston" title="Bob Frankston">Bob Frankston</a>, co-developer of <a href="/wiki/VisiCalc" title="VisiCalc">VisiCalc</a>, the first computer spreadsheet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a>, inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a>, creator of the <a href="/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA">ELIZA</a> computer-simulated therapist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a>, who later invented <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> at <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a> and later founded <a href="/wiki/3Com" title="3Com">3Com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Raibert" title="Marc Raibert">Marc Raibert</a>, who created the robot company <a href="/wiki/Boston_Dynamics" title="Boston Dynamics">Boston Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Houston" title="Drew Houston">Drew Houston</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a></li> <li>Colin Angle and Helen Greiner who, with previous CSAIL director <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a>, founded <a href="/wiki/IRobot" title="IRobot">iRobot</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jeremy Wertheimer, who developed <a href="/wiki/ITA_Software" title="ITA Software">ITA Software</a> used by travel websites like <a href="/wiki/Kayak_(company)" title="Kayak (company)">Kayak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orbitz" title="Orbitz">Orbitz</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Max Krohn, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/OkCupid" title="OkCupid">OkCupid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directors">Directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Directors of Project MAC</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fano" title="Robert Fano">Robert Fano</a>, 1963–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a>, 1968–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Fredkin" title="Edward Fredkin">Edward Fredkin</a>, 1971–1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dertouzos" title="Michael Dertouzos">Michael Dertouzos</a>, 1974–1975</li></ul> <dl><dt>Directors of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a>, 1970–1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Winston" title="Patrick Winston">Patrick Winston</a>, 1972–1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a>, 1997–2003</li></ul> <dl><dt>Directors of the Laboratory for Computer Science</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dertouzos" title="Michael Dertouzos">Michael Dertouzos</a>, 1975–2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Zue" title="Victor Zue">Victor Zue</a>, 2001–2003</li></ul> <dl><dt>Directors of CSAIL</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a>, 2003–2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Zue" title="Victor Zue">Victor Zue</a>, 2007–2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Agarwal" title="Anant Agarwal">Anant Agarwal</a>, 2011–2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniela_L._Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniela L. Rus">Daniela L. Rus</a>, 2012–</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CSAIL_Alliances">CSAIL Alliances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: CSAIL Alliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CSAIL Alliances is the industry connection arm of MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CSAIL Alliances offers companies programs to connect with the research, faculty, students, and startups of CSAIL by providing organizations with opportunities to learn about the research, engage with students, explore collaborations with researchers, and join research initiatives such as FinTech at CSAIL,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MIT Future of Data,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Machine Learning Applications.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERIAS" title="CERIAS">CERIAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_keyboard" title="Knight keyboard">Knight keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#SAIL" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.csail.mit.edu&rft.atitle=CSAIL+to+launch+new+initiative+for+machine+learning+applications+%7C+MIT+CSAIL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csail.mit.edu%2Fnews%2Fcsail-launch-new-initiative-machine-learning-applications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIT+Computer+Science+and+Artificial+Intelligence+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mit.edu/2023/verta-helping-companies-deploy-ai-models-0210">"Helping companies deploy AI models more responsibly"</a>. <i>MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology</i>. 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+News+%7C+Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.atitle=Helping+companies+deploy+AI+models+more+responsibly&rft.date=2023-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mit.edu%2F2023%2Fverta-helping-companies-deploy-ai-models-0210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIT+Computer+Science+and+Artificial+Intelligence+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2001/AILab.pdf">"A Marriage of Convenience: The Founding of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Marriage+of+Convenience%3A+The+Founding+of+the+MIT+Artificial+Intelligence+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmit.edu%2F6.933%2Fwww%2FFall2001%2FAILab.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIT+Computer+Science+and+Artificial+Intelligence+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span>, Chious et al. — includes important information on the <a href="/wiki/Incompatible_Timesharing_System" title="Incompatible Timesharing System">Incompatible Timesharing System</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706101738/http://www.ilmarefilm.org/W_E_1.htm">Weizenbaum. Rebel at Work</a></i>: a documentary film with and about <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfinkel1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simson_Garfinkel" title="Simson Garfinkel">Garfinkel, Simson</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Abelson, Hall</a> (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architectsofinfo00garf"><i>Architects of the Information Society: Thirty-Five Years of the Laboratory for Computer Science at MIT</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-07196-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-07196-7"><bdi>0-262-07196-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architects+of+the+Information+Society%3A+Thirty-Five+Years+of+the+Laboratory+for+Computer+Science+at+MIT&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-262-07196-7&rft.aulast=Garfinkel&rft.aufirst=Simson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchitectsofinfo00garf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIT+Computer+Science+and+Artificial+Intelligence+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csail.mit.edu">Official website</a></span></span> of CSAIL, successor of the AI Lab</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" 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title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts Institute of Technology"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_academics" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology academics"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Academics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>School of <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIT_School_of_Architecture_and_Planning" title="MIT School of Architecture and Planning">Architecture and Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Engineering" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_School_of_Humanities,_Arts,_and_Social_Sciences" title="MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences">Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Science" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management" title="MIT Sloan School of Management">Sloan School of Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Schwarzman_College_of_Computing" title="MIT Schwarzman College of Computing">Schwarzman College of Computing</a></li> <li>Department of <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Biology" title="MIT Department of Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Brain_and_Cognitive_Sciences" title="MIT Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences">Brain and Cognitive Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Economics" title="MIT Department of Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Mathematics" title="MIT Department of Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Physics" title="MIT Department of Physics">Physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Program_in_Health_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology">Health Sciences and Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;;width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Jameel_Poverty_Action_Lab" title="Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab">Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Institute" title="Broad Institute">Broad Institute</a></li> <li>Center for <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Bits_and_Atoms" title="Center for Bits and Atoms">Bits and Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Center_for_Information_Systems_Research" title="MIT Center for Information Systems Research">Information Systems Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Center_for_International_Studies" title="MIT Center for International Studies">International Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Center_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="MIT Center for Theoretical Physics">Theoretical Physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Medical_Engineering_and_Science" title="Institute for Medical Engineering and Science">Institute for Medical Engineering and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_Institute_for_Integrative_Cancer_Research" title="Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research">Koch Institute</a></li> <li>Laboratory for <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Electromagnetic_and_Electronic_Systems" title="Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems">Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Laboratory_for_Information_and_Decision_Systems" title="MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems">Information and Decision Systems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory" title="MIT Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Green_High_Performance_Computing_Center" title="Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center">Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGovern_Institute_for_Brain_Research" title="McGovern Institute for Brain Research">McGovern Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">Media Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Libraries" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries">MIT Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Nuclear_Research_Reactor" title="MIT Nuclear Research Reactor">Nuclear Research Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picower_Institute_for_Learning_and_Memory" title="Picower Institute for Learning and Memory">Picower Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Plasma_Science_and_Fusion_Center" title="MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center">Plasma Science and Fusion Center</a></li> <li>Research Laboratory of Electronics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Senseable_City_Lab" title="MIT Senseable City Lab">Senseable City Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehead_Institute" title="Whitehead Institute">Whitehead Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_alumni" title="List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_faculty" title="List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty">Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Institute_Professors_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Institute Professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Institute Professors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIT_class_ring" title="MIT class ring">Brass Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltech%E2%80%93MIT_rivalry" title="Caltech–MIT rivalry">Caltech rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacks_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Hacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemelson%E2%80%93MIT_Prize" title="Lemelson–MIT Prize">Lemelson–MIT Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_Visual_Arts_Center" title="List Visual Arts Center">List Visual Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_$100K_Entrepreneurship_Competition" title="MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition">MIT $100K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Science_Fiction_Society" title="MIT Science Fiction Society">MIT Science Fiction Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Mystery_Hunt" title="MIT Mystery Hunt">Mystery Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Athena" title="Project Athena">Project Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoot" title="Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Information_Processing_Board" title="Student Information Processing Board">Student Information Processing Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_Model_Railroad_Club" title="Tech Model Railroad Club">Tech Model Railroad Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_Squares" title="Tech Squares">Tech Squares</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tech_(newspaper)" title="The Tech (newspaper)">The Tech</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_and_student_activities_at_MIT" title="Traditions and student activities at MIT">Traditions and activities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campus_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Campus</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_20" title="Building 20">Building 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Chapel" title="MIT Chapel">Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Housing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Dormitories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MIT_fraternities,_sororities,_and_ILGs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of MIT fraternities, sororities, and ILGs">Fraternities and sororities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Building_(MIT)" title="Green Building (MIT)">Green Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinite_Corridor" title="Infinite Corridor">Infinite Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killian_Court" title="Killian Court">Killian Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium" title="Kresge Auditorium">Kresge Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Libraries" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Museum" title="MIT Museum">MIT Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Police_Department" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stata_Center" title="Stata Center">Stata Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Collier_Memorial" title="Sean Collier Memorial">Sean Collier Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesner_Building" title="Wiesner Building">Wiesner Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Hill_(Dartmouth,_Massachusetts)" title="Round Hill (Dartmouth, Massachusetts)">Round Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;;width:1%">Athletics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Engineers" title="MIT Engineers">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_Dinghy" title="Tech Dinghy">Tech Dinghy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;;width:1%">Notable projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIT_App_Inventor" title="MIT App Inventor">MIT App Inventor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare" title="MIT OpenCourseWare">MIT OpenCourseWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MITx" title="MITx">MITx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_intelligence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible {{{state}}} navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Template:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Template talk:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_intelligence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">Parameter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperparameter_(machine_learning)" title="Hyperparameter (machine learning)">Hyperparameter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_functions_for_classification" title="Loss functions for classification">Loss functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff" title="Bias–variance tradeoff">Bias–variance tradeoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_descent" title="Double descent">Double descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfitting" title="Overfitting">Overfitting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradient_descent" title="Gradient descent">Gradient descent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_gradient_descent" title="Stochastic gradient descent">SGD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Newton_method" title="Quasi-Newton method">Quasi-Newton method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_gradient_method" title="Conjugate gradient method">Conjugate gradient method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">Backpropagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning)" title="Attention (machine learning)">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(machine_learning)" title="Normalization (machine learning)">Normalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batch_normalization" title="Batch normalization">Batchnorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_function" title="Activation function">Activation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softmax_function" title="Softmax function">Softmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_function" title="Sigmoid function">Sigmoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectifier_(neural_networks)" title="Rectifier (neural networks)">Rectifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gating_mechanism" title="Gating mechanism">Gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_initialization" title="Weight initialization">Weight initialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)" title="Regularization (mathematics)">Regularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training,_validation,_and_test_data_sets" title="Training, validation, and test data sets">Datasets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_augmentation" title="Data augmentation">Augmentation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="State–action–reward–state–action">SARSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation_learning" title="Imitation learning">Imitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_process" title="Diffusion process">Diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_model" title="Autoregressive model">Autoregression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_machine_learning" title="Adversarial machine learning">Adversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering#In-context_learning" title="Prompt engineering">In-context learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Artificial neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">NMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio–visual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_image_synthesis" title="Human image synthesis">Human image synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">HWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning_speech_synthesis" title="Deep learning speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">Facial recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Text-to-image models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latent_diffusion_model" title="Latent diffusion model">Latent diffusion model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(text-to-image_model)" title="Flux (text-to-image model)">Flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Text-to-video models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Machine_(text-to-video_model)" title="Dream Machine (text-to-video model)">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoPoet" title="VideoPoet">VideoPoet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seq2seq" title="Seq2seq">Seq2seq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GloVe" title="GloVe">GloVe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T5_(language_model)" title="T5 (language model)">T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchilla_(language_model)" title="Chinchilla (language model)">Chinchilla AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaLM" title="PaLM">PaLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">GPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-J" title="GPT-J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" title="Grok (chatbot)">Grok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLOOM_(language_model)" title="BLOOM (language model)">BLOOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Debater" title="Project Debater">Project Debater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">IBM Watsonx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_PanGu" title="Huawei PanGu">PanGu-Σ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decisional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_selection" title="Action selection">Action selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_control" title="Robot control">Robot control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Rosenblatt" title="Frank Rosenblatt">Frank Rosenblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester_(computer_scientist)" title="Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist)">Nathaniel Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Widrow" title="Bernard Widrow">Bernard Widrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Werbos" title="Paul Werbos">Paul Werbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Graves_(computer_scientist)" title="Alex Graves (computer scientist)">Alex Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Goodfellow" title="Ian Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Grossberg" title="Stephen Grossberg">Stephen Grossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei-Fei_Li" title="Fei-Fei Li">Fei-Fei Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Jürgen Schmidhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Silver_(computer_scientist)" title="David Silver (computer scientist)">David Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EleutherAI" title="EleutherAI">EleutherAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaishou" title="Kuaishou">Kuaishou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_AI" title="Meta AI">Meta AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_(research_institute)" title="Mila (research institute)">Mila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniMax_(company)" title="MiniMax (company)">MiniMax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Mistral AI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MIT CSAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway_(company)" title="Runway (company)">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAI_(company)" title="XAI (company)">xAI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Turing_machine" title="Neural Turing machine">Neural Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_neural_computer" title="Differentiable neural computer">Differentiable neural computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision transformer (ViT)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural network (RNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_short-term_memory" title="Long short-term memory">Long short-term memory (LSTM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit" title="Gated recurrent unit">Gated recurrent unit (GRU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_state_network" title="Echo state network">Echo state network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayer_perceptron" title="Multilayer perceptron">Multilayer perceptron (MLP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network (CNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_neural_network" title="Residual neural network">Residual neural network (RNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_network" title="Highway network">Highway network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Mamba (deep learning architecture)">Mamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder (VAE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network (GAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_neural_network" title="Graph neural network">Graph neural network (GNN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Portals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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