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id="toc-Invasions_of_Agesilaus_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Tegyra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Tegyra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Battle of Tegyra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Tegyra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Leuctra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Leuctra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Battle of Leuctra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Leuctra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Chaeronea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Chaeronea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Battle of Chaeronea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Chaeronea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trophy_of_the_Battle_of_Leuctra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trophy_of_the_Battle_of_Leuctra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Trophy of the Battle of Leuctra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trophy_of_the_Battle_of_Leuctra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lion_of_Chaeronea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lion_of_Chaeronea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Lion of Chaeronea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lion_of_Chaeronea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sacred Band of Thebes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batall%C3%B3n_Sagr%C3%A1u_de_Tebes" title="Batallón Sagráu de Tebes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Batallón Sagráu de Tebes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Свещен отряд на Тива – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свещен отряд на Тива" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batall%C3%B3_Sagrat_de_Tebes" title="Batalló Sagrat de Tebes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalló Sagrat de Tebes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_odd%C3%ADl_(Th%C3%A9by)" title="Svatý oddíl (Théby) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatý oddíl (Théby)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfflu_Cysegredig_Thebai" title="Corfflu Cysegredig Thebai – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Corfflu Cysegredig Thebai" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_Schar_(Theben)" title="Heilige Schar (Theben) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heilige Schar (Theben)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%98%CE%B7%CE%B2%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Ιερός Λόχος Θηβών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιερός Λόχος Θηβών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batall%C3%B3n_Sagrado_de_Tebas" title="Batallón Sagrado de Tebas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batallón Sagrado de Tebas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataliono_de_Tebo" title="Bataliono de Tebo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bataliono de Tebo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebasko_Batailoi_Sakratua" title="Tebasko Batailoi Sakratua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tebasko Batailoi Sakratua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%98_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%A8" title="فالانژ مقدس تب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فالانژ مقدس تب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataillon_sacr%C3%A9" title="Bataillon sacré – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataillon sacré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4_%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1%EB%8C%80" title="테바이 신성대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테바이 신성대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askar_Suci_Thebes" title="Askar Suci Thebes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Askar Suci Thebes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglione_sacro" title="Battaglione sacro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglione sacro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99" title="הגדוד הקדוש של תבאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגדוד הקדוש של תבאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacra_cohors_(Thebana)" title="Sacra cohors (Thebana) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sacra cohors (Thebana)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9bai_szent_csapat" title="Thébai szent csapat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thébai szent csapat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_Schare_van_Thebe" title="Heilige Schare van Thebe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heilige Schare van Thebe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E9%9A%8A" title="神聖隊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神聖隊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebens_hellige_bande" title="Thebens hellige bande – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thebens hellige bande" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Zast%C4%99p" title="Święty Zastęp – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Święty Zastęp" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalh%C3%A3o_Sagrado_de_Tebas" title="Batalhão Sagrado de Tebas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalhão Sagrado de Tebas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Священный отряд из Фив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Священный отряд из Фив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sacred Band of Thebes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_odred_Tebancev" title="Sveti odred Tebancev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveti odred Tebancev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Света тебанска чета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Света тебанска чета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_%C4%8Deta_Tebe" title="Sveta četa Tebe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sveta četa Tebe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theban_pyh%C3%A4_joukko" title="Theban pyhä joukko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Theban pyhä joukko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes_heliga_skara" title="Thebes heliga skara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thebes heliga skara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="தீப்சின் புனித இணையர் படை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தீப்சின் புனித இணையர் படை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD_%D1%96%D0%B7_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Священний загін із Фів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Священний загін із Фів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Sacred Band of Thebes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Ἱερός Λόχος</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">4th century BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Thebes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">Theban</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data">Theban army</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Heavy infantry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frontal_assault" title="Frontal assault">Frontal assault</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Hand-to-hand combat</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raiding</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">300 men</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>Sacred Band of Thebes</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%B1%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἱερός">Ἱερός</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:λόχος">Λόχος</a></span></span>, <i>Hierós <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3khos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lókhos">Lókhos</a></i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Troop" title="Troop">troop</a> of select soldiers, consisting of 150 pairs of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">male couples</a> which formed the elite force of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)">Theban</a> army in the 4th century BC, ending <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> domination. </p><p>Its predominance began with its crucial role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuctra" title="Battle of Leuctra">Battle of Leuctra</a> in 371 BC. It was annihilated by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)" title="Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)">Battle of Chaeronea</a> in 338 BC. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)">Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)</a></div> <p>The earliest surviving record of the Sacred Band by name was in 324 BC, in the <a href="/wiki/Attic_orators" title="Attic orators">oration</a> <i>Against Demosthenes</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> logographer <a href="/wiki/Dinarchus" title="Dinarchus">Dinarchus</a>. He mentions the Sacred Band as being led by the general <a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a> and, alongside <a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a> who commanded the army of Thebes (Boeotia), were responsible for the defeat of the Spartans at the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuctra" title="Battle of Leuctra">Battle of Leuctra</a> (371 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-shrimpton_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrimpton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dinarchus_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinarchus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thebes-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thebes-1.jpg/250px-Thebes-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thebes-1.jpg/330px-Thebes-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thebes-1.jpg/500px-Thebes-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)">ancient Theban</a> citadel of <a href="/wiki/Cadmea" title="Cadmea">Cadmea</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>And if there were only some way of contriving that a state or an army should be made up of lovers and their beloved, they would be the very best governors of their own city, abstaining from all dishonour, and emulating one another in honour; and when fighting at each other's side, although a mere handful, they would overcome the world. For what lover would not choose rather to be seen by all mankind than by his beloved, either when abandoning his post or throwing away his arms? He would be ready to die a thousand deaths rather than endure this. Or who would desert his beloved or fail him in the hour of danger? </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Plato_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plato-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (46–120 AD), a native of the village of <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a>, is the source of the most substantial surviving account of the Sacred Band.<sup id="cite_ref-crompton_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crompton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plutarchLoeb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarchLoeb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He records that the Sacred Band was originally formed by the <a href="/wiki/Boeotarch" title="Boeotarch">boeotarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Gorgidas" title="Gorgidas">Gorgidas</a>, shortly after the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> garrison occupying the Theban citadel of <a href="/wiki/Cadmea" title="Cadmea">Cadmea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rockwell_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockwell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd century AD <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonian</a> author <a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a> in his <i>Stratagems in War</i> also records Gorgidas as the founder of the Sacred Band.<sup id="cite_ref-polyaenus_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polyaenus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Dio_Chrysostom" title="Dio Chrysostom">Dio Chrysostom</a> (c. 40–120 AD), <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_of_Rhodes" title="Hieronymus of Rhodes">Hieronymus of Rhodes</a> (c. 290–230 BC), and <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus_of_Naucratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenaeus of Naucratis">Athenaeus of Naucratis</a> (c. 200 AD) credit Epaminondas instead.<sup id="cite_ref-shrimpton_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrimpton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dio_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dio-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-athenaeus_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-athenaeus-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact date of the Sacred Band's creation, and whether it was created before or after the <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i> of Plato (c. 424–347 BC) and the similarly titled <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Xenophon)" title="Symposium (Xenophon)">Symposium</a></i> by his rival <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> (c. 430–354 BC), has also long been debated. The generally accepted date of the Sacred Band's creation is between 379 and 378 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstrong-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this, there were references to elite Theban forces also numbering 300. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (c.484–425 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> (c. 460–395 BC) both record an elite force of 300 Thebans allied with the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persians</a>, who were annihilated by <a href="/wiki/History_of_Athens" title="History of Athens">Athenians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a> (479 BC). Herodotus describes them as "the first and the finest" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πρῶτοι καὶ ἄριστοι</span></span>) among Thebans. <a href="/wiki/Diodorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodorus">Diodorus</a> also records 300 picked men (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄνδρες ἐπίλεκτοι</span></span>) present in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delium" title="Battle of Delium">Battle of Delium</a> (424 BC), composed of <i>heníochoi</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡνίοχοι</span></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">charioteers</a>") and <i>parabátai</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παραβάται</span></span>, "those who walk beside"). Though none of these mention the Sacred Band by name, these may have referred to the Sacred Band or at least its precursors.<sup id="cite_ref-rockwell_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockwell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leitao_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leitao-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Kinloch_Anderson" title="John Kinloch Anderson">John Kinloch Anderson</a> believes that the Sacred Band was indeed present in Delium, and that Gorgidas did not establish it, but merely reformed it.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the old debate surrounding Xenophon's and Plato's works, the Sacred Band has figured prominently as a possible way of dating which of the two wrote their version of <i>Symposium</i> first. Xenophon's Socrates in his <i>Symposium</i> disapprovingly mentions the practice of placing lovers beside each other in battle in the city-states of Thebes and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Elis" title="Ancient Elis">Elis</a>, arguing that while the practice was acceptable to them, it was shameful for Athenians. Both Plato and Xenophon were Athenians. According to the British classical scholar Sir <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Dover" title="Kenneth Dover">Kenneth Dover</a>, this was a clear allusion to the Sacred Band, reflecting Xenophon's contemporary, albeit anachronistic, awareness of the Theban practice, as the dramatic date of the work itself is c. 421 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-xenophon_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xenophon-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Danzig_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danzig-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ludwig_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludwig-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it is the speech of the character <a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a> in Plato's <i>Symposium</i> referring to an "army of lovers" that is most famously connected with the Sacred Band;<sup id="cite_ref-Plato_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plato-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ludwig_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludwig-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crompton2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crompton2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though it does not technically refer to the Sacred Band, since the army referred to is hypothetical.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dover argues Plato wrote his <i>Symposium</i> first since Plato's Phaedrus uses language that implies that the organization does not yet exist. He acknowledges, however, that Plato may have simply put the hypothesis in the mouth of Phaedrus according to the supposed earlier dramatic date of the work (c. 416 BC). It only shows that Plato was more mindful of his chronology in his <i>Symposium</i> than Xenophon, and proves that he was actually quite aware of the Sacred Band in his time.<sup id="cite_ref-Danzig_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danzig-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Plutarch, the 300 hand-picked men were chosen by Gorgidas purely for ability and merit, regardless of social class.<sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was composed of 150 male couples,<sup id="cite_ref-ludwig_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludwig-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each pair consisting of an older <i><a href="/wiki/Erastes_(Ancient_Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erastes (Ancient Greece)">erastês</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐραστής</span></span>, "lover") and a younger <i><a href="/wiki/Eromenos" title="Eromenos">erômenos</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐρώμενος</span></span>, "beloved").<sup id="cite_ref-plutarchD_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarchD-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athenaeus of Naucratis also records the Sacred Band as being composed of "lovers and their favorites, thus indicating the dignity of the god <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a> in that they embrace a glorious death in preference to a dishonorable and reprehensible life",<sup id="cite_ref-athenaeus_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-athenaeus-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Polyaenus describes the Sacred Band as being composed of men "devoted to each other by mutual obligations of love".<sup id="cite_ref-polyaenus_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polyaenus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the "sacred" appellation of the Sacred Band is unexplained by Dinarchus and other historians. But Plutarch claims that it was due to an exchange of sacred vows between lover and beloved at the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaus</a> (one of the lovers of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>) at Thebes. He also tangentially mentions Plato's characterization of the lover as a "friend inspired of God".<sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plutarchD_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarchD-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sacred Band was stationed in Cadmea as a standing force, likely as defense against future attempts by foreign forces to take the citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-rockwell_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockwell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ferrill_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferrill-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ashley_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was occasionally referred to as the "City Band" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐκ πόλεως λόχος</span></span>), due to their military training and housing being provided at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rockwell_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockwell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plutarchD_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarchD-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their regular training included <a href="/wiki/Greek_wrestling" title="Greek wrestling">wrestling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>. The historian James G. DeVoto points out that Gorgidas previously served as a <a href="/wiki/Hipparch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipparch">hipparch</a> (cavalry officer), therefore <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> training was also likely provided.<sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact ages of the unit's members are not recorded in ancient testimonies. However, comparing them with the Spartan elite unit <i><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">hippeis</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἱππεῖς</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Athenian <i><a href="/wiki/Epheboi" class="mw-redirect" title="Epheboi">epheboi</a></i> (ἔφηβοι) recruits, DeVoto estimates that trainees were inducted as full members to the Sacred Band at the ages of 20 to 21,<sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereupon they were given a full set of armor by their <i>erastai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-plutarchAmat_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarchAmat-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They likely ended their service at age 30.<sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_history">Military history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boeotian_War" title="Boeotian War">Boeotian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theban_hegemony" title="Theban hegemony">Theban hegemony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spartan_hegemony" title="Spartan hegemony">Spartan hegemony</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Greek_southern_regions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ancient_Greek_southern_regions.png/330px-Ancient_Greek_southern_regions.png" decoding="async" width="287" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ancient_Greek_southern_regions.png/500px-Ancient_Greek_southern_regions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ancient_Greek_southern_regions.png/574px-Ancient_Greek_southern_regions.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Map of ancient Greece showing the relative positions of the major regions of <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)">Thebes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Plutarch, Gorgidas originally distributed the members of the Sacred Band among the front ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">phalanxes</a> of regular infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-murray_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murray-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 375 BC, the command of the band was transferred to the younger boeotarch Pelopidas, one of the original Theban exiles who had led the forces who recaptured Cadmea.<sup id="cite_ref-plutarchD_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarchD-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ferrill_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferrill-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Pelopidas, the Sacred Band was united as a single unit of <a href="/wiki/Shock_troops" title="Shock troops">shock troops</a>. Their main function was to cripple the enemy by engaging and killing their best men and leaders in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-crompton2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crompton2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasions_of_Agesilaus_II">Invasions of Agesilaus II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Invasions of Agesilaus II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sacred Band first saw action in 378 BC, at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Boeotian_War" title="Boeotian War">Boeotian War</a>. It was during the famous stand-off between the Athenian <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_mercenaries" title="Ancient Greek mercenaries">mercenary</a> commander (and later <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Chabrias" title="Chabrias">Chabrias</a> (d. 357 BC) and the Spartan King <a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus II</a> (444 BC–360 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the creation of the Sacred Band under Gorgidas, the Athenians had helped the Theban exiles retake control of Thebes and the citadel of Cadmea from Sparta. This was followed by Athens openly entering into an alliance with Thebes against Sparta. In the summer of 378 BC, Agesilaus led a Spartan expedition against Thebes from the Boeotian city of <a href="/wiki/Thespiae" title="Thespiae">Thespiae</a> (then still allied to Sparta).<sup id="cite_ref-Munn_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munn-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spartan forces were held up for several days by Theban forces manning the earthen <a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">stockades</a> at the perimeter of Theban territory. The Spartans eventually breached the fortifications and entered the Theban countryside, devastating the Theban fields in their wake. Though the Athenians had by this time joined the Theban forces, they were still outnumbered by the Spartans. With the fall of the stockades, they were left with two choices, either to retreat back to the defensible walls of Thebes or to hold their ground and face the Spartans in the open. They chose the latter and arrayed their forces along the crest of a low sloping hill, opposite the Spartan forces. Gorgidas and the Sacred Band occupied the front ranks of the Theban forces on the right, while Chabrias and an experienced force of mercenary hoplites occupied the front ranks of the Athenian forces on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-Munn_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munn-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agesilaus first sent out <a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">skirmishers</a> to test the combined Theban and Athenian lines.<sup id="cite_ref-DiodorusXV_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiodorusXV-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were easily dispatched by the Theban and Athenian forces, probably by their more numerous cavalry. Agesilaus then commanded the entire Spartan army to advance. He may have hoped that the sight of the massed Spartan forces resolutely moving forward would be enough to intimidate the Theban and Athenian forces into breaking ranks. The same tactic had worked for Agesilaus against <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argive</a> forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coronea_(394_BC)" title="Battle of Coronea (394 BC)">Battle of Coronea (394 BC)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Munn_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munn-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was during this time that Chabrias gave his most famous command. With scarcely 200 m (660 ft) separating the two armies, Agesilaus was expecting the Theban and Athenian forces to charge at any moment.<sup id="cite_ref-Munn_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munn-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Chabrias ordered his men to <a href="/wiki/Stand_at_ease" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand at ease">stand at ease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-campbell_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In unison, his mercenary hoplites immediately assumed the resting posture—with the spear remaining pointing upwards instead of towards the enemy, and the shield propped against the left knee instead of being hoisted at the shoulders.<sup id="cite_ref-polyaenus_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polyaenus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-davies_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davies-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorgidas, on seeing this, also commanded the Sacred Band to follow suit, which they did with the same military drill precision and confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Munn_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munn-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The audacity of the maneuver and the discipline of the execution was such that Agesilaus halted the advance.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-neposChab_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neposChab-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing that his attempts to provoke the Theban and Athenian forces to fight on lower ground were unsuccessful, Agesilaus eventually thought it wiser to withdraw his forces back to Thespiae.<sup id="cite_ref-polyaenus_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polyaenus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DiodorusXV_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiodorusXV-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the stand-off in Thebes, Agesilaus disbanded his army in Thespiae and returned to <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peloponnesos">Peloponnesos</a> through <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xenoHell_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xenoHell-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left the general <a href="/wiki/Phoebidas" title="Phoebidas">Phoebidas</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Harmost" title="Harmost">harmost</a> (military governor) at Thespiae,<sup id="cite_ref-thirwall_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirwall-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same general responsible for the Spartan seizure of the citadel of Cadmea in 382 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-cartledge_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartledge-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bucklerPhil_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bucklerPhil-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-joi_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joi-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phoebidas began making various raids into Theban territory using the Spartans under his command and Thespian <a href="/wiki/Conscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscript">conscripts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-xenoHell_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xenoHell-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pritchett_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pritchett-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forays became so destructive that by the end of the summer, the Thebans went out in force against Thespiae under the command of Gorgidas.<sup id="cite_ref-Munn_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munn-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phoebidas engaged the advancing Theban army with his <a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">peltasts</a>. The harrying of the light infantry apparently proved too much for the Thebans and they started to retreat. Phoebidas, hoping for a rout, rashly pursued them closely. However, the Theban forces suddenly turned around and charged Phoebidas' forces. Phoebidas was killed by the Theban cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-sidnell_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sidnell-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His peltasts broke ranks and fled back to Thespiae pursued by Theban forces.<sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Munn_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munn-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from Polyaenus, none of these accounts mention the Sacred Band by name, but given that they were under the command of Gorgidas, they are likely to have been part of Theban forces involved.<sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not long afterwards, Agesilaus mounted a second expedition against Thebes. After a series of skirmishes which he won with some difficulty, he was forced again to withdraw when the Theban army came out full force as he approached the city. Diodorus observes at this point that the Thebans thereafter faced the Spartans with confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-DiodorusXV_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiodorusXV-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorgidas disappears from history between 377 and 375, during which the command of the Sacred Band was apparently transferred to Pelopidas.<sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Tegyra">Battle of Tegyra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Tegyra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tegyra" title="Battle of Tegyra">Battle of Tegyra</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeotia_ancient-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Boeotia_ancient-en.svg/287px-Boeotia_ancient-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="287" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Boeotia_ancient-en.svg/431px-Boeotia_ancient-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Boeotia_ancient-en.svg/574px-Boeotia_ancient-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Map of ancient <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> showing the location of the city of <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As a single unit under Pelopidas, the first recorded victory of the Sacred Band was at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tegyra" title="Battle of Tegyra">Battle of Tegyra</a> (375 BC). It occurred near the Boeotian city of <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a>, then still an ally of Sparta. Hearing reports that the Spartan garrison in Orchomenus had left for <a href="/wiki/Locris" title="Locris">Locris</a>, Pelopidas quickly set out with the Sacred Band and a few cavalry, hoping to capture it in their absence. They approached the city through the northeastern route since the waters of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Copais" title="Lake Copais">Lake Copais</a> were at their fullest during that season.<sup id="cite_ref-plutarchD_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarchD-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pritchett_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pritchett-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon reaching the city, they learned that a new <i>mora</i> had been sent from Sparta to reinforce Orchomenus. Unwilling to engage the new garrison, Pelopidas decided to retreat back to Thebes, retracing their northeastern route along Lake Copais. However, they only reached as far as the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> of Tegyra before encountering the returning Spartan forces from Locris.<sup id="cite_ref-buck_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buck-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spartans were composed of two <i><a href="/wiki/Mora_(military_unit)" title="Mora (military unit)">morai</a></i> led by the <i><a href="/wiki/Polemarch" title="Polemarch">polemarchoi</a></i> Gorgoleon and Theopompus.<sup id="cite_ref-rhodes_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhodes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They outnumbered the Thebans at least two to one.<sup id="cite_ref-buck_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buck-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Plutarch, upon seeing the Spartans, one Theban allegedly told Pelopidas "We are fallen into our enemy's hands" to which Pelopidas replied, "And why not they into ours?" He then ordered his cavalry to ride up from the rear and charge while he reformed the Sacred Band into an abnormally dense formation, hoping to at least cut through the numerically superior Spartan lines. The Spartans advanced, confident in their numbers, only to have their leaders killed immediately in the opening clashes. Leaderless and encountering forces equal in discipline and training for the first time in the Sacred Band, the Spartans faltered and opened their ranks, expecting the Thebans to pass through and escape. Instead, Pelopidas surprised them by using the opening to <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flank</a> the Spartans.<sup id="cite_ref-hutchinson_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hutchinson-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spartans were completely routed, with considerable loss of life.<sup id="cite_ref-plutarchD_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarchD-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gaebel_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaebel-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thebans didn't pursue the fleeing survivors, mindful of the remaining Spartan <i>mora</i> stationed in Orchomenus less than 5 km (3.1 mi) away. They stripped the dead and set up a <i><a href="/wiki/Tropaion" title="Tropaion">tropaion</a></i> (τρόπαιον, a commemorative trophy left at the site of a battle victory) before continuing on to Thebes.<sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having proven their worth, Pelopidas kept the Sacred Band as a separate tactical unit in all subsequent battles.<sup id="cite_ref-rockwell_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockwell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plutarchD_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarchD-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An account of the battle was mentioned both by Diodorus and Plutarch, both based heavily on the report by Ephorus.<sup id="cite_ref-Stylianou_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stylianou-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xenophon conspicuously omits any mention of the Theban victory in his <i><a href="/wiki/Hellenica" title="Hellenica">Hellenica</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-pritchett_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pritchett-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this has traditionally been ascribed to Xenophon's strong anti-Theban and pro-Spartan sentiments.<sup id="cite_ref-hornblower_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hornblower-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buckler_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckler-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An obscure allusion to Orchomenus in <i>Hellenica</i>, however, implies that Xenophon was aware of the Spartan defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-pritchett_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pritchett-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact number of the belligerents on each side varies by account. Diodorus puts the number of Thebans at 500 against the Spartans' 1,000 (each <i>mora</i> consisting of 500 men), apparently basing it on Ephorus' original figures. Plutarch puts the number of the Thebans at 300, and acknowledges three sources for the number of Spartans: 1000 by the account of Ephorus; 1,400 by <a href="/wiki/Callisthenes" title="Callisthenes">Callisthenes</a> (c. 360–328 BC); or 1,800 by <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> (c. 200–118 BC). Some of these numbers may have been exaggerated due to the overall significance of the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Stylianou_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stylianou-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hornblower_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hornblower-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle, while minor, was remarkable for being the first time a Spartan force had been defeated in pitched battle, dispelling the myth of Spartan invincibility.<sup id="cite_ref-rockwell_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockwell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It left a deep impression in Greece and boosted the morale among Boeotians, foreshadowing the later Battle of Leuctra.<sup id="cite_ref-cartledge_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartledge-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buck_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buck-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hornblower_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hornblower-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Plutarch's own words: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For in all the great wars there had ever been against Greeks or barbarians, the Spartans were never before beaten by a smaller company than their own; nor, indeed, in a set battle, when their number was equal. Hence their courage was thought irresistible, and their high repute before the battle made a conquest already of enemies, who thought themselves no match for the men of Sparta even on equal terms. But this battle first taught the other Greeks, that not only Eurotas, or the country between Babyce and Cnacion,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> breeds men of courage and resolution; but that where the youth are ashamed of baseness, and ready to venture in a good cause, where they fly disgrace more than danger, there, wherever it be, are found the bravest and most formidable opponents.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Plutarch, <i>Pelopidas</i> 17<sup id="cite_ref-plutarchD_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarchD-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Shortly after this, the Athenians initiated the <a href="/wiki/Common_Peace" title="Common Peace">Common Peace</a> of 375 BC (Κοινὴ Εἰρήνη, <i>Koine Eirene</i>) among Greek city-states. According to Xenophon, they were alarmed at the growing power of Thebes and weary of fending off Spartan fleets alone as the Thebans were not contributing any money to maintaining the Athenian fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-rockwell_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockwell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this broke down soon after in 374 BC, when Athens and Sparta resumed hostilities over <a href="/wiki/Korkyra_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Korkyra (polis)">Korkyra</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cartledge_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartledge-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time period, Athens also gradually became hostile to Thebes.<sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Athens and Sparta were busy fighting each other, Thebes resumed her campaigns against the autonomous pro-Spartan Boeotian <i><a href="/wiki/Poleis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poleis">poleis</a></i>. Thespiae and <a href="/wiki/Tanagra" title="Tanagra">Tanagra</a> were subjugated and formally became part of the reestablished <a href="/wiki/Greek_democracy" title="Greek democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeotian_confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeotian confederacy">Boeotian confederacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-buck_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buck-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 373 BC, Thebans under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Boeotarch" title="Boeotarch">boeotarch</a> Neocles attacked and razed its traditional rival, the Boeotian city of <a href="/wiki/Plataea" title="Plataea">Plataea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-paus9_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paus9-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Plataean citizens were allowed to leave alive, but they were reduced to being refugees and sought sanctuary in Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-DiodorusXV_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiodorusXV-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cole_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the pro-Spartan Boeotian <i>poleis</i>, only Orchomenus remained.<sup id="cite_ref-buck_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buck-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this time, Thebes had also started attacking <a href="/wiki/Phocian" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocian">Phocian</a> <i>poleis</i> allied to Sparta.<sup id="cite_ref-terry_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terry-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pelopidas is again mentioned as the commander of the abortive Theban siege of the Phocian city of <a href="/wiki/Elateia" title="Elateia">Elateia</a> (c. 372 BC). In response to the Theban army outside the city's walls, the Phocian general <a href="/wiki/Onomarchus" title="Onomarchus">Onomarchus</a> brought out all the inhabitants of the city (including the elderly, women, and children) and locked the gates. He then placed the non-combatants directly behind the defenders of Elateia. On seeing this, Pelopidas withdrew his forces, recognizing that the Phocians would fight to the death to protect their loved ones.<sup id="cite_ref-polyaenus_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polyaenus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 371 BC, there was another attempt to revive the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Antalcidas" title="Peace of Antalcidas">King's Peace</a> to curb the rise of Thebes. It was initiated by either the Athenians or the Persians (perhaps at the prompting of the Spartans). The Spartans also sent a large force led by King <a href="/wiki/Cleombrotus_I" title="Cleombrotus I">Cleombrotus I</a> (Sparta having <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">two kings</a> simultaneously for most of its history) to Phocis, ready to invade Boeotia if the Thebans refused to attend the peace conference or accept its terms.<sup id="cite_ref-terry_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terry-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Leuctra">Battle of Leuctra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Leuctra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuctra" title="Battle of Leuctra">Battle of Leuctra</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Leuctra,_371_BC_-_Decisive_action.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Battle_of_Leuctra%2C_371_BC_-_Decisive_action.png/300px-Battle_of_Leuctra%2C_371_BC_-_Decisive_action.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Battle_of_Leuctra%2C_371_BC_-_Decisive_action.png/450px-Battle_of_Leuctra%2C_371_BC_-_Decisive_action.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Battle_of_Leuctra%2C_371_BC_-_Decisive_action.png/600px-Battle_of_Leuctra%2C_371_BC_-_Decisive_action.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of the Battle of Leuctra. The Theban forces are in blue, while the Spartan forces are in red. The Sacred Band under Pelopidas is the smaller phalanx at the bottom right corner, beside the largest concentration of infantry in the Theban left wing</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a>' refusal to accept the terms of the peace conference of 371 BC excluded Thebes from the peace treaty and provided Sparta with the excuse to declare war.<sup id="cite_ref-terry_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terry-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter the army of Cleombrotus was ordered to invade Boeotia.<sup id="cite_ref-fine_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleombrotus' army crossed the Phocian-Boeotian border into <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a> then halted, perhaps hoping that the Thebans might change their mind. The Thebans however were committed to a fight. Cleombrotus then moved inland, following the eastward road towards Thebes, until he reached the Boeotian village of <a href="/wiki/Leuctra" title="Leuctra">Leuctra</a> (modern Lefktra, <a href="/wiki/Plataies" title="Plataies">Plataies</a>) near the southwestern end of the Theban plain. There they were met by the main Theban army.<sup id="cite_ref-seager_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seager-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two armies pitched their camps opposite each other on two low ridges respectively. The battleground between them was about 900 m (3,000 ft) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-chriss_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chriss-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spartan army numbered about 10,000 hoplites, 1,000 light infantry, and 1,000 cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-gabriel_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gabriel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only about 700 hoplites of the Spartan army were composed of <a href="/wiki/Spartiates" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartiates">spartiates</a> (Spartan citizens), the rest were conscripted troops from Spartan subject states (the <a href="/wiki/Perioeci" title="Perioeci">perioeci</a>) forced to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-yoshi_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoshi-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were arrayed traditionally, in which the hoplites were formed into phalanxes about eight to twelve men deep.<sup id="cite_ref-chriss_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chriss-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jones_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleombrotus positioned himself and the spartiate hoplites (including the elite royal guard of 300 <i>Hippeis</i>) in the Spartan right wing, the traditional position of honor in Greek armies.<sup id="cite_ref-majoor_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majoor-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleombrotus' only tactical innovation was the placing of his cavalry in front of his troops.<sup id="cite_ref-seager_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seager-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epam1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Epam1.jpg/220px-Epam1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Epam1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>A statue of the <a href="/wiki/Boeotarch" title="Boeotarch">boeotarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a>, who was widely hailed for his brilliant and revolutionary tactics in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuctra" title="Battle of Leuctra">Battle of Leuctra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Theban army was outnumbered by the Spartans, being composed of only about 6,000 hoplites (including the Sacred Band), 1,500 light infantry, and 1,000 cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-gabriel_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gabriel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anticipating the standard Spartan tactic of flanking enemy armies with their right wing, Epaminondas concentrated his forces on his own left wing, directly opposite the strongest Spartiate phalanx, led by Cleombrotus. Here, the massed Theban phalanx was arrayed into a highly unconventional depth of fifty men.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the Theban lines were reduced to depths of only four to at most eight men because of this.<sup id="cite_ref-majoor_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majoor-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epaminondas also copied Cleombrotus by placing his cavalry in front of the Theban lines.<sup id="cite_ref-gabriel_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gabriel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original position of the Sacred Band being led by Pelopidas is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-majoor_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majoor-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some military historians believe Epaminondas placed Pelopidas and the Sacred Band behind the main hoplite phalanx,<sup id="cite_ref-jones_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others believe he put it in front of the main hoplite phalanx and behind the cavalry,<sup id="cite_ref-majoor_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majoor-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others put it on the front left corner of the main hoplite phalanx (the most likely).<sup id="cite_ref-buckler_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckler-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gabriel_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gabriel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Either way, the Sacred Band is definitely known to have been on the left wing, close to the main Theban forces and detached enough to be able to maneuver freely.<sup id="cite_ref-majoor_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majoor-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-traver_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-traver-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle opened with a cavalry charge by both armies. The Spartan cavalry were quickly defeated by the superior Theban cavalry and were chased back to their own side. Their disorderly retreat disrupted the battle lines of the Spartan heavy infantry and, because of the resulting chaos and the dust stirred up, the Spartans were unable to observe the highly unusual advance of the Theban army until the last moment.<sup id="cite_ref-fine_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epaminondas had ordered his troops to advance diagonally, such that the left wing of the Theban army (with its concentration of forces) would impact with the right wing of the Spartan army well before the other weaker phalanxes.<sup id="cite_ref-seager_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seager-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The furthest right wing of the Theban phalanx was even retreating to make this possible.<sup id="cite_ref-chriss_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chriss-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first recorded instance of the military formation later known as the <a href="/wiki/Oblique_order" title="Oblique order">oblique order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vander_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vander-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Theban cavalry also helped by continuing to carry out intermittent attacks along the Spartan battle lines, holding their advance back.<sup id="cite_ref-rhodes_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhodes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time the Spartans realized that something unusual was happening it was already too late. Shortly before the Theban left wing made contact, the Spartans hastily stretched out their right wing in an attempt to outflank and engulf the rapidly approaching Thebans. This was a traditional tactic and, once the Thebans were in range, the stretched wing would then be brought back in an encircling movement. Acting under his own initiative, Pelopidas quickly led the Sacred Band ahead of the Theban left wing to intercept the Spartan maneuver before it could be completed.<sup id="cite_ref-buckler_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckler-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They succeeded in fixing the Spartans in place until the rest of the Theban heavy infantry finally smashed into the Spartan right wing. The sheer number of Thebans overwhelmed the Spartan right wing quickly. The number of Spartan casualties amounted to about 1,000 dead, among whom were 400 Spartiates and their own king. The Spartan right flank were forced to retreat (after retrieving the body of Cleombrotus). Seeing the Spartiates fleeing in disarray, the Perioeci phalanxes also broke ranks and retreated. Although some Spartans were in favor of resuming the battle in order to recover the bodies of their dead, the allied Perioeci of the Spartan left wing were less than willing to continue fighting (indeed some of them were quite pleased at the turn of events). The remaining <i>polemarchoi</i> eventually decided to request a truce, which the Thebans readily granted. The Spartan dead were returned and a <i><a href="/wiki/Tropaion" title="Tropaion">tropaion</a></i> was set up on the battlefield by the Thebans to commemorate their victory.<sup id="cite_ref-seager_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seager-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> (c. 2nd century AD), the Battle of Leuctra was the most decisive battle ever fought by Greeks against Greeks. Leuctra established Theban independence from Spartan rule and laid the groundwork for the expansion of Theban power, but possibly also for the eventual supremacy of Philip II of Macedon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Chaeronea">Battle of Chaeronea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battle of Chaeronea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)" title="Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)">Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)</a></div> <p>Defeat came at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)" title="Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)">Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)</a>, the decisive contest in which <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a>, with his son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>, extinguished Theban hegemony.<sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle is the culmination of <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Macedon#Philip's_final_campaigns_(339–338_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Macedon">Philip's campaign into central Greece</a> in preparation for a war against Persia. It was fought between the Macedonians and their allies and an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens and Thebes. Diodorus records that the numbers involved for the two armies were more or less equal, both having around 30,000 men and 2,000 cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-ab_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ab-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a> infantry was no match for the novel <a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">long-speared</a> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a>: the Theban army and its allies broke and fled, but the Sacred Band, although surrounded and overwhelmed, refused to surrender. The Thebans of the Sacred Band held their ground and Plutarch records that all 300 fell where they stood beside their last commander, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theagenes_of_Thebes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theagenes of Thebes (page does not exist)">Theagenes</a>. Their defeat at the battle was a significant victory for Philip, since until then, the Sacred Band was regarded as invincible throughout all of Ancient Greece. Plutarch records that Philip II, on encountering the corpses "heaped one upon another", understanding who they were, wept and exclaimed, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Perish any man who suspects that these men either did or suffered anything unseemly.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Plutarch, <i>Pelopidas</i> 18<sup id="cite_ref-plutarchD_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarchD-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Though the significance of the battle was well-documented by ancient scholars, there is little surviving information on the deployment of the armies involved. Most modern scholars (including <a href="/wiki/N.G.L._Hammond" class="mw-redirect" title="N.G.L. Hammond">N.G.L. Hammond</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Cawkwell" title="George Cawkwell">George Cawkwell</a>) credit Alexander as having led a cavalry wing.<sup id="cite_ref-ab_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ab-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James G. DeVoto, likewise, says in <i>The Theban Sacred Band</i> that Alexander had deployed his cavalry behind the Macedonian hoplites, apparently permitting "a Theban break-through in order to effect a cavalry assault while his hoplites regrouped".<sup id="cite_ref-devoto_18-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other historians however argue that Alexander actually commanded hoplites armed with <a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">sarissas</a> (pikes), rather than cavalry. Plutarch and Diodorus both credit Alexander as being the first to engage the Sacred Band.<sup id="cite_ref-ab_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ab-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trophy_of_the_Battle_of_Leuctra">Trophy of the Battle of Leuctra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trophy of the Battle of Leuctra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_victory_monument_of_the_Thebans_at_Leuctra_(tropaion).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_victory_monument_of_the_Thebans_at_Leuctra_%28tropaion%29.jpg/250px-The_victory_monument_of_the_Thebans_at_Leuctra_%28tropaion%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_victory_monument_of_the_Thebans_at_Leuctra_%28tropaion%29.jpg/330px-The_victory_monument_of_the_Thebans_at_Leuctra_%28tropaion%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_victory_monument_of_the_Thebans_at_Leuctra_%28tropaion%29.jpg/500px-The_victory_monument_of_the_Thebans_at_Leuctra_%28tropaion%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5991" data-file-height="3631" /></a><figcaption>The restored surviving base of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuctra" title="Battle of Leuctra">Battle of Leuctra</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tropaion" title="Tropaion">tropaion</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>After the defeat of Cleombrotus' forces in the Battle of Leuctra, a <i><a href="/wiki/Tropaion" title="Tropaion">tropaion</a></i> was set up on the battlefield by the Thebans to commemorate their victory.<sup id="cite_ref-seager_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seager-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>tropaion</i> was later replaced by a permanent monument, an unprecedented move by the Thebans as <i>tropaia</i> were designed to be ephemeral. The original appearance of the monument is attested by contemporary coins of the period and showed that it took the form of a tree trunk mounted upon a cylindrical pedestal carved with <a href="/wiki/Metope_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metope (architecture)">metopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triglyph" title="Triglyph">triglyphs</a>, and a series of stone shields. On the tree trunk itself is affixed the shields, weapons, and armor of the defeated Spartans. The <a href="/wiki/Socle_(architecture)" title="Socle (architecture)">base</a> of the monument still survives to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-robins_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robins-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-odys_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odys-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lion_of_Chaeronea">Lion of Chaeronea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lion of Chaeronea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a></div> <p>Pausanias in his <i><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)#Work" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Description of Greece</a></i> mentions that the Thebans had erected a gigantic statue of a lion near the village of <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a>, surmounting the <i><a href="/wiki/Polyandrion" title="Polyandrion">polyandrion</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πολυάνδριον</span></span>, common tomb) of the Thebans killed in battle against Philip.<sup id="cite_ref-paus9Lion_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paus9Lion-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (c. 64 BC–24 AD) also mentions "tombs of those who fell in the battle" erected at public expense in Chaeronea.<sup id="cite_ref-strabo_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strabo-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1818, a British architect named <a href="/wiki/George_Ledwell_Taylor" title="George Ledwell Taylor">George Ledwell Taylor</a> spent a summer in Greece with two friends at <a href="/wiki/Livadeia" title="Livadeia">Livadeia</a>. On June 3, they decided to go horseback riding to the nearby village of Chaeronea using Pausanias' <i>Description of Greece</i> as a guidebook. Two hours away from the village, Taylor's horse momentarily stumbled on a piece of marble jutting from the ground. Looking back at the rock, he was struck by its appearance of being sculpted and called for their party to stop. They dismounted and dug at it with their riding-whips, ascertaining that it was indeed sculpture. They enlisted the help of some nearby farmers until they finally uncovered the massive head of a stone lion which they recognized as the same lion mentioned by Pausanias. Parts of the statue had broken off and a good deal of it still remained buried. They immediately reported their discovery when they returned to Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dodg_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dodg-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common story, still often reported to this day, is that the lion was smashed to pieces during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> (1821–1829), even using dynamite, by the <a href="/wiki/Klepht" title="Klepht">klepht</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Androutsos" title="Odysseas Androutsos">Odysseas Androutsos</a>, who supposedly hoped to find it filled with treasure.<sup id="cite_ref-crompton2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crompton2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lethaby_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lethaby-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tale was current already in the 1830s, but has been strongly refuted. The five pieces (head, neck, chest, and forelegs) into which the statue was divided for most of the 19th century, before its reconstruction in 1902, bore no evidence of an explosion, but were cleanly cut, likely being the original pieces that formed the statue. Androutsos is held to have been the one to unearth the statue during his tenure as local military governor by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Yanina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha of Yanina">Ali Pasha of Yanina</a> in 1819, but the statue had likely fallen apart due to the poor quality of the pedestal's material.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaironeia_lion_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Chaironeia_lion_%28cropped%29.JPG/250px-Chaironeia_lion_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Chaironeia_lion_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Chaironeia_lion_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Chaironeia_lion_%28cropped%29.JPG/500px-Chaironeia_lion_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="2402" /></a><figcaption>The Lion of Chaeronea in 2009. Excavation of the quadrangular enclosure brought to light 254 skeletons, laid out in seven rows</figcaption></figure> <p>Offers in the late 19th century by the British archeologist <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Harcourt_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil Harcourt Smith">Cecil Harcourt Smith</a> to fund the restoration of Lion of Chaeronea were initially refused by the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-bosan_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosan-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, however, permission was granted and the monument was pieced back together with funding by the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Chaeronea" title="Order of Chaeronea">Order of Chaeronea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crompton2_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crompton2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lion, which stands about 12.5 ft (3.8 m) high, was mounted on a reconstructed pedestal about 10 ft (3.0 m) high.<sup id="cite_ref-lethaby_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lethaby-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">excavations</a> in the area revealed that the monument stood at the edge of a quadrangular enclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-lethaby_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lethaby-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skeletons of 254 men laid out in seven rows were found buried within it.<sup id="cite_ref-crompton2_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crompton2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> near the monument was also tentatively identified as the site of the Macedonian <i>polyandrion</i> where the Macedonian dead were cremated. Excavation of the tumulus between 1902 and 1903 by the archeologist Georgios Soteriades confirmed this. At the center of the mound, about 22 ft (6.7 m) deep, was a layer of ashes, charred logs, and bones about 0.75 m (2.5 ft) thick. Recovered among these were vases and coins dated to the 4th century BC. Swords and remarkably long spearheads measuring about 15 in (38 cm) were also discovered, which Soteriades identified as the Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">sarissas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pritchLion_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pritchLion-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arch1_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arch1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rahe_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rahe-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The skeletons within the enclosure of the lion monument are generally accepted to be the remains of the Sacred Band,<sup id="cite_ref-rahe_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rahe-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sabin_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sabin-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the number given by Plutarch was probably an approximation.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historians such as <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Geoffrey_Lempri%C3%A8re_Hammond" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond">Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Julius_Beloch" title="Karl Julius Beloch">Karl Julius Beloch</a>, and Vincenzo Costanzi do not believe that the lion monument marks the location of the Sacred Band dead. Hammond claims it was the place where Philip turned his army around during the Battle of Chaeronea and believes that it contains the members of the Macedonian right flank who perished. He argues that it is highly improbable that the Thebans would be able to commemorate their dead within Philip's lifetime with such a massive and obviously expensive monument.<sup id="cite_ref-pritchLion_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pritchLion-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/William_K._Pritchett" title="William K. Pritchett">William K. Pritchett</a> criticizes Hammond's rationale as "subjective" and counters it with a passage from <i>Historiarum Philippicarum Libri XLIV</i> of the 3rd-century AD <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a>. In addition to Pausanias and Strabo, Justin also clearly says that Philip forced the Thebans to pay for the privilege of burying (not cremating) their dead. Therefore, the cremated remains are likely to be Macedonian, while the remains around the lion were the Sacred Band. Philip, after all, was known for his ability to inflict unnecessary cruelty when it served a greater purpose. He further points out that questioning the honesty of Pausanias is unwarranted, as any well-informed Greek then would probably know the ascription of the monument even centuries after the battle; Pausanias' knowledge of topography was not second-hand and his testimony was echoed independently by other ancient sources such as Strabo and Justin.<sup id="cite_ref-pritchLion_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pritchLion-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sabin_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sabin-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Pausanias' <i>Description of Greece</i> has proved to be an accurate and important guide to modern archeologists in rediscovering the locations of other ancient Greek monuments and buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-habicht_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-habicht-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rubin_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubin-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elsner_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elsner-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutarchs_Lives_Vol_the_Third_1727.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Plutarchs_Lives_Vol_the_Third_1727.jpg/220px-Plutarchs_Lives_Vol_the_Third_1727.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Plutarchs_Lives_Vol_the_Third_1727.jpg/330px-Plutarchs_Lives_Vol_the_Third_1727.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Plutarchs_Lives_Vol_the_Third_1727.jpg/440px-Plutarchs_Lives_Vol_the_Third_1727.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Lives</a></i> (pictured: the 1727 edition of the English translation by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Dacier" title="André Dacier">André Dacier</a>) is the main source for the most substantial surviving account of the Sacred Band. It is believed to be mostly based on the works of the Sacred Band's contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Callisthenes" title="Callisthenes">Callisthenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ephorus" title="Ephorus">Ephorus</a>. Unfortunately the works of the latter two have been lost to history.</figcaption></figure> <p>The historicity of the Sacred Band is largely accepted by historians; it is detailed in the writings of numerous classical authors, especially <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. Noted classical historians such as John Kinloch Anderson and <a href="/wiki/George_Cawkwell" title="George Cawkwell">George Cawkwell</a> accept Plutarch's <i>Life of Pelopidas</i>, which contains the most detailed account of the Sacred Band, as a highly reliable account of the events, in contrast to Xenophon's patchy treatment of Theban history.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cawk_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cawk-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other noted classical scholars like <a href="/wiki/Frank_William_Walbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank William Walbank">Frank William Walbank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Jacoby" title="Felix Jacoby">Felix Jacoby</a> have also defended Callisthenes' descriptions of land battles in the past. Walbank commented that his depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eurymedon" title="Battle of the Eurymedon">Battle of the Eurymedon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaugamela" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaugamela">Gaugamela</a>, and Tegyra (all surviving through Plutarch) are quite adequate. While Jacoby, responding to claims that Callisthenes was unreliable in accounts of land battles in contrast to Xenophon, pointed out that Callisthenes did accurately describe the details on the Battle of Tegyra. He summarized his opinion of Callisthenes' account with "<i>Sie ist panegyrisch gehalten, aber sachlich nicht unrichtig.</i> [It is panegyrical, but it is not factually incorrect.]"<sup id="cite_ref-pritchett_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pritchett-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is echoed by the historians <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Buckler_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Buckler (historian) (page does not exist)">John Buckler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Beck_(historian)" title="Hans Beck (historian)">Hans Beck</a> who conclude that "In sum, Plutarch's description of the battle of Tegyra does justice both to the terrain of Polygyra and to the information gleaned from his fourth-century sources. There is nothing implausible or unusual in Plutarch's account, and every reason to consider it one of the best of his battle pieces." They also had the same opinion of his account on Leuctra, dismissing assertions that his accounts were confused or rhetorical.<sup id="cite_ref-buckler_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckler-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_D._Leitao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David D. Leitao (page does not exist)">David D. Leitao</a>, however, has claimed that the group was actually Macedonian, and did not consist of male lovers.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian Gordon S. Shrimpton further provides an explanation for Xenophon's silence on much of Theban history. He notes that all the surviving contemporary accounts of Thebes during the period of Theban hegemony between 371 and 341 BC were often highly critical; with their failures ridiculed and their accomplishments usually being downplayed or omitted altogether. For instance, the Athenian <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a> (436–338 BC) in his <i>Plataicus</i> (which details the destruction of Plataea by the Thebans), makes no mention of the Theban victory in Leuctra, and harshly reviles Thebes throughout. His later work <i>Archidamus</i> mention Leuctra briefly, and only to criticize Thebans as being incompetent and incapable of capitalizing on their rise to power. The same sentiments are echoed by the Athenians <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> (384–322 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a> (c. 445–365 BC). Xenophon, another Athenian, is the only contemporary who grudgingly notes some Theban accomplishments, and even then, never in-depth and with numerous omissions. His only mentions of Pelopidas and Epaminondas by name, for example, were very brief and shed no light on their previous accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-shrimpton_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrimpton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the historians <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_LaForse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce LaForse (page does not exist)">Bruce LaForse</a> and John Buckler have noted that the character and accomplishments of Epaminondas were so unassailable that there is no known hostile account of him in ancient sources. The most unfriendly writers like Xenophon and Isocrates could do was omit his accomplishments in their work altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-laforse_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laforse-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shrimpton believes that the apparent indifference of earlier authors was due to the general hatred by other Greeks against the Thebans who had <a href="/wiki/Medized" class="mw-redirect" title="Medized">medized</a> (i.e. allied with the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">second Persian invasion</a> in 480 BC and again in 368 BC. Athenians, in particular, held a special contempt for Thebes due to the latter's actions in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>; as well as the Thebans' destruction of Plataea in 373 BC, and the invasion of the Athenian-allied Boeotian city of <a href="/wiki/Oropus" title="Oropus">Oropus</a> in 366 BC. Demosthenes records this sentiment very clearly in a disclaimer in his speech <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Navy">On the Navy</a></i> (354 BC): "It is difficult to speak to you about [Thebans], because you have such a hearty dislike of them that you would not care to hear any good of them, even if it were true."<sup id="cite_ref-shrimpton_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrimpton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-demSymm_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demSymm-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This sentiment changed in 339 BC, when Thebes abruptly severed its alliance with Philip II (after being convinced by a speech from Demosthenes) and joined the Athenian-led Pan-Hellenic alliance against Macedonia, with the result being the annihilation of the Sacred Band in Chaeronea and the destruction of the city of Thebes itself in 335 BC by the Macedonians. In light of these actions, Athenians eventually changed their opinions on Thebes, now regarding it in a sympathetic light as a fallen ally. It was during this period that much of the accounts favorable to Thebans were at last written. Works by authors like <a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Lampsacus" title="Anaximenes of Lampsacus">Anaximenes of Lampsacus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a>, Callisthenes, <a href="/wiki/Daimachus" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimachus">Daimachus</a>, Dinarchus, and Ephorus are believed to have been written between 330 and 310 BC. Except for Dinarchus, almost all of them have been lost to history or survive only in fragments. Among them are Ephorus and Callisthenes, who were contemporaries of the Theban hegemony and the Sacred Band.<sup id="cite_ref-shrimpton_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrimpton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of the latter two, however, survived long enough for later authors like Plutarch, Diodorus, and Polyaenus to base their works on.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buckler_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckler-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-terry_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terry-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_militaries_of_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece">Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality in ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_brother" title="Blood brother">Blood brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sacred_Band_of_Stepsons" title="The Sacred Band of Stepsons">The Sacred Band of Stepsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Carthage" title="Sacred Band of Carthage">Sacred Band of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_(1821)" title="Sacred Band (1821)">Sacred Band (1821)</a> – Greek battalion in the Greek War of Independence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Band (World War II)">Sacred Band (World War II)</a> – Greek special forces unit in World War II</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hippeis</i>, literally meaning "cavalry", is also the generic name for Greek elite units of between 300 and 1000 men. Although they initially fought as horsemen, during the 4th century BC they primarily fought as <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a> heavy infantry. Compare with <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a>. (DeVoto, 1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The historian Louis Crompton presumes that Gorgidas died in a skirmish in 378 BC. (Crompton, 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The historian P.J. Stylianou believes that only one Spartan <i>mora</i> was defeated in the battle, and that accounts of two <i>morai</i> is a result of the inadvertent inclusion of the second <i>mora</i> in Orchomenus which might have moved out to intercept Pelopidas after he defeated the first one, though they never met in battle. (Stylianou, 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Places where the Spartan Assembly met.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other historians believe that Cleombrotus was already in Phocis during this period, having been sent earlier in 375 BC to reinforce it during the early Theban attacks. (Rhodes, 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Cartledge and other historians believe that the exceedingly tiny proportion of spartiates dominating a force of about 10,000 allied troops (not all of them fully loyal) may have contributed to the defeat. The number of spartiates have been falling catastrophically for over a century, numbering at perhaps not more than 1,500 by the time of the Battle of Leuctra. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nemea" title="Battle of Nemea">Battle of Nemea</a> (394 BC), for example, spartiates still constituted 6,000 hoplites of an army 19,000 strong. (Cartledge, 2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also the German military tactic <a href="/wiki/Schwerpunkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwerpunkt">Schwerpunkt</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some historians believe that Epaminondas explicitly ordered Pelopidas to intercept the Spartan right wing. (Chrissanthos, 2008; Gabriel, 2001) Others believe that this action was pre-planned (perhaps even rehearsed) and independently performed as part of the Sacred Band's role in the battle. (Jones, 2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other historians who accept the figure of 300 as literal instead assume that 26 members of the Sacred Band survived. (Ashley, 2004)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-shrimpton-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shrimpton_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrimpton_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrimpton_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrimpton_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrimpton_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFG._S._Shrimpton1971" class="citation journal cs1">G. S. Shrimpton (1971). "The Theban Supremacy in Fourth-Century Literature". <i>Phoenix</i>. <b>25</b> (4). Classical Association of Canada: <span class="nowrap">310–</span>318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1088061">10.2307/1088061</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1088061">1088061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=The+Theban+Supremacy+in+Fourth-Century+Literature&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E310-%3C%2Fspan%3E318&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1088061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1088061%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=G.+S.+Shrimpton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinarchus-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dinarchus_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDinarchus2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dinarchus" title="Dinarchus">Dinarchus</a> (10 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/268/1/20.html"><i>Against Demosthenes</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120427202219/http://www.bartleby.com/268/1/20.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Demosthenes&rft.date=2022-10-10&rft.au=Dinarchus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F268%2F1%2F20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plato-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plato_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plato_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlato_(trans._Benjamin_Jowett,_1939)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (trans. Benjamin Jowett, 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/symposium.html"><i>Symposium</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410132334/http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/symposium.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-25</span></span>. <q>And if there were only some way of contriving that a state or an army should be made up of lovers and their beloved, they would be the very best governors of their own city, abstaining from all dishonour, and emulating one another in honour; and when fighting at each other's side, although a mere handful, they would overcome the world. For what lover would not choose rather to be seen by all mankind than by his beloved, either when abandoning his post or throwing away his arms? He would be ready to die a thousand deaths rather than endure this. Or who would desert his beloved or fail him in the hour of danger?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symposium&rft.au=Plato+%28trans.+Benjamin+Jowett%2C+1939%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FPlato%2Fsymposium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crompton-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crompton_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Crompton2006" class="citation book cs1">Louis Crompton (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TfBYd9xVaXcC&q=Sacred%20Band%20of%20Thebes&pg=PA70"><i>Homosexuality and Civilization</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02233-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02233-1"><bdi>978-0-674-02233-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homosexuality+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02233-1&rft.au=Louis+Crompton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTfBYd9xVaXcC%26q%3DSacred%2520Band%2520of%2520Thebes%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plutarchLoeb-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plutarchLoeb_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch_(trans._Bernadotte_Perrin,_1917)" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch (trans. Bernadotte Perrin, 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/lives/pelopidas*.html"><i>The Life of Pelopidas</i></a>. Loeb Classical Library edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Pelopidas&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library+edition&rft.au=Plutarch+%28trans.+Bernadotte+Perrin%2C+1917%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2Fe%2Froman%2Ftexts%2Fplutarch%2Flives%2Fpelopidas%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rockwell-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rockwell_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rockwell_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rockwell_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rockwell_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rockwell_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rockwell_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rockwell_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Ryan_Rockwell2008" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Ryan Rockwell (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jyEX5ffzCbQC&q=DeVoto+Theban+Sacred+Band&pg=PA19"><i>The Boeotian Army: The Convergence of Warfare, Politics, Society, and Culture in the Classical Age of Greece</i></a>. University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-109-02125-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-109-02125-7"><bdi>978-1-109-02125-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boeotian+Army%3A+The+Convergence+of+Warfare%2C+Politics%2C+Society%2C+and+Culture+in+the+Classical+Age+of+Greece&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-109-02125-7&rft.au=Nicholas+Ryan+Rockwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjyEX5ffzCbQC%26q%3DDeVoto%2BTheban%2BSacred%2BBand%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polyaenus-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-polyaenus_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-polyaenus_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-polyaenus_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-polyaenus_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-polyaenus_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPolyaenus_(trans._R._Shepherd,_1793)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a> (trans. R. Shepherd, 1793). "Book II". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/polyaenus2.html#5.1"><i>Στρατηγήματα</i></a> [<i>Stratagems in War</i>]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901231804/http://www.attalus.org/translate/polyaenus2.html#5.1">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+II&rft.btitle=%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1&rft.au=Polyaenus+%28trans.+R.+Shepherd%2C+1793%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attalus.org%2Ftranslate%2Fpolyaenus2.html%235.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dio-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dio_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDio_Chrysostom_(trans._J._W._Cohoon,_1939)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dio_Chrysostom" title="Dio Chrysostom">Dio Chrysostom</a> (trans. J. W. Cohoon, 1939). "22: Concerning Peace and War". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/22*.html"><i>Discourses</i></a>. Loeb Classical Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=22%3A+Concerning+Peace+and+War&rft.btitle=Discourses&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.au=Dio+Chrysostom+%28trans.+J.+W.+Cohoon%2C+1939%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FDio_Chrysostom%2FDiscourses%2F22%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-athenaeus-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-athenaeus_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-athenaeus_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAthenaeus_of_Naucratis_(trans._C.D._Yonge,_1854)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Athenaeus_of_Naucratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenaeus of Naucratis">Athenaeus of Naucratis</a> (trans. C.D. Yonge, 1854). "XIII: About Women". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/old/athenaeus13d.html"><i>Deipnosophistae</i></a>. p. 602. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101212103320/http://attalus.org/old/athenaeus13d.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XIII%3A+About+Women&rft.btitle=Deipnosophistae&rft.pages=602&rft.au=Athenaeus+of+Naucratis+%28trans.+C.D.+Yonge%2C+1854%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attalus.org%2Fold%2Fathenaeus13d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-armstrong-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-armstrong_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Armstrong_Percy,_III2005" class="citation book cs1">William Armstrong Percy, III (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ejPZu3Ktu5cC&q=Sacred+Band+of+Thebes+armstrong&pg=PA36">"Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity"</a>. In Beert C. Verstraete; Vernon Provencal (eds.). <i>Same-Sex Desire And Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity And in the Classical Tradition of the West</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">36–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56023-604-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56023-604-7"><bdi>978-1-56023-604-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Same-Sex+Desire+and+Love+in+Greco-Roman+Antiquity&rft.btitle=Same-Sex+Desire+And+Love+in+Greco-Roman+Antiquity+And+in+the+Classical+Tradition+of+the+West&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56023-604-7&rft.au=William+Armstrong+Percy%2C+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DejPZu3Ktu5cC%26q%3DSacred%2BBand%2Bof%2BThebes%2Barmstrong%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leitao-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leitao_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Leitao2002" class="citation book cs1">David Leitao (2002). "The Legend of the Sacred Band". In Martha Craven Nussbaum; Juha Sihvola (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226609157"><i>The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226609157/page/143">143</a>–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-60915-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-60915-7"><bdi>978-0-226-60915-7</bdi></a>. <q>Phaedimus Sacred band of thebes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+the+Sacred+Band&rft.btitle=The+Sleep+of+Reason%3A+Erotic+Experience+and+Sexual+Ethics+in+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=143-169&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-226-60915-7&rft.au=David+Leitao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780226609157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anderson_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anderson_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anderson_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anderson_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anderson_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Kinloch_Anderson1970" class="citation book cs1">John Kinloch Anderson (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTW4E0Ti0_MC&q=Chabrias+Sacred+Band&pg=PA89"><i>Military Theory and Practice in the Age of Xenophon</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">89–</span>90, 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01564-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01564-7"><bdi>978-0-520-01564-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Theory+and+Practice+in+the+Age+of+Xenophon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E90%2C+158&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01564-7&rft.au=John+Kinloch+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTW4E0Ti0_MC%26q%3DChabrias%2BSacred%2BBand%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xenophon-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xenophon_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXenophon_(trans._H.G._Dakyns)1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> (trans. H.G. Dakyns) (1897) [c. 360 BC]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/Xenophon-sym.asp#VIII"><i>Symposium</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912230335/http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/Xenophon-sym.asp#VIII">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-25</span></span>. <q>But Pausanias, the lover of Agathon the poet, defended those who wallow together in licentiousness and said that an army composed of lovers and beloveds would be strongest. For he said that they would be ashamed to abandon each other in battle. But it would be quite extraordinary if those who are used to paying no attention to censure and to having no sense of shame before each other should nevertheless be ashamed to perform a shameful action. As proof he brought the example of the Thebans and the Eleans who are experienced with such things, and he claimed that even though they sleep with their beloveds, they still set them together in their ranks for battle. But there is no proof from this, for the situation is not similar: for them this practice is acceptable, but for us it is exceedingly shameful.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symposium&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Xenophon+%28trans.+H.G.+Dakyns%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fancient%2FXenophon-sym.asp%23VIII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danzig-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Danzig_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danzig_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_Danzig2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gabriel Danzig (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/341/421">"Intra-Socratic Polemics: The Symposia of Plato and Xenophon"</a>. <i>Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies</i>. <b>45</b>: <span class="nowrap">331–</span>357. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428061824/http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/341/421">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.atitle=Intra-Socratic+Polemics%3A+The+Symposia+of+Plato+and+Xenophon&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E357&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Gabriel+Danzig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrbs.library.duke.edu%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F341%2F421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ludwig-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ludwig_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludwig_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludwig_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Walter_Ludwig2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul Walter Ludwig (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TvqTEy-til8C&q=Sacred+Band&pg=PA60"><i>Eros and Polis: Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81065-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81065-4"><bdi>978-0-521-81065-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eros+and+Polis%3A+Desire+and+Community+in+Greek+Political+Theory&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81065-4&rft.au=Paul+Walter+Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTvqTEy-til8C%26q%3DSacred%2BBand%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crompton2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crompton2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crompton2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crompton2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crompton2_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crompton2_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Compton1994" class="citation journal cs1">Louis Compton (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/louis-compton/army-lovers-sacred-band-thebes">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'An Army of Lovers' - The Sacred Band of Thebes"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>44</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728174010/http://www.historytoday.com/louis-compton/army-lovers-sacred-band-thebes">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=%27An+Army+of+Lovers%27+-+The+Sacred+Band+of+Thebes&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Louis+Compton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Flouis-compton%2Farmy-lovers-sacred-band-thebes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Footnote 23, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-devoto-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoto_18-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._DeVoto1992" class="citation journal cs1">James G. DeVoto (1992). "The Theban Sacred Band". <i>The Ancient World</i>. <b>23</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ancient+World&rft.atitle=The+Theban+Sacred+Band&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1992&rft.au=James+G.+DeVoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plutarchD-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plutarchD_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plutarchD_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plutarchD_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plutarchD_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plutarchD_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plutarchD_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plutarchD_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plutarchD_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plutarchD_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch_(trans._John_Dryden,_1683)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (trans. <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>, 1683). "Pelopidas". <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_%28Dryden_translation%29/Pelopidas"><i>Parallel Lives</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530073112/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_(Dryden_translation)/Pelopidas">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pelopidas&rft.btitle=Parallel+Lives&rft.au=Plutarch+%28trans.+John+Dryden%2C+1683%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FLives_%2528Dryden_translation%2529%2FPelopidas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferrill-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ferrill_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferrill_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Ferrill1996" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Ferrill (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rohp7lMyCakC&q=Sacred+Band+of+Thebes&pg=PA38">"Elite Forces in the Ancient World"</a>. In A. Hamish Ion; Keith Neilson (eds.). <i>Elite Military Formations in War and Peace</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94640-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94640-1"><bdi>978-0-275-94640-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elite+Forces+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.btitle=Elite+Military+Formations+in+War+and+Peace&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94640-1&rft.au=Arthur+Ferrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drohp7lMyCakC%26q%3DSacred%2BBand%2Bof%2BThebes%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashley-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ashley_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_R._Ashley2004" class="citation book cs1">James R. Ashley (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTmXOFX-wioC&q=Sacred+Band+of+Thebes&pg=PA434"><i>The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359-323 B.C.</i></a> McFarland. p. 434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1918-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1918-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-1918-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macedonian+Empire%3A+The+Era+of+Warfare+Under+Philip+II+and+Alexander+the+Great%2C+359-323+B.C.&rft.pages=434&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1918-0&rft.au=James+R.+Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTmXOFX-wioC%26q%3DSacred%2BBand%2Bof%2BThebes%26pg%3DPA434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plutarchAmat-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plutarchAmat_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch. "Ἐρωτικός" [Amatorius]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0314%3Asection%3D17"><i>Ἠθικά</i></a> [<i>Moralia</i>]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224234701/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0314%3Asection%3D17">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%BC%98%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82&rft.btitle=%E1%BC%A8%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2008.01.0314%253Asection%253D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-murray-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-murray_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_O._Murray2002" class="citation book cs1">Stephen O. Murray (2002). <i>Homosexualities</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55195-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55195-1"><bdi>978-0-226-55195-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homosexualities&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-226-55195-1&rft.au=Stephen+O.+Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munn-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munn_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munn_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munn_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munn_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munn_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munn_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munn_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark_H._Munn1993" class="citation book cs1">Mark H. Munn (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft0q2n99ng/"><i>The Defense of Attica: The Dema Wall and the Boiotian War of 378-375 B.C.</i></a> University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07685-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07685-3"><bdi>978-0-520-07685-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defense+of+Attica%3A+The+Dema+Wall+and+the+Boiotian+War+of+378-375+B.C.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07685-3&rft.au=Mark+H.+Munn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fark.cdlib.org%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fft0q2n99ng%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiodorusXV-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiodorusXV_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiodorusXV_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiodorusXV_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiodorusXV_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiodorus_Siculus_(trans._C.H._Oldfather,_1952)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> (trans. C.H. Oldfather, 1952). "Book XV". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/15B*.html#32"><i>Bibliotheca Historica</i></a>. Loeb Classical Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240508020740/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/15B%2A.html#32">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+XV&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+Historica&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.au=Diodorus+Siculus+%28trans.+C.H.+Oldfather%2C+1952%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FDiodorus_Siculus%2F15B%2A.html%2332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-campbell-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-campbell_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_Campbell2012" class="citation book cs1">Duncan Campbell (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlVimtrzA1UC&q=Chabrias%20378%20BC&pg=PT67"><i>Spartan Warrior 735-331 BC</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">89–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-869-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-869-8"><bdi>978-1-78096-869-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spartan+Warrior+735-331+BC&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-869-8&rft.au=Duncan+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnlVimtrzA1UC%26q%3DChabrias%2520378%2520BC%26pg%3DPT67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davies-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davies_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Kenyon_Davies1993" class="citation book cs1">John Kenyon Davies (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracyclassic0002davi"><i>Democracy and Classical Greece</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracyclassic0002davi/page/187">187</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-19607-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-19607-0"><bdi>978-0-674-19607-0</bdi></a>. <q>peltasts gorgidas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Classical+Greece&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-674-19607-0&rft.au=John+Kenyon+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocracyclassic0002davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neposChab-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neposChab_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCornelius_Nepos" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a>. "Chabrias". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235211/http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_nepos_comdrsiphicrateshabrias.htm#Chabrias"><i>Excellentium Imperatorum Vitae</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_nepos_comdrsiphicrateshabrias.htm#Chabrias">the original</a> on 2016-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chabrias&rft.btitle=Excellentium+Imperatorum+Vitae&rft.au=Cornelius+Nepos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fancienthistory.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fbl%2Fbl_text_nepos_comdrsiphicrateshabrias.htm%23Chabrias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xenoHell-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xenoHell_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xenoHell_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXenophon" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>. "Book V". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Xen.+Hell.+5.4.42&redirect=true"><i>Hellenica</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302054303/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Xen.+Hell.+5.4.42&redirect=true">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+V&rft.btitle=Hellenica&rft.au=Xenophon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DXen.%2BHell.%2B5.4.42%26redirect%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thirwall-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thirwall_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnop_Thirwall1835–1844" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Connop_Thirwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Connop Thirwall">Connop Thirwall</a> (1835–1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NPoyk6clr3EC&q=Phoebidas+Gorgidas&pg=PA45"><i>A History of Greece, Volume 5</i></a>. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman and John Taylor. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-6139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-6139-4"><bdi>978-1-4400-6139-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greece%2C+Volume+5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+Brown%2C+Green+%26+Longman+and+John+Taylor&rft.date=1835%2F1844&rft.isbn=978-1-4400-6139-4&rft.au=Connop+Thirwall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNPoyk6clr3EC%26q%3DPhoebidas%2BGorgidas%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cartledge-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cartledge_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartledge_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartledge_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Cartledge2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul Cartledge (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bgLxGd9c-00C&q=Sacred+Band+tegyra&pg=PA249"><i>Sparta and Lakonia: A Regional History, 1300-362 BC</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26276-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26276-7"><bdi>978-0-415-26276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sparta+and+Lakonia%3A+A+Regional+History%2C+1300-362+BC&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26276-7&rft.au=Paul+Cartledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbgLxGd9c-00C%26q%3DSacred%2BBand%2Btegyra%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bucklerPhil-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bucklerPhil_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Buckler1989" class="citation book cs1">John Buckler (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wkNCAAAAIAAJ&q=Phoibidas&pg=PA15"><i>Philip II and the Sacred War</i></a>. Brill Archive. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09095-8"><bdi>978-90-04-09095-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+II+and+the+Sacred+War&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09095-8&rft.au=John+Buckler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwkNCAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DPhoibidas%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-joi-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-joi_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoint_Association_of_Classical_Teachers1984" class="citation book cs1">Joint Association of Classical Teachers (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VgDKeqi4or8C&q=Phoibidas&pg=PA46"><i>The World of Athens: An Introduction to Classical Athenian Culture</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27389-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27389-3"><bdi>978-0-521-27389-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Athens%3A+An+Introduction+to+Classical+Athenian+Culture&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27389-3&rft.au=Joint+Association+of+Classical+Teachers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVgDKeqi4or8C%26q%3DPhoibidas%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pritchett-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pritchett_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pritchett_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pritchett_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pritchett_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pritchett_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Kendrick_Pritchett1982" class="citation book cs1">William Kendrick Pritchett (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtjMuE_o-OkC&q=Sacred+Band+tegyra&pg=PA103"><i>Classical Studies, Volume 28: Studies in Ancient Greek Topography, Part IV (Passes)</i></a>. Vol. 28. University of California Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-09660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-09660-8"><bdi>978-0-520-09660-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Studies%2C+Volume+28%3A+Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Topography%2C+Part+IV+%28Passes%29&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-520-09660-8&rft.au=William+Kendrick+Pritchett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtjMuE_o-OkC%26q%3DSacred%2BBand%2Btegyra%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sidnell-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sidnell_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Sidnell2006" class="citation book cs1">Philip Sidnell (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DP2EHwdMnq4C&q=Thespian+peltast&pg=PA60"><i>Warhorse: Cavalry in Ancient Warfare</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-374-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-374-7"><bdi>978-1-85285-374-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warhorse%3A+Cavalry+in+Ancient+Warfare&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-374-7&rft.au=Philip+Sidnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDP2EHwdMnq4C%26q%3DThespian%2Bpeltast%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buck-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buck_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buck_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buck_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buck_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buck_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_J._Buck1994" class="citation book cs1">Robert J. Buck (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCmZgZrsb9AC&q=Sacred+Band+tegyra&pg=PA99"><i>Boiotia and the Boiotian League, 432-371 B.C.</i></a> University of Alberta. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88864-253-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88864-253-0"><bdi>978-0-88864-253-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boiotia+and+the+Boiotian+League%2C+432-371+B.C.&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-88864-253-0&rft.au=Robert+J.+Buck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCmZgZrsb9AC%26q%3DSacred%2BBand%2Btegyra%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhodes-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_John_Rhodes2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P.J._Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="P.J. Rhodes">Peter John Rhodes</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKhOwYzZTxsC"><i>A History of the Classical Greek World: 478-323 BC</i></a>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22565-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22565-2"><bdi>978-0-631-22565-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Classical+Greek+World%3A+478-323+BC&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22565-2&rft.au=Peter+John+Rhodes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKhOwYzZTxsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hutchinson-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hutchinson_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGodfrey_Hutchinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Godfrey Hutchinson (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgEdAAAAYAAJ"><i>Xenophon and the Art of Command</i></a>. Stackpole Books. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-417-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-417-4"><bdi>978-1-85367-417-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xenophon+and+the+Art+of+Command&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-417-4&rft.au=Godfrey+Hutchinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHgEdAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaebel-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gaebel_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Gaebel2004" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Gaebel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6z6foPWT3_oC&q=Sacred+Band+tegyra&pg=PA127"><i>Cavalry Operations in the Ancient Greek World</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3444-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3444-4"><bdi>978-0-8061-3444-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cavalry+Operations+in+the+Ancient+Greek+World&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3444-4&rft.au=Robert+E.+Gaebel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6z6foPWT3_oC%26q%3DSacred%2BBand%2Btegyra%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stylianou-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stylianou_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stylianou_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFP._J._Stylianou1998" class="citation book cs1">P. J. Stylianou (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJTK3mCMq9sC&q=+Tegyra&pg=PA318"><i>A Historical Commentary on Diodorus Siculus, Book 15</i></a>. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815239-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815239-2"><bdi>978-0-19-815239-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Commentary+on+Diodorus+Siculus%2C+Book+15&rft.series=Oxford+Classical+Monographs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815239-2&rft.au=P.+J.+Stylianou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdJTK3mCMq9sC%26q%3D%2BTegyra%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hornblower-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hornblower_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hornblower_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hornblower_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Hornblower1994" class="citation book cs1">Simon Hornblower (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC&q=Xenophon+anti-theban+bias+Tegyra&pg=PA5">"Sources and their uses"</a>. In David Malcolm Lewis; John Boardman (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History: The Fourth Century B.C</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23348-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23348-4"><bdi>978-0-521-23348-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sources+and+their+uses&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+The+Fourth+Century+B.C.&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23348-4&rft.au=Simon+Hornblower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvx251bK988gC%26q%3DXenophon%2Banti-theban%2Bbias%2BTegyra%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buckler-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buckler_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buckler_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buckler_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buckler_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buckler_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_BucklerHans_Beck2008" class="citation book cs1">John Buckler & Hans Beck (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bn5Nz5yjGUIC&q=Phoebidas+Gorgidas&pg=PA91"><i>Central Greece And The Politics Of Power In The Fourth Century BC</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83705-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83705-7"><bdi>978-0-521-83705-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Greece+And+The+Politics+Of+Power+In+The+Fourth+Century+BC&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83705-7&rft.au=John+Buckler&rft.au=Hans+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbn5Nz5yjGUIC%26q%3DPhoebidas%2BGorgidas%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paus9-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paus9_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPausanias" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>. "Book IX". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias9A.html"><i>Description of Greece</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107042554/http://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias9A.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+IX&rft.btitle=Description+of+Greece&rft.au=Pausanias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FText%2FPausanias9A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cole-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cole_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Guettel_Cole1995" class="citation book cs1">Susan Guettel Cole (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-c56ta4BKwC&q=neocles+boeotarch&pg=PA335">"Pausanias and the <i>Polis</i>: Use and Abuse"</a>. In Mogens Herman Hansen (ed.). <i>Sources for the Ancient Greek City-State: Symposium August, 24-27 1994</i>. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. pp. <span class="nowrap">335–</span>336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7304-267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7304-267-0"><bdi>978-87-7304-267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pausanias+and+the+Polis%3A+Use+and+Abuse&rft.btitle=Sources+for+the+Ancient+Greek+City-State%3A+Symposium+August%2C+24-27+1994&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E336&rft.pub=The+Royal+Danish+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Letters&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-87-7304-267-0&rft.au=Susan+Guettel+Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-c56ta4BKwC%26q%3Dneocles%2Bboeotarch%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-terry-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-terry_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terry_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terry_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terry_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTerry_Buckley1996" class="citation book cs1">Terry Buckley (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmkL54sFzi0C&q=Sacred+Band&pg=PA446"><i>Aspects of Greek History, 750-323 BC: A Source-based Approach</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09958-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09958-5"><bdi>978-0-415-09958-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Greek+History%2C+750-323+BC%3A+A+Source-based+Approach&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09958-5&rft.au=Terry+Buckley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkmkL54sFzi0C%26q%3DSacred%2BBand%26pg%3DPA446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fine-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fine_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Van_Antwerp_Fine1983" class="citation book cs1">John Van Antwerp Fine (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreeks00john"><i>The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreeks00john/page/576">576</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03314-6"><bdi>978-0-674-03314-6</bdi></a>. <q>Prothous Spartan assembly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Greeks%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03314-6&rft.au=John+Van+Antwerp+Fine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientgreeks00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seager-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seager_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seager_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seager_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seager_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seager_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Seager1994" class="citation book cs1">Robin Seager (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC&q=Cleombrotus%20leuktra%20Creusis&pg=PA182">"The King's Peace and the Second Athenian Confederacy"</a>. In David Malcolm Lewis; John Boardman (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History: The Fourth Century B.C</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23348-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23348-4"><bdi>978-0-521-23348-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+King%27s+Peace+and+the+Second+Athenian+Confederacy&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+The+Fourth+Century+B.C.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23348-4&rft.au=Robin+Seager&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvx251bK988gC%26q%3DCleombrotus%2520leuktra%2520Creusis%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chriss-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chriss_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chriss_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chriss_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStefan_G._Chrissanthos2008" class="citation book cs1">Stefan G. Chrissanthos (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VVWlpta3kAAC&pg=PA68"><i>Warfare in the Ancient World: From the Bronze Age to the Fall of Rome: From the Bronze Age to the Fall of Rome</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-04192-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-04192-1"><bdi>978-0-313-04192-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+the+Ancient+World%3A+From+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Fall+of+Rome%3A+From+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Fall+of+Rome&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-04192-1&rft.au=Stefan+G.+Chrissanthos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVVWlpta3kAAC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gabriel-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gabriel_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gabriel_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gabriel_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gabriel_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_A._Gabriel2001" class="citation book cs1">Richard A. Gabriel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_CqP1kA8EMwC&q=Battle%20of%20Leuctra%20Sacred%20band&pg=PA90"><i>Great Captains of Antiquity</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31285-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31285-4"><bdi>978-0-313-31285-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Captains+of+Antiquity&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31285-4&rft.au=Richard+A.+Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_CqP1kA8EMwC%26q%3DBattle%2520of%2520Leuctra%2520Sacred%2520band%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yoshi-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yoshi_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSusan_YoshiharaDouglas_A._SylvaNicholas_Eberstadt2011" class="citation book cs1">Susan Yoshihara; Douglas A. Sylva & Nicholas Eberstadt (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v0YAhtMxVPcC&q=Battle%20of%20Leuktra%20perioeci&pg=PA44"><i>Population Decline and the Remaking of Great Power Politics</i></a>. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-550-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-550-6"><bdi>978-1-59797-550-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Decline+and+the+Remaking+of+Great+Power+Politics&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-550-6&rft.au=Susan+Yoshihara&rft.au=Douglas+A.+Sylva&rft.au=Nicholas+Eberstadt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv0YAhtMxVPcC%26q%3DBattle%2520of%2520Leuktra%2520perioeci%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArcher_Jones2000" class="citation book cs1">Archer Jones (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2FRzcz2W0oC&q=Battle%20of%20Leuctra%20Sacred%20band&pg=PA5"><i>The Art of War in Western World</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06966-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06966-6"><bdi>978-0-252-06966-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War+in+Western+World&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06966-6&rft.au=Archer+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz2FRzcz2W0oC%26q%3DBattle%2520of%2520Leuctra%2520Sacred%2520band%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-majoor-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-majoor_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-majoor_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-majoor_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-majoor_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-majoor_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSgt._Arthur_Majoor2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sgt. Arthur Majoor (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613140712/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/caj/documents/vol_06/iss_3/CAJ_vol6.3_12_e.pdf">"The Battle of Leuktra: Organizational Revolution in Military Affairs in the Classical World"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Army Doctrine and Training Bulletin</i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>55. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/caj/documents/vol_06/iss_3/CAJ_vol6.3_12_e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Army+Doctrine+and+Training+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Leuktra%3A+Organizational+Revolution+in+Military+Affairs+in+the+Classical+World&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Sgt.+Arthur+Majoor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.forces.gc.ca%2Fcaj%2Fdocuments%2Fvol_06%2Fiss_3%2FCAJ_vol6.3_12_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-traver-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-traver_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_G._Traver2002" class="citation book cs1">Andrew G. Traver (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wYKhJDqA3xQC&q=peace+conference+of+371+BC&pg=PA147">"Greece in the 4th Century BC"</a>. <i>From Polis to Empire, the Ancient World, C. 800 B.C.-A.D. 500: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">146–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30942-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30942-7"><bdi>978-0-313-30942-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greece+in+the+4th+Century+BC&rft.btitle=From+Polis+to+Empire%2C+the+Ancient+World%2C+C.+800+B.C.-A.D.+500%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30942-7&rft.au=Andrew+G.+Traver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwYKhJDqA3xQC%26q%3Dpeace%2Bconference%2Bof%2B371%2BBC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vander-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vander_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaj._Kurt_P._Vandersteen1986" class="citation book cs1">Maj. Kurt P. Vandersteen (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a397224.pdf"><i>Classical Theories and the Will to Fight</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Illinois State University. p. 31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218173453/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a397224.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Theories+and+the+Will+to+Fight&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Command+and+General+Staff+College%2C+Illinois+State+University&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Maj.+Kurt+P.+Vandersteen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa397224.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ab-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ab_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ab_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ab_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arsbellica.it/pagine/antica/Cheronea/Cheronea_eng.html">"Battle of Chaeronea"</a>. <i>Ars Bellica: The Great Battles of History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113934/http://www.arsbellica.it/pagine/antica/Cheronea/Cheronea_eng.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Bellica%3A+The+Great+Battles+of+History&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Chaeronea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arsbellica.it%2Fpagine%2Fantica%2FCheronea%2FCheronea_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robins-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-robins_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Robinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Paul Robinson (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29twpob8UyYC&q=Battle%20of%20Leuktra&pg=PA23"><i>Military Honour & Conduct of War: From Ancient Greece to Iraq</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39201-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39201-3"><bdi>978-0-415-39201-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Honour+%26+Conduct+of+War%3A+From+Ancient+Greece+to+Iraq&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39201-3&rft.au=Paul+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29twpob8UyYC%26q%3DBattle%2520of%2520Leuktra%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odys-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-odys_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=1829">"Monument (Trophy) of The Battle of Leuktra"</a>. Odysseus, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224013131/http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=1829">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monument+%28Trophy%29+of+The+Battle+of+Leuktra&rft.pub=Odysseus%2C+Hellenic+Ministry+of+Culture+and+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodysseus.culture.gr%2Fh%2F2%2Feh251.jsp%3Fobj_id%3D1829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paus9Lion-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paus9Lion_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPausanias" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>. "Book IX". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias9B.html"><i>Description of Greece</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729071047/http://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias9B.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-29</span></span>. <q>As you approach the city you see a common grave of the Thebans who were killed in the struggle against Philip. It has no inscription, but is surmounted by a lion, probably a reference to the spirit of the men. That there is no inscription is, in my opinion, because their courage was not favoured by appropriate good fortune.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+IX&rft.btitle=Description+of+Greece&rft.au=Pausanias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FText%2FPausanias9B.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strabo-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strabo_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrabo" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. "Book IV, Chapter 2". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/9B*.html"><i>Geographica</i></a>. <q>Chaeroneia is near Orchomenus. It was here that Philip the son of Amyntas conquered the Athenians, Boeotians, and Corinthians in a great battle, and set himself up as lord of Greece. And here, too, are to be seen tombs of those who fell in the battle, tombs erected at public expense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+IV%2C+Chapter+2&rft.btitle=Geographica&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FStrabo%2F9B%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor1-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taylor1_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysbydiversha08royauoft">"On the discovery of the Lion at Chæronea, by a party of English travellers in 1818"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom</i>. Second Series. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. 1863.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Literature+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.atitle=On+the+discovery+of+the+Lion+at+Ch%C3%A6ronea%2C+by+a+party+of+English+travellers+in+1818&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessaysbydiversha08royauoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dodg-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dodg_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell_Dodgson" class="citation book cs1">Campbell Dodgson. "Taylor, George Ledwell". <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Taylor,_George_Ledwell_%28DNB00%29"><i>Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 55</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329013456/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Taylor,_George_Ledwell_(DNB00)">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taylor%2C+George+Ledwell&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography%2C+1885-1900%2C+Volume+55&rft.au=Campbell+Dodgson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FTaylor%2C_George_Ledwell_%2528DNB00%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lethaby-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lethaby_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lethaby_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lethaby_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW._R._Lethaby1918" class="citation journal cs1">W. R. Lethaby (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVPQAAAAMAAJ&q=Chaeronea%20lion%20restored%201902&pg=PA40">"Greek Lion Monuments"</a>. <i>The Journal of Hellenic Studies</i>. <b>38</b>: <span class="nowrap">39–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F625674">10.2307/625674</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/625674">625674</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163762670">163762670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=Greek+Lion+Monuments&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163762670%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F625674%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F625674&rft.au=W.+R.+Lethaby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKVPQAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DChaeronea%2520lion%2520restored%25201902%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrian_De_JonghJohn_GandonGeoffrey_Graham-Bell2000" class="citation book cs1">Brian De Jongh; John Gandon; Geoffrey Graham-Bell (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bko8u2MQA5oC&pg=PA91"><i>The Companion Guide to Mainland Greece</i></a>. Companion Guides. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900639-35-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900639-35-4"><bdi>978-1-900639-35-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+Guide+to+Mainland+Greece&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Companion+Guides&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-900639-35-4&rft.au=Brian+De+Jongh&rft.au=John+Gandon&rft.au=Geoffrey+Graham-Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbko8u2MQA5oC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGennadius1876" class="citation journal cs1">Gennadius, Joannes (26 February 1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SEZRAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA197">"The Lion of Chaeronea"</a>. <i>The Academy</i>. <b>IX</b>. London: <span class="nowrap">196–</span>197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Academy&rft.atitle=The+Lion+of+Chaeronea&rft.volume=IX&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.date=1876-02-26&rft.aulast=Gennadius&rft.aufirst=Joannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSEZRAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookfortra00lond"><i>Handbook for travellers in Greece</i></a> (Seventh ed.). London: John Murray. 1900. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookfortra00lond/page/554">554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+travellers+in+Greece&rft.place=London&rft.pages=554&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookfortra00lond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMa2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, John (2008). "Chaironeia 338: Topographies of Commemoration". <i>The Journal of Hellenic Studies</i>. <b>128</b>: <span class="nowrap">72–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0075426900000069">10.1017/S0075426900000069</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40651724">40651724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160003601">160003601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=Chaironeia+338%3A+Topographies+of+Commemoration&rft.volume=128&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160003601%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40651724%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0075426900000069&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bosan-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bosan_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR.C._BosanquetM.N._Tod1902" class="citation journal cs1">R.C. Bosanquet & M.N. Tod (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalofhelleni22soci">"Archaeology in Greece, 1901-1902"</a>. <i>The Journal of Hellenic Studies</i>. <b>22</b>: 380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F623936">10.2307/623936</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/623936">623936</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162296569">162296569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=Archaeology+in+Greece%2C+1901-1902&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=380&rft.date=1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162296569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F623936%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F623936&rft.au=R.C.+Bosanquet&rft.au=M.N.+Tod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofhelleni22soci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pritchLion-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pritchLion_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pritchLion_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pritchLion_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Kendrick_Pritchett1958" class="citation journal cs1">William Kendrick Pritchett (1958). "Observations on Chaironeia". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>62</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">307–</span>311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F501959">10.2307/501959</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/501959">501959</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191378872">191378872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Observations+on+Chaironeia&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E311&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191378872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F501959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F501959&rft.au=William+Kendrick+Pritchett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arch1-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arch1_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArchaeological_Institute_of_America1904" class="citation journal cs1">Archaeological Institute of America (1904). 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Rahe (1981). "The Annihilation of the Sacred Band at Chaeronea". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>85</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">84–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F504975">10.2307/504975</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/504975">504975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193013636">193013636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Annihilation+of+the+Sacred+Band+at+Chaeronea&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193013636%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F504975%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F504975&rft.au=Paul+A.+Rahe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sabin-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sabin_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sabin_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Sabin2007" class="citation book cs1">Philip Sabin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F-rbAAAAMAAJ"><i>Lost Battles: Reconstructing the Great Clashes of the Ancient World</i></a>. Hambledon Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-187-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-187-9"><bdi>978-1-84725-187-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Battles%3A+Reconstructing+the+Great+Clashes+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84725-187-9&rft.au=Philip+Sabin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF-rbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-habicht-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-habicht_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Habicht1999" class="citation book cs1">Christian Habicht (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cJYpYbScEUC&q=archaeology&pg=PA28">"Pausanias as a Guide"</a>. <i>Pausanias' Guide to Ancient Greece</i>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06170-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06170-5"><bdi>978-0-520-06170-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pausanias+as+a+Guide&rft.btitle=Pausanias%27+Guide+to+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06170-5&rft.au=Christian+Habicht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9cJYpYbScEUC%26q%3Darchaeology%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rubin-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rubin_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLene_Rubinstein1995" class="citation book cs1">Lene Rubinstein (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0xyNwS2q7CUC&q=Pausanias+Importance+Archaeology&pg=PA211">"Pausanias as a source for the classical Greek <i>Polis</i>"</a>. In Morgens Herman Hansen; Kurt Raaflaub (eds.). <i>Studies in the Ancient Greek </i>Polis<i>, Volume 1</i>. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-06759-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-06759-1"><bdi>978-3-515-06759-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pausanias+as+a+source+for+the+classical+Greek+Polis&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Ancient+Greek+Polis%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-515-06759-1&rft.au=Lene+Rubinstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0xyNwS2q7CUC%26q%3DPausanias%2BImportance%2BArchaeology%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elsner-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elsner_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaś_Elsner2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ja%C5%9B_Elsner" title="Jaś Elsner">Jaś Elsner</a> (2010). "Special issue: Receptions of Pausanias: From Winckelmann to Frazer". <i>Classical Receptions Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">157–</span>173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcrj%2Fclq012">10.1093/crj/clq012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Receptions+Journal&rft.atitle=Special+issue%3A+Receptions+of+Pausanias%3A+From+Winckelmann+to+Frazer&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcrj%2Fclq012&rft.au=Ja%C5%9B+Elsner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cawk-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cawk_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Cawkwell2010" class="citation book cs1">George Cawkwell (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u6zl7g43cCIC&q=Sacred+band&pg=PA101">"Between Athens, Sparta, and Persia: the Historical Significance of the Liberation of Thebes in 379 BC"</a>. <i>Scripta Antiquitatis Posterioris Ad Ethicam Religionemque Pertinentia. Volume 16: Plutarch, On the Daimonion of Socrates</i>. Mohr Siebeck Tübingen. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150137-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150137-1"><bdi>978-3-16-150137-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Athens%2C+Sparta%2C+and+Persia%3A+the+Historical+Significance+of+the+Liberation+of+Thebes+in+379+BC&rft.btitle=Scripta+Antiquitatis+Posterioris+Ad+Ethicam+Religionemque+Pertinentia.+Volume+16%3A+Plutarch%2C+On+the+Daimonion+of+Socrates&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck+T%C3%BCbingen&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-16-150137-1&rft.au=George+Cawkwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du6zl7g43cCIC%26q%3DSacred%2Bband%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeitao2016" class="citation web cs1">Leitao, David D. (September 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientheroes.net/blog//did-an-army-of-lovers-really-dominate-ancient-greece">"Did an Army of Lovers Really Dominate Ancient Greece?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509131713/http://ancientheroes.net/blog//did-an-army-of-lovers-really-dominate-ancient-greece">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+an+Army+of+Lovers+Really+Dominate+Ancient+Greece%3F&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft.aulast=Leitao&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fancientheroes.net%2Fblog%2F%2Fdid-an-army-of-lovers-really-dominate-ancient-greece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laforse-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-laforse_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce_LaForse2010" class="citation book cs1">Bruce LaForse (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=loeWIRBo3isC&q=Leuktra%20city&pg=PA546">"The Greek World, 371-336"</a>. In Konrad H. Kinzl (ed.). <i>A Companion to the Classical Greek World</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 546. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3412-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-3412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Greek+World%2C+371-336&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Classical+Greek+World&rft.pages=546&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3412-8&rft.au=Bruce+LaForse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DloeWIRBo3isC%26q%3DLeuktra%2520city%26pg%3DPA546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demSymm-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-demSymm_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDemosthenes" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>. "On the Symmories". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0072%3Aspeech%3D14%3Asection%3D33"><i>On the Navy</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225105013/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0072%3Aspeech%3D14%3Asection%3D33">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Symmories&rft.btitle=On+the+Navy&rft.au=Demosthenes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0072%253Aspeech%253D14%253Asection%253D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Band+of+Thebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Band_of_Thebes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks183"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBT_military_and_veteran_groups250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBT_military-related_groups" title="Template:LGBT military-related groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBT_military-related_groups" title="Template talk:LGBT military-related groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBT_military-related_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBT military-related groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBT_military_and_veteran_groups250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_military_and_veteran_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT military and veteran organizations">LGBT military and veteran groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Military_Partner_Association" title="American Military Partner Association">American Military Partner Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Veterans_for_Equal_Rights" title="American Veterans for Equal Rights">American Veterans for Equal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Alliance" title="Blue Alliance">Blue Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Out" title="Knights Out">Knights Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OutServe-SLDN" title="OutServe-SLDN">OutServe-SLDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servicemembers_United" title="Servicemembers United">Servicemembers United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queer_Insurrection_and_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army">The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USNA_Out" title="USNA Out">USNA Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Benevolent_Association" title="Veterans Benevolent Association">Veterans Benevolent Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_American_Veterans_Association" title="Transgender American Veterans Association">Transgender American Veterans Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT people and military service">LGBT people and military service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_military-related_organizations" title="Category:LGBTQ military-related organizations">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_people_in_the_military243" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_the_military" title="Template:Sexual orientation and gender identity in the military"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_the_military" title="Template talk:Sexual orientation and gender identity in the military"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_the_military" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual orientation and gender identity in the military"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_people_in_the_military243" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_military_service" title="LGBTQ people and military service">LGBTQ people in the military</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_military_and_veteran_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT military and veteran organizations">LGBT military and veteran organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_unions_and_military_policy" title="Same-sex unions and military policy">Same-sex unions and military policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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