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Baharian klasik - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas

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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Tempoh_kuno_(abad_ke-8_hingga_ke-6_SM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tempoh_kuno_(abad_ke-8_hingga_ke-6_SM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Tempoh kuno (abad ke-8 hingga ke-6 SM)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tempoh_kuno_(abad_ke-8_hingga_ke-6_SM)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Tempoh kuno (abad ke-8 hingga ke-6 SM)</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tempoh_kuno_(abad_ke-8_hingga_ke-6_SM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phoenicia_dan_Carthage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phoenicia_dan_Carthage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Phoenicia dan Carthage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phoenicia_dan_Carthage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yunani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yunani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Yunani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yunani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jajahan_Yunani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jajahan_Yunani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Jajahan Yunani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jajahan_Yunani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_Besi_Itali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_Besi_Itali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Zaman Besi Itali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_Besi_Itali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kerajaan_Rom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerajaan_Rom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Kerajaan Rom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kerajaan_Rom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yunani_Klasik_(abad_ke-5_hingga_ke-4_SM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yunani_Klasik_(abad_ke-5_hingga_ke-4_SM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Yunani Klasik (abad ke-5 hingga ke-4 SM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yunani_Klasik_(abad_ke-5_hingga_ke-4_SM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tempoh_Helenistik_(323_SM_hingga_146_SM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tempoh_Helenistik_(323_SM_hingga_146_SM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tempoh Helenistik (323 SM hingga 146 SM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tempoh_Helenistik_(323_SM_hingga_146_SM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republik_Rom_(abad_ke-5_hingga_pertama_SM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republik_Rom_(abad_ke-5_hingga_pertama_SM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Republik Rom (abad ke-5 hingga pertama SM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republik_Rom_(abad_ke-5_hingga_pertama_SM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empayar_Rom_(Abad_pertama_SM_hingga_abad_ke-5_M)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empayar_Rom_(Abad_pertama_SM_hingga_abad_ke-5_M)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Empayar Rom (Abad pertama SM hingga abad ke-5 M)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empayar_Rom_(Abad_pertama_SM_hingga_abad_ke-5_M)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lewat_Baharian_(ke-4_hingga_abad_ke-7_M)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lewat_Baharian_(ke-4_hingga_abad_ke-7_M)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lewat Baharian (ke-4 hingga abad ke-7 M)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lewat_Baharian_(ke-4_hingga_abad_ke-7_M)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garis_masa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garis_masa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Garis masa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garis_masa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baharian klasik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 81 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassieke_Oudheid" title="Klassieke Oudheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klassieke Oudheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antike" title="Antike – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Antike" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="كلاسيكية قديمة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلاسيكية قديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antig%C3%BCed%C3%A1_cl%C3%A1sica" title="Antigüedá clásica – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antigüedá clásica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik" title="Antik – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Klasik" title="Zaman Klasik – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Klasik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="ধ্রুপদী সভ্যতা – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধ্রুপদী সভ্যতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%CD%98-ti%C3%A1n_k%C3%B3%CD%98-t%C4%81i" title="Kó͘-tián kó͘-tāi – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kó͘-tián kó͘-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Антиклыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Антиклыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Антычнасць – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антычнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Антычнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антычнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="क्लासिकल एंटिक्विटी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्लासिकल एंटिक्विटी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antike" title="Antike – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Antike" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antika" title="Antika – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Античност – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Античност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguitat_cl%C3%A0ssica" title="Antiguitat clàssica – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antiguitat clàssica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Антика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Антика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antika" title="Antika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikken" title="Antikken – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antikken" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antike" title="Antike – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antike" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiikaeg" title="Antiikaeg – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antiikaeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Κλασική αρχαιότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλασική αρχαιότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Classical antiquity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antig%C3%BCedad_cl%C3%A1sica" title="Antigüedad clásica – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antigüedad clásica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grek-romia_antikvo" title="Grek-romia antikvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grek-romia antikvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinate_klasikoa" title="Antzinate klasikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinate klasikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اروپای دوران باستان – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اروپای دوران باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9_classique" title="Antiquité classique – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antiquité classique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassike_Aldheid" title="Klassike Aldheid – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Klassike Aldheid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antig%C3%BCidade_cl%C3%A1sica" title="Antigüidade clásica – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antigüidade clásica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84_%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80" title="고전 고대 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고전 고대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Անտիկ շրջան – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտիկ շրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="शास्त्रीय प्राचीनकाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शास्त्रीय प्राचीनकाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antika" title="Antika – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasik_antiqueso" title="Klasik antiqueso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Klasik antiqueso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A1_classic" title="Antiquitá classic – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Antiquitá classic" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klass%C3%ADsk_forn%C3%B6ld" title="Klassísk fornöld – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Klassísk fornöld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichit%C3%A0_classica" title="Antichità classica – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antichità classica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90)" title="התקופה הקלאסית (יוון ורומא) – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התקופה הקלאסית (יוון ורומא)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ანტიკური ხანა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტიკური ხანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%83%D1%96%D1%80" title="Антикалық дәуір – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антикалық дәуір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BD%D3%A9" title="Антикалык дүйнө – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антикалык дүйнө" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichit%C3%A9_classica" title="Antichité classica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Antichité classica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquitas_classica" title="Antiquitas classica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antiquitas classica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasiskie_senie_laiki" title="Klasiskie senie laiki – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klasiskie senie laiki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antika" title="Antika – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A6_Classica" title="Etæ Classica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Etæ Classica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticia_clasica" title="Anticia clasica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Anticia clasica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikvit%C3%A1s" title="Antikvitás – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antikvitás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Антика – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andro_Taloha_Klasika" title="Andro Taloha Klasika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andro Taloha Klasika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassieke_oudheid" title="Klassieke oudheid – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klassieke oudheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="古典古代 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古典古代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikken" title="Antikken – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikken" title="Antikken – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquitat_classica" title="Antiquitat classica – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antiquitat classica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_davr" title="Antik davr – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antik davr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%81%D8%AF" title="کلاسیکی عہد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلاسیکی عہد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="لرغونې اروپا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لرغونې اروپا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antike" title="Antike – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Antike" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguidade_Cl%C3%A1ssica" title="Antiguidade Clássica – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antiguidade Clássica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoca_Clasic%C4%83" title="Epoca Clasică – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epoca Clasică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Античность – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Античность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antighidade_cl%C3%A0ssica" title="Antighidade clàssica – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Antighidade clàssica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasht%C3%ABsia_klasike" title="Lashtësia klasike – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lashtësia klasike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Classical antiquity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antika" title="Antika – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سەردەمی دێرین – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەردەمی دێرین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Антика – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antika" title="Antika – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiikki" title="Antiikki – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiken" title="Antiken – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antiken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாரம்பரியக் காலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாரம்பரியக் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="สมัยคลาสสิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยคลาสสิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_Hy-La" title="Cổ đại Hy-La – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cổ đại Hy-La" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasik_Antik_%C3%87a%C4%9F" title="Klasik Antik Çağ – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klasik Antik Çağ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Античність – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Античність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%81%D8%AF" title="کلاسیکی عہد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلاسیکی عہد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古典时代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="古典時代 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古典時代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古典时代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q486761#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Baharian_klasik" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan:Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan (laman tidak wujud) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Baharian_klasik"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Baharian_klasik"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Baharian_klasik" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Baharian_klasik" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;oldid=6116593" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&amp;page=Baharian_klasik&amp;id=6116593&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBaharian_klasik"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBaharian_klasik"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Baharian+klasik"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Classical_antiquity" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q486761" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Parthenon_from_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/260px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/390px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/520px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> adalah salah satu simbol yang paling ikonik era klasik, sebagai pendukung budaya Yunani purba</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Baharian klasik</b> (juga <b>era klasik</b>, <b>zaman klasik</b> atau <b>tempoh klasik</b>) adalah satu istilah yang luas untuk tempoh masa yang panjang budaya bagi <a href="/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah">sejarah</a> berpusat di sekitar <a href="/wiki/Laut_Mediterranean" title="Laut Mediterranean">Laut Mediterranean</a>, yang terdiri daripada pertembungan tamadun daripada <a href="/wiki/Yunani_kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunani kuno">Yunani kuno</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Rom_purba" class="mw-redirect" title="Rom purba">Rom purba</a>, secara kolektif dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunia_Yunani-Romawi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dunia Yunani-Romawi (laman tidak wujud)">dunia Yunani-Romawi</a>. Ia adalah tempoh di mana masyarakat Yunani dan Rom berkembang dan mempunyai pengaruh yang besar di seluruh <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Utara" title="Afrika Utara">Afrika Utara</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barat_Daya_Asia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barat Daya Asia (laman tidak wujud)">Barat Daya Asia</a>. </p><p>Secara konvensional, ia diambil bermula dengan puisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epik_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Epik Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">epik Yunani</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" class="mw-redirect" title="Homer">Homer</a> yang paling awal dirakam (abad ke-8 ke-7&#160;SM), dan berterusan sehingga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asal-usul_agama_Kristian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asal-usul agama Kristian (laman tidak wujud)">kemunculan agama Kristian</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejatuhan_Empayar_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kejatuhan Empayar Rom (laman tidak wujud)">kejatuhan Empayar Rom</a> (Abad ke-5&#160;M). Ia berakhir dengan pembubaran budaya klasik pada penutupan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewat_baharian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewat baharian (laman tidak wujud)">lewat baharian</a> (300–600), menggabungkan ke dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Awal_Zaman_Pertengahan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Awal Zaman Pertengahan (laman tidak wujud)">Awal Zaman Pertengahan</a> (600–1000). Seperti persampelan sejarah dan wilayah yang luas meliputi pelbagai budaya dan tempoh berbeza. "Baharian klasik" boleh merujuk juga kepada visi terunggul di kalangan orang kemudian, seperti dalam kata-kata <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, "kegemilangan adalah <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a>, dan kehebatan adalah Rom."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya">Budaya</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Purba (laman tidak wujud)">purba</a>, bersama-sama dengan beberapa pengaruh dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timur_Dekat_kuno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Timur Dekat kuno (laman tidak wujud)">Timur Dekat kuno</a>, berlaku sepanjang zaman klasik sebagai asas seni,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> keunggulan falsafah, kemasyarakatan, dan pendidikan.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>Ideal ini telah dipelihara, ditiru dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_kempen_tentera_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah kempen tentera Rom (laman tidak wujud)">tersebar di Eropah</a> oleh orang Rom.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asas budaya Yunani-Romawi ini telah menjadi amat berpengaruh kepada bahasa, politik, sistem pendidikan, <a href="/wiki/Falsafah" title="Falsafah">falsafah</a>, sains, seni, dan seni bina dunia moden: Dari serpihan zaman kuno klasik yang masih hidup, sebuah gerakan kebangkitan semula secara beransur-ansur terbentuk dari abad ke-14 dan seterusnya dikenali kemudian di Eropah sebagai <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, dan sekali lagi kebangkitan semasa pelbagai kebangkitan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoklasisisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neoklasisisme (laman tidak wujud)">neo-klasik</a> pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tempoh_kuno_(abad_ke-8_hingga_ke-6_SM)"><span id="Tempoh_kuno_.28abad_ke-8_hingga_ke-6_SM.29"></span>Tempoh kuno (abad ke-8 hingga ke-6 SM)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Tempoh kuno (abad ke-8 hingga ke-6 SM)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tempoh kuno (abad ke-8 hingga ke-6 SM)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Maklumat selanjutnya: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Besi_Eropah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman Besi Eropah (laman tidak wujud)">Zaman Besi Eropah</a></div> <p>Tempoh awal zaman klasik berlaku sebelum latar belakang kemunculan semula secara beransur-ansur <a href="/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah">sejarah</a> sumber-sumber berikutan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejatuhan_Zaman_Gangsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kejatuhan Zaman Gangsa (laman tidak wujud)">kejatuhan Zaman Gangsa</a>. Abad ke-8 dan ke-7&#160;SM masih sebahagian besarnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-sejarah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-sejarah (laman tidak wujud)">proto-sejarah</a>, dengan yang paling awal ialah kemunculan tulisan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_abjad_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah abjad Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">abjad Yunani</a> pada separuh pertama abad ke-8. <a href="/wiki/Homer" class="mw-redirect" title="Homer">Homer</a> biasanya telah dianggap hidup pada abad ke-8 atau 7 SM, dan jangka hayat beliau sering diambil sebagai menandakan permulaan zaman klasik. Dalam tempoh yang sama jatuhnya tarikh <a href="/wiki/Tradisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradisi">tradisi</a> penubuhan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukan_Olimpik_Purba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukan Olimpik Purba (laman tidak wujud)">Sukan Olimpik Purba</a>, pada 776&#160;SM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phoenicia_dan_Carthage">Phoenicia dan Carthage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Phoenicia dan Carthage" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Phoenicia dan Carthage"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Laman utama: <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carthage_purba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carthage purba (laman tidak wujud)">Carthage purba</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> pada asalnya diperluas dari pelabuhan <a href="/wiki/Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Levant">Levantine</a>, pada abad ke-8 dengan menguasai perdagangan di <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> diasaskan pada tahun 814&#160;SM, dan masyarakat Carthage pada 700&#160;SM telah mengukuhkan benteng di <a href="/wiki/Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itali" title="Itali">Itali</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, yang diwujudkan konflik kepentingan dengan <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yunani">Yunani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Yunani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Yunani"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Yunani_kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunani kuno">Yunani kuno</a></div> <p>Tempoh Kuno mengikuti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Gelap_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman Gelap Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Zaman Gelap Yunani</a>, dan melihat perkembangan ketara dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_politik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori politik (laman tidak wujud)">teori politik</a>, dan kemunculan <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi">demokrasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falsafah" title="Falsafah">falsafah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teater" title="Teater">teater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puisi" title="Puisi">puisi</a>, dan juga dari sudut bahasa bertulis (yang telah hilang semasa Zaman Gelap). </p><p>Dalam barangan tembikar, tempoh Kuno melihat pembangunan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempoh_Pengorientalan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tempoh Pengorientalan (laman tidak wujud)">gaya Pengorientalan</a>, yang menandakan peralihan daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaya_geometri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaya geometri (laman tidak wujud)">gaya geometri</a> Zaman Gelap lewat dan pengumpulan pengaruh yang diperolehi daripada <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. </p><p>Gaya tembikar yang berkaitan dengan bahagian akhir zaman Kuno adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barangan_tembikar_hitam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barangan tembikar hitam (laman tidak wujud)">barangan tembikar hitam</a>, yang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Corinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> pada abad ke-7&#160;SM dan penggantinya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barangan_tembikar_merah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barangan tembikar merah (laman tidak wujud)">gaya merah</a>, dimajukan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andokides_Painter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Andokides Painter (laman tidak wujud)">Andokides Painter</a> pada kira-kira 530&#160;SM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jajahan_Yunani">Jajahan Yunani</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Jajahan Yunani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Jajahan Yunani"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Laman utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apoikiai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Apoikiai (laman tidak wujud)">Apoikiai</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_Besi_Itali">Zaman Besi Itali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Zaman Besi Itali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Zaman Besi Itali"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Etruscan_civilization_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Etruscan_civilization_map.png/220px-Etruscan_civilization_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Etruscan_civilization_map.png/330px-Etruscan_civilization_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Etruscan_civilization_map.png/440px-Etruscan_civilization_map.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamadun_Etruska&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamadun Etruska (laman tidak wujud)">Tamadun Etruska</a> di utara <a href="/wiki/Itali" title="Itali">Itali</a>, 800 SM.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamadun_Etruska&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamadun Etruska (laman tidak wujud)">Etruska</a> telah membentuk penguasaan politik di rantau ini pada lewat abad ke-7&#160;SM, membentuk golongan elit bangsawan dan beraja. Etruska jelas kehilangan kuasa di kawasan itu pada lewat abad ke-6&#160;SM, dan pada ketika ini, puak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Itali&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Itali (laman tidak wujud)">itali</a> membentuk semula kerajaan mereka dengan mewujudkan satu <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">republik</a>, dengan sekatan yang lebih besar kepada keupayaan pemerintah untuk menjalankan kuasa.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kerajaan_Rom">Kerajaan Rom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Kerajaan Rom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kerajaan Rom"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Rom (laman tidak wujud)">Kerajaan Rom</a></div> <p>Menurut legenda, Rom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengasasan_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengasasan Rom (laman tidak wujud)">diasaskan</a> pada 21 April 753 SM oleh keturunan berkembar putera <a href="/wiki/Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy">Trojan</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_dan_Remus" title="Romulus dan Remus">Romulus dan Remus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Apabila bandar telah ketandusan wanita, legenda mengatakan bahawa orang Latin menjemput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabine (laman tidak wujud)">Sabine</a> ke pesta dan mencuri gadis-gadis mereka yang belum berkahwin, yang membawa kepada integrasi orang Latin dan Sabine.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bukti arkeologi memang menunjukkan kesan pertama penempatan di <a href="/wiki/Forum_Rom" title="Forum Rom">Forum Rom</a> pada pertengahan abad ke-8&#160;SM, walaupun penempatan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukit_Palatine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bukit Palatine (laman tidak wujud)">Bukit Palatine</a> boleh dijejak kembali tarikh ke abad ke-10&#160;SM.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raja ketujuh dan terakhir Rom adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarquinius_Superbus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarquinius Superbus (laman tidak wujud)">Tarquinius Superbus</a>. Memandangkan anak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarquinius_Priscus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarquinius Priscus (laman tidak wujud)">Tarquinius Priscus</a> dan juga menantu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servius_Tullius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Servius Tullius (laman tidak wujud)">Servius Tullius</a>, Superbus adalah kelahiran Etruska. Semasa pemerintahannyalah golongan Etruska mencapai puncak kekuasaan mereka. </p><p>Superbus membuang dan memusnahkan semua tempat-tempat suci Sabine dan mezbah-mezbah dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarpeian_Rock&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarpeian Rock (laman tidak wujud)">Tarpeian Rock</a>, menimbulkan kemarahan orang-orang Rom. Rakyat datang untuk membantah pemerintahan beliau apabila beliau gagal untuk mengakui kes rogol <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucretia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucretia (laman tidak wujud)">Lucretia</a>, bangsawan Rom, di tangan anaknya sendiri. Kerabat Lucretia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Junius_Brutus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Junius Brutus (laman tidak wujud)">Lucius Junius Brutus</a> (moyang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Brutus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Brutus (laman tidak wujud)">Marcus Brutus</a>), memanggil Senat dan memaksa Superbus dan monarki diusir dari Rom pada 510&#160;SM. Selepas pengusiran Superbus ', Senat mengundi untuk tidak lagi membenarkan kedaulatan raja dan diperbaharui Rom secara keseluruhannya menjadi sebuah <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rom" title="Republik Rom">kerajaan republik</a> pada 509&#160;SM. Malah perkataan Latin "Rex" yang bererti Raja menjadi satu perkataan yang kotor dan dibenci di seluruh Republik dan Empayar itu kemudiannya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yunani_Klasik_(abad_ke-5_hingga_ke-4_SM)"><span id="Yunani_Klasik_.28abad_ke-5_hingga_ke-4_SM.29"></span>Yunani Klasik (abad ke-5 hingga ke-4&#160;SM)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Yunani Klasik (abad ke-5 hingga ke-4 SM)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Yunani Klasik (abad ke-5 hingga ke-4 SM)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Yunani_Klasik" title="Yunani Klasik">Yunani Klasik</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg/260px-Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg/390px-Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg/520px-Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Liga Delos ("Empayar Athens"), di depan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Peloponnesian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Peloponnesian (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Peloponnesian</a> pada 431&#160;SM</figcaption></figure> <p>Tempoh klasik Yunani Purba berpadanan dengan sebahagian besar abad ke-5 dan ke-4&#160;BC, khususnya, dari kejatuhan kezaliman Athens pada 510&#160;SM hingga <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agung" title="Alexander Agung">kematian Alexander Agung</a> pada 323&#160;SM. Di 510, tentera Sparta membantu penduduk Athens menggulingkan penzalim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippias_(anak_Pisistratus)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippias (anak Pisistratus) (laman tidak wujud)">Hippias</a>, anak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peisistratos_(Athens)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peisistratos (Athens) (laman tidak wujud)">Peisistratos</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleomenes_I&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cleomenes I (laman tidak wujud)">Cleomenes&#160;I</a>, raja Sparta, mewujudkan oligarki pro-Sparta yang dijalankan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isagoras&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Isagoras (laman tidak wujud)">Isagoras</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perang_Yunani-Parsi" title="Perang Yunani-Parsi">Perang Yunani-Parsi</a> (499–449&#160;SM), diakhiri oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_of_Callias&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peace of Callias (laman tidak wujud)">Peace of Callias</a> bukan sahaja memberikan laluan kepada pembebasan Yunani, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macedonia_(kerajaan_purba)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Macedonia (kerajaan purba) (laman tidak wujud)">Macedon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionia (laman tidak wujud)">Ionia</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Achaemenid">pemerintahan Parsi</a>, tetapi juga menyebabkan pemberian kedudukan dominan <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liga_Delos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liga Delos (laman tidak wujud)">Liga Delos</a>, yang membawa kepada konflik dengan <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liga_Peloponnesian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liga Peloponnesian (laman tidak wujud)">Liga Peloponnesian</a>, menyebabkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Peloponnesian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Peloponnesian (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Peloponnesian</a> (431–404&#160;SM), yang berakhir dengan kemenangan Sparta. </p><p>Yunani memasuki abad ke-4 di bawah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegemoni_Sparta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegemoni Sparta (laman tidak wujud)">hegemoni Sparta</a>. Tetapi pada 395&#160;SM pemerintah Sparta melucutkan Lysander daripada jawatan, dan Sparta hilang ketuanan tentera lautnyaa. <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Argos (laman tidak wujud)">Argos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thebes,_Greece&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thebes, Greece (laman tidak wujud)">Thebes</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Corinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, dua yang terakhir dahulunya sekutu Sparta, mencabar kekuasaan Sparta dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Corinthian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Corinthian (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Corinthian</a>, yang berakhir tanpa muktamad pada 387&#160;SM. Kemudian, pada 371&#160;SM, jeneral Thebes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epaminondas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Epaminondas (laman tidak wujud)">Epaminondas</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelopidas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelopidas (laman tidak wujud)">Pelopidas</a> telah mendapat kemenangan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Leuctra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Leuctra (laman tidak wujud)">Pertempuran Leuctra</a>. Hasil daripada peperangan ini adalah berakhirnya ketuanan Sparta dan pembentukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegemoni_Thebes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegemoni Thebes (laman tidak wujud)">hegemoni Thebes</a>. Thebes berusaha untuk mengekalkan kedudukannya sehingga ia akhirnya ditenggelami oleh kebangkitan kuasa <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> pada 346&#160;SM. </p><p>Bawah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_dari_Macedonia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip II dari Macedonia (laman tidak wujud)">Philip&#160;II</a>, (359–336&#160;BC), Macedon berkembang ke wilayah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paeonia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paeonia (laman tidak wujud)">Paeonia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thracia (laman tidak wujud)">Thracia</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrians&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Illyrians (laman tidak wujud)">Illyrians</a>. Anak Philip, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agung" title="Alexander Agung">Alexander Agung</a>, (356–323&#160;SM) berjaya melanjutkan sebentar kekuasaan <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(kerajaan_kuno)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia (kerajaan kuno)">Macedonia</a> bukan sahaja ke atas bandar negeri berpusat Yunani, tetapi juga <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Parsi" title="Empayar Parsi">Empayar Parsi</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a> dan tanah sejauh timur pinggir <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Tempoh klasik secara konvensional berakhir dengan kematian Alexander pada 323&#160;SM dan pemecahan kerajaannya, yang pada masa itu dibahagikan di kalangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diadochi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadochi (laman tidak wujud)">Diadochi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tempoh_Helenistik_(323_SM_hingga_146_SM)"><span id="Tempoh_Helenistik_.28323_SM_hingga_146_SM.29"></span>Tempoh Helenistik (323 SM hingga 146&#160;SM)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Tempoh Helenistik (323 SM hingga 146 SM)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tempoh Helenistik (323 SM hingga 146 SM)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempoh_Helenistik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tempoh Helenistik (laman tidak wujud)">Tempoh Helenistik</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Maklumat selanjutnya: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_Helenistik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Falsafah Helenistik (laman tidak wujud)">Falsafah Helenistik</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Helenistik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama Helenistik (laman tidak wujud)">agama Helenistik</a></div> <p>Yunani Klasik memasuki tempoh Hellenistik dengan kebangkitan <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> dan penaklukan <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agung" title="Alexander Agung">Alexander Agung</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Koine Greek (laman tidak wujud)">Yunani</a> menjadi <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> jauh di luar Yunani sendiri, dan budaya Helenistik berinteraksi dengan budaya <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Seleucid">Parsi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Greco-Bactria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Greco-Bactria (laman tidak wujud)">Asia Tengah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Yunani" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Yunani">India</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesir_Ptolemy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesir Ptolemy (laman tidak wujud)">Mesir</a>. kemajuan yang ketara dibuat dalam bidang sains (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografi_Yunani_Purba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geografi Yunani Purba (laman tidak wujud)">geografi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomi_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomi Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">astronomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matematik_Yunani" title="Matematik Yunani">matematik</a> dan lain-lain), terutamanya dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekolah_Peripatetik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekolah Peripatetik (laman tidak wujud)">pengikut</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotelianisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristotelianisme (laman tidak wujud)">Aristotelianisme</a>). </p><p>Tempoh Helenistik berakhir dengan kebangkitan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rom" title="Republik Rom">Republik Rom</a> pada abad ke-2&#160;SM dan penaklukan Rom ke atas Yunani pada 146&#160;SM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republik_Rom_(abad_ke-5_hingga_pertama_SM)"><span id="Republik_Rom_.28abad_ke-5_hingga_pertama_SM.29"></span>Republik Rom (abad ke-5 hingga pertama&#160;SM)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Republik Rom (abad ke-5 hingga pertama SM)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Republik Rom (abad ke-5 hingga pertama SM)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Extent_of_the_Roman_Republic_and_the_Roman_Empire_between_218_BC_and_117_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Extent_of_the_Roman_Republic_and_the_Roman_Empire_between_218_BC_and_117_AD.png/260px-Extent_of_the_Roman_Republic_and_the_Roman_Empire_between_218_BC_and_117_AD.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Extent_of_the_Roman_Republic_and_the_Roman_Empire_between_218_BC_and_117_AD.png/390px-Extent_of_the_Roman_Republic_and_the_Roman_Empire_between_218_BC_and_117_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Extent_of_the_Roman_Republic_and_the_Roman_Empire_between_218_BC_and_117_AD.png/520px-Extent_of_the_Roman_Republic_and_the_Roman_Empire_between_218_BC_and_117_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption>Keluasan kawasan Republik Rom dan Empayar Rom pada 218 SM (merah gelap), 133&#160;SM (merah muda), 44&#160;SM (oren), 14&#160;M (kuning), after 14&#160;M (hijau), dan lanjutan maksimum di bawah Trajan 117 (hijau cerah)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rom" title="Republik Rom">Republik Rom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Maklumat selanjutnya: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budaya_Rom_purba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya Rom purba (laman tidak wujud)">budaya Rom purba</a></div> <p>Tempoh republik Rom Purba bermula dengan penggulingan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Rom (laman tidak wujud)">Monarki</a> kk.&#160;509&#160; SM dan berlangsung selama lebih 450 tahun sehingga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subversi_(politik)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Subversi (politik) (laman tidak wujud)">subversi</a>, melalui satu siri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_saudara_Republik_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang saudara Republik Rom (laman tidak wujud)">perang saudara</a>, ke dalam bentuk kerajaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Principate&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Principate (laman tidak wujud)">Principate</a> dan tempoh Imperial. Pada separuh alaf Republik, Rom bangkit dari kuasa serantau <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> kepada kuasa dominan di Itali dan di luar. Penyatuan Itali di bawah hegemoni Rom adalah satu proses beransur-ansur, membawa kepada dalam siri konflik abad ke-4 dan ke-3, yang <a href="/wiki/Perang_Samnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Samnium">Perang Samnium</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Latin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Latin (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Latin</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Pirik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Pirik (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Pirik</a>. Kemenangan Rom dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Punik" title="Perang Punik">Perang Punik</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Macedonia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Macedonia (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Macedonia</a> menjadikan Rom sebagai kuasa besar serantau menjelang abad ke-2&#160;SM, disusuli oleh pengambilalihan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rom_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rom Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Greece</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_(wilayah_Roman)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia (wilayah Roman) (laman tidak wujud)">Asia Kecil</a>. Peningkatan besar kuasa itu telah disertai dengan ketidakstabilan ekonomi dan pergolakan sosial, yang membawa kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konspirasi_Catiline&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konspirasi Catiline (laman tidak wujud)">konspirasi Catiline</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Sosial_(91%E2%80%9388_SM)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Sosial (91–88 SM) (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Sosial</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triumvirate_Pertama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Triumvirate Pertama (laman tidak wujud)">Triumvirate Pertama</a>, dan akhirnya perubahan kepada Empayar Rom pada separuh kedua abad pertama&#160;SM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empayar_Rom_(Abad_pertama_SM_hingga_abad_ke-5_M)"><span id="Empayar_Rom_.28Abad_pertama_SM_hingga_abad_ke-5_M.29"></span>Empayar Rom (Abad pertama SM hingga abad ke-5&#160;M)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Empayar Rom (Abad pertama SM hingga abad ke-5 M)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Empayar Rom (Abad pertama SM hingga abad ke-5 M)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Rom" title="Empayar Rom">Empayar Rom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:RomanEmpire_117.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/260px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/390px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/520px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Luas Empayar Rom di bawah Trajan, 117 M</figcaption></figure> <p>Menentukan penghujung tepat Republik adalah satu pertikaian oleh ahli sejarah moden. Peristiwa tepat yang menandakan peralihan Republik Rom kepada <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Rom" title="Empayar Rom">Empayar Rom</a> adalah masalah tafsiran. Ahli-ahli sejarah telah mencadangkan pelantikan <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> sebagai diktator yang kekal (44&#160;SM), <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Actium" title="Pertempuran Actium">Pertempuran Actium</a> (2 September 31&#160;SM), dan pemberian <a href="/wiki/Senat_Rom" title="Senat Rom">Senat Rom</a> akan kuasa yang luar biasa di bawah <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> (16 Januari 27&#160;SM), sebagai calon penting. Rakyat Rom pada masa itu tidak mengetahui bahawa Republik itu tidak wujud lagi. "<a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Rom" title="Maharaja Rom">Maharaja</a>" awal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinasti_Julio-Claudian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinasti Julio-Claudian (laman tidak wujud)">Julio-Claudian</a> mempertahankan bahawa <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Res_publica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Res publica (laman tidak wujud)">res publica</a></i> masih wujud, walaupun di bawah perlindungan kuasa luar biasa mereka, dan akhirnya akan kembali ke bentuk penuh Republik. Negeri Rom terus memanggil diri mereka sebuah <i>res publica</i> selagi terus menggunakan Latin sebagai bahasa rasmi. </p><p>Rom memperoleh ciri empayar <i>de facto</i> daripada 130s&#160;SM dengan pengambilalihan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cisalpine_Gaul&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cisalpine Gaul (laman tidak wujud)">Cisalpine Gaul</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Illyria (laman tidak wujud)">Illyria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rom_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rom Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Greece</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, dan pasti dengan tambahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilayah_Iudaea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilayah Iudaea (laman tidak wujud)">Iudaea</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_(wilayah_Rom)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia (wilayah Rom) (laman tidak wujud)">Asia Kecil</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaul_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaul Rom (laman tidak wujud)">Gaul</a> pada abad pertama SM. Pada masa peluasan maksimum empayar di bawah <a href="/wiki/Trajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (117 M), Rom menguasai keseluruhan <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> dan juga Gaul, bahagian <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Britain_Rom" title="Britain Rom">Britannia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan">Balkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, Asia Kecil, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. </p><p>Budaya, Empayar Rom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghelenan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penghelenan (laman tidak wujud)">dihelenkan</a> dengan ketara, tetapi juga memperlihatkan kebangkitan tradisi sinkratik "timur", seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithraisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mithraisme (laman tidak wujud)">Mithraisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnostisisme" title="Gnostisisme">Gnostisisme</a>, dan paling ketara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asal-usul_agama_Kristian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asal-usul agama Kristian (laman tidak wujud)">Kristian</a>. </p><p>Empayar ini mula jatuh dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisis_abad_ketiga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisis abad ketiga (laman tidak wujud)">krisis abad ketiga</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lewat_Baharian_(ke-4_hingga_abad_ke-7_M)"><span id="Lewat_Baharian_.28ke-4_hingga_abad_ke-7_M.29"></span>Lewat Baharian (ke-4 hingga abad ke-7&#160;M)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Lewat Baharian (ke-4 hingga abad ke-7 M)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lewat Baharian (ke-4 hingga abad ke-7 M)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Roman_Empires_476AD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Roman_Empires_476AD.svg/260px-Roman_Empires_476AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Roman_Empires_476AD.svg/390px-Roman_Empires_476AD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Roman_Empires_476AD.svg/520px-Roman_Empires_476AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Empayar_Rom" title="Empayar Rom">Empayar Rom</a> <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Rom_Barat" title="Empayar Rom Barat">Barat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Rom_Timur" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Rom Timur">Timur</a> pada 476</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Laman utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewat_Baharian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewat Baharian (laman tidak wujud)">Lewat Baharian</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempoh_penghijrahan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tempoh penghijrahan (laman tidak wujud)">Tempoh penghijrahan</a></div> <p>Lewat Baharian memperlihatkan kebangkitan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristian_Awal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristian Awal (laman tidak wujud)">Kristian</a> di bawah <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>, akhirnya mengenepikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultus_empayar_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kultus empayar Rom (laman tidak wujud)">kultus empayar Rom</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dekri_Theodosian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dekri Theodosian (laman tidak wujud)">dekri Theodosian</a> &#160;393. Serangan berturut-turut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku-suku_Jerman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku-suku Jerman (laman tidak wujud)">suku-suku Jerman</a> memuktamadkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejatuhan_Empayar_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kejatuhan Empayar Rom (laman tidak wujud)">kejatuhan Empayar Rom Barat</a> pada abad ke-5, manakala <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Rom_Timur" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Rom Timur">Empayar Rom Timur</a> berterusan sepanjang <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Pertengahan" title="Zaman Pertengahan">Zaman Pertengahan</a>, dalam keadaan yang dikenali sebagai Empayar Rom oleh rakyat, dan dilabel <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Byzantine">Empayar Byzantine</a> oleh ahli sejarah kemudian. </p><p>Falsafah Helenistik telah digantikan oleh perkembangan yang berterusan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platonisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Platonisme (laman tidak wujud)">Platonisme</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajaran_Epikur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajaran Epikur (laman tidak wujud)">ajaran Epikur</a>, dengan Neoplatonisme dalam masa terdekat mempengaruhi <a href="/wiki/Kristian" title="Kristian">teologi</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Bapa_Gereja" title="Bapa Gereja">Bapa Gereja</a>. </p><p>Ramai individu telah cuba untuk meletakkan tarikh simbolik "pengakhiran" baharian dengan tarikh yang paling menonjol iaitu kekalahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Rom_Barat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maharaja Rom Barat (laman tidak wujud)">Maharaja Rom Barat</a> yang terakhir pada 476,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> penutupan <a href="/wiki/Akademia" title="Akademia">Akademi Plato</a> terakhir di Athens oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Rom_Timur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maharaja Rom Timur (laman tidak wujud)">Maharaja Rom Timur</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian I">Justinian&#160;I</a> pada&#160;529,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Maghreb_oleh_Muslim" title="Penaklukan Maghreb oleh Muslim">penaklukan banyak kawasan Mediterranean</a> oleh agamaa <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> yang baru dari 634-718.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penaklukan Muslim ke atas Syria (637), Mesir (639), Cyprus (654), Afrika Utara (665), Sepanyol (718), Crete (820), dan Sicily (827), (dan pengepungan ibu kota Rom Timur, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengepungan_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%9378)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengepungan Constantinople (674–78) (laman tidak wujud)">Pengepungan Arab ke atas Constantinople Pertama (674–78)</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengepungan_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%9318)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengepungan Constantinople (717–18) (laman tidak wujud)">Pengepungan Arab ke atas Constantinople Kedua (717–18)</a>) memutuskan kaitan ekonomi, budaya dan politik yang secara tradisinya menyatukan budaya klasik sekitar Mediterranean, mengakhiri baharian, lihat (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirenne_Thesis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirenne Thesis (laman tidak wujud)">Pirenne Thesis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rom Senat asal masih menyuarakan dekri sehingga lewat abad ke-6, dan maharaja Rom Timur terakhir yang menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin">Latin</a> sebagai bahasa istana di Constantinople adalah maharaja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(maharaja)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice (maharaja) (laman tidak wujud)">Maurice</a>, yang memerintah sehingga 602. Penggulingan Maurice oleh pemberontakan tentera Danube di bawah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Phocas (laman tidak wujud)">Phocas</a> menyebabkan serangan Slavik Balkan dan kemerosotan budaya bandar Balkan dan Yunani (yang membawa kepada penghijrahan penutur Latin Balkan ke pergunungan, lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asal-Usul_Romania&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asal-Usul Romania (laman tidak wujud)">Asal-Usul Romania</a>), dan juga menimbulkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Byzantine-Sasanian_602%E2%80%93628&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Byzantine-Sasanian 602–628 (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Byzantine-Sasanian 602–628</a> yang menyebabkan semua bandar-bandar besar timur kecuali Constantinople telah dirampas. Kemelut yang terhasil tidak berakhir sehingga <a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Penaklukan Muslim">penaklukan Muslim</a> abad ke-7 memuktamadkan kehilangan yang tidak dapat dipulihkan bagi semua bandar-bandar terbesar Timur empayar Rom di samping ibu kota itu sendiri. Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> di <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, yang muncul dalam tempoh ini,menjalankan urusan istananya dalam bahasa Yunani, bukan Latin, walaupun Yunani sentiasa menjadi bahasa pentadbiran wilayah Rom Timur. Hubungan Timur-Barat menjadi goyah berikutan pengakhiran <a href="/wiki/Kepausan_Byzantine" title="Kepausan Byzantine">Kepausan Byzantine</a>. </p><p>Ibu kota Empayar Rom Timur ini <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> ditinggalkan sebagai satu-satunya pusat bandar besar empayar Rom yang asal yang tidak pernah ditakluk, dan juga menjadi bandar yang terbesar di Eropah. Menerusi alaf seterusnya budaya bandar Rom perlahan-lahan berubah, yang membawa kepada ahli sejarah moden merujuk kepadanya dengan nama baru, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a>, walaupun banyak buku, ukiran, dan teknologi klasik terselamat di sana bersama-sama dengan masakan Rom klasik dan tradisi ilmiah, sehingga ke era Zaman Pertengahan, apabila banyak yang telah "ditemui semula" dengan kunjungan tentera salib Barat. Malah, penduduk Constantinople terus menggelar diri mereka sebagai orang-orang Rom, seperti yang dilakukan penakluk kemudian pada tahun 1453, <a href="/wiki/Uthmaniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthmaniyyah">Uthmaniyyah</a>. (See <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%BBm&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rûm (laman tidak wujud)">Rûm</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romaioi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Romaioi (laman tidak wujud)">Romaioi</a>.) Biasiswa klasik dan budaya yang masih terpelihara di Constantinople telah dibawa oleh pelarian yang melarikan diri ketika penaklukan pada tahun 1453 dan membantu untuk mencetuskan <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarjana_Yunaniketika_Renaissance&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarjana Yunaniketika Renaissance (laman tidak wujud)">sarjana Yunaniketika Renaissance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garis_masa">Garis masa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Garis masa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Garis masa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_masa_baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis masa baharian klasik (laman tidak wujud)">Garis masa baharian klasik</a></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Garis_masa_baharian_klasik" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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Helenistik" alt="Yunani Helenistik" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Yunani_klasik" coords="197,44,305,64" title="Yunani klasik" alt="Yunani klasik" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Yunani_kuno" coords="54,44,151,64" title="Yunani kuno" alt="Yunani kuno" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sassanid" coords="733,28,813,49" title="Sassanid" alt="Sassanid" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Wilayah_Asia" coords="421,28,512,49" title="Wilayah Asia" alt="Wilayah Asia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Empayar_Seleucid" coords="330,28,411,49" title="Empayar Seleucid" alt="Empayar Seleucid" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Achaemenid" coords="168,28,276,49" title="Achaemenid" alt="Achaemenid" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Empayar_Neo%2DAssyria" coords="14,28,156,49" title="Empayar Neo-Assyria" alt="Empayar Neo-Assyria" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_9qcigt1mwfd3qy1s9pv1z63dnacq5ts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ms/timeline/9qcigt1mwfd3qy1s9pv1z63dnacq5ts.png" /></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poe EA (1831). "<a href="/w/index.php?title=To_Helen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="To Helen (laman tidak wujud)">To Helen</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Link-interwiki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Link-interwiki (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Link-interwiki</a>: Römische Kunst (<i>Roman art</i>). In: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Link-interwiki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Link-interwiki (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Link-interwiki</a> (1960): Bildende Kunst I (Archäologie) (<i>Visual arts&#160;I — archaeology</i>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Link-interwiki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Link-interwiki (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Link-interwiki</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S._Fischer_Verlag&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="S. Fischer Verlag (laman tidak wujud)">S. Fischer Verlag</a>. p.&#160;192. "Bestimmend blieb (...) der italisch-römische Geist, der sich der entlehnten Formen nur bediente. (...) Ohne [die] Begegnung [mit der griechischen Formenwelt, author's note] hätte der italisch-römische Geist sich wohl kaum in künstlerischen Schöpfungen ausdrücken können und wäre nicht über die Ansätze, die wir in den <i>Kanopen von Chiusi</i> (...), der <i>kapitolinischen Wölfin</i> (...), dem <i>Krieger von Capestrano</i> (...) erhalten haben, hinausgekommen. Auch die gleichermaßen realistische wie unkünstlerische Auffassung der <i>Porträts</i> im 2. und 1. J[ahr]h[undert] v[or] Chr[istus] konnte sich nur unter dem Einfluß griechischer Formen ändern." (<i>"Determinant remained the Italic-Roman spirit, that just availed itself of the borrowed forms. (...) Without having come across [the world of the Greek forms], the Italic-Roman spirit would hardly have been able to express itself in works of art and would not have got beyond the starts that are preserved in the canopic jars of Chiusi, the Capitoline Wolf, the Warrior of Capestrano. Also the likewise realistic and inartistic conception and production of the portraits in the second and the first centuries&#160;BC could only change under the influence of Greek forms."</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie (laman tidak wujud)">Der Große Brockhaus</a>. 1. vol.: A-Beo. Eberhard Brockhaus, Wiesbaden 1953, p.&#160;315. "Ihre dankbarsten und verständnisvollsten Schüler aber fand die hellenistische Kultur in den Römern; sie wurden Mäzene, Nachahmer und schließlich Konkurrenten, indem sie die eigene Sprache wetteifernd neben die griechische setzten: so wurde die antike Kultur zweisprachig, griechisch und lateinisch. Das System dieser griechisch-hellenistisch-römischen Kultur, das sich in der römischen Kaiserzeit abschließend gestaltete, enthielt, neben Elementen des Orients, die griechische Wissenschaft und Philosophie, Dichtung, Geschichtsschreibung, Rhetorik und bildende Kunst." (<i>"The Hellenistic culture but found its most thankful and its most understanding disciples in the Romans; they became patrons, imitators, and finally rivals, when they competitively set the own language beside the Greek: thus, the antique culture became bilingual, Greek and Latin. The system of this Greco-Latin culture, that assumed its definitive shape in the Roman imperial period, contained, amongst elements of the Orient, the Greek science and philosophy, poetry, historiography, rhetoric and visual arts."</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Link-interwiki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Link-interwiki (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Link-interwiki</a>: Weltgeschichte — Völker, Männer, Ideen (<i>History of the world — peoples, men, ideas</i>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Link-interwiki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Link-interwiki (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Link-interwiki</a>, Amsterdam 1939, p.&#160;113. "Es ist ein merkwürdiges Schauspiel&#160;— dieser Kampf eines bewussten Römertums gegen die geriebene Gewandtheit des Hellenismus: der römische Geschmack wehrt sich und verbohrt sich trotzig in sich selbst, aber es fällt ihm nicht genug ein, er kann nicht über seine Grenzen weg; was die Griechen bieten, hat soviel Reiz und Bequemlichkeit. In der bildenden Kunst und in der Philosophie gab das Römertum zuerst den Kampf um seine Selbständigkeit auf&#160;— Bilden um des Bildes willen, Forschen und Grübeln, theoretische Wahrheitssuche und Spekulation lagen ihm durchaus nicht." (<i>"It is a strange spectacle: this fight of a conscious Roman striving against the wily ingenuity of Hellenism. The Roman taste offers resistance, defiantly goes mad about itself, but there does not come enough into its mind, it is not able to overcome its limits; there is so much charm and so much comfort in what the Greeks afford. In visual arts and philosophy, Romanism first abandoned the struggle for its independence&#160;— forming for the sake of the form, poring and investigation, theoretical speculation and hunt for truth were by no means in its line."</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ancient Rome and the Roman Empire</i> by Michael Kerrigan. Dorling Kindersley, London: 2001. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0789481537" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7894-8153-7</a>. page 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adkins, 1998. page 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/grecoromanmyth1/a/mythslegends_3.htm">Myths and Legends – Rome, the Wolf, and Mars</a>. Accessed 2007-3-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matyszak, 2003. page 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duiker, 2001. page 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clare, I. S. (1906). Library of universal history: containing a record of the human race from the earliest historical period to the present time; embracing a general survey of the progress of mankind in national and social life, civil government, religion, literature, science and art. New York: Union Book. Page 1519 (cf., Ancient history, as we have already seen, ended with the fall of the Western Roman Empire; [...])</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Center for Research and Training in History. (1973). Bulgarian historical review. Sofia: Pub. House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]. Page 43. (cf. ... in the history of Europe, which marks both the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages, is the fall of the Western Roman Empire.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFHadas1950" class="citation book cs1">Hadas, Moses (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=dOht3609JOMC&amp;pg=PA273&amp;dq=%22end+of+antiquity%22+%2B+%22529%22#v=onepage&amp;q=%22end%20of%20antiquity%22%20%2B%20%22529%22&amp;f=false"><i>A History of Greek Literature</i></a>. Columbia University Press. m/s.&#160;327. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-231-01767-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-231-01767-7"><bdi>0-231-01767-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Literature&amp;rft.pages=327&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1950&amp;rft.isbn=0-231-01767-7&amp;rft.aulast=Hadas&amp;rft.aufirst=Moses&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdOht3609JOMC%26pg%3DPA273%26dq%3D%2522end%2Bof%2Bantiquity%2522%2B%252B%2B%2522529%2522%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522end%2520of%2520antiquity%2522%2520%252B%2520%2522529%2522%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABaharian+klasik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Pirenne (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MohammedAndChalemagne"><i>Mohammed and Charlemagne</i></a> English translation by Bernard Miall, 1939. From <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. The thesis was originally laid out in an article published in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revue_Belge_de_Philologie_et_d%27Histoire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Revue Belge de Philologie et d&#39;Histoire (laman tidak wujud)">Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire</a></i> 1 (1922), pp. 77-86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Pirenne (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MohammedAndChalemagne"><i>Mohammed and Charlemagne</i></a> English translation by Bernard Miall, 1939. From <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. The thesis was originally laid out in an article published in <i>Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire</i> 1 (1922), pp. 77-86.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharian_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grinin L. E. Early State in the Classical World: Statehood and Ancient <a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy (laman tidak wujud)">Democracy</a>. In Grinin L. E. et al. (eds.)Hierarchy and Power in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=History&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="History (laman tidak wujud)">History</a> of civilizations: Ancient and Medieval Cultures 9pp.31–84). Moscow: URSS, 2008.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.uchitel-izd.ru/index.php?option=content&amp;task=view&amp;id=183&amp;Itemid=58">Early State in the Classical World</a></li></ul> <center> <table id="toc" width="90%" cellspacing="0" style="margin-bottom: 6px;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" style="padding:5px; background:#ccccff" width="100%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_purba_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman purba klasik (laman tidak wujud)">Zaman Purba Klasik</a> mengikut kawasan </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="padding:5px 15px; font-size: 90%;" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrika_Utara_semasa_zaman_purba_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrika Utara semasa zaman purba klasik (laman tidak wujud)">Afrika</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkan_semasa_zaman_purba_klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkan semasa zaman purba klasik (laman tidak wujud)">Balkan</a> | <a href="/wiki/Britain_Rom" title="Britain Rom">Britain</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesir_Ptolemy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesir Ptolemy (laman tidak wujud)">Mesir</a> | <a href="/wiki/Gallia" title="Gallia">Gallia</a> | <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> | <a href="/wiki/Yunani_Purba" title="Yunani Purba">Yunani</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberia_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberia Rom (laman tidak wujud)">Iberia</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Itali_semasa_zaman_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Itali semasa zaman Rom (laman tidak wujud)">Itali</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topik-topik_Yunani_Purba" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Templat:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan_templat:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Perbincangan templat:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Ancient_Greece_topics&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Yunani_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunani Rom (laman tidak wujud)">Yunani Rom</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Geografi</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laut_Aegia" title="Laut Aegia">Laut Aegia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Makedonia" title="Empayar Makedonia">Makaduniah</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Athens_Klasik" title="Athens Klasik">Athens</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corinth_kuno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Corinth kuno (laman tidak wujud)">Korinthos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thebes_kuno_(Boeotia)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thebes kuno (Boeotia) (laman tidak wujud)">Thebes</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermopylae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermopylae (laman tidak wujud)">Thermopylae</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miletus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Miletus (laman tidak wujud)">Miletus</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ephesos" title="Ephesos">Ephesos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Delos (laman tidak wujud)">Delos</a> &#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Yunani" title="Olympia, Yunani">Olympia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Troia" title="Troia">Troia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Rodos" title="Rodos">Rodos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kriti" title="Kriti">Kriti</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesos" title="Peloponnesos">Peloponnesos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epirus_(negeri_kuno)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Epirus (negeri kuno) (laman tidak wujud)">Epirus</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Kehidupan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_di_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama di Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Agama</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span 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href="/w/index.php?title=Pelacuran_di_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelacuran di Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Pelacuran</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengabdian_di_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengabdian di Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Pengabdian</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Perang</a> &#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertanian_di_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertanian di Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Pertanian</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> </span></p> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perubatan_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perubatan Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Perubatan</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <span 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href="/w/index.php?title=Anaxagoras&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaxagoras (laman tidak wujud)">Anaxagoras</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaximander&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaximander (laman tidak wujud)">Anaximander</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaximenes_dari_Miletus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaximenes dari Miletus (laman tidak wujud)">Anaximenes</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisthenes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antisthenes (laman tidak wujud)">Antisthenes</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles (Arsatalis)</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Democritus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Democritus (laman tidak wujud)">Democritus</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogenes_dari_Sinope&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diogenes dari Sinope (laman tidak wujud)">Diogenes dari Sinope</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Epikouros" title="Epikouros">Epikouros</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Empedocles&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Empedocles (laman tidak wujud)">Empedocles</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heraclitus (laman tidak wujud)">Heraclitus</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leukippos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leukippos (laman tidak wujud)">Leukippos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgias&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorgias (laman tidak wujud)">Gorgias</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parmenides&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parmenides (laman tidak wujud)">Parmenides</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato (Aflatun)</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protagoras&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protagoras (laman tidak wujud)">Protagoras</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates">Sokrates (Sukrat)</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Thales" title="Thales">Thales</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_dari_Citium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeno dari Citium (laman tidak wujud)">Zeno</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesusasteraan_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesusasteraan Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Penulis</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeskhylos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aeskhylos (laman tidak wujud)">Aeskhylos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristophanes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristophanes (laman tidak wujud)">Aristophanes</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euripides&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Euripides (laman tidak wujud)">Euripides</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Hesiodos" title="Hesiodos">Hesiodos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros">Homeros</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loukianos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Loukianos (laman tidak wujud)">Loukianos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Menandros (laman tidak wujud)">Menandros</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pindar (laman tidak wujud)">Pindar</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ploutarkhos" title="Ploutarkhos">Ploutarkhos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polybios&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Polybios (laman tidak wujud)">Polybios</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Psappho" title="Psappho">Psappho</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sophokles" title="Sophokles">Sophokles</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theognis_dari_Megara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Theognis dari Megara (laman tidak wujud)">Theognis dari Megara</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Thoukydides" title="Thoukydides">Thoukydides</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Lain-lain</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agung" title="Alexander Agung">Alexander Agung</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycurgus_(Sparta)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycurgus (Sparta) (laman tidak wujud)">Lycurgus</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_I" title="Leonidas I">Leonidas</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcibiades&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcibiades (laman tidak wujud)">Alcibiades</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Perikles" title="Perikles">Perikles</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Solon (laman tidak wujud)">Solon</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Themistokles&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Themistokles (laman tidak wujud)">Themistokles</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates">Hippokrates</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspasia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspasia (laman tidak wujud)">Aspasia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Milon_dari_Kroton" title="Milon dari Kroton">Milon dari Kroton</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_bina_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni bina Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Bangunan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kuil_Artemis" title="Kuil Artemis">Kuil Artemis</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Akropolis_Athens" title="Akropolis Athens">Akropolis</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agora_kuno_Athens&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agora kuno Athens (laman tidak wujud)">Agora kuno</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuil_Zeus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuil Zeus (laman tidak wujud)">Kuil Zeus di Olympia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuil_Hephaestus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuil Hephaestus (laman tidak wujud)">Kuil Hephaestus</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_kuil_Samothrace&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks kuil Samothrace (laman tidak wujud)">Kompleks kuil Samothrace</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_di_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni di Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Seni</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arca_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arca Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Arca</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duit_syiling_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Duit syiling Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Duit syiling</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesusasteraan_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesusasteraan Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Kesusasteraan</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzik_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzik Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Muzik</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_bina_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni bina Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Seni bina</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teater_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teater Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Teater</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembikar_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembikar Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Tembikar</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">Bahasa</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Proto-Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Proto-Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Proto-Yunani</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yunani_Mycenaea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yunani Mycenaea (laman tidak wujud)">Mycenaea</a> &#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yunani_Homer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yunani Homer (laman tidak wujud)">Homer</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialek_Yunani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialek Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">Dialek</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yunani_Aeolik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yunani Aeolik (laman tidak wujud)">Aeolik</a>&#160;•</small></span><small> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yunani_Arcadocypriot&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yunani Arcadocypriot (laman tidak wujud)">Arcadocypriot</a>&#160;•</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yunani_Attica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yunani Attica (laman tidak wujud)">Attica</a>&#160;•</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yunani_Dorik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yunani Dorik (laman tidak wujud)">Dorik</a>&#160;•</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yunani_Ionik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yunani Ionik (laman tidak wujud)">Ionik</a>&#160;•</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yunani_Lokris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yunani Lokris (laman tidak wujud)">Lokris</a>&#160;•</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Macedonia_kuno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Macedonia kuno (laman tidak wujud)">Macedonia</a>&#160;•</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yunani_Pamphylia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yunani Pamphylia (laman tidak wujud)">Pamphylia</a>)</span></small>&#160;<b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Koine" title="Bahasa Yunani Koine">Koine</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Perang_Yunani_dan_Rom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible =expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Ancient_Greek_and_Roman_Wars" title="Templat:Ancient Greek and Roman Wars"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Ancient_Greek_and_Roman_Wars&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Ancient Greek and Roman Wars (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Ancient_Greek_and_Roman_Wars&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perang_Yunani_dan_Rom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Perang Yunani dan Rom</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Perang Yunani</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perang_Troia" title="Perang Troia">Perang Troia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Messenia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Messenia (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Messenia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Lelantos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Lelantos (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Lelantos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Sicilia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Sicilia (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Sicilia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perang_Yunani-Parsi" title="Perang Yunani-Parsi">Perang Yunani-Parsi</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aegina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Aegina (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Aegina</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Liga_Delos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Liga Delos (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Liga Delos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Samos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Samos (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Samos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Peloponnesos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Peloponnesos (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Peloponnesos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Korinthos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Korinthos (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Korinthos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> Perang-Perang Suci (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Suci_Pertama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Suci Pertama (laman tidak wujud)">Pertama</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Suci_Kedua&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Suci Kedua (laman tidak wujud)">Kedua</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Suci_Ketiga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Suci Ketiga (laman tidak wujud)">Ketiga</a>)&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Sosial_(357%E2%80%93355_SM)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Sosial (357–355 SM) (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Sosial (357–355 SM)</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Alexander_Agung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Alexander Agung (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Alexander Agung</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diadochi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadochi (laman tidak wujud)">Perang terhadap empayar Alexander</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Lamia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Lamia (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Lamia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Khremonides&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Khremonides (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Khremonides</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Kleomenes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Kleomenes (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Kleomenes</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Sosial_(220%E2%80%93217_SM)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Sosial (220–217 SM) (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Sosial (220–217 SM)</a> &#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Kriti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Kriti (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Kriti</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aetolia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Aetolia (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Aetolia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_terhadap_Nabis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang terhadap Nabis (laman tidak wujud)">Perang terhadap Nabis</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabees&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maccabees (laman tidak wujud)">Pemberontakan Maccabees</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_kempen_tentera_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah kempen tentera Rom (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Republik Rom</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Tasik_Regillus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Tasik Regillus (laman tidak wujud)">Perang dengan Liga Latin</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Perang_Samnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Samnium">Perang Samnium</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Latin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Latin (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Latin</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Pirik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Pirik (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Pirik</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Perang_Punic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Punic">Perang Punic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perang_Punic_Pertama" title="Perang Punic Pertama">Pertama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perang_Punic_Kedua" title="Perang Punic Kedua">Kedua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perang_Punic_Ketiga" title="Perang Punic Ketiga">Ketiga</a>)&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Macedonia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Macedonia (laman tidak wujud)">Perang dengan Yunani</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Illyria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Illyria (laman tidak wujud)">Illyria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Macedonia_Pertama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Macedonia Pertama (laman tidak wujud)">Macedonia Pertama</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Macedonia_Kedua&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Macedonia Kedua (laman tidak wujud)">Macedonia Kedua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perang_Rom%E2%80%93Syria" title="Perang Rom–Syria">Seleucid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Macedonia_Ketiga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Macedonia Ketiga (laman tidak wujud)">Macedonia Ketiga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Macedonia_Keempat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Macedonia Keempat (laman tidak wujud)">Macedonia Keempat</a>)&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Jugurtha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Jugurtha (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Jugurtha</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Perang_Cimbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Cimbria">Perang Cimbria</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Pengabdian_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Pengabdian Rom (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Pengabdian Rom</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Pengabdian_Pertama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Pengabdian Pertama (laman tidak wujud)">Pertama</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erang_Pengabdian_Kedua&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Erang Pengabdian Kedua (laman tidak wujud)">Kedua</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erang_Pengabdian_Ketiga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Erang Pengabdian Ketiga (laman tidak wujud)">Ketiga</a>)&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Sosial_(91%E2%80%9388_SM)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Sosial (91–88 SM) (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Sosial</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Perang saudara Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_saudara_pertama_Sulla&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang saudara pertama Sulla (laman tidak wujud)">Pertama</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_saudara_kedua_Sulla&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang saudara kedua Sulla (laman tidak wujud)">Kedua</a>)&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Mithridates&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Mithridates (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Mithridates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Mithridates_Pertama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Mithridates Pertama (laman tidak wujud)">Pertama</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Mithridates_Kedua&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Mithridates Kedua (laman tidak wujud)">Kedua</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Mithridates_Ketiga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Mithridates Ketiga (laman tidak wujud)">Ketiga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Mithridates_Keempat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Mithridates Keempat (laman tidak wujud)">Keempat</a>)&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Gaul&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Gaul (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Gaul</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Perang_saudara_Caesar" title="Perang saudara Caesar">Perang saudara Julius Caesar</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Augustus#Kebangkitan_untuk_berkuasa" title="Augustus">Keakhiran Republik</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Mutina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Mutina (laman tidak wujud)">Pasca-Caesar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_saudara_pembebas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang saudara pembebas (laman tidak wujud)">Pembebas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemberontakan_Sicily&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemberontakan Sicily (laman tidak wujud)">Sicily</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_saudara_Fulvia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang saudara Fulvia (laman tidak wujud)">Fulvia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Akhir_Republik_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Akhir Republik Rom (laman tidak wujud)">Akhir</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_kempen_tentera_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah kempen tentera Rom (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Empayar Rom</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perang_Germanik" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Germanik">Perang Germanik</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Marcomanni&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Marcomanni (laman tidak wujud)">Marcomanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alamanni#Konflik_dengan_Empayar_Rom" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Goth_(376%E2%80%93382)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Goth (376–382) (laman tidak wujud)">Goth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visigoth#Perang_dengan_Rom_.28376.E2.80.93382.29" title="Visigoth">Visigoth</a>)&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penaklukan_Britain_oleh_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penaklukan Britain oleh Rom (laman tidak wujud)">Perang di Britain</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Perang Boudica</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Roman%E2%80%93Parthia_58%E2%80%9363&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Roman–Parthia 58–63 (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Armenia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Tahun_Empat_Maharaja" title="Tahun Empat Maharaja">Perang Saudara 69</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Perang_Yahudi-Rom" title="Perang Yahudi-Rom">Perang Yahudi</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Dacia_Domitian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Dacia Domitian (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Dacia Domitian</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Dacia_Trajan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Dacia Trajan (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Dacia Trajan</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Rom%E2%80%93Parthia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Rom–Parthia (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Parthia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Rom-Parsi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Rom-Parsi (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Parsi</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Krisis_Abad_Ketiga" title="Krisis Abad Ketiga">Perang Saudara Abad Ketiga</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span 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