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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DALL-E" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DALL-E"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>DALL-E</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DALL-E-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DALL-E_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DALL-E_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>DALL-E 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DALL-E_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Capabilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Capabilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Capabilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Capabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Image modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Technical limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ethical concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open-source_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-source_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Open-source implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-source_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A5%D9%8A" title="دال-إي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دال-إي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dall-e" title="Dall-e – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dall-e" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dall-e" title="Dall-e – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dall-e" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="دال ئی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دال ئی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL%C2%B7E" title="DALL·E – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="DALL·E" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="DALL-E" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q105078662#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Image-generating deep-learning model</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">DALL-E</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DALL-E_2_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/DALL-E_2_Signature.svg/120px-DALL-E_2_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/DALL-E_2_Signature.svg/180px-DALL-E_2_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/DALL-E_2_Signature.svg/240px-DALL-E_2_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="16" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Watermark present on DALL-E images</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DALL-E_2_artificial_intelligence_digital_image_generated_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/DALL-E_2_artificial_intelligence_digital_image_generated_photo.jpg/220px-DALL-E_2_artificial_intelligence_digital_image_generated_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/DALL-E_2_artificial_intelligence_digital_image_generated_photo.jpg/330px-DALL-E_2_artificial_intelligence_digital_image_generated_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/DALL-E_2_artificial_intelligence_digital_image_generated_photo.jpg/440px-DALL-E_2_artificial_intelligence_digital_image_generated_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An image generated by DALL-E 2, from the prompt <code>Teddy bears working on new AI research underwater with 1990s technology</code></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">5 January 2021<span class="noprint">; 4 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2021-01-05</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">DALL-E 3 / 10 August 2023<span class="noprint">; 18 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-08-10</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Text-to-image model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labs.openai.com/">labs<wbr />.openai<wbr />.com</a></span> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105078662?uselang=en#P856" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence (AI)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dall-e_3_(jan_%2724)_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/100px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/150px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/200px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Goals" title="Artificial intelligence">Major goals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_game_playing" title="General game playing">General game playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Approaches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence" title="Symbolic artificial intelligence">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm" title="Evolutionary algorithm">Evolutionary algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_intelligent_system" title="Hybrid intelligent system">Hybrid intelligent systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_systems_integration" title="Artificial intelligence systems integration">Systems integration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics" title="Machine learning in bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_earth_sciences" title="Machine learning in earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence#Finance" title="Applications of artificial intelligence"> Finance </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative AI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_audio" title="Generative audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_government" title="Artificial intelligence in government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_mental_health" title="Artificial intelligence in mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_industry" title="Artificial intelligence in industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race"> Military </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_physics" title="Machine learning in physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" title="List of artificial intelligence projects">Projects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_control_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="AI control problem">Control problem</a>/<a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">Takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_winter" title="AI winter">AI winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_intelligence" title="Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_intelligence" title="Template talk:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_intelligence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>DALL-E</b>, <b>DALL-E 2</b>, and <b>DALL-E 3</b> (stylised <b>DALL·E</b>, and pronounced DOLL-E) are <a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">text-to-image models</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> using <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a> methodologies to generate <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a> from <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a> descriptions known as <a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering"><i>prompts</i></a>. </p><p>The first version of DALL-E was announced in January 2021. In the following year, its successor DALL-E 2 was released. DALL-E 3 was released natively into <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> for ChatGPT Plus and ChatGPT Enterprise customers in October 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-David-2023_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David-2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with availability via OpenAI's API<sup id="cite_ref-platform.openai.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platform.openai.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Labs" platform provided in early November.<sup id="cite_ref-Niles-2023_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niles-2023-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft implemented the model in Bing's Image Creator tool and plans to implement it into their Designer app.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehdi-2023_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehdi-2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_background">History and background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DALL-E was revealed by OpenAI in a blog post on 5 January 2021, and uses a version of <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a><sup id="cite_ref-vb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modified to generate images. </p><p>On 6 April 2022, OpenAI announced DALL-E 2, a successor designed to generate more realistic images at higher resolutions that "can combine concepts, attributes, and styles".<sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI-2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 July 2022, DALL-E 2 entered into a beta phase with invitations sent to 1 million waitlisted individuals;<sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI-2022b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-2022b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> users could generate a certain number of images for free every month and may purchase more.<sup id="cite_ref-Allyn-2022_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allyn-2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Access had previously been restricted to pre-selected users for a research preview due to concerns about <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">ethics</a> and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-labs.openai.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-labs.openai.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-2022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-2022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 September 2022, DALL-E 2 was opened to everyone and the waitlist requirement was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI-2022c_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-2022c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2023, OpenAI announced their latest image model, DALL-E 3, capable of understanding "significantly more nuance and detail" than previous iterations.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early November 2022, OpenAI released DALL-E 2 as an <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a>, allowing developers to integrate the model into their own applications. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> unveiled their implementation of DALL-E 2 in their Designer app and Image Creator tool included in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI-2022d_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-2022d-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The API operates on a cost-per-image basis, with prices varying depending on image resolution. Volume discounts are available to companies working with OpenAI's enterprise team.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiggers-2022_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiggers-2022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The software's name is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the names of animated robot <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> character <a href="/wiki/WALL-E_(character)" title="WALL-E (character)">WALL-E</a> and the Catalan surrealist artist <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tc_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vb_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2024, OpenAI began adding watermarks to DALL-E generated images, containing metadata in the C2PA (Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity) standard promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Content_Authenticity_Initiative" title="Content Authenticity Initiative">Content Authenticity Initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">generative pre-trained transformer</a> (GPT) model was initially developed by OpenAI in 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-Radford-2018_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radford-2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using a <a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">Transformer</a> architecture. The first iteration, GPT-1,<sup id="cite_ref-GPT-2023_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPT-2023-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was scaled up to produce <a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a> in 2019;<sup id="cite_ref-Radford-2019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radford-2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2020, it was scaled up again to produce <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a>, with 175 billion parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown-2020_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vb_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dallepaper_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dallepaper-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DALL-E">DALL-E</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: DALL-E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DALL-E has three components: a discrete <a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">VAE</a>, an autoregressive decoder-only Transformer (12 billion parameters) similar to GPT-3, and a CLIP pair of image encoder and text encoder.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramesh-2022_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramesh-2022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discrete VAE can convert an image to a sequence of tokens, and conversely, convert a sequence of tokens back to an image. This is necessary as the Transformer does not directly process image data.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramesh-2022_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramesh-2022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The input to the Transformer model is a sequence of tokenized image caption followed by tokenized image patches. The image caption is in English, tokenized by <a href="/wiki/Byte_pair_encoding" title="Byte pair encoding">byte pair encoding</a> (vocabulary size 16384), and can be up to 256 tokens long. Each image is a 256×256 RGB image, divided into 32×32 patches of 4×4 each. Each patch is then converted by a discrete <a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">variational autoencoder</a> to a token (vocabulary size 8192).<sup id="cite_ref-Ramesh-2022_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramesh-2022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DALL-E was developed and announced to the public in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Contrastive_Language-Image_Pre-training" title="Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training">CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heaven-2021_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heaven-2021-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CLIP is a separate model based on <a href="/wiki/Contrastive_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrastive learning">contrastive learning</a> that was trained on 400 million pairs of images with text captions <a href="/wiki/Web_scraping" title="Web scraping">scraped</a> from the Internet. Its role is to "understand and rank" DALL-E's output by predicting which caption from a list of 32,768 captions randomly selected from the dataset (of which one was the correct answer) is most appropriate for an image.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A trained CLIP pair is used to filter a larger initial list of images generated by DALL-E to select the image that is closest to the text prompt.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramesh-2022_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramesh-2022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DALL-E_2">DALL-E 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: DALL-E 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DALL-E 2 uses 3.5 billion parameters, a smaller number than its predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramesh-2022_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramesh-2022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of an autoregressive Transformer, DALL-E 2 uses a <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_model" title="Diffusion model">diffusion model</a> conditioned on CLIP image embeddings, which, during inference, are generated from CLIP text embeddings by a prior model.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramesh-2022_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramesh-2022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the same architecture as that of <a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a>, released a few months later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capabilities">Capabilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Capabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DALL-E can generate imagery in multiple styles, including <a href="/wiki/Photorealistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photorealistic">photorealistic</a> imagery, <a href="/wiki/Paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Paintings">paintings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emoji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vb_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can "manipulate and rearrange" objects in its images,<sup id="cite_ref-vb_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can correctly place design elements in novel compositions without explicit instruction. Thom Dunn writing for <i><a href="/wiki/Boing_Boing" title="Boing Boing">BoingBoing</a></i> remarked that "For example, when asked to draw a daikon radish blowing its nose, sipping a latte, or riding a unicycle, DALL-E often draws the handkerchief, hands, and feet in plausible locations."<sup id="cite_ref-boing_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boing-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DALL-E showed the ability to "fill in the blanks" to infer appropriate details without specific prompts, such as adding Christmas imagery to prompts commonly associated with the celebration,<sup id="cite_ref-extreme_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extreme-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appropriately placed shadows to images that did not mention them.<sup id="cite_ref-engadget_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engadget-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, DALL-E exhibits a broad understanding of visual and design trends.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>DALL-E can produce images for a wide variety of arbitrary descriptions from various viewpoints<sup id="cite_ref-Marcus-2022_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-2022-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with only rare failures.<sup id="cite_ref-tc_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark Riedl, an associate professor at the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech" title="Georgia Tech">Georgia Tech</a> School of Interactive Computing, found that DALL-E could blend concepts (described as a key element of human <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cnbc_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its visual reasoning ability is sufficient to solve <a href="/wiki/Raven%27s_Progressive_Matrices" title="Raven's Progressive Matrices">Raven's Matrices</a> (visual tests often administered to humans to measure intelligence).<sup id="cite_ref-dale_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI-2021_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-2021-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DALL-E_3_AI_image_of_an_avocado_speaking.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/DALL-E_3_AI_image_of_an_avocado_speaking.png/220px-DALL-E_3_AI_image_of_an_avocado_speaking.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/DALL-E_3_AI_image_of_an_avocado_speaking.png/330px-DALL-E_3_AI_image_of_an_avocado_speaking.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/DALL-E_3_AI_image_of_an_avocado_speaking.png/440px-DALL-E_3_AI_image_of_an_avocado_speaking.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An accurate image generated by DALL-E 3 based on the text prompt "An illustration of an avocado sitting in a therapist's chair, saying 'I just feel so empty inside' with a pit-sized hole in its center. The therapist, a spoon, scribbles notes"</figcaption></figure> <p>DALL-E 3 follows complex prompts with more accuracy and detail than its predecessors, and is able to generate more coherent and accurate text.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards-2023_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2023-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DALL-E 3 is integrated into ChatGPT Plus.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_modification">Image modification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Image modification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:268px;max-width:268px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DALL-E_2_variation_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/DALL-E_2_variation_1.png/130px-DALL-E_2_variation_1.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/DALL-E_2_variation_1.png/195px-DALL-E_2_variation_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/DALL-E_2_variation_1.png/260px-DALL-E_2_variation_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DALL-E_2_variation_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/DALL-E_2_variation_2.png/130px-DALL-E_2_variation_2.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/DALL-E_2_variation_2.png/195px-DALL-E_2_variation_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/DALL-E_2_variation_2.png/260px-DALL-E_2_variation_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two "variations" of <i><a href="/wiki/Girl_With_a_Pearl_Earring" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl With a Pearl Earring">Girl With a Pearl Earring</a></i> generated with DALL-E 2</div></div></div></div> <p>Given an existing image, DALL-E 2 can produce "variations" of the image as individual outputs based on the original, as well as edit the image to modify or expand upon it. DALL-E 2's "inpainting" and "outpainting" use context from an image to fill in missing areas using a <a href="/wiki/Artistic_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic medium">medium</a> consistent with the original, following a given prompt. </p><p>For example, this can be used to insert a new subject into an image, or expand an image beyond its original borders.<sup id="cite_ref-Coldewey-2022_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coldewey-2022-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to OpenAI, "Outpainting takes into account the image’s existing visual elements — including shadows, reflections, and textures — to maintain the context of the original image."<sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI-2022_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-2022-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_limitations">Technical limitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Technical limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DALL-E 2's language understanding has limits. It is sometimes unable to distinguish "A yellow book and a red vase" from "A red book and a yellow vase" or "A panda making latte art" from "Latte art of a panda".<sup id="cite_ref-Saharia-2022_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saharia-2022-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It generates images of "an astronaut riding a horse" when presented with the prompt "a horse riding an astronaut".<sup id="cite_ref-Marcus-2022a_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-2022a-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also fails to generate the correct images in a variety of circumstances. Requesting more than three objects, negation, numbers, and <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">connected sentences</a> may result in mistakes, and object features may appear on the wrong object.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcus-2022_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-2022-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional limitations include handling text — which, even with legible lettering, almost invariably results in dream-like gibberish — and its limited capacity to address scientific information, such as astronomy or medical imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-Strickland-2022_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strickland-2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AI_tanuki_Japanese_text.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AI_tanuki_Japanese_text.jpg/220px-AI_tanuki_Japanese_text.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AI_tanuki_Japanese_text.jpg/330px-AI_tanuki_Japanese_text.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AI_tanuki_Japanese_text.jpg/440px-AI_tanuki_Japanese_text.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An attempt to generate <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> text using the prompt "a person pointing at a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog" title="Japanese raccoon dog">tanuki</a>, with a speech bubble that says 'これは狸です！'", which results in the text being rendered with nonsensical <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical_concerns">Ethical concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ethical concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DALL-E 2's reliance on public datasets influences its results and leads to <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">algorithmic bias</a> in some cases, such as generating higher numbers of men than women for requests that do not mention gender.<sup id="cite_ref-Strickland-2022_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strickland-2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DALL-E 2's training data was filtered to remove violent and sexual imagery, but this was found to increase bias in some cases such as reducing the frequency of women being generated.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI-2022a_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-2022a-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI hypothesize that this may be because women were more likely to be sexualized in training data which caused the filter to influence results.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI-2022a_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-2022a-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2022, OpenAI confirmed to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i> that DALL-E invisibly inserts phrases into user prompts to address bias in results; for instance, "black man" and "Asian woman" are inserted into prompts that do not specify gender or race.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent-2022_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent-2022-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A concern about DALL-E 2 and similar image generation models is that they could be used to propagate <a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">deepfakes</a> and other forms of misinformation.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knight-2022_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-2022-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an attempt to mitigate this, the software rejects prompts involving public figures and uploads containing human faces.<sup id="cite_ref-vice_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vice-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prompts containing potentially objectionable content are blocked, and uploaded images are analyzed to detect offensive material.<sup id="cite_ref-docs_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-docs-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A disadvantage of prompt-based filtering is that it is easy to bypass using alternative phrases that result in a similar output. For example, the word "blood" is filtered, but "ketchup" and "red liquid" are not.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane-2022_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane-2022-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-docs_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-docs-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another concern about DALL-E 2 and similar models is that they could cause <a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">technological unemployment</a> for artists, photographers, and graphic designers due to their accuracy and popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman-2022_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-2022-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blain-2022_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blain-2022-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DALL-E 3 is designed to block users from generating art in the style of currently-living artists.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023 Microsoft pitched the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> to use DALL-E models to train <a href="/wiki/Battlefield_management_system" title="Battlefield management system">battlefield management system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2024 <a href="/wiki/OpenAI#Removal_of_military_and_warfare_clause" title="OpenAI">OpenAI removed its blanket ban</a> on military and warfare use from its usage policies.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DALL-E_radish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/DALL-E_radish.jpg/300px-DALL-E_radish.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/DALL-E_radish.jpg/450px-DALL-E_radish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/DALL-E_radish.jpg/600px-DALL-E_radish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Images generated by DALL-E upon the prompt: "an illustration of a baby daikon radish in a tutu walking a dog"</figcaption></figure> <p>Most coverage of DALL-E focuses on a small subset of "surreal"<sup id="cite_ref-Heaven-2021_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heaven-2021-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "quirky"<sup id="cite_ref-cnbc_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> outputs. DALL-E's output for "an illustration of a baby daikon radish in a tutu walking a dog" was mentioned in pieces from <i>Input</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-input_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-input-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nbc_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbc-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-nature_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other publications.<sup id="cite_ref-vb_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knight-2021_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-2021-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its output for "an armchair in the shape of an avocado" was also widely covered.<sup id="cite_ref-Heaven-2021_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heaven-2021-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/ExtremeTech" title="ExtremeTech">ExtremeTech</a></i> stated "you can ask DALL-E for a picture of a phone or vacuum cleaner from a specified period of time, and it understands how those objects have changed".<sup id="cite_ref-extreme_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extreme-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a></i> also noted its unusual capacity for "understanding how telephones and other objects change over time".<sup id="cite_ref-engadget_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engadget-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a></i>, one of OpenAI's objectives was to "give language models a better grasp of the everyday concepts that humans use to make sense of things".<sup id="cite_ref-Heaven-2021_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heaven-2021-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wall Street investors have had a positive reception of DALL-E 2, with some firms thinking it could represent a turning point for a future multi-trillion dollar industry. By mid-2019, OpenAI had already received over $1 billion in funding from <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and Khosla Ventures,<sup id="cite_ref-Leswing-2022_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leswing-2022-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Etherington-2019_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etherington-2019-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fortune_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortune-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in January 2023, following the launch of DALL-E 2 and ChatGPT, received an additional $10 billion in funding from Microsoft.<sup id="cite_ref-Metz-2023_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metz-2023-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan's <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> community has had a negative reaction to DALL-E 2 and similar models.<sup id="cite_ref-Rest_of_World-2022_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rest_of_World-2022-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roose-2022_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roose-2022-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daws-2022_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daws-2022-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two arguments are typically presented by artists against the software. The first is that AI art is not art because it is not created by a human with intent. "The juxtaposition of AI-generated images with their own work is degrading and undermines the time and skill that goes into their art. AI-driven image generation tools have been heavily criticized by artists because they are trained on human-made art scraped from the web."<sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI-2022b_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-2022b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second is the trouble with <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright law</a> and data text-to-image models are trained on. OpenAI has not released information about what dataset(s) were used to train DALL-E 2, inciting concern from some that the work of artists has been used for training without permission. Copyright laws surrounding these topics are inconclusive at the moment.<sup id="cite_ref-Allyn-2022_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allyn-2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After integrating DALL-E 3 into Bing Chat and ChatGPT, Microsoft and OpenAI faced criticism for excessive content filtering, with critics saying DALL-E had been "lobotomized."<sup id="cite_ref-Corden-2023_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corden-2023-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flagging of images generated by prompts such as "man breaks server rack with sledgehammer" was cited as evidence. Over the first days of its launch, filtering was reportedly increased to the point where images generated by some of Bing's own suggested prompts were being blocked.<sup id="cite_ref-Corden-2023_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corden-2023-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TechRadar_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechRadar-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/TechRadar" title="TechRadar">TechRadar</a></i> argued that leaning too heavily on the side of caution could limit DALL-E's value as a creative tool.<sup id="cite_ref-TechRadar_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechRadar-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open-source_implementations">Open-source implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Open-source implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since OpenAI has not released <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> for any of the three models, there have been several attempts to create <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> models offering similar capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Mor-2022_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mor-2022-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jina-2022_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jina-2022-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Released in 2022 on <a href="/wiki/Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a>'s Spaces platform, Craiyon (formerly DALL-E Mini until a name change was requested by OpenAI in June 2022) is an AI model based on the original DALL-E that was trained on unfiltered data from the Internet. It attracted substantial media attention in mid-2022, after its release due to its capacity for producing humorous imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-CNETmini_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNETmini-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DailyDotmini_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyDotmini-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polygonmini_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polygonmini-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepDream" title="DeepDream">DeepDream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagen_(Google_Brain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagen (Google Brain)">Imagen (Google Brain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-David-2023-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-David-2023_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavid2023" class="citation web cs1">David, Emilia (20 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/20/23881241/openai-dalle-third-version-generative-ai">"OpenAI releases third version of DALL-E"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920192429/https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/20/23881241/openai-dalle-third-version-generative-ai">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+Microsoft+Blog&rft.atitle=Announcing+Microsoft+Copilot%2C+your+everyday+AI+companion&rft.date=2023-09-21&rft.aulast=Mehdi&rft.aufirst=Yusuf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.microsoft.com%2Fblog%2F2023%2F09%2F21%2Fannouncing-microsoft-copilot-your-everyday-ai-companion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vb-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vb_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vb_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vb_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vb_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vb_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vb_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2021" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Khari (5 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2021/01/05/openai-debuts-dall-e-for-generating-images-from-text/">"OpenAI debuts DALL-E for generating images from text"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DALL-E+2%3A+A+dream+tool+and+an+existential+threat+to+visual+artists&rft.date=2022-07-29&rft.aulast=Blain&rft.aufirst=Loz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewatlas.com%2Fcomputers%2Fdall-e-2-ai-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddle2024" class="citation news cs1">Biddle, Sam (10 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2024/04/10/microsoft-openai-dalle-ai-military-use/">"Microsoft Pitched OpenAI's DALL-E as Battlefield Tool for U.S. Military"</a>. <i>The Intercept</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Pitched+OpenAI%27s+DALL-E+as+Battlefield+Tool+for+U.S.+Military&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2024%2F04%2F10%2Fmicrosoft-openai-dalle-ai-military-use%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddle2024" class="citation news cs1">Biddle, Sam (12 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2024/01/12/open-ai-military-ban-chatgpt/">"OpenAI Quietly Deletes Ban on Using ChatGPT for "Military and Warfare"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Intercept</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=OpenAI+Quietly+Deletes+Ban+on+Using+ChatGPT+for+%22Military+and+Warfare%22&rft.date=2024-01-12&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2024%2F01%2F12%2Fopen-ai-military-ban-chatgpt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-input-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-input_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasana2021" class="citation web cs1">Kasana, Mehreen (7 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inputmag.com/tech/dalle-takes-your-text-turns-it-into-surreal-captivating-art">"This AI turns text into surreal, suggestion-driven art"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+radish+in+a+tutu+walking+a+dog%3F+This+AI+can+draw+it+really+well&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F01%2F08%2Ftech%2Fartificial-intelligence-openai-images-from-text%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leswing-2022-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leswing-2022_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeswing2022" class="citation web cs1">Leswing, Kif (8 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/08/generative-ai-silicon-valleys-next-trillion-dollar-companies.html">"Why Silicon Valley is so excited about awkward drawings done by artificial intelligence"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729005158/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/08/generative-ai-silicon-valleys-next-trillion-dollar-companies.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=OpenAI%27s+first+VC+backer+weighs+in+on+generative+A.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2023%2F02%2F02%2Fopenais-first-vc-backer-khosla-ventures-weighs-in-on-the-future-of-generative-a-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metz-2023-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metz-2023_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzWeise2023" class="citation news cs1">Metz, Cade; Weise, Karen (23 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/23/business/microsoft-chatgpt-artificial-intelligence.html">"Microsoft to Invest $10 Billion in OpenAI, the Creator of ChatGPT"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921171844/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/23/business/microsoft-chatgpt-artificial-intelligence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Microsoft+to+Invest+%2410+Billion+in+OpenAI%2C+the+Creator+of+ChatGPT&rft.date=2023-01-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Cade&rft.au=Weise%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F01%2F23%2Fbusiness%2Fmicrosoft-chatgpt-artificial-intelligence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rest_of_World-2022-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rest_of_World-2022_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://restofworld.org/2022/ai-backlash-anime-artists/">"AI-generated art sparks furious backlash from Japan's anime community"</a>. <i>Rest of World</i>. 27 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231155114/https://restofworld.org/2022/ai-backlash-anime-artists/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rest+of+World&rft.atitle=AI-generated+art+sparks+furious+backlash+from+Japan%27s+anime+community&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frestofworld.org%2F2022%2Fai-backlash-anime-artists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roose-2022-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roose-2022_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoose2022" class="citation news cs1">Roose, Kevin (2 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/02/technology/ai-artificial-intelligence-artists.html">"An A.I.-Generated Picture Won an Art Prize. Artists Aren't Happy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531203858/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/02/technology/ai-artificial-intelligence-artists.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+A.I.-Generated+Picture+Won+an+Art+Prize.+Artists+Aren%27t+Happy.&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Roose&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F09%2F02%2Ftechnology%2Fai-artificial-intelligence-artists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daws-2022-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daws-2022_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaws2022" class="citation web cs1">Daws, Ryan (15 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artificialintelligence-news.com/2022/12/15/artstation-backlash-increases-ai-art-protest-response/">"ArtStation backlash increases following AI art protest response"</a>. <i>AI News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103233938/https://www.artificialintelligence-news.com/2022/12/15/artstation-backlash-increases-ai-art-protest-response/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AI+News&rft.atitle=ArtStation+backlash+increases+following+AI+art+protest+response&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft.aulast=Daws&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artificialintelligence-news.com%2F2022%2F12%2F15%2Fartstation-backlash-increases-ai-art-protest-response%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corden-2023-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corden-2023_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corden-2023_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorden2023" class="citation web cs1">Corden, Jez (8 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.windowscentral.com/software-apps/bing/bing-dall-e-3-image-creation-was-great-for-a-few-days-but-now-microsoft-has-predictably-lobotomized-it">"Bing Dall-E 3 image creation was great for a few days, but now Microsoft has predictably lobotomized it"</a>. <i>Windows Central</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231010185641/https://www.windowscentral.com/software-apps/bing/bing-dall-e-3-image-creation-was-great-for-a-few-days-but-now-microsoft-has-predictably-lobotomized-it">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRadar&rft.atitle=Microsoft+reins+in+Bing+AI%27s+Image+Creator+%E2%80%93+and+the+results+don%27t+make+much+sense&rft.date=2023-10-09&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techradar.com%2Fcomputing%2Fartificial-intelligence%2Fmicrosoft-reins-in-bing-ais-image-creator-and-the-results-dont-make-much-sense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mor-2022-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mor-2022_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahar_Mor2022" class="citation web cs1">Sahar Mor, Stripe (16 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2022/04/16/how-dall-e-2-could-solve-major-computer-vision-challenges/">"How DALL-E 2 could solve major computer vision challenges"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/VentureBeat" title="VentureBeat">VentureBeat</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524133956/https://venturebeat.com/2022/04/16/how-dall-e-2-could-solve-major-computer-vision-challenges/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft.atitle=How+DALL-E+2+could+solve+major+computer+vision+challenges&rft.date=2022-04-16&rft.aulast=Sahar+Mor&rft.aufirst=Stripe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2022%2F04%2F16%2Fhow-dall-e-2-could-solve-major-computer-vision-challenges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jina-2022-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jina-2022_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/jina-ai/dalle-flow">"jina-ai/dalle-flow"</a>. Jina AI. 17 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617090248/https://github.com/jina-ai/dalle-flow">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=jina-ai%2Fdalle-flow&rft.pub=Jina+AI&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fjina-ai%2Fdalle-flow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNETmini-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNETmini_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2022" class="citation web cs1">Carson, Erin (14 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/culture/everything-to-know-about-dall-e-mini-the-mind-bending-ai-art-creator/">"Everything to Know About Dall-E Mini, the Mind-Bending AI Art Creator"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615085705/https://www.cnet.com/culture/everything-to-know-about-dall-e-mini-the-mind-bending-ai-art-creator/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Everything+to+Know+About+Dall-E+Mini%2C+the+Mind-Bending+AI+Art+Creator&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fculture%2Feverything-to-know-about-dall-e-mini-the-mind-bending-ai-art-creator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyDotmini-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DailyDotmini_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder2022" class="citation web cs1">Schroeder, Audra (9 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/dall-e-mini-memes/">"AI program DALL-E mini prompts some truly cursed images"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Dot">Daily Dot</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610212300/https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/dall-e-mini-memes/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Dot&rft.atitle=AI+program+DALL-E+mini+prompts+some+truly+cursed+images&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Audra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailydot.com%2Funclick%2Fdall-e-mini-memes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polygonmini-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polygonmini_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiaz2022" class="citation web cs1">Diaz, Ana (15 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polygon.com/23167596/memes-dall-e-mini-image-generator-ai-explained">"People are using DALL-E mini to make meme abominations — like pug Pikachu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Polygon_(website)" title="Polygon (website)">Polygon</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615151753/https://www.polygon.com/23167596/memes-dall-e-mini-image-generator-ai-explained">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=People+are+using+DALL-E+mini+to+make+meme+abominations+%E2%80%94+like+pug+Pikachu&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft.aulast=Diaz&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F23167596%2Fmemes-dall-e-mini-image-generator-ai-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DALL-E&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DALL-E" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:DALL-E">DALL-E</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRameshPavlovGohGray2021" class="citation arxiv cs1">Ramesh, Aditya; Pavlov, Mikhail; Goh, Gabriel; Gray, Scott; Voss, Chelsea; Radford, Alec; Chen, Mark; Sutskever, Ilya (26 February 2021). "Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generation". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.12092">2102.12092</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CV">cs.CV</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Zero-Shot+Text-to-Image+Generation&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2102.12092&rft.aulast=Ramesh&rft.aufirst=Aditya&rft.au=Pavlov%2C+Mikhail&rft.au=Goh%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=Gray%2C+Scott&rft.au=Voss%2C+Chelsea&rft.au=Radford%2C+Alec&rft.au=Chen%2C+Mark&rft.au=Sutskever%2C+Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADALL-E" class="Z3988"></span>. The original report on DALL-E.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.openai.com/papers/DALL_E_3_System_Card.pdf">DALL-E 3 System Card</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.openai.com/papers/dall-e-3.pdf">DALL-E 3</a> paper by OpenAI</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openai.com/dall-e-2/">DALL-E 2 website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.craiyon.com/">Craiyon website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="OpenAI158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OpenAI" title="Template:OpenAI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OpenAI" title="Template talk:OpenAI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OpenAI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OpenAI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="OpenAI158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_in_education" title="ChatGPT in education">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT_Store" title="GPT Store">GPT Store</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SearchGPT" title="SearchGPT">SearchGPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_model" title="Foundation model">Foundation models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">GPT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AI_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="AI agent">AI agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Research" title="Deep Research">Deep Research</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI_Operator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenAI Operator (page does not exist)">Operator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenAI_logo_2025_(wordmark).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg/150px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg/225px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg/300px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="138" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">Senior management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" title="Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI">removal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Friar" title="Sarah Friar">Sarah Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Schools" title="Scott Schools">Scott Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mira_Murati" title="Mira Murati">Mira Murati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Shear" title="Emmett Shear">Emmett Shear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_D%27Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Desmond-Hellmann" title="Sue Desmond-Hellmann">Sue Desmond-Hellmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adebayo_Ogunlesi" title="Adebayo Ogunlesi">Adebayo Ogunlesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Seligman" title="Nicole Seligman">Nicole Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidji_Simo" title="Fidji Simo">Fidji Simo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (chair)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a> (2017–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Hurd" title="Will Hurd">Will Hurd</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden_Karnofsky" title="Holden Karnofsky">Holden Karnofsky</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2015–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a> (2017–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Toner" title="Helen Toner">Helen Toner</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivon_Zilis" title="Shivon Zilis">Shivon Zilis</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">Joint ventures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_LLC" title="Stargate LLC">Stargate LLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Intelligence" title="Apple Intelligence">Apple Intelligence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AI_Dungeon" title="AI Dungeon">AI Dungeon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Deep_Learning_(South_Park)" title="Deep Learning (South Park)">Deep Learning</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LangChain" title="LangChain">LangChain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:OpenAI" title="Category:OpenAI">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Generative_AI409" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Generative_AI" title="Template:Generative AI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Generative_AI" title="Template talk:Generative AI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Generative_AI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Generative AI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Generative_AI409" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative AI</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrieval-augmented_generation" title="Retrieval-augmented generation">Retrieval-augmented generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">Reinforcement learning from human feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBRX" title="DBRX">DBRX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">GPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-J" title="GPT-J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" title="Grok (chatbot)">Grok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistral_AI#Mistral_Large" title="Mistral AI">Mistral Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_PanGu" title="Huawei PanGu">PanGu-Σ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwen" title="Qwen">Qwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(text-to-image_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (text-to-image model)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Firefly" title="Adobe Firefly">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(text-to-image_model)" title="Flux (text-to-image model)">Flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Machine_(text-to-video_model)" title="Dream Machine (text-to-video model)">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway_(company)#Gen-3_Alpha" title="Runway (company)">Gen-3 Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniMax_(company)#Hailuo_AI" title="MiniMax (company)">Hailuo AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kling_(text-to-video_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kling (text-to-video model)">Kling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind#Video_model" title="Google DeepMind">Veo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoPoet" title="VideoPoet">VideoPoet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Udio" title="Udio">Udio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suno_AI" title="Suno AI">Suno AI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies" title="List of artificial intelligence companies">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/01.AI" title="01.AI">01.AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baichuan" title="Baichuan">Baichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSeek" title="DeepSeek">DeepSeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaishou" title="Kuaishou">Kuaishou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_AI" title="Meta AI">Meta AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniMax_(company)" title="MiniMax (company)">MiniMax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Mistral AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshot_AI" title="Moonshot AI">Moonshot AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway_(company)" title="Runway (company)">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stability_AI" title="Stability AI">Stability AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesia_(company)" title="Synthesia (company)">Synthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAI_(company)" title="XAI (company)">xAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhipu_AI" title="Zhipu AI">Zhipu AI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Category:Generative artificial intelligence">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Generative_artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Generative artificial intelligence">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_intelligence_(AI)776" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Template:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Template talk:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_intelligence_(AI)776" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence (AI)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">timeline</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">Parameter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperparameter_(machine_learning)" title="Hyperparameter (machine learning)">Hyperparameter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_functions_for_classification" title="Loss functions for classification">Loss functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff" title="Bias–variance tradeoff">Bias–variance tradeoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_descent" title="Double descent">Double descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfitting" title="Overfitting">Overfitting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradient_descent" title="Gradient descent">Gradient descent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_gradient_descent" title="Stochastic gradient descent">SGD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Newton_method" title="Quasi-Newton method">Quasi-Newton method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_gradient_method" title="Conjugate gradient method">Conjugate gradient method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">Backpropagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning)" title="Attention (machine learning)">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(machine_learning)" title="Normalization (machine learning)">Normalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batch_normalization" title="Batch normalization">Batchnorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_function" title="Activation function">Activation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softmax_function" title="Softmax function">Softmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_function" title="Sigmoid function">Sigmoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectifier_(neural_networks)" title="Rectifier (neural networks)">Rectifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gating_mechanism" title="Gating mechanism">Gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_initialization" title="Weight initialization">Weight initialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)" title="Regularization (mathematics)">Regularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training,_validation,_and_test_data_sets" title="Training, validation, and test data sets">Datasets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_augmentation" title="Data augmentation">Augmentation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="State–action–reward–state–action">SARSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation_learning" title="Imitation learning">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_gradient_method" title="Policy gradient method">Policy gradient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_process" title="Diffusion process">Diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_diffusion_model" title="Latent diffusion model">Latent diffusion model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_model" title="Autoregressive model">Autoregression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_machine_learning" title="Adversarial machine learning">Adversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrieval-augmented_generation" title="Retrieval-augmented generation">RAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">RLHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering#In-context_learning" title="Prompt engineering">In-context learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Artificial neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">NMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio–visual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_image_synthesis" title="Human image synthesis">Human image synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">HWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning_speech_synthesis" title="Deep learning speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15.ai" title="15.ai">15.ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">Facial recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Text-to-image models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(text-to-image_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (text-to-image model)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Firefly" title="Adobe Firefly">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(text-to-image_model)" title="Flux (text-to-image model)">Flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Brain#Text-to-image_model" title="Google Brain">Imagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Text-to-video models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Machine_(text-to-video_model)" title="Dream Machine (text-to-video model)">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway_(company)#Gen-3_Alpha" title="Runway (company)">Gen-3 Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniMax_(company)#Hailuo_AI" title="MiniMax (company)">Hailuo AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kling_(text-to-video_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kling (text-to-video model)">Kling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind#Video_model" title="Google DeepMind">Veo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music generation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suno_AI" title="Suno AI">Suno AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udio" title="Udio">Udio</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seq2seq" title="Seq2seq">Seq2seq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GloVe" title="GloVe">GloVe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T5_(language_model)" title="T5 (language model)">T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchilla_(language_model)" title="Chinchilla (language model)">Chinchilla AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaLM" title="PaLM">PaLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">GPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-J" title="GPT-J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">chatbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" title="Grok (chatbot)">Grok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLOOM_(language_model)" title="BLOOM (language model)">BLOOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Debater" title="Project Debater">Project Debater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">IBM Watsonx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_PanGu" title="Huawei PanGu">PanGu-Σ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSeek" title="DeepSeek">DeepSeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwen" title="Qwen">Qwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decisional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_selection" title="Action selection">Action selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_control" title="Robot control">Robot control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren Sturgis McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester_(computer_scientist)" title="Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist)">Nathaniel Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Shaw" title="Cliff Shaw">Cliff Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Selfridge" title="Oliver Selfridge">Oliver Selfridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Rosenblatt" title="Frank Rosenblatt">Frank Rosenblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Widrow" title="Bernard Widrow">Bernard Widrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seppo_Linnainmaa" title="Seppo Linnainmaa">Seppo Linnainmaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Werbos" title="Paul Werbos">Paul Werbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Jürgen Schmidhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotfi_A._Zadeh" title="Lotfi A. Zadeh">Lotfi A. Zadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Grossberg" title="Stephen Grossberg">Stephen Grossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Graves_(computer_scientist)" title="Alex Graves (computer scientist)">Alex Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei-Fei_Li" title="Fei-Fei Li">Fei-Fei Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Krizhevsky" title="Alex Krizhevsky">Alex Krizhevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Silver_(computer_scientist)" title="David Silver (computer scientist)">David Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Goodfellow" title="Ian Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Karpathy" title="Andrej Karpathy">Andrej Karpathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Turing_machine" title="Neural Turing machine">Neural Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_neural_computer" title="Differentiable neural computer">Differentiable neural computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision transformer (ViT)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural network (RNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_short-term_memory" title="Long short-term memory">Long short-term memory (LSTM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit" title="Gated recurrent unit">Gated recurrent unit (GRU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_state_network" title="Echo state network">Echo state network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayer_perceptron" title="Multilayer perceptron">Multilayer perceptron (MLP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network (CNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_neural_network" title="Residual neural network">Residual neural network (RNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_network" title="Highway network">Highway network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Mamba (deep learning architecture)">Mamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder (VAE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network (GAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_neural_network" title="Graph neural network">Graph neural network 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