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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Detailed timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Detailed_timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Detailed timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Detailed_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hadean_Eon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadean_Eon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hadean Eon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadean_Eon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archean_Eon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archean_Eon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Archean Eon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archean_Eon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proterozoic_Eon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proterozoic_Eon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Proterozoic Eon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proterozoic_Eon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phanerozoic_Eon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phanerozoic_Eon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Phanerozoic Eon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phanerozoic_Eon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palaeozoic_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeozoic_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Palaeozoic Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaeozoic_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesozoic_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesozoic_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Mesozoic Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesozoic_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cenozoic_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cenozoic_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Cenozoic Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cenozoic_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the evolutionary history of life</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="التسلسل الزمني للتاريخ التطوري للحياة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التسلسل الزمني للتاريخ التطوري للحياة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE" title="জীবনের বিবর্তনিক ইতিহাসের কালক্রম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীবনের বিবর্তনিক ইতিহাসের কালক্রম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_cronol%C3%B2gica_de_l%27evoluci%C3%B3" title="Taula cronològica de l'evolució – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taula cronològica de l'evolució" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llinell_amser_esblygiad_bywyd" title="Llinell amser esblygiad bywyd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llinell amser esblygiad bywyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidslinje_for_livets_evolutionshistorie" title="Tidslinje for livets evolutionshistorie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tidslinje for livets evolutionshistorie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Cronolog%C3%ADa_de_la_historia_evolutiva_de_la_vida" title="Anexo:Cronología de la historia evolutiva de la vida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Cronología de la historia evolutiva de la vida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سیر زمانی تاریخ فرگشتی حیات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیر زمانی تاریخ فرگشتی حیات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_de_l%27%C3%A9volution_du_vivant" title="Chronologie de l'évolution du vivant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chronologie de l'évolution du vivant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94%EC%82%AC_%EC%97%B0%ED%91%9C" title="생명진화사 연표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생명진화사 연표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="पृथ्वी पर जीवन के अस्तित्व का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पृथ्वी पर जीवन के अस्तित्व का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronologija_evolucijske_povijesti_%C5%BEivota" title="Kronologija evolucijske povijesti života – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kronologija evolucijske povijesti života" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_waktu_Tata_Surya" title="Garis waktu Tata Surya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Garis waktu Tata Surya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_dell%27evoluzione_della_vita" title="Cronologia dell'evoluzione della vita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cronologia dell'evoluzione della vita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ציר הזמן של ההיסטוריה האבולוציונית של החיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציר הזמן של ההיסטוריה האבולוציונית של החיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ევოლუციის ქრონოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევოლუციის ქრონოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="خط زمنى للتطور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خط زمنى للتطور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidslinje_over_livets_evolusjonshistorie" title="Tidslinje over livets evolusjonshistorie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tidslinje over livets evolusjonshistorie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Cronologia da evolução – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cronologia da evolução" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_istoriei_evolutive_a_vie%C8%9Bii" title="Cronologia istoriei evolutive a vieții – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cronologia istoriei evolutive a vieții" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Хронология эволюции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хронология эволюции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hronologija_evolucije" title="Hronologija evolucije – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hronologija evolucije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronologija_evolucije" title="Kronologija evolucije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kronologija evolucije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="ประวัติศาสตร์วิวัฒนาการของสิ่งมีชีวิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประวัติศาสตร์วิวัฒนาการของสิ่งมีชีวิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9Fam%C4%B1n_evrimsel_tarihi_kronolojisi" title="Yaşamın evrimsel tarihi kronolojisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaşamın evrimsel tarihi kronolojisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Хронологія еволюції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хронологія еволюції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2ng_th%E1%BB%9Di_gian_l%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_ti%E1%BA%BFn_h%C3%B3a_c%E1%BB%A7a_s%E1%BB%B1_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Dòng thời gian lịch sử tiến hóa của sự sống – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dòng thời gian lịch sử tiến hóa của sự sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_evolution&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of evolution">Timeline of evolution</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History of evolutionary thought</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more systematic coverage, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a>.</div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:29.95em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Life timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_timeline" title="Template:Life timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_timeline" title="Template talk:Life timeline"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:49.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:48.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:46.81em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.43em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:44.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:42.68em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:41.30em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:39.92em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:38.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.17em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.42em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:33.04em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.66em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.16em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.78em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.40em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.03em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.65em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.90em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.52em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.77em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.39em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.01em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.26em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.51em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.13em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.75em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.38em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e5cc7f;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:50.000em;left:0.910em;width:12.090em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-25.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.053em;height:4.537em;left:1.040em;width:11.960em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.269em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Water</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:44.053em;left:1.040em;width:0.130em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-22.026em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:38.546em;height:5.507em;left:1.170em;width:11.830em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.753em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">Single-celled life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.546em;left:1.170em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.273em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:23.128em;height:15.419em;left:1.430em;width:11.570em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.709em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_photosynthesis" title="Evolution of photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:23.128em;left:1.430em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.564em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:17.621em;height:5.507em;left:1.690em;width:11.310em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.753em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:17.621em;left:1.690em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.811em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.958em;height:11.663em;left:1.950em;width:11.050em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.831em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellular life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:5.958em;left:1.950em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.982em;height:7.379em;left:2.210em;width:1.170em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.689em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;">P<br />l<br />a<br />n<br />t<br />s</span></a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.982em;left:2.210em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.991em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.203em;height:3.756em;left:3.380em;width:9.620em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.878em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffff00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.982em;left:2.470em;width:3.510em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.53em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.991em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant#Evolutionary_history" title="Flowering plant">Flowers</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.721em;height:2.583em;left:3.380em;width:5.070em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.291em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.203em;left:8.580em;width:4.420em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.101em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.606em;height:1.597em;left:8.450em;width:4.290em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.15em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.798em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.333em;left:5.980em;width:2.600em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.225em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.666em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffbbbb;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.606em;left:8.710em;width:4.030em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.303em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#993c00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.053em;height:5.947em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.974em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.80em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean"><span style="color:#ffffff;">H<br />a<br />d<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.533em;height:16.520em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.2em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.260em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:#ffffff;"><br /><br /><br />A<br />r<br />c<br />h<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.958em;height:21.575em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-10.787em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P<br />r<br />o<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:5.958em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">P<br />h<br />a<br />n<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:8.260em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.130em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.203em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.101em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:11.05em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Earth formed</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:48.568em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Earliest water</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:47.907em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">LUCA</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:44.053em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest fossils</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.952em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">LHB meteorites</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:38.546em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Earliest oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:31.278em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Pongola_glaciation" title="Pongola glaciation">Pongola glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:25.330em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Atmospheric oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:24.780em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Huronian_glaciation" title="Huronian glaciation">Huronian glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.026em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction#Origin_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.621em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Francevillian_biota" title="Francevillian biota">Earliest multicellular life</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:16.520em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Earliest fungi</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:9.361em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Earliest plants</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.260em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Caveasphaera" title="Caveasphaera">Earliest animals</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:7.489em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:6.993em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran biota</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:5.958em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.15em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:4.956em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Hirnantian_glaciation" title="Hirnantian glaciation">Hirnantian glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:4.075em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Earliest tetrapods</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:3.304em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse" title="Late Paleozoic icehouse">Karoo ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.275em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.3em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Earliest apes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.018em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.8em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div><div style="float:right;font-size:95%;">*<i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Ice Ages</a></i></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>timeline of the evolutionary history of life</b> represents the current <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific theory</a> outlining the major events during the development of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> on planet <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Dates in this article are consensus estimates based on <a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific evidence</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> is any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of <a href="/wiki/Biological_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological organization">biological organization</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdoms</a> to <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, and individual <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>. The similarities between all present day organisms imply a <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">common ancestor</a> from which all known species, living and <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a>, have diverged. More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived (over five billion)<sup id="cite_ref-Book-Biology_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book-Biology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are estimated to be <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million,<sup id="cite_ref-MillerSpoolman2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerSpoolman2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with about 1.2 million or 14% documented, the rest <a href="/wiki/Undescribed_taxon" title="Undescribed taxon">not yet described</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PLoS-20110823_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLoS-20110823-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a 2016 report estimates an additional 1 trillion microbial species, with only 0.001% described.<sup id="cite_ref-NSF-2016002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSF-2016002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been controversy between more traditional views of steadily increasing <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, and a newer view of cycles of annihilation and diversification, so that certain past times, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>, experienced maximums of diversity followed by sharp winnowing.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extinction">Extinction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geological_time_spiral.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Geological_time_spiral.png/240px-Geological_time_spiral.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Geological_time_spiral.png/360px-Geological_time_spiral.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Geological_time_spiral.png/480px-Geological_time_spiral.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption>Visual representation of the history of life on Earth as a spiral</figcaption></figure> <p>Species go extinct constantly as environments change, as organisms compete for environmental niches, and as genetic mutation leads to the rise of new species from older ones. At long irregular intervals, Earth's biosphere suffers a catastrophic die-off, a <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often comprising an accumulation of smaller extinction events over a relatively brief period.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first known mass extinction was the <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation Event</a> 2.4 billion years ago, which killed most of the planet's <a href="/wiki/Obligate_anaerobe" title="Obligate anaerobe">obligate anaerobes</a>. Researchers have identified five other major extinction events in Earth's history, with estimated losses below:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician_mass_extinction" title="Late Ordovician mass extinction">End Ordovician</a>: 440 million years ago, 86% of all species lost, including <a href="/wiki/Graptolite" title="Graptolite">graptolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction" title="Late Devonian extinction">Late Devonian</a>: 375 million years ago, 75% of species lost, including most <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">End Permian</a>, The Great Dying: 251 million years ago, 96% of species lost, including <a href="/wiki/Tabulate_coral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabulate coral">tabulate corals</a>, and most trees and <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">End Triassic</a>: 200 million years ago, 80% of species lost, including all <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">End Cretaceous</a>: 66 million years ago, 76% of species lost, including all <a href="/wiki/Ammonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonite">ammonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosasaur" title="Mosasaur">mosasaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plesiosaur" title="Plesiosaur">plesiosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>, and nonavian <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a></li></ul> <p>Smaller extinction events have occurred in the periods between, with some dividing <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geologic time</a> periods and epochs. The <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a> event is currently under way.<sup id="cite_ref-pnas98_1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas98_1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Factors in mass extinctions include <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a>, changes in atmospheric and marine <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a> and other aspects of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">mountain formation</a>, changes in <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a>, changes in <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact events</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detailed_timeline">Detailed timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Detailed timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this timeline, <b><a href="/wiki/Ma_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma (unit)">Ma</a></b> (for <i>megaannum</i>) means "million years ago," <b>ka</b> (for <i>kiloannum</i>) means "thousand years ago," and <b>ya</b> means "years ago." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hadean_Eon">Hadean Eon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hadean Eon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FullMoon2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/240px-FullMoon2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/360px-FullMoon2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/480px-FullMoon2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean</a></div> <p>4540 Ma – 4031 Ma </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4540 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the Earth">Planet Earth forms</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Accretion disc">accretion disc</a> revolving around the young <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, perhaps preceded by formation of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> necessary for life in the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">cosmic dust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Space-20120329_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20120329-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4510 Ma </td> <td>According to the <a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">giant-impact hypothesis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> originated when Earth and the hypothesized planet <a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a> collided, sending into orbit myriad moonlets which eventually coalesced into our single Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moon's gravitational pull <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">stabilised</a> Earth's fluctuating <a href="/wiki/Rotation_around_a_fixed_axis" title="Rotation around a fixed axis">axis of rotation</a>, setting up regular climatic conditions favoring <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4404 Ma </td> <td>Evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth#History_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">first liquid water</a> on Earth which were found in the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a> crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4280–3770 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest possible appearance of life</a> on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170301_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170301-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20170301_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170301-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-20170301_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20170301-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4.3b_oldest_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4.3b_oldest-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archean_Eon">Archean Eon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Archean Eon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acasta_gneiss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Acasta_gneiss.jpg/240px-Acasta_gneiss.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Acasta_gneiss.jpg/360px-Acasta_gneiss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Acasta_gneiss.jpg/480px-Acasta_gneiss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of the <a href="/wiki/Acasta_Gneiss" title="Acasta Gneiss">Acasta Gneiss</a> exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Naturhistorisches_Museum_(Vienna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturhistorisches Museum (Vienna)">Museum of Natural History</a> in Vienna</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg/240px-Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg/360px-Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg/480px-Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacterial</a>-algal mat, salty lake on the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> seaside</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halobacteria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg/240px-Halobacteria.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Halobacterium" title="Halobacterium">Halobacterium</a></i> sp. strain NRC-1</figcaption></figure> <p>4031 Ma – 2500 Ma </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>4100 Ma </td> <td>Earliest possible preservation of biogenic carbon.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4100–3800 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a> (LHB): extended barrage by meteoroids <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impacting</a> the inner planets. Thermal flux from widespread <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal">hydrothermal</a> activity during the LHB may have aided abiogenesis and life's early diversification.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible remains of <a href="/wiki/Biotic_material" title="Biotic material">biotic life</a> were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20151019_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20151019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Probable origin of life. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4000 Ma </td> <td>Formation of a <a href="/wiki/Greenstone_belt" title="Greenstone belt">greenstone belt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Acasta_Gneiss" title="Acasta Gneiss">Acasta Gneiss</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Slave_craton" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave craton">Slave craton</a> in northwest Canada - the oldest known rock belt.<sup id="cite_ref-Bjornerud_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bjornerud-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">3900–2500 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cells</a> resembling <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a> appear.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These first organisms are believed to have been <a href="/wiki/Chemotroph" title="Chemotroph">chemoautotrophs</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> source and <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidizing</a> inorganic materials to extract energy. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">3800 Ma </td> <td>Formation of a greenstone belt of the <a href="/wiki/Isua_Greenstone_Belt" title="Isua Greenstone Belt">Isua</a> complex in western <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, whose isotope frequencies suggest the presence of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Bjornerud_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bjornerud-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence for life on Earth includes: 3.8 billion-year-old <a href="/wiki/Biogenic_substance" title="Biogenic substance">biogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">banded iron formation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nuvvuagittuq_Greenstone_Belt" title="Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt">Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt</a> in Canada;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> in 3.7 billion-year-old <a href="/wiki/Metasediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Metasediment"> metasedimentary rocks</a> in western Greenland;<sup id="cite_ref-NG-20131208_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20131208-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">microbial mat</a> <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> in 3.48 billion-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20131113_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20131113-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AST-20131108_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AST-20131108-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">3800–3500 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">Last universal common ancestor</a> (LUCA):<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> split between <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>Bacteria develop primitive <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, which at first did not produce <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These organisms exploit a <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_gradient" title="Electrochemical gradient">proton gradient</a> to generate <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> (ATP), a mechanism used by virtually all subsequent organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">3000 Ma </td> <td>Photosynthesizing <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> using water as a <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a> and producing oxygen as a waste product.<sup id="cite_ref-Buick,_R._2008_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buick,_R._2008-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron in the oceans, creating <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>. Oxygen concentration in the atmosphere slowly rises, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisoning</a> many bacteria and eventually triggering the <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Oxygenation Event">Great Oxygenation Event</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">2800 Ma </td> <td>Oldest evidence for microbial life on land in the form of organic matter-rich <a href="/wiki/Paleosol" title="Paleosol">paleosols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">ephemeral ponds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> sequences, some bearing <a href="/wiki/Micropaleontology" title="Micropaleontology">microfossils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beraldi-Campesi_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beraldi-Campesi-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proterozoic_Eon">Proterozoic Eon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proterozoic Eon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg/240px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg/360px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg/480px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryote</a> <a href="/wiki/Endomembrane_system" title="Endomembrane system">endomembrane system</a> and its components</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratium_furca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ceratium_furca.jpg/240px-Ceratium_furca.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ceratium_furca.jpg/360px-Ceratium_furca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ceratium_furca.jpg/480px-Ceratium_furca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Dinoflagellate <i><a href="/wiki/Ceratium_furca" title="Ceratium furca">Ceratium furca</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikrofoto.de-Blepharisma_japonicum_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mikrofoto.de-Blepharisma_japonicum_15.jpg/240px-Mikrofoto.de-Blepharisma_japonicum_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mikrofoto.de-Blepharisma_japonicum_15.jpg/360px-Mikrofoto.de-Blepharisma_japonicum_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mikrofoto.de-Blepharisma_japonicum_15.jpg/480px-Mikrofoto.de-Blepharisma_japonicum_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Blepharisma_japonicum" title="Blepharisma japonicum">Blepharisma japonicum</a></i>, a free-living <a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">ciliated</a> <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DickinsoniaCostata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/240px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/360px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/480px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dickinsonia" title="Dickinsonia">Dickinsonia costata</a></i>, an iconic <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran organism</a>, displays the characteristic quilted appearance of Ediacaran enigmata.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a></div> <p>2500 Ma – 539 Ma. Contains the <a href="/wiki/Palaeoproterozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeoproterozoic">Palaeoproterozoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> eras. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">2500 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation Event</a> led by cyanobacteria's oxygenic photosynthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Buick,_R._2008_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buick,_R._2008-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commencement of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> with old marine crust dense enough to <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bjornerud_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bjornerud-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">2023 Ma </td> <td>Formation of the <a href="/wiki/Vredefort_impact_structure" title="Vredefort impact structure">Vredefort impact structure</a>, one of the largest and oldest verified impact structures on Earth. The crater is estimated to have been between 170–300 kilometres (110–190 mi) across when it first formed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">By 1850 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotic</a> cells, containing membrane-bound <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a> with diverse functions, probably derived from prokaryotes engulfing each other via <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">Symbiogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">Endosymbiont</a>). Bacterial viruses (<a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophages</a>) emerge before or soon after the divergence of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Red_beds" title="Red beds">Red beds</a> show an oxidising atmosphere, favouring the spread of eukaryotic life.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">1500 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volyn_biota" title="Volyn biota">Volyn biota</a>, a collection of exceptionally well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Microfossil" title="Microfossil">microfossils</a> with varying morphologies.<sup id="cite_ref-fra2022_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fra2022-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">1300 Ma </td> <td>Earliest land <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">By 1200 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sexual reproduction</a> in single-celled eukaryotes, possibly even in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in the <a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a> may have increased the rate of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-dateref_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dateref-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">By 1000 Ma </td> <td>First non-marine eukaryotes move onto land. They were photosynthetic and multicellular, indicating that plants evolved much earlier than originally thought.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP'"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">750 Ma </td> <td>Beginning of <a href="/wiki/Animal#Evolutionary_origin" title="Animal">animal evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20191127_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20191127-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BE-20161205_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BE-20161205-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">720–630 Ma </td> <td>Possible <a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">global glaciation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman1998_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman1998-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which increased the atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and decreased <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and was either <i>caused</i> by land plant evolution<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>resulted</i> in it.<sup id="cite_ref-Zarsky-et-al-2022_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarsky-et-al-2022-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opinion is divided on whether it increased or decreased biodiversity or the rate of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corsetti2006_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corsetti2006-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">600 Ma </td> <td>Accumulation of atmospheric oxygen allows the formation of an <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Formation_of_the_Ozone_Layer_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formation_of_the_Ozone_Layer-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous land-based life would probably have required other chemicals to attenuate <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-Beraldi-Campesi_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beraldi-Campesi-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="Right" nowrap="">580–542 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran biota</a>, the first large, complex aquatic multicellular organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">580–500 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>: most modern animal <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a> appear.<sup id="cite_ref-BerkeleyCambrian_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerkeleyCambrian-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BristolUCEtiming_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BristolUCEtiming-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">550–540 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a> (comb jellies),<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Porifera</a> (sponges),<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anthozoa" title="Anthozoa">Anthozoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemones</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ikaria_wariootia" title="Ikaria wariootia">Ikaria wariootia</a></i> (an early <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilaterian</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phanerozoic_Eon">Phanerozoic Eon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phanerozoic Eon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a></div> <p>539 Ma – present </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a> Eon (Greek: period of well-displayed life) marks the appearance in the fossil record of abundant, shell-forming and/or trace-making organisms. It is subdivided into three eras, the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>, with major <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinctions</a> at division points. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palaeozoic_Era">Palaeozoic Era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Palaeozoic Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Special:EditPage/Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22">"Timeline of the evolutionary history of life"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>538.8 Ma – 251.9 Ma and contains the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> periods. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nautilus_belauensis_profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nautilus_belauensis_profile.jpg/240px-Nautilus_belauensis_profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nautilus_belauensis_profile.jpg/360px-Nautilus_belauensis_profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nautilus_belauensis_profile.jpg/480px-Nautilus_belauensis_profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>With only a handful of species surviving today, the <a href="/wiki/Nautiloid" title="Nautiloid">Nautiloids</a> flourished during the early <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleozoic era">Paleozoic era</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cambrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Cambrian">Late Cambrian</a>, where they constituted the main predatory animals.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haikouichthys_3d.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Haikouichthys_3d.png/240px-Haikouichthys_3d.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Haikouichthys_3d.png/360px-Haikouichthys_3d.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Haikouichthys_3d.png/480px-Haikouichthys_3d.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Haikouichthys" title="Haikouichthys">Haikouichthys</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Jawless_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawless fish">jawless fish</a>, is popularized as one of the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">earliest fishes</a> and probably a basal <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordate</a> or a basal <a href="/wiki/Craniate" title="Craniate">craniate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa-fern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sa-fern.jpg/240px-Sa-fern.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sa-fern.jpg/360px-Sa-fern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sa-fern.jpg/480px-Sa-fern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferns" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferns">Ferns</a> first appear in the fossil record about 360 million years ago in the late <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimetrodon_grandis_3D_Model_Reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dimetrodon_grandis_3D_Model_Reconstruction.png/240px-Dimetrodon_grandis_3D_Model_Reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dimetrodon_grandis_3D_Model_Reconstruction.png/360px-Dimetrodon_grandis_3D_Model_Reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dimetrodon_grandis_3D_Model_Reconstruction.png/480px-Dimetrodon_grandis_3D_Model_Reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">Synapsids</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dimetrodon" title="Dimetrodon">Dimetrodon</a></i> were the largest <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">terrestrial vertebrates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> period, 299 to 251 million years ago.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">535 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Major diversification</a> of living things in the oceans: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> (e.g. trilobites, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chordates" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordates">chordates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" title="Radiolaria">radiolarians</a>, etc. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">530 Ma </td> <td>The first known footprints on land date to 530 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">520 Ma </td> <td>Earliest <a href="/wiki/Graptolithina" class="mw-redirect" title="Graptolithina">graptolites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">511 Ma </td> <td>Earliest <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">505 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fossil#Fossilization_processes" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale" title="Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">500 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">Jellyfish</a> have existed since at least this time. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">485 Ma </td> <td>First vertebrates with true bones (<a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">jawless fishes</a>). </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">450 Ma </td> <td>First complete <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodonts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">echinoids</a> appear. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">440 Ma </td> <td>First agnathan fishes: <a href="/wiki/Heterostraci" title="Heterostraci">Heterostraci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galeaspida" title="Galeaspida">Galeaspida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pituriaspida" title="Pituriaspida">Pituriaspida</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">420 Ma </td> <td>Earliest <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">ray-finned fishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigonotarbida" title="Trigonotarbida">trigonotarbid arachnids</a>, and land <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garwood_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garwood-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">410 Ma </td> <td>First signs of teeth in fish. Earliest <a href="/wiki/Nautilida" title="Nautilida">Nautilida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">lycophytes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trimerophytopsida" title="Trimerophytopsida">trimerophytes</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">488–400 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nautiloid" title="Nautiloid">nautiloids</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">chitons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">395 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charales" title="Charales">stoneworts</a>. Earliest <a href="/wiki/Opiliones" title="Opiliones">harvestmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">hexapods</a> (<a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">springtails</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ammonoidea" title="Ammonoidea">ammonoids</a>. The earliest known tracks on land named the <a href="/wiki/Zachelmie_trackways" title="Zachelmie trackways">Zachelmie trackways</a> which are possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Ichthyostegalia" title="Ichthyostegalia">icthyostegalians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">375 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiktaalik" title="Tiktaalik">Tiktaalik</a>, a lobe-finned fish with some anatomical features similar to early tetrapods. It has been suggested to be a transitional species between fish and tetrapods.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">365 Ma </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthostega" title="Acanthostega">Acanthostega</a></i> is one of the earliest vertebrates capable of walking.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">363 Ma </td> <td>By the start of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> Period, the Earth begins to resemble its present state. Insects roamed the land and would soon take to the skies; <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> swam the oceans as top predators,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and vegetation covered the land, with <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">seed-bearing plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> soon to flourish. <p>Four-limbed tetrapods gradually gain adaptations which will help them occupy a terrestrial life-habit. </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">360 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte" title="Pteridophyte">ferns</a>. Land flora dominated by <a href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">seed ferns</a>. The Xinhang forest grows around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">350 Ma </td> <td>First large sharks, <a href="/wiki/Chimaeridae" title="Chimaeridae">ratfishes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a>; first crown <a href="/wiki/Tetrapods" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapods">tetrapods</a> (with five digits and no fins and scales). </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">350 Ma </td> <td>Diversification of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">325-335 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">330-320 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniote</a> vertebrates (<i><a href="/wiki/Paleothyris" title="Paleothyris">Paleothyris</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">320 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">Synapsids</a> (precursors to mammals) separate from <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">sauropsids</a> (reptiles) in late Carboniferous.<sup id="cite_ref-Amniota_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amniota-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">305 Ma </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_rainforest_collapse" title="Carboniferous rainforest collapse">Carboniferous rainforest collapse</a> occurs, causing a minor extinction event, as well as paving the way for amniotes to become dominant over amphibians and seed plants over ferns and lycophytes. <p>First <a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">diapsid</a> reptiles (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Petrolacosaurus" title="Petrolacosaurus">Petrolacosaurus</a></i>). </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">280 Ma </td> <td>Earliest <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, seed plants and <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">conifers</a> diversify while <a href="/wiki/Lepidodendrales" title="Lepidodendrales">lepidodendrids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equisetopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Equisetopsida">sphenopsids</a> decrease. <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Terrestrial</a> temnospondyl amphibians and pelycosaurs (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Dimetrodon" title="Dimetrodon">Dimetrodon</a></i>) diversify in species. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">275 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">Therapsid</a> synapsids separate from pelycosaur synapsids. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">265 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsians</a> appear in the fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">251.9–251.4 Ma </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a> eliminates over 90-95% of marine species. Terrestrial organisms were not as seriously affected as the marine biota. This "clearing of the slate" may have led to an ensuing diversification, but life on land took 30 million years to completely recover.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mesozoic_Era">Mesozoic Era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mesozoic Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Special:EditPage/Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22">"Timeline of the evolutionary history of life"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utatsusaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Utatsusaurus_BW.jpg/240px-Utatsusaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Utatsusaurus_BW.jpg/360px-Utatsusaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Utatsusaurus_BW.jpg/480px-Utatsusaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Utatsusaurus" title="Utatsusaurus">Utatsusaurus</a></i> is the earliest-known <a href="/wiki/Ichthyopterygia" title="Ichthyopterygia">ichthyopterygian</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateosaurus_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Plateosaurus_panorama.jpg/240px-Plateosaurus_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Plateosaurus_panorama.jpg/360px-Plateosaurus_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Plateosaurus_panorama.jpg/480px-Plateosaurus_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4915" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Plateosaurus_engelhardti" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateosaurus engelhardti">Plateosaurus engelhardti</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cycas_circinalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cycas_circinalis.jpg/240px-Cycas_circinalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cycas_circinalis.jpg/360px-Cycas_circinalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cycas_circinalis.jpg/480px-Cycas_circinalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">Cycas circinalis</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyrannosaurus_Rex_Jane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tyrannosaurus_Rex_Jane.jpg/240px-Tyrannosaurus_Rex_Jane.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tyrannosaurus_Rex_Jane.jpg/360px-Tyrannosaurus_Rex_Jane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tyrannosaurus_Rex_Jane.jpg/480px-Tyrannosaurus_Rex_Jane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>For about 150 million years, <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> were the dominant land animals on Earth.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 251.9 Ma to 66 Ma and containing the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> periods. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">250 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic_marine_revolution" title="Mesozoic marine revolution">Mesozoic marine revolution</a> begins: increasingly well adapted and diverse predators stress <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessility (zoology)">sessile</a> marine groups; the "balance of power" in the oceans shifts dramatically as some groups of prey adapt more rapidly and effectively than others. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">250 Ma </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Triadobatrachus_massinoti" class="mw-redirect" title="Triadobatrachus massinoti">Triadobatrachus massinoti</a></i> is the earliest known frog. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">248 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paddlefish" title="Paddlefish">paddlefish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acipenseridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acipenseridae">Acipenseridae</a>) first appear. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">245 Ma </td> <td>Earliest <a href="/wiki/Ichthyopterygia" title="Ichthyopterygia">ichthyosaurs</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">240 Ma </td> <td>Increase in diversity of <a href="/wiki/Eucynodontia" title="Eucynodontia">cynodonts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhynchosaur" title="Rhynchosaur">rhynchosaurs</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">225 Ma </td> <td>Earliest dinosaurs (<a href="/wiki/Plateosauridae" title="Plateosauridae">prosauropods</a>), first <a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">cardiid</a> <a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">bivalves</a>, diversity in <a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">bennettitaleans</a>, and conifers. First <a href="/wiki/Teleostei" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleostei">teleost</a> fishes. First mammals (<i><a href="/wiki/Adelobasileus" title="Adelobasileus">Adelobasileus</a></i>). </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">220 Ma </td> <td>Seed-producing <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a> forests dominate the land; herbivores grow to huge sizes to accommodate the large guts necessary to digest the nutrient-poor plants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> First <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Odontochelys" title="Odontochelys">Odontochelys</a></i>). First <a href="/wiki/Coelophysoidea" title="Coelophysoidea">coelophysoid</a> dinosaurs. First <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> from small-sized <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">cynodonts</a>, which transitioned towards a nocturnal, insectivorous, and endothermic lifestyle. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">205 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Massive Triassic/Jurassic extinction</a>. It wipes out all <a href="/wiki/Pseudosuchia" title="Pseudosuchia">pseudosuchians</a> except <a href="/wiki/Crocodylomorphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodylomorphs">crocodylomorphs</a>, who transitioned to an aquatic habitat, while <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a> took over the land and <a href="/wiki/Pterosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterosaurs">pterosaurs</a> filled the air. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td style="text-align:RIGHT;" nowrap="">200 Ma </td> <td>First accepted evidence for <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> infecting eukaryotic cells (the group <a href="/wiki/Geminiviridae" title="Geminiviridae">Geminiviridae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, viruses are still poorly understood and may have arisen before "life" itself, or may be a more recent phenomenon. <p>Major extinctions in terrestrial vertebrates and large amphibians. Earliest examples of <a href="/wiki/Thyreophora" title="Thyreophora">armoured dinosaurs</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">195 Ma </td> <td>First pterosaurs with specialized feeding (<i><a href="/wiki/Dorygnathus" title="Dorygnathus">Dorygnathus</a></i>). First <a href="/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda">sauropod</a> dinosaurs. Diversification in small, <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">ornithischian</a> dinosaurs: <a href="/wiki/Heterodontosauridae" title="Heterodontosauridae">heterodontosaurids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabrosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrosauridae">fabrosaurids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scelidosaurus" title="Scelidosaurus">scelidosaurids</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">190 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pliosauroidea" title="Pliosauroidea">Pliosauroids</a> appear in the fossil record. First <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">lepidopteran insects</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Archaeolepis" title="Archaeolepis">Archaeolepis</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Hermit_crab" title="Hermit crab">hermit crabs</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>, irregular echinoids, <a href="/wiki/Corbulidae" title="Corbulidae">corbulid</a> bivalves, and <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">tubulipore bryozoans</a>. Extensive development of <a href="/wiki/Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">sponge reefs</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">176 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Stegosauria" title="Stegosauria">Stegosaurian</a> dinosaurs. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">170 Ma </td> <td>Earliest <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newt" title="Newt">newts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptoclididae" title="Cryptoclididae">cryptoclidids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elasmosauridae" title="Elasmosauridae">elasmosaurid</a> <a href="/wiki/Plesiosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiosauria">plesiosaurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cladotheria" title="Cladotheria">cladotherian</a> mammals. Sauropod dinosaurs diversify. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">168 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">165 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycymerididae" title="Glycymerididae">glycymeridid</a> bivalves. First <a href="/wiki/Vampire_squid" title="Vampire squid">vampire squids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">163 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pterodactyloidea" title="Pterodactyloidea">Pterodactyloid</a> pterosaurs first appear.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">161 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ceratopsia" title="Ceratopsia">Ceratopsian</a> dinosaurs appear in the fossil record (<i><a href="/wiki/Yinlong" title="Yinlong">Yinlong</a></i>) and the oldest known eutherian mammal: <i><a href="/wiki/Juramaia" title="Juramaia">Juramaia</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">160 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multituberculata" title="Multituberculata">Multituberculate</a> mammals (genus <i><a href="/wiki/Rugosodon" title="Rugosodon">Rugosodon</a></i>) appear in eastern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">155 Ma </td> <td>First blood-sucking insects (<a href="/wiki/Ceratopogonidae" title="Ceratopogonidae">ceratopogonids</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rudists" title="Rudists">rudist</a> bivalves, and <a href="/wiki/Cheilostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheilostomata">cheilostome</a> bryozoans. <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i>, a possible ancestor to the birds, appears in the fossil record, along with <a href="/wiki/Triconodontidae" title="Triconodontidae">triconodontid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symmetrodonta" title="Symmetrodonta">symmetrodont</a> mammals. Diversity in <a href="/wiki/Stegosauria" title="Stegosauria">stegosaurian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropod">theropod</a> dinosaurs. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">131 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine trees</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">140 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orb-weaver_spider" title="Orb-weaver spider">Orb-weaver</a> spiders appear. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">135 Ma </td> <td>Rise of the <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">angiosperms</a>. Some of these flowering plants bear structures that attract insects and other animals to spread <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>; other angiosperms are pollinated by wind or water. This innovation causes a major burst of animal <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolution</a>. First freshwater <a href="/wiki/Pelomedusidae" title="Pelomedusidae">pelomedusid</a> turtles. Earliest <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">120 Ma </td> <td>Oldest fossils of <a href="/wiki/Heterokont" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokont">heterokonts</a>, including both marine <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dictyochales" title="Dictyochales">silicoflagellates</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">115 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotreme</a> mammals. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">114 Ma </td> <td>Earliest <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bees-argentina_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bees-argentina-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">112 Ma </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Xiphactinus" title="Xiphactinus">Xiphactinus</a></i>, a large predatory fish, appears in the fossil record. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">110 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Hesperornithes" title="Hesperornithes">hesperornithes</a>, toothed diving birds. Earliest <a href="/wiki/Limopsidae" title="Limopsidae">limopsid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verticordiidae" title="Verticordiidae">verticordiid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thyasiridae" title="Thyasiridae">thyasirid</a> bivalves. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">100 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">100–95 Ma </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurus" title="Spinosaurus">Spinosaurus</a></i> appears in the fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">95 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a> evolve.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">90 Ma </td> <td>Extinction of ichthyosaurs. Earliest <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuculanidae" title="Nuculanidae">nuculanid</a> bivalves. Large diversification in angiosperms: <a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">magnoliids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">rosids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">hamamelidids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">monocots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>. Earliest examples of <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a>. Probable origins of <a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">placental</a> mammals (earliest undisputed fossil evidence is 66 Ma). </td></tr> <tr> <td>86–76 Ma </td> <td>Diversification of therian mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">70 Ma </td> <td>Multituberculate mammals increase in diversity. First <a href="/wiki/Yoldiidae" title="Yoldiidae">yoldiid</a> bivalves. First possible <a href="/wiki/Ungulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungulates">ungulates</a> (<i>Protungulatum</i>). </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">68–66 Ma </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus</a></i>, the largest terrestrial predator of western <a href="/wiki/Laramidia" title="Laramidia">North America</a>, appears in the fossil record. First species of <i><a href="/wiki/Triceratops" title="Triceratops">Triceratops</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cenozoic_Era">Cenozoic Era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cenozoic Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Special:EditPage/Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22">"Timeline of the evolutionary history of life"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Timeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>66 Ma – present </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patriofelis-mount.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Patriofelis-mount.jpg/240px-Patriofelis-mount.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Patriofelis-mount.jpg/360px-Patriofelis-mount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Patriofelis-mount.jpg/480px-Patriofelis-mount.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>Mount of oxyaenid <i><a href="/wiki/Patriofelis" title="Patriofelis">Patriofelis</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icaronycteris_index.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Icaronycteris_index.jpg/240px-Icaronycteris_index.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Icaronycteris_index.jpg/360px-Icaronycteris_index.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Icaronycteris_index.jpg/480px-Icaronycteris_index.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>The bat <i><a href="/wiki/Icaronycteris" title="Icaronycteris">Icaronycteris</a></i> appeared 52.2 million years ago</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grassflowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Grassflowers.jpg/240px-Grassflowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Grassflowers.jpg/360px-Grassflowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Grassflowers.jpg/480px-Grassflowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>Grass flowers</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1064376_-_Megafauna_-_Museu_Nacional_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_UFRJ_-_22_Outubro_2010_-_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/1064376_-_Megafauna_-_Museu_Nacional_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_UFRJ_-_22_Outubro_2010_-_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Brazil.jpg/240px-1064376_-_Megafauna_-_Museu_Nacional_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_UFRJ_-_22_Outubro_2010_-_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/1064376_-_Megafauna_-_Museu_Nacional_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_UFRJ_-_22_Outubro_2010_-_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Brazil.jpg/360px-1064376_-_Megafauna_-_Museu_Nacional_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_UFRJ_-_22_Outubro_2010_-_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/1064376_-_Megafauna_-_Museu_Nacional_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_UFRJ_-_22_Outubro_2010_-_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Brazil.jpg/480px-1064376_-_Megafauna_-_Museu_Nacional_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_UFRJ_-_22_Outubro_2010_-_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed skeletons of <a href="/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">flightless</a> <a href="/wiki/Paraphysornis" title="Paraphysornis">terror bird</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ground_sloth" title="Ground sloth">ground sloth</a> at the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diprotodon_optatum_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Diprotodon_optatum_%282%29.jpg/240px-Diprotodon_optatum_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Diprotodon_optatum_%282%29.jpg/360px-Diprotodon_optatum_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Diprotodon_optatum_%282%29.jpg/480px-Diprotodon_optatum_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4710" data-file-height="2778" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Diprotodon" title="Diprotodon">Diprotodon</a></i> went extinct about 40,000 years ago as part of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">Quaternary extinction event</a>, along with every other Australian creature over 100 kg (220 lb).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homo_floresiensis_v_2-0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Homo_floresiensis_v_2-0.jpg/240px-Homo_floresiensis_v_2-0.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Homo_floresiensis_v_2-0.jpg/360px-Homo_floresiensis_v_2-0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Homo_floresiensis_v_2-0.jpg/480px-Homo_floresiensis_v_2-0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>50,000 years ago several different <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human species</a> coexisted on Earth including modern humans and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i> (pictured).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PantheraLeoAtrox1_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PantheraLeoAtrox1_%28retouched%29.jpg/240px-PantheraLeoAtrox1_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PantheraLeoAtrox1_%28retouched%29.jpg/360px-PantheraLeoAtrox1_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PantheraLeoAtrox1_%28retouched%29.jpg/480px-PantheraLeoAtrox1_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/American_lion" title="American lion">American lions</a> exceeded extant <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> in size and ranged over much of North America until 11,000 BP.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">66 Ma </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a> eradicates about half of all animal species, including <a href="/wiki/Mosasaur" title="Mosasaur">mosasaurs</a>, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, <a href="/wiki/Ammonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonite">ammonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belemnitida" title="Belemnitida">belemnites</a>, rudist and <a href="/wiki/Inoceramidae" title="Inoceramidae">inoceramid</a> bivalves, most planktic foraminifers, and all of the dinosaurs excluding the birds.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">66 Ma- </td> <td>Rapid dominance of conifers and <a href="/wiki/Ginkgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgos">ginkgos</a> in high latitudes, along with mammals becoming the dominant species. First <a href="/wiki/Psammobiidae" title="Psammobiidae">psammobiid</a> bivalves. Earliest <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>. Rapid diversification in ants. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">63 Ma </td> <td>Evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Creodonta" title="Creodonta">creodonts</a>, an important group of meat-eating (<a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a>) mammals. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">62 Ma </td> <td>Evolution of the first <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">60 Ma </td> <td>Diversification of large, <a href="/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">flightless birds</a>. Earliest true <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> along with the first <a href="/wiki/Semelidae" title="Semelidae">semelid</a> bivalves, <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">edentate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivoran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insectivora" title="Insectivora">lipotyphlan</a> mammals, and <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a>. The ancestors of the carnivorous mammals (<a href="/wiki/Miacids" class="mw-redirect" title="Miacids">miacids</a>) were alive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">59 Ma </td> <td>Earliest <a href="/wiki/Sailfish" title="Sailfish">sailfish</a> appear. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">56 Ma </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gastornis" title="Gastornis">Gastornis</a></i>, a large flightless bird, appears in the fossil record. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">55 Ma </td> <td>Modern bird groups diversify (first <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">song birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">loons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_(bird)" title="Swift (bird)">swifts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpeckers</a>), first <a href="/wiki/Archaeoceti" title="Archaeoceti">whale</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Himalayacetus" title="Himalayacetus">Himalayacetus</a></i>), earliest <a href="/wiki/Lagomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagomorph">lagomorphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillos</a>, appearance of <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">sirenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">proboscidean</a> mammals in the fossil record. Flowering plants continue to diversify. The ancestor (according to theory) of the species in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Carcharodon" title="Carcharodon">Carcharodon</a></i>, the early <a href="/wiki/Isurus" title="Isurus">mako shark</a> <i>Isurus hastalis</i>, is alive. Ungulates split into <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Artiodactyla">artiodactyla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perissodactyla" title="Perissodactyla">perissodactyla</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">some members</a> of the former returning to the sea. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">52 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> appear (<i><a href="/wiki/Onychonycteris" title="Onychonycteris">Onychonycteris</a></i>). </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">50 Ma </td> <td>Peak diversity of dinoflagellates and <a href="/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">nannofossils</a>, increase in diversity of <a href="/wiki/Pholadomyoida" class="mw-redirect" title="Pholadomyoida">anomalodesmatan</a> and heteroconch bivalves, <a href="/wiki/Brontotheriidae" title="Brontotheriidae">brontotheres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceroses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> appear in the fossil record, diversification of primates. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">40 Ma </td> <td>Modern-type <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moths" class="mw-redirect" title="Moths">moths</a> appear. Extinction of <i><a href="/wiki/Gastornis" title="Gastornis">Gastornis</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Basilosaurus" title="Basilosaurus">Basilosaurus</a></i>, one of the first of the giant whales, appeared in the fossil record. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">38 Ma </td> <td>Earliest <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">37 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Nimravidae" title="Nimravidae">nimravid</a> ("false saber-toothed cats") carnivores — these species are unrelated to modern-type <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">felines</a>. First <a href="/wiki/Alligator" title="Alligator">alligators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruminants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminants">ruminants</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">35 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Grasses</a> diversify from among the monocot <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a>; <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> begin to expand. Slight increase in diversity of cold-tolerant <a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">ostracods</a> and foraminifers, along with major extinctions of <a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">gastropods</a>, reptiles, amphibians, and multituberculate mammals. Many modern mammal groups begin to appear: first <a href="/wiki/Glyptodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyptodontidae">glyptodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_sloth" title="Ground sloth">ground sloths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canid" class="mw-redirect" title="Canid">canids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">peccaries</a>, and the first <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a>. Diversity in <a href="/wiki/Toothed_whale" title="Toothed whale">toothed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen</a> whales. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">33 Ma </td> <td>Evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Thylacinidae" title="Thylacinidae">thylacinid</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Badjcinus" title="Badjcinus">Badjcinus</a></i>). </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">30 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">balanids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eucalypt" title="Eucalypt">eucalypts</a>, extinction of <a href="/wiki/Embrithopoda" title="Embrithopoda">embrithopod</a> and brontothere mammals, earliest <a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">pigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">cats</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">28 Ma </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Paraceratherium" title="Paraceratherium">Paraceratherium</a></i> appears in the fossil record, the largest terrestrial mammal that ever lived. First <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">25 Ma </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pelagornis_sandersi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagornis sandersi">Pelagornis sandersi</a></i> appears in the fossil record, the largest flying bird that ever lived. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">25 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">24 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">23 Ma </td> <td>Earliest <a href="/wiki/Struthio" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthio">ostriches</a>, trees representative of most major groups of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a> have appeared by now.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">20 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giant_anteater" title="Giant anteater">giant anteaters</a>, increase in bird diversity. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">17 Ma </td> <td>First birds of the genus <a href="/wiki/Corvus" title="Corvus">Corvus</a> (crows). </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">15 Ma </td> <td>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Mammut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammut">Mammut</a></i> appears in the fossil record, first <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">bovids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroos</a>, diversity in <a href="/wiki/Australian_megafauna" title="Australian megafauna">Australian megafauna</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">10 Ma </td> <td>Grasslands and <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> are established, diversity in insects, especially ants and <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> increase in body size and develop <a href="/wiki/Hypsodont" title="Hypsodont">high-crowned teeth</a>, major diversification in grassland mammals and snakes. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">9.5 Ma <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Date is too early; it should be more like 2.7 mya (March 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life#Great_American_Interchange" title="Talk:Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Interchange" title="Great American Interchange">Great American Interchange</a>, where various land and freshwater faunas migrated between North and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Armadillos, <a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">opossums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a> <a href="/wiki/Phorusrhacidae" title="Phorusrhacidae">Phorusrhacids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_sloth" title="Ground sloth">Ground Sloths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glyptodont" title="Glyptodont">Glyptodonts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meridiungulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridiungulata">Meridiungulates</a> traveled to North America, while <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saber-toothed_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Saber-toothed cat">saber-toothed cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">coaties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">ferrets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a> and deer entered South America. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">9 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Platypus" title="Platypus">platypuses</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">6.5 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">hominins</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i>). </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">6 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">Australopithecines</a> diversify (<i><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i>). </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">5 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">tree sloths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotami</a>, diversification of grazing herbivores like <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, large carnivorous mammals like <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> and the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i>, burrowing rodents, kangaroos, birds, and small carnivores, <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</a> increase in size, decrease in the number of perissodactyl mammals. Extinction of nimravid carnivores. First <a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">leopard seals</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4.8 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">Mammoths</a> appear in the fossil record. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4.5 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marine_iguana" title="Marine iguana">Marine iguanas</a> diverge from land iguanas. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4 Ma </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> evolves. <i><a href="/wiki/Stupendemys" title="Stupendemys">Stupendemys</a></i> appears in the fossil record as the largest freshwater turtle, first modern elephants, giraffes, zebras, lions, rhinoceros and <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelles</a> appear in the fossil record </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">3.6 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">Blue whales</a> grow to modern size. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">3 Ma </td> <td>Earliest <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">2.7 Ma </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a> evolves.</i> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">2.5 Ma </td> <td>Earliest species of <i><a href="/wiki/Arctodus" title="Arctodus">Arctodus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Smilodon" title="Smilodon">Smilodon</a></i> evolve. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">2 Ma </td> <td>First members of genus <i>Homo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo Habilis</a>, appear in the fossil record. Diversification of conifers in high latitudes. The eventual ancestor of cattle, <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> (<i>Bos primigenus</i>), evolves in India. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">1.7 Ma </td> <td>Australopithecines go extinct. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">1.2 Ma </td> <td>Evolution of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i>. The last members of <i>Paranthropus</i> die out. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">1 Ma </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">810 ka </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolves">wolves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">600 ka </td> <td>Evolution of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a>.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">400 ka </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bears</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">350 ka </td> <td>Evolution of <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">300 ka </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantopithecus" title="Gigantopithecus">Gigantopithecus</a></i>, a giant relative of the <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> dies out. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">250 ka </td> <td>Anatomically modern humans appear in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 50 ka they start colonising the other continents, replacing Neanderthals in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and other hominins in Asia. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">70 ka </td> <td>Genetic bottleneck in humans (<a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba catastrophe theory</a>). </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">40 ka </td> <td>Last giant monitor lizards (<a href="/wiki/Megalania" title="Megalania">Varanus priscus</a>) die out. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">35-25 ka </td> <td>Extinction of <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>. Domestication of <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">15 ka </td> <td>Last <a href="/wiki/Woolly_rhinoceros" title="Woolly rhinoceros">woolly rhinoceros</a> (<i>Coelodonta antiquitatis</i>) are believed to have gone extinct. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">11 ka </td> <td>Short-faced bears vanish from North America, with the last <a href="/wiki/Megatheriidae" title="Megatheriidae">giant ground sloths</a> dying out. All <a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a> become extinct in North America. Domestication of various <a href="/wiki/Ungulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungulates">ungulates</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">10 ka </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a> starts<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>. Last mainland species of <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoth</a> (<i>Mammuthus primigenus</i>) die out, as does the last <i>Smilodon</i> species. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">8 ka </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Subfossil_lemur" title="Subfossil lemur">giant lemur</a> dies out. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history of plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">Sociocultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Timeline of human evolution</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Book-Biology-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Book-Biology_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinney1997">McKinney 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">110</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-42498" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-42498"><bdi>978-0-8133-42498</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004022738">2004022738</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56672295">56672295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Rocks%3A+The+Autobiography+of+the+Earth&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56672295&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004022738&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-42498&rft.aulast=Bjornerud&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freadingrocksauto00bjor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirschvink1992" class="citation book cs1">Kirschvink, Joseph L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~jkirschvink/pdfs/firstsnowball.pdf">"Late Proterozoic Low-Latitude Global Glaciation: the Snowball Earth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In <a href="/wiki/J._William_Schopf" title="J. William Schopf">Schopf, J. William</a>; Klein, Cornelis (eds.). <i>The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study</i>. Cambridge; New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36615-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36615-1"><bdi>978-0-521-36615-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91015085">91015085</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23583672">23583672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Late+Proterozoic+Low-Latitude+Global+Glaciation%3A+the+Snowball+Earth&rft.btitle=The+Proterozoic+Biosphere%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Study&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23583672&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F91015085&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36615-1&rft.aulast=Kirschvink&rft.aufirst=Joseph+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.gps.caltech.edu%2F~jkirschvink%2Fpdfs%2Ffirstsnowball.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney1997" class="citation book cs1">McKinney, Michael L. (1997). "How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view". In Kunin, William E.; Gaston, Kevin J. (eds.). <i>The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences</i> (1st ed.). London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall" title="Chapman & Hall">Chapman & Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-63380-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-412-63380-5"><bdi>978-0-412-63380-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96071014">96071014</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36442106">36442106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+do+rare+species+avoid+extinction%3F+A+paleontological+view&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Rarity%3A+Causes+and+consequences+of+rare%E2%80%94common+differences&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36442106&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F96071014&rft.isbn=978-0-412-63380-5&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSpoolman2012" class="citation book cs1">Miller, G. Tyler; Spoolman, Scott E. (2012). <i>Environmental Science</i> (14th ed.). Belmont, CA: <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Brooks/Cole</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-98893-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-98893-7"><bdi>978-1-111-98893-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011934330">2011934330</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741539226">741539226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Science&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741539226&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011934330&rft.isbn=978-1-111-98893-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=G.+Tyler&rft.au=Spoolman%2C+Scott+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearnsStearns1999" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, Beverly Peterson; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Stearns" title="Stephen C. Stearns">Stearns, Stephen C.</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300084696"><i>Watching, from the Edge of Extinction</i></a></span>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07606-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07606-6"><bdi>978-0-300-07606-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98034087">98034087</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47011675">47011675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watching%2C+from+the+Edge+of+Extinction&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47011675&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98034087&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07606-6&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Beverly+Peterson&rft.au=Stearns%2C+Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780300084696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_Ancestor%27s_Tale" title="The Ancestor's Tale"><i>The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-00583-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-00583-3"><bdi>978-0-618-00583-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004059864">2004059864</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56617123">56617123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancestor%27s+Tale%3A+A+Pilgrimage+to+the+Dawn+of+Life&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56617123&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004059864&rft.isbn=978-0-618-00583-3&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/">"Understanding Evolution: your one-stop resource for information on evolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Evolution%3A+your+one-stop+resource+for+information+on+evolution&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevolution.berkeley.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Life_on_Earth/1">"Life on Earth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life Web Project</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>. January 1, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tree+of+Life+Web+Project&rft.atitle=Life+on+Earth&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftolweb.org%2FLife_on_Earth%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span> Explore complete phylogenetic tree interactively</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandt" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niel_Brandt" title="Niel Brandt">Brandt, Niel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/geo_timeline.html">"Evolutionary and Geological Timelines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TalkOrigins_Archive" title="TalkOrigins Archive">TalkOrigins Archive</a></i>. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TalkOrigins+Archive&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+and+Geological+Timelines&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Niel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Forigins%2Fgeo_timeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeos.com">"Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeos" title="Palaeos">Palaeos</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palaeos&rft.atitle=Palaeos%3A+Life+Through+Deep+Time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaeos.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyrk" class="citation web cs1">Kyrk, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022084620/http://johnkyrk.com/evolution.html">"Evolution"</a>. <i>Cell Biology Animation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnkyrk.com/evolution.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/SWF" title="SWF">SWF</a>)</span> on 2012-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cell+Biology+Animation&rft.atitle=Evolution&rft.aulast=Kyrk&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnkyrk.com%2Fevolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span> Interactive timeline from Big Bang to present</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728225355/http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/plantEvolution.shtml">"Plant Evolution"</a>. <i>Plant and Animal Evolution</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waikato" title="University of Waikato">University of Waikato</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/plantEvolution.shtml">the original</a> on 2012-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plant+and+Animal+Evolution&rft.atitle=Plant+Evolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.waikato.ac.nz%2Fevolution%2FplantEvolution.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span> Sequence of Plant Evolution</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160627175302/http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/AnimalEvolution.shtml">"The History of Animal Evolution"</a>. <i>Plant and Animal Evolution</i>. University of Waikato. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/AnimalEvolution.shtml">the original</a> on 2016-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plant+and+Animal+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Animal+Evolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.waikato.ac.nz%2Fevolution%2FAnimalEvolution.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span> Sequence of Animal Evolution</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeoDrage2006" class="citation web cs1">Yeo, Dannel; Drage, Thomas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315040156/http://draget.net/hoe/index.php">"History of Life on Earth"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://draget.net/hoe/index.php">the original</a> on 2015-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Life+on+Earth&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Yeo&rft.aufirst=Dannel&rft.au=Drage%2C+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdraget.net%2Fhoe%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploringtime.org/?page=segments"><i>Exploring Time</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (TV network)">The Science Channel</a>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+Time&rft.pub=The+Science+Channel&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexploringtime.org%2F%3Fpage%3Dsegments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150313180118/http://www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/timeline">"Plant evolution timeline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/timeline/">the original</a> on 2015-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+evolution+timeline&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantsci.cam.ac.uk%2Ftimeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+evolutionary+history+of+life" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturelyrics.com/pages/articles/nature_photography/nature_in_nature_photography.html">Art of the Nature Timelines on Wikipedia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolution" title="Template:Evolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolution" title="Template talk:Evolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism" title="Reciprocal altruism">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race" title="Evolutionary arms race">Evolutionary arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">Evolutionary pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">Homology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">Last universal common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonadaptive_radiation" title="Nonadaptive radiation">Non-adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">Signalling theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">Handicap principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene-centered view of evolution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population<br />genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Artificial selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness" title="Inclusive fitness">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_flowering_plants" title="Sexual selection in flowering plants">Flowering plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_fungi" title="Sexual selection in fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canalisation_(genetics)" title="Canalisation (genetics)">Canalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_assimilation" title="Genetic assimilation">Genetic assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Inversion (evolutionary biology)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modularity_(biology)" title="Modularity (biology)">Modularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">Phenotypic plasticity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_bacteria" title="Evolution of bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_brachiopods" title="Evolution of brachiopods">Brachiopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_molluscs" title="Evolution of molluscs">Molluscs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cephalopods" title="Evolution of cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur#Evolutionary_history" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_insects" title="Evolution of insects">Insects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_butterflies" title="Evolution of butterflies">butterflies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_gap" title="Cat gap">cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canidae#Evolution" title="Canidae">canids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_wolf" title="Evolution of the wolf">wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyena#Evolution" title="Hyena">hyenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans" title="Evolution of cetaceans">dolphins and whales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Macropodidae" title="Evolution of Macropodidae">Kangaroos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_primates" title="Evolution of primates">primates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_lemurs" title="Evolution of lemurs">lemurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sirenians" title="Evolution of sirenians">sea cows</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator-mediated_selection" title="Pollinator-mediated selection">pollinator-mediated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_reptiles" title="Evolution of reptiles">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_spiders" title="Evolution of spiders">Spiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_tetrapods" title="Evolution of tetrapods">Tetrapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_evolution" title="Viral evolution">Viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cells" title="Evolution of cells">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_DNA_evolution" title="Models of DNA evolution">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_flagella" title="Evolution of flagella">Flagella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote#Origin_of_eukaryotes" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">symbiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome#Eukaryotes" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomembrane_system#Evolution" title="Endomembrane system">endomembrane system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion#Origin_and_evolution" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus#Evolution" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid#Origin" title="Plastid">plastids</a></li></ul></li> <li>In animals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair#Evolution" title="Hair">hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles" title="Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles">auditory ossicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">brain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_ageing" title="Evolution of ageing">Aging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death#Evolution_of_aging_and_mortality" title="Death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death#Evolutionary_origin_of_mitochondrial_apoptosis" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Avian flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_biological_complexity" title="Evolution of biological complexity">Biological complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Color vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">in primates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy#Evolution_across_species" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_eusociality" title="Evolution of eusociality">Eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system#Evolution_and_other_mechanisms" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism#Evolution" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_evolution" title="Mosaic evolution">Mosaic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism#Evolutionary_history" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy#Evolution" title="Anisogamy">Gamete differentiation/sexes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">Life cycles/nuclear phases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">Mating types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_and_function_of_meiosis" title="Origin and function of meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system#Evolution" title="Sex-determination system">Sex-determination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_snake_venom" title="Evolution of snake venom">Snake venom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tempo_and_Mode_in_Evolution" title="Tempo and Mode in Evolution">Tempo and modes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyletic_gradualism" title="Phyletic gradualism">Gradualism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_mutation" title="Point mutation">Micromutation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutationism#Later_mutationist_theories" title="Mutationism">Macromutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">Allopatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">Anagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catagenesis_(biology)" title="Catagenesis (biology)">Catagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">Cladogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cospeciation" title="Cospeciation">Cospeciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_speciation" title="Ecological speciation">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" title="Hybrid speciation">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonecological_speciation" title="Nonecological speciation">Non-ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapatric_speciation" title="Parapatric speciation">Parapatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatric_speciation" title="Peripatric speciation">Peripatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_(speciation)" title="Reinforcement (speciation)">Reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympatric_speciation" title="Sympatric speciation">Sympatric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Transmutation of species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blending_inheritance" title="Blending inheritance">Blending inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">The eclipse of Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">History of molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_evolutionary_synthesis" title="Extended evolutionary synthesis">Extended evolutionary synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution">Alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">Orthogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutationism" title="Mutationism">Mutationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(biology)" title="Structuralism (biology)">Structuralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">Spandrel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology in biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earth" title="Template talk:Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Earth" title="Outline of Earth">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">Troposphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">Stratosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">Mesosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">Thermosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">Exosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Energy balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">Culture and society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">List of sovereign states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">In culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Earth" title="Flag of Earth">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_symbol" title="Earth symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth#Etymology" title="Earth">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodetic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Sensing">Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_globe" title="Virtual globe">Virtual globe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics" title="Geophysical fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_physics" title="Mineral physics">Mineral physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_imaging" title="Geophysical imaging">Tomography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Age of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">Extremes on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">Geologic record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">The Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Evolution of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_solar_terrestrial_planets" title="Geology of solar terrestrial planets">Geology of solar terrestrial planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_of_Earth" title="Location of Earth">Location in the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Earth" title="Category:Earth">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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