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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theogony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theogony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Theogony</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theogony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_and_Days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_and_Days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Works and Days</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_and_Days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hesiodic_corpus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hesiodic_corpus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hesiodic corpus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hesiodic_corpus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Depictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Depictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Depictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monnus_mosaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monnus_mosaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Monnus mosaic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monnus_mosaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrait_bust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrait_bust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Portrait bust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrait_bust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hesiod's_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hesiod's_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hesiod's Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hesiod's_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selected_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Selected translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hesiod</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodos" title="Hesiodos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hesiodos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هسيودوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هسيودوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%ADodo" title="Hesíodo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hesíodo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Իսիոդոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իսիոդոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAsiodo" title="Hêsiodo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Hêsiodo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%ADodo" title="Hesíodo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hesíodo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A1" title="হেসিয়ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেসিয়ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%91%D0%B4" title="Гесіёд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гесіёд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Хезиод – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хезиод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodos" title="Hesiodos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hesiodos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%ADode" title="Hesíode – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hesíode" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9siodos" title="Hésiodos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hésiodos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esiodu" title="Esiodu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Esiodu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodos" title="Hesiodos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hesiodos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ησίοδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ησίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%ADodo" title="Hesíodo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hesíodo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heziodo" title="Heziodo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Heziodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esiodu" title="Esiodu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Esiodu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodo" title="Hesiodo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hesiodo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF" title="هزیود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هزیود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9siode" title="Hésiode – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hésiode" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodos" title="Hesiodos – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hesiodos" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%ADodo" title="Hesíodo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hesíodo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="헤시오도스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤시오도스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesioda" title="Hesioda – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hesioda" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հեսիոդոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեսիոդոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A6" title="हेसिओद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेसिओद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heziod" title="Heziod – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Heziod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodos" title="Hesiodos – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hesiodos" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodos" title="Hesiodos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hesiodos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodo" title="Hesiodo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hesiodo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%AD%C3%B3dos" title="Hesíódos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hesíódos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esiodo" title="Esiodo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esiodo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הסיודוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסיודוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94" title="ჰესიოდე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰესიოდე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Гесиод – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гесиод" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodo" title="Hesiodo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hesiodo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAs%C3%AEodos" title="Hêsîodos – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hêsîodos" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodus" title="Hesiodus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hesiodus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%93siods" title="Hēsiods – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hēsiods" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodas" title="Hesiodas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hesiodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9sziodosz" title="Hésziodosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hésziodosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Хесиод – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хесиод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesi%C3%B4d%C3%B4sy" title="Hesiôdôsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hesiôdôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هسيودوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هسيودوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodos" title="Hesiodos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hesiodos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%97" title="ꯍꯦꯁꯤꯌꯣꯗ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯦꯁꯤꯌꯣꯗ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA" title="ဟီးဆီးယဒ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟီးဆီးယဒ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodos" title="Hesiodos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hesiodos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AA%E3%83%89%E3%82%B9" title="ヘーシオドス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘーシオドス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esi%C3%B2de" title="Esiòde – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esiòde" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezjod" title="Hezjod – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hezjod" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%ADodo" title="Hesíodo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hesíodo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Гесиод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гесиод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodi" title="Hesiodi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hesiodi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C3%ACudu" title="Esìudu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Esìudu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9siodos" title="Hésiodos – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hésiodos" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heziod" title="Heziod – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Heziod" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Хесиод – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хесиод" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodos" title="Hesiodos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hesiodos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodos" title="Hesiodos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hesiodos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hesiod" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="எசியோடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எசியோடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="เฮสิโอด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฮสิโอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ҳесиудус – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳесиудус" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodos" title="Hesiodos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hesiodos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Гесіод – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гесіод" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%93s%C3%ADodos" title="Hēsíodos – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hēsíodos" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodos" title="Hesiodos – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hesiodos" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%A5%BF%E4%BF%84%E5%BE%B7" title="赫西俄德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="赫西俄德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%A5%BF%E4%BF%84%E5%BE%B7" title="赫西俄德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="赫西俄德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%A5%BF%E4%BF%84%E5%BE%B7" title="赫西俄德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赫西俄德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44233#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hesiod" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek poet of the archaic period</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient Greek poet. For the computer application, see <a href="/wiki/Hesiod_(name_service)" title="Hesiod (name service)">Hesiod (name service)</a>. For the crater on Mercury, see <a href="/wiki/Hesiod_(crater)" title="Hesiod (crater)">Hesiod (crater)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hesiodos" redirects here. For the asteroid, see <a href="/wiki/8550_Hesiodos" class="mw-redirect" title="8550 Hesiodos">8550 Hesiodos</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hesiodus" redirects here. For the crater on the Moon, see <a href="/wiki/Hesiodus_(crater)" title="Hesiodus (crater)">Hesiodus (crater)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Hesiod</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Hesiod_(%3F)-Ancient_Roman_busts_in_the_Neues_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A possible imaginative depiction of Hesiod (Roman copy of a Greek original)"><img alt="A possible imaginative depiction of Hesiod (Roman copy of a Greek original)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bust_of_Hesiod_%28%3F%29-Ancient_Roman_busts_in_the_Neues_Museum.jpg/220px-Bust_of_Hesiod_%28%3F%29-Ancient_Roman_busts_in_the_Neues_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bust_of_Hesiod_%28%3F%29-Ancient_Roman_busts_in_the_Neues_Museum.jpg/330px-Bust_of_Hesiod_%28%3F%29-Ancient_Roman_busts_in_the_Neues_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bust_of_Hesiod_%28%3F%29-Ancient_Roman_busts_in_the_Neues_Museum.jpg/440px-Bust_of_Hesiod_%28%3F%29-Ancient_Roman_busts_in_the_Neues_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">A possible imaginative depiction of Hesiod (Roman copy of a Greek original)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><div class="nickname" lang="grc">Ἡσίοδος</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyme_(Aeolis)" title="Cyme (Aeolis)">Cyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Ascra" title="Ascra">Ascra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Poet</li><li>philosopher</li><li>farmer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 700 BC<sup id="cite_ref-L._West,_1966_p._40_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L._West,_1966_p._40-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-J.Boardman,_J_1986_p._88_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J.Boardman,_J_1986_p._88-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Heracles" title="Shield of Heracles">Shield of Heracles</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hesiod</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HEE</span>-see-əd</i></a> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HEH</span>-see-əd</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἡσίοδος</span></span> <i>Hēsíodos</i>; <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 700 BC</span>) was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> generally thought to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-L._West,_1966_p._40_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L._West,_1966_p._40-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-J.Boardman,_J_1986_p._88_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J.Boardman,_J_1986_p._88-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of Hesiod's works have survived in their entirety. Among these are <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i>, which tells the origins of the gods, their lineages, and the events that led to <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>'s rise to power, and <i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i>, a poem that describes the five <a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a>, offers advice and wisdom, and includes myths such as <a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_box" title="Pandora's box">Pandora's box</a>. </p><p>Hesiod is generally regarded by Western authors as 'the first written poet in the Western tradition to regard himself as an individual persona with an active role to play in his subject.'<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient authors credited Hesiod and Homer with establishing Greek religious customs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars refer to him as a major source on <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, farming techniques, early economic thought,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaic Greek <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Greek_cosmology" title="Early Greek cosmology">cosmology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices#Continuous_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">ancient time-keeping</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dating of Hesiod's life is a contested issue in scholarly circles (<i>see <a href="#Dating">§ Dating</a> below</i>). <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic narrative</a> allowed poets such as <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> no opportunity for personal revelations. However Hesiod's extant work comprises several <a href="/wiki/Didactic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic poem">didactic poems</a> in which he went out of his way to let his audience in on a few details of his life. There are three explicit references in <i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i>, as well as some passages in his <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i>, that support inferences made by scholars. The former poem says that his father came from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyme_(Aeolus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyme (Aeolus) (page does not exist)">Cyme</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a> (on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, a little south of the island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>) and crossed the sea to settle at a hamlet near <a href="/wiki/Thespiae" title="Thespiae">Thespiae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> named <a href="/wiki/Ascra" title="Ascra">Ascra</a>, "a cursed place, cruel in winter, hard in summer, never pleasant" (<i>Works</i> 640). Hesiod's patrimony <span class="gloss-quot">(</span><span class="gloss-text">property inherited from one's father or male ancestor</span><span class="gloss-quot">)</span> in Ascra, a small piece of ground at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Helicon" title="Mount Helicon">Mount Helicon</a>, occasioned <a href="/wiki/Lawsuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawsuits">lawsuits</a> with his brother <a href="/wiki/Perses_(brother_of_Hesiod)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perses (brother of Hesiod)">Perses</a>, who at first seems to have cheated him of his rightful share thanks to corrupt authorities or ‘kings’ but later became impoverished and ended up scrounging from the thrifty poet (<i>Works</i> 35, 396). </p><p>Unlike his father Hesiod was averse to sea travel, but he once crossed the narrow strait between the Greek mainland and <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> to participate in funeral celebrations for one Amphidamas of <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a> and there won a <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod#Ancient_Greece" title="Sacrificial tripod">tripod</a> in a singing competition.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also describes meeting the <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Helicon" title="Mount Helicon">Mount Helicon</a>, where he had been pasturing sheep, when the goddesses presented him with a <a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">laurel</a> staff, a symbol of poetic authority (<i>Theogony</i> 22–35). Fanciful though the story might seem, the account has led ancient and modern scholars to infer that he was not a professionally trained <a href="/wiki/Rhapsode" title="Rhapsode">rhapsode</a> or he would have been presented with a <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hesiod_and_the_Muse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hesiod_and_the_Muse.jpg/220px-Hesiod_and_the_Muse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hesiod_and_the_Muse.jpg/330px-Hesiod_and_the_Muse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hesiod_and_the_Muse.jpg/440px-Hesiod_and_the_Muse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption><i>Hesiod and the <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muse</a></i> (1891), by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moreau" title="Gustave Moreau">Gustave Moreau</a>. The poet is presented with a <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>, in contradiction to the account given by Hesiod himself, in which the gift was a laurel staff.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some scholars have seen Perses as a literary creation, a foil for the moralizing that Hesiod develops in <i>Works and Days</i>, but there are also arguments against that theory.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it is quite common for works of moral instruction to have an imaginative setting as a means of getting the audience's attention,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it could be difficult to see how Hesiod could have traveled around the countryside entertaining people with a narrative about himself if the account was known to be fictitious.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nagy" title="Gregory Nagy">Gregory Nagy</a>, on the other hand, sees both <i>Pérsēs</i> ("the destroyer" from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πέρθω</span></span>, <i>pérthō</i>) and <i>Hēsíodos</i> ("he who emits the voice" from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἵημι</span></span>, <i>híēmi</i> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αὐδή</span></span>, <i>audḗ</i>) as fictitious names for poetical <a href="/wiki/Persona" title="Persona">personae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It might seem unusual that Hesiod's father migrated from Anatolia westwards to mainland Greece, the opposite direction to most colonial movements at the time, and Hesiod himself gives no explanation for it. However, around 750 BC or a little later, there was a migration of seagoing merchants from his original home in Cyme in Anatolia to <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> (a colony they shared with the Euboeans), and possibly his move west had something to do with that, since <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> is not far from <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, where he eventually established himself and his family.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family association with Aeolian Cyme might explain his familiarity with Eastern myths, evident in his poems, though the Greek world might have already developed its own versions of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Burn,_77_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn,_77-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of Hesiod's complaints about poverty, life on his father's farm could not have been too uncomfortable if <i>Works and Days</i> is anything to judge by, since he describes the routines of prosperous <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeomanry</a> rather than peasants. His farmer employs a friend (<i>Works and Days</i> 370) as well as servants (502, 573, 597, 608, 766), an energetic and responsible ploughman of mature years (469 ff.), a slave boy to cover the seed (441–6), a female servant to keep house (405, 602) and working teams of oxen and mules (405, 607f.).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One modern scholar surmises that Hesiod may have learned about world geography, especially the catalogue of rivers in <i>Theogony</i> (337–45), listening to his father's accounts of his own sea voyages as a merchant.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The father probably spoke in the <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolian dialect</a> of Cyme but Hesiod probably grew up speaking the local Boeotian, belonging to the same dialect group. However whilst his poetry features some Aeolisms there are no words that are certainly Boeotian. His basic language was the main literary dialect of the time, Homer's <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is probable that Hesiod wrote his poems down, or dictated them, rather than passing them on orally, as <a href="/wiki/Rhapsode" title="Rhapsode">rhapsodes</a> did—otherwise: the pronounced personality that now emerges from the poems would surely have been diluted through oral transmission from one rhapsode to another. <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> asserted that <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotians</a> showed him an old tablet made of lead on which the <i>Works</i> were engraved.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If he did write or dictate, it was perhaps as an aid to memory or because he lacked confidence in his ability to produce poems extempore, as trained rhapsodes could do. It certainly was not in a quest for immortal fame since poets in his era had probably no such notions for themselves. However some scholars suspect the presence of large-scale changes in the text and attribute it to oral transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possibly he composed his verses during idle times on the farm, in the spring before the May harvest or the dead of winter.<sup id="cite_ref-Burn,_77_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn,_77-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1807_Thorvaldsen_Tanz_der_Musen_auf_dem_Helikon_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1807_Thorvaldsen_Tanz_der_Musen_auf_dem_Helikon_anagoria.JPG/400px-1807_Thorvaldsen_Tanz_der_Musen_auf_dem_Helikon_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1807_Thorvaldsen_Tanz_der_Musen_auf_dem_Helikon_anagoria.JPG/600px-1807_Thorvaldsen_Tanz_der_Musen_auf_dem_Helikon_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1807_Thorvaldsen_Tanz_der_Musen_auf_dem_Helikon_anagoria.JPG/800px-1807_Thorvaldsen_Tanz_der_Musen_auf_dem_Helikon_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption><i>The Dance of the Muses at Mount Helicon</i> by <a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a> (1807). Hesiod cites inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a> while on Mount Helicon.</figcaption></figure> <p>The personality behind the poems is unsuited to the kind of "aristocratic withdrawal" typical of a rhapsode but is instead "argumentative, suspicious, ironically humorous, frugal, fond of proverbs, wary of women."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was in fact a "<a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogynist</a>" of the same calibre as the later poet <a href="/wiki/Semonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Semonides">Semonides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resembles <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> in his preoccupation with issues of good versus evil and "how a just and all-powerful god can allow the unjust to flourish in this life". He recalls <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> in his rejection of the idealised hero of epic literature in favour of an idealized view of the farmer.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet the fact that he could eulogize kings in <i>Theogony</i> (80 ff., 430, 434) and denounce them as corrupt in <i>Works and Days</i> suggests that he could resemble whichever audience he composed for.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various legends accumulated about Hesiod and they are recorded in several sources: </p> <ul><li>the story about the <i><a href="/wiki/Contest_of_Homer_and_Hesiod" title="Contest of Homer and Hesiod">Contest of Homer and Hesiod</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a <i><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">vita</a></i> of Hesiod by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> grammarian <a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">John Tzetzes</a>;</li> <li>the entry for Hesiod in the <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i>;</li> <li>two passages and some scattered remarks in <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> (IX, 31.3–6 and 38.3 f.);</li> <li>a passage in <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> <i>Moralia</i> (162b).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two different—yet early—traditions record the site of Hesiod's grave. One, as early as <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, reported in Plutarch, the <i>Suda</i> and John Tzetzes, states that the <a href="/wiki/Delphic_oracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphic oracle">Delphic oracle</a> warned Hesiod that he would die in <a href="/wiki/Nemea" title="Nemea">Nemea</a>, and so he fled to <a href="/wiki/Locris" title="Locris">Locris</a>, where he was killed at the local temple to Nemean Zeus, and buried there. This tradition follows a familiar <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">ironic</a> convention: the <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> predicts accurately after all. The other tradition, first mentioned in an <a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigram</a> by <a href="/wiki/Chersias" title="Chersias">Chersias</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a> written in the 7th century BC (within a century or so of Hesiod's death), claims that Hesiod lies buried at Orchomenus, a town in Boeotia. According to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i>Constitution of Orchomenus,</i> when the <a href="/wiki/Thespiae" title="Thespiae">Thespians</a> ravaged Ascra the villagers sought refuge at Orchomenus, where, following the advice of an oracle, they collected the ashes of Hesiod and set them in a place of honour in their <i><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a></i>, next to the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Minyas_(mythology)" title="Minyas (mythology)">Minyas</a>, their eponymous founder. Eventually they came to regard Hesiod too as their "hearth-founder" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οἰκιστής</span></span>, <i>oikistēs</i>). Later writers attempted to harmonize these two accounts. Yet another account taken from classical sources, cited by author <a href="/wiki/Charles_Abraham_Elton" title="Charles Abraham Elton">Charles Abraham Elton</a> in his <i>Remains of Hesiod the Ascræan, Including the Shield of Hercules by Hesiod</i>, depicts Hesiod as being falsely accused of rape by a girl's brothers and murdered in reprisal despite his advanced age while the true culprit (his <a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milesians (Greek)">Milesian</a> fellow-traveler) managed to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating">Dating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helikonmountainascent.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Helikonmountainascent.JPG/220px-Helikonmountainascent.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Helikonmountainascent.JPG/330px-Helikonmountainascent.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Helikonmountainascent.JPG/440px-Helikonmountainascent.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Modern Mount Helicon. Hesiod once described his nearby hometown, <a href="/wiki/Ascra" title="Ascra">Ascra</a>, as "cruel in winter, hard in summer, never pleasant."</figcaption></figure> <p>Greeks in the late 5th and early 4th centuries BC considered their oldest poets to be <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musaeus_of_Athens" title="Musaeus of Athens">Musaeus</a>, Hesiod and <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>—in that order.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, Greek writers began to consider Homer earlier than Hesiod. Devotees of Orpheus and Musaeus were probably responsible for precedence being given to their two cult heroes and maybe the <a href="/wiki/Homeridae" title="Homeridae">Homeridae</a> were responsible in later antiquity for promoting Homer at Hesiod's expense. </p><p>The first known writers to locate Homer earlier than Hesiod were <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samothrace" title="Aristarchus of Samothrace">Aristarchus of Samothrace</a> was the first actually to argue the case. <a href="/wiki/Ephorus" title="Ephorus">Ephorus</a> made Homer a younger cousin of Hesiod, the 5th century BC historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (<i>Histories</i> II, 53) evidently considered them near-contemporaries, and the 4th century BC <a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">sophist</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcidamas" title="Alcidamas">Alcidamas</a> in his work <i>Mouseion</i> even brought them together for an imagined poetic <i><a href="/wiki/Agon" title="Agon">ágōn</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄγών</span></span>), which survives today as the <i><a href="/wiki/Contest_of_Homer_and_Hesiod" title="Contest of Homer and Hesiod">Contest of Homer and Hesiod</a></i>. Most scholars today agree with Homer's priority but there are good arguments on either side.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hesiod certainly predates the <a href="/wiki/Greek_lyric" title="Greek lyric">lyric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elegiac" title="Elegiac">elegiac</a> poets whose work has come down to the modern era.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Imitations of his work have been observed in <a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epimenides" title="Epimenides">Epimenides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Semonides">Semonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a>, from which it has been inferred that the latest possible date for him is about 650 BC. </p><p>An upper limit of 750 BC is indicated by a number of considerations, such as the probability that his work was written down, the fact that he mentions a sanctuary at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> that was of little national significance before c. 750 BC (<i>Theogony</i> 499), and he lists rivers that flow into the <a href="/wiki/Euxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Euxine">Euxine</a>, a region explored and developed by Greek colonists beginning in the 8th century BC. (<i>Theogony</i> 337–45).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hesiod mentions a poetry contest at <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> where the sons of one <a href="/wiki/Amphidamas" title="Amphidamas">Amphidamas</a> awarded him a tripod (<i>Works and Days</i> 654–662). <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> identified this Amphidamas with the hero of the <a href="/wiki/Lelantine_War" title="Lelantine War">Lelantine War</a> between Chalcis and <a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a> and he concluded that the passage must be an interpolation into Hesiod's original work, assuming that the Lelantine War was too late for Hesiod. Modern scholars have accepted his identification of Amphidamas but disagreed with his conclusion. The date of the war is not known precisely but estimates placing it around 730–705 BC fit the estimated chronology for Hesiod. In that case, the tripod that Hesiod won might have been awarded for his rendition of <i>Theogony</i>, a poem that seems to presuppose the kind of aristocratic audience he would have met at Chalcis.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hesiodi_Ascraei_quaecumque_exstant.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hesiodi_Ascraei_quaecumque_exstant.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Hesiodi_Ascraei_quaecumque_exstant.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hesiodi_Ascraei_quaecumque_exstant.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Hesiodi_Ascraei_quaecumque_exstant.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hesiodi_Ascraei_quaecumque_exstant.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Hesiodi_Ascraei_quaecumque_exstant.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="3186" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(graphic_design)" title="Vignette (graphic design)">Vignette</a> for <i>Hesiodi Ascraei quaecumque exstant</i> (1701)</figcaption></figure> <p>Three works have survived which were attributed to Hesiod by ancient commentators: <i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Heracles" title="Shield of Heracles">Shield of Heracles</a></i>. Only fragments exist of other works attributed to him. The surviving works and fragments were all written in the <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">conventional metre</a> and language of epic. However, the <i>Shield of Heracles</i> is now known to be spurious and probably was written in the sixth century BC. Many ancient critics also rejected <i>Theogony</i> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> 9.31.3), even though Hesiod mentions himself by name in that poem. <i>Theogony</i> and <i>Works and Days</i> might be very different in subject matter, but they share a distinctive language, metre, and <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a> that subtly distinguish them from Homer's work and from the <i>Shield of Heracles</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="#Hesiod's_Greek">Hesiod's Greek</a> below). Moreover, they both refer to the same version of the Prometheus myth.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet even these authentic poems may include interpolations. For example, the first ten verses of the <i>Works and Days</i> may have been borrowed from an <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a> hymn to <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> (they were recognised as not the work of Hesiod by critics as ancient as Pausanias).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have detected a proto-historical perspective in Hesiod, a view rejected by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cartledge" title="Paul Cartledge">Paul Cartledge</a>, for example, on the grounds that Hesiod advocates a not-forgetting without any attempt at verification.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hesiod has also been considered the father of <a href="/wiki/Gnomic_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnomic verse">gnomic verse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had "a passion for systematizing and explaining things".<sup id="cite_ref-Burn,_77_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn,_77-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek poetry">Ancient Greek poetry</a> in general had strong philosophical tendencies and Hesiod, like Homer, demonstrates a deep interest in a wide range of 'philosophical' issues, from the nature of divine justice to the beginnings of human society. Aristotle (<i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i> 983b–987a) believed that the question of <a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover#First_cause" title="Unmoved mover">first causes</a> may even have started with Hesiod (<i>Theogony</i> 116–53) and Homer (<i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> 14.201, 246).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He viewed the world from outside the charmed circle of aristocratic rulers, protesting against their injustices in a tone of voice that has been described as having a "grumpy quality redeemed by a gaunt dignity"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, as stated in the biography section, he could also change to suit the audience. This ambivalence appears to underlie his presentation of human history in <i>Works and Days</i>, where he depicts a golden period when life was easy and good, followed by a steady decline in behaviour and happiness through the silver, bronze, and Iron Ages – except that he inserts a heroic age between the last two, representing its warlike men as better than their bronze predecessors. He seems in this case to be catering to two different world-views, one epic and aristocratic, the other unsympathetic to the heroic traditions of the aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theogony"><i>Theogony</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theogony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></div> <p>The <i>Theogony</i> is commonly considered Hesiod's earliest work. Despite the different subject matter between this poem and the <i>Works and Days</i>, most scholars, with some notable exceptions, believe that the two works were written by the same man. As <a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">M. L. West</a> writes, "Both bear the marks of a distinct personality: a surly, conservative countryman, given to reflection, no lover of women or life, who felt the gods' presence heavy about him."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>Hateful strife bore painful Toil,<br /> Neglect, Starvation, and tearful Pain,<br /> Battles, Combats... </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The <i>Theogony</i> concerns the origins of the world (<a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a>) and of the gods (<a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">theogony</a>), beginning with <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaos (mythology)">Chaos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eros_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eros (mythology)">Eros</a>, and shows a special interest in <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>. Embedded in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek myth</a>, there remain fragments of quite variant tales, hinting at the rich variety of myth that once existed, city by city; but Hesiod's retelling of the old stories became, according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, the accepted version that linked all <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenes</a>. It's the earliest known source for the myths of <a href="/wiki/Pandora" title="Pandora">Pandora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>. </p><p>The creation myth in Hesiod has long been held to have Eastern influences, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Kumarbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Kumarbi">Song of Kumarbi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Enuma_Elis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enuma Elis">Enuma Elis</a>. This cultural crossover may have occurred in the eighth- and ninth-century Greek trading colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Al_Mina" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mina">Al Mina</a> in North <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. (For more discussion, read <a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Robin Lane Fox</a>'s <i>Travelling Heroes</i> and Peter Walcot's <i>Hesiod and the Near East</i>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_and_Days"><i>Works and Days</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works and Days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_MS_Gr_20_-_Theogeny,_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Houghton_MS_Gr_20_-_Theogeny%2C_10.jpg/220px-Houghton_MS_Gr_20_-_Theogeny%2C_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Houghton_MS_Gr_20_-_Theogeny%2C_10.jpg/330px-Houghton_MS_Gr_20_-_Theogeny%2C_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Houghton_MS_Gr_20_-_Theogeny%2C_10.jpg/440px-Houghton_MS_Gr_20_-_Theogeny%2C_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="2168" /></a><figcaption>Opening lines of <i>Works and Days</i> in a 16th-century manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Works and Days</i> is a poem of over 800 lines which revolves around two general truths: labour is the universal lot of Man, but he who is willing to work will get by. Scholars have interpreted this work against a background of agrarian crisis in mainland <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, which inspired a wave of documented <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">colonisations</a> in search of new land.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Works and Days</i> may have been influenced by an established tradition of <a href="/wiki/Didactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic">didactic</a> poetry based on Sumerian, Hebrew, Babylonian and Egyptian wisdom literature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This work lays out the five <a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a>, as well as containing advice and wisdom, prescribing a life of honest labour and attacking idleness and unjust judges (like those who decided in favour of <a href="/wiki/Perses_(brother_of_Hesiod)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perses (brother of Hesiod)">Perses</a>) as well as the practice of usury. It describes immortals who roam the earth watching over justice and injustice.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem regards labor as the source of all good, in that both gods and men hate the idle, who resemble <a href="/wiki/Drone_(bee)" title="Drone (bee)">drones</a> in a hive.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the horror of the triumph of violence over hard work and honor, verses describing the "Golden Age" present the social character and practice of <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">nonviolent diet</a> through agriculture and fruit-culture as a higher path of living sufficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hesiodic_corpus">Hesiodic corpus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hesiodic corpus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the <i>Theogony</i> and <i>Works and Days</i>, numerous other poems were ascribed to Hesiod during antiquity. Modern scholarship has doubted their authenticity, and these works are generally referred to as forming part of the "Hesiodic corpus" whether or not their authorship is accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation is summed up in this formulation by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Glenn Most</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Hesiod" is the name of a person; "Hesiodic" is a designation for a kind of poetry, including but not limited to the poems of which the authorship may reasonably be assigned to Hesiod himself.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Of these works forming the extended Hesiodic corpus, only the <i><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Heracles" title="Shield of Heracles">Shield of Heracles</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀσπὶς Ἡρακλέους</span></span>, <i>Aspis Hērakleous</i>) is transmitted intact via a medieval manuscript tradition. </p><p>Classical authors also attributed to Hesiod a lengthy genealogical poem known as <i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women" title="Catalogue of Women">Catalogue of Women</a></i> or <i>Ehoiai</i> (because sections began with the Greek words <i>ē hoiē,</i> "Or like the one who ..."). It was a mythological catalogue of the mortal women who had mated with gods, and of the offspring and descendants of these unions. </p><p>Several additional hexameter poems were ascribed to Hesiod: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalai_Ehoiai" title="Megalai Ehoiai">Megalai Ehoiai</a></i>, a poem similar to the <i>Catalogue of Women</i>, but presumably longer.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Ceyx" title="Wedding of Ceyx">Wedding of Ceyx</a></i>, a poem concerning Heracles' attendance at the wedding of a certain Ceyx—noted for its riddles.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melampodia" title="Melampodia">Melampodia</a></i>, a genealogical poem that treats of the families of, and myths associated with, the great seers of mythology.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idaean_Dactyls_(poem)" title="Idaean Dactyls (poem)">Idaean Dactyls</a></i>, a work concerning mythological smelters, the <a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(mythology)#Idaean_Dactyls" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactyl (mythology)">Idaean Dactyls</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Descent_of_Perithous" title="Descent of Perithous">Descent of Perithous</a></i>, about <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perithous" class="mw-redirect" title="Perithous">Perithous</a>' trip to Hades.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Precepts_of_Chiron" title="Precepts of Chiron">Precepts of Chiron</a></i>, a didactic work that presented the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a> as delivered to the young <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megala_Erga" title="Megala Erga">Megala Erga</a></i> or <i>Great Works</i>, a poem similar to the <i>Works and Days</i>, but presumably longer</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astronomia_(poem)" title="Astronomia (poem)">Astronomia</a></i>, an astronomical poem to which Callimachus (<i>Ep</i>. 27) apparently compared <a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a>' <i>Phaenomena</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aegimius_(poem)" title="Aegimius (poem)">Aegimius</a></i>, a heroic epic concerning the Dorian <a href="/wiki/Aegimius" title="Aegimius">Aegimius</a> (variously attributed to Hesiod or <a href="/wiki/Cercops_of_Miletus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercops of Miletus">Cercops of Miletus</a>).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiln_(poem)" title="Kiln (poem)">Kiln</a></i> or <i>Potters</i>, a brief poem asking Athena to aid potters if they pay the poet. Also attributed to Homer.</li> <li><i>Ornithomantia</i>, a work on bird omens that followed the <i>Works and Days</i>.</li></ul> <p>In addition to these works, the <i>Suda</i> lists an otherwise unknown "dirge for Batrachus, [Hesiod's] beloved".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>'s countryman and contemporary, the lyric poet <a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a>, paraphrased a section of <i>Works and Days</i> (582–88), recasting it in lyric meter and Lesbian dialect. The paraphrase survives only as a fragment.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seneca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seneca.JPG/220px-Seneca.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seneca.JPG/330px-Seneca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seneca.JPG/440px-Seneca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1390" /></a><figcaption>Ancient bronze bust, the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Seneca" title="Pseudo-Seneca">Pseudo-Seneca</a></i>, now conjectured to be an imaginative portrait of Hesiod.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The lyric poet <a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a> quoted or paraphrased Hesiod in a victory ode addressed to <a href="/wiki/Hieron_of_Syracuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieron of Syracuse">Hieron of Syracuse</a>, commemorating the tyrant's victory in the chariot race at the <a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a> 470 BC, the attribution made with these words: "A man of Boeotia, Hesiod, minister of the [sweet] Muses, spoke thus: 'He whom the immortals honour is attended also by the good report of men.'" However, the quoted words are not found in Hesiod's extant work.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hesiod's <i>Catalogue of Women</i> created a vogue for catalogue poems in the Hellenistic period. Thus for example <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theocritus</a> presents catalogues of heroines in two of his bucolic poems (3.40–51 and 20.34–41), where both passages are recited in character by lovelorn rustics.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions">Depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monnus_mosaic">Monnus mosaic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Monnus mosaic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monnus_Mosaic,_detail_of_Hesiod_(ESIO-DVS)_from_a_Roman_Domus_in_Augusta_Treverorum_(Trier),_end_of_the_3rd_century_AD,_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier,_Germany_(30038562895).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monnus mosaic from the end of the 3rd century AD. The figure is identified by the name ESIO-DVS (Hesiod)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Monnus_Mosaic%2C_detail_of_Hesiod_%28ESIO-DVS%29_from_a_Roman_Domus_in_Augusta_Treverorum_%28Trier%29%2C_end_of_the_3rd_century_AD%2C_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%2C_Germany_%2830038562895%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Monnus_Mosaic%2C_detail_of_Hesiod_%28ESIO-DVS%29_from_a_Roman_Domus_in_Augusta_Treverorum_%28Trier%29%2C_end_of_the_3rd_century_AD%2C_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%2C_Germany_%2830038562895%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Monnus_Mosaic%2C_detail_of_Hesiod_%28ESIO-DVS%29_from_a_Roman_Domus_in_Augusta_Treverorum_%28Trier%29%2C_end_of_the_3rd_century_AD%2C_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%2C_Germany_%2830038562895%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4552" data-file-height="2974" /></a><figcaption>Monnus mosaic from the end of the 3rd century AD. The figure is identified by the name ESIO-DVS (Hesiod).</figcaption></figure> <p>Portrait of Hesiod from Augusta Treverorum (<a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>), from the end of the 3rd century AD. The mosaic is signed in its central field by the maker, 'MONNUS FECIT' ('Monnus made this'). The figure is identified by name: 'ESIO-DVS' ('Hesiod'). It is the only known authenticated portrait of Hesiod.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrait_bust">Portrait bust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Portrait bust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roman bronze bust, the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Seneca" title="Pseudo-Seneca">Pseudo-Seneca</a>,</i> of the late first century BC found at <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> is now thought not to be of <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>. It has been identified by <a href="/wiki/Gisela_Richter" title="Gisela Richter">Gisela Richter</a> as an imagined portrait of Hesiod. In fact, it has been recognized since 1813 that the bust was not of Seneca when an inscribed <a href="/wiki/Herma" class="mw-redirect" title="Herma">herma</a> portrait of Seneca with quite different features was discovered. Most scholars now follow Richter's identification.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hesiod's_Greek"><span id="Hesiod.27s_Greek"></span>Hesiod's Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hesiod's Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hesiodus_-_Carmina,_1823_-_3066705_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hesiodus_-_Carmina%2C_1823_-_3066705_F.jpg/220px-Hesiodus_-_Carmina%2C_1823_-_3066705_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hesiodus_-_Carmina%2C_1823_-_3066705_F.jpg/330px-Hesiodus_-_Carmina%2C_1823_-_3066705_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hesiodus_-_Carmina%2C_1823_-_3066705_F.jpg/440px-Hesiodus_-_Carmina%2C_1823_-_3066705_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>Title to an edition of Hesiod's <i>Carmina</i> (1823)</figcaption></figure> <p>Hesiod employed the conventional dialect of epic verse, which was Ionian. Comparisons with Homer, a native Ionian, can be unflattering. Hesiod's handling of the <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a> was not as masterful or fluent as Homer's and one modern scholar refers to his "hobnailed hexameters".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His use of language and meter in <i>Works and Days</i> and <i>Theogony</i> distinguishes him also from the author of the <i>Shield of Heracles</i>. All three poets, for example, employed <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a> inconsistently, sometimes allowing it to affect syllable length and meter, sometimes not. The ratio of observance/neglect of digamma varies between them. The extent of variation depends on how the evidence is collected and interpreted but there is a clear trend, revealed for example in the following set of statistics. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i>Theogony</i></td> <td>2.5/1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Works and Days</i></td> <td>1.5/1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Shield</i></td> <td>5.9/1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Homer</td> <td>5.4/1<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hesiod does not observe digamma as often as the others do. That result is a bit counter-intuitive since digamma was still a feature of the Boeotian dialect that Hesiod probably spoke, whereas it had already vanished from the Ionic vernacular of Homer. This anomaly can be explained by the fact that Hesiod made a conscious effort to compose like an Ionian epic poet at a time when digamma was not heard in Ionian speech, while Homer tried to compose like an older generation of Ionian bards, when it was heard in Ionian speech. There is also a significant difference in the results for <i>Theogony</i> and <i>Works and Days</i>, but that is merely due to the fact that the former includes a catalog of divinities and therefore it makes frequent use of the definite article associated with digamma, oἱ.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though typical of epic, his vocabulary features some significant differences from Homer's. One scholar has counted 278 un-Homeric words in <i>Works and Days</i>, 151 in <i>Theogony</i> and 95 in <i>Shield of Heracles</i>. The disproportionate number of un-Homeric words in <i>W & D</i> is due to its un-Homeric subject matter.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hesiod's vocabulary also includes quite a lot of formulaic phrases that are not found in Homer, which indicates that he may have been writing within a different tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See discussion by M. L. West, <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, Oxford University Press (1966), p. 163 f., note 30, citing for example <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> IX, 30.3. Rhapsodes in post-Homeric times are often shown carrying either a laurel staff or a lyre but in Hesiod's earlier time the staff seems to indicate that he was not a rhapsode, a professional <a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">minstrel</a>. Meetings between poets and the Muses became part of poetic folklore: compare, for example, <a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a>' account of meeting the Muses while leading home a cow and the legend of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dmon" title="Cædmon">Cædmon</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jasper Griffin, 'Greek Myth and Hesiod' in <i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i>, Oxford University Press (1986), cites for example the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ecclesiastes" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Ecclesiastes">Book of Ecclesiastes</a>, a Sumerian text in the form of a father's remonstrance with a prodigal son, and Egyptian wisdom texts spoken by viziers, etc. Hesiod was certainly open to oriental influences, as is clear in the myths presented by him in <i>Theogony</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Bacchylidean victory ode is fr. 5 Loeb. <a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis of Megara</a> (169) is the source of a similar sentiment ("Even the fault-finder praises one whom the gods honour") but without attribution. See also fr. 344 M.-W (D. Campbell, <i>Greek Lyric Poetry</i> IV, Loeb 1992, p. 153)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gisela Richter, <i>The Portraits of the Greeks</i>. London: Phaidon (1965), I, p. 58 ff.; commentators agreeing with Richter include Wolfram Prinz, "The Four Philosophers by Rubens and the Pseudo-Seneca in Seventeenth-Century Painting" in <i>The Art Bulletin</i> <b>55</b>.3 (September 1973), pp. 410–428. "[…] one feels that it may just as well have been the Greek writer Hesiod […]" and Martin Robertson, in his review of G. Richter, <i>The Portraits of the Greeks</i> for <i>The Burlington Magazine</i> <b>108</b>.756 (March 1966), pp. 148–150. "[…] with Miss Richter, I accept the identification as Hesiod."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistics for the three 'Hesiodic' poems taken from A. V. Paues, <i>De Digammo Hesiodeo Quaestiones</i> (Stockholm 1897), and stats for Homer from Hartel, <i>Sitzungs-Bericht der Wiener Akademie</i> 78 (1874), both cited by M. L. West, <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The count of un-Homeric words is by H.K. Fietkau, <i>De carminum hesiodeorum atque hymnorum quattuor magnorum vocabulis non homericis</i> (Königsberg, 1866), cited by M. L. West, <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, p. 77.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-L._West,_1966_p._40-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L._West,_1966_p._40_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L._West,_1966_p._40_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. L. West, <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, Oxford University Press (1966), p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J.Boardman,_J_1986_p._88-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-J.Boardman,_J_1986_p._88_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J.Boardman,_J_1986_p._88_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Griffin" title="Jasper Griffin">Jasper Griffin</a>, "Greek Myth and Hesiod", J.Boardman, J.Griffin and O. Murray (eds.), <i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (1986), p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Hesiod">"Hesiod"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barron, J. P., and <a href="/wiki/Easterling,_P._E." class="mw-redirect" title="Easterling, P. E.">Easterling, P. E.</a>, "Hesiod" in <i>The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature,</i>, P. E. Easterling and B. Knox (eds.), Cambridge University Press (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zLUzKHNI4qsC&pg=PA51">p. 51</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrewes,_Antony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrewes, Antony (page does not exist)">Andrewes, Antony</a>, <i>Greek Society</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Books" title="Pelican Books">Pelican Books</a> (1971), p. 254 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rothbard,_Murray_N." class="mw-redirect" title="Rothbard, Murray N.">Rothbard, Murray N.</a>, <i>Economic Thought Before Adam Smith: Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought</i>, vol. 1, Cheltenham, UK: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a> (1995), p. 8; Gordan, Barry J., <i>Economic Analysis Before Adam Smith: Hesiod to Lessius</i> (1975), p. 3; Brockway, George P., <i>The End of Economic Man: An Introduction to Humanistic Economics</i>, 4th edition (2001), p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jasper Griffin, 'Greek Myth and Hesiod' in <i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i>, J. Boardman, J. Griffin and O. Murray (eds), Oxford University Press (1986), pp. 88, 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh G. Evelyn-White, <i>Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns and Homerica</i> (= <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>, vol. 57), Harvard University Press (1964), p. xiv f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffin, 'Greek Myth and Hesiod' in <i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Nagy, <i>Greek Mythology and Poetics</i>, Cornell (1990), pp. 36–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barron and Easterling, 'Hesiod' in <i>The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature</i>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burn,_77-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burn,_77_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burn,_77_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burn,_77_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. R. Burn, <i>The Pelican History of Greece</i>, Penguin (1966), p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barron and Easterling, 'Hesiod' in <i>The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature</i>, p. 93 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, p. 41 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, p. 90 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias, <i>Description of Greece</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D31%3Asection%3D4">IX, 31.4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, pp. 40 f., 47 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffin, 'Greek Myth and Hesiod' in <i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barron and Easterling, 'Hesiod' in <i>The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature</i>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrewes, <i>Greek Society</i>, pp. 218 f., 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translated in Evelyn-White, <i>Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns and Homerica</i>, pp. 565–597.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElton1815" class="citation book cs1">Elton, Charles Abraham (1815). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66350"><i>The Remains of Hesiod the Ascræan, Including the Shield of Hercules by Hesiod</i></a>. London: BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Remains+of+Hesiod+the+Ascr%C3%A6an%2C+Including+the+Shield+of+Hercules+by+Hesiod&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BALDWIN%2C+CRADOCK%2C+AND+JOY&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=Charles+Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F66350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosen, Ralph M.(1997) Homer and Hesiod University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/7">https://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, pp. 40, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, p. 40 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, p. 43 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barron and Easterling, <i>Hesiod</i> in <i>The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature</i>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vernant, J., <i>Myth and Society in Ancient Greece</i>, tr. J. Lloyd (1980), p. 184 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. A. Symonds, <i>Studies of the Greek Poets</i>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cartledge" title="Paul Cartledge">Paul Cartledge</a>, <i>Sparta and Lakonia – A regional history 1300 to 362 BC</i>. 2nd Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Symonds, <i>Studies of the Greek Poets</i>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Allen, <i>Tragedy and the Early Greek Philosophical Tradition</i>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrewes, <i>Greek Society</i>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burn, <i>The Pelican History of Greece</i>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. L. West, "Hesiod" in <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>, S. Hornblower & A. Spawforth (eds), third revised edition, Oxford (1996), p. 521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hesiod, <i>Works and Days</i> 250: "Verily upon the earth are thrice ten thousand immortals of the host of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, guardians of mortal man. They watch both justice and injustice, robed in mist, roaming abroad upon the earth." (Compare Symonds, <i>Studies of the Greek Poets</i>, p. 179.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Works and Days</i> 300: "Both gods and men are angry with a man who lives idle, for in nature he is like the stingless drones who waste the labor of the <a href="/wiki/Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees">bees</a>, eating without working."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Howard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivu.org/history/williams/hesiod.html"><i>The Ethics of Diet – A Catena</i></a> (1883).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. <a href="#CITEREFCingano2009">Cingano (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMost2006">Most (2006</a>, p. xi).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Suda</i>, s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?db=REAL&search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&user_list=LIST&page_num=1&searchstr=eta,583&field=adlerhw_gr&num_per_page=1"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἡσίοδος (η</span></span> 583)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alcaeus fr. 347 Loeb, cited by D. Cambell, <i>Greek Lyric Poetry: a selection of early Greek lyric, elegiac and iambic poetry</i>, Bristol Classical Press (1982), p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErika_Simon1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Erika Simon (1975). <i>Pergamon und Hesiod</i> (in German). Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2326703">2326703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pergamon+und+Hesiod&rft.place=Mainz+am+Rhein&rft.pub=Philipp+von+Zabern&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2326703&rft.au=Erika+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Hunter, <i>Theocritus: A Selection</i>, Cambridge University Press (1999), pages 122–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5835/portrait-of-hesiod/">"Portrait of Hesiod"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+Hesiod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fimage%2F5835%2Fportrait-of-hesiod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffin, <i>Greek Myth and Hesiod</i>, p. 88, quoting M. L. West.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, pp. 91, 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, p. 78.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allen, T. W. and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_A._Rambaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur A. Rambaut">Arthur A. Rambaut</a>, "The Date of Hesiod", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Hellenic_Studies" title="The Journal of Hellenic Studies">The Journal of Hellenic Studies</a></i>, 35 (1915), pp. 85–99.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2006" class="citation cs2">Allen, William (2006), "Tragedy and the Early Greek Philosophical Tradition", <i>A Companion to Greek Tragedy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tragedy+and+the+Early+Greek+Philosophical+Tradition&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Greek+Tragedy&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewes1971" class="citation cs2">Andrewes, Antony (1971), <i>Greek Society</i>, Pelican Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Society&rft.pub=Pelican+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Andrewes&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Barron, J. P. and Easterling, P. E. (1985), "Hesiod", <i>The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature</i>, Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Buckham, Philip Wentworth (1827), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IjAZAAAAYAAJ"><i>Theatre of the Greeks</i></a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurn1978" class="citation cs2">Burn, A.R. (1978), <i>The Pelican History of Greece</i>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pelican+History+of+Greece&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Burn&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFCingano2009" class="citation">Cingano, E., "The Hesiodic Corpus", in <a href="#CITEREFMontanariRengakosTsagalis2009">Montanari, Rengakos & Tsagalis (2009)</a>, pp. 91–130</span>.</li> <li>Evelyn-White, Hugh G. (1964), <i>Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica</i> (= <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>, vol. 57), Harvard University Press, pp. xliii–xlvii.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Lamberton" title="Robert D. Lamberton">Lamberton, Robert</a> (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BL2AZpopNu8C"><i>Hesiod</i></a>, New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04068-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04068-7">0-300-04068-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarckscheffel1840" class="citation cs2">Marckscheffel, Johann Georg Wilhelm (1840), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fragmenta00hesigoog"><i>Hesiodi, Eumeli, Cinaethonis, Asii et Carminis Naupactii fragmenta</i></a>, Leipzig: Sumtibus F.C.G. Vogelii</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hesiodi%2C+Eumeli%2C+Cinaethonis%2C+Asii+et+Carminis+Naupactii+fragmenta&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Sumtibus+F.C.G.+Vogelii&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Marckscheffel&rft.aufirst=Johann+Georg+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffragmenta00hesigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontanariRengakosTsagalis2009" class="citation cs2">Montanari, Franco; Rengakos, Antonios; Tsagalis, Christos (2009), <i>Brill's Companion to Hesiod</i>, Leiden, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17840-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17840-3"><bdi>978-90-04-17840-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Hesiod&rft.place=Leiden&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17840-3&rft.aulast=Montanari&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft.au=Rengakos%2C+Antonios&rft.au=Tsagalis%2C+Christos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Murray" title="Gilbert Murray">Murray, Gilbert</a> (1897), <i>A History of Ancient Greek Literature</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/D._Appleton_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="D. Appleton and Company">D. Appleton and Company</a>, pp. 53 ff.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1986" class="citation cs2">Griffin, Jasper (1986), "Greek Myth and Hesiod", <i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Myth+and+Hesiod&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Classical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Peabody, Berkley (1975), <i>The Winged Word: A Study in the Technique of Ancient Greek Oral Composition as Seen Principally Through Hesiod's Works and Days</i>, State University of New York Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-059-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-059-3">0-87395-059-3</a>.</li> <li>Pucci, Pietro (1977), <i>Hesiod and the Language of Poetry</i>, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-1787-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-1787-0">0-8018-1787-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinsch-Werner1976" class="citation cs2">Reinsch-Werner, Hannelore (1976), <i>Callimachus Hesiodicus: Die Rezeption der hesiodischen Dichtung durch Kallimachos von Kyrene</i>, Berlin: Mielke</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Callimachus+Hesiodicus%3A+Die+Rezeption+der+hesiodischen+Dichtung+durch+Kallimachos+von+Kyrene&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mielke&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Reinsch-Werner&rft.aufirst=Hannelore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rohde" title="Erwin Rohde">Rohde, Erwin</a> (1925), <i>Psyche. The cult of the souls and belief in immortality among the Greeks</i>, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Addington_Symonds" title="John Addington Symonds">Symonds, John Addington</a> (1873), <i>Studies of the Greek Poets</i>, London: Smyth, Elder & Co.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Taylor, Thomas</a> (1891), <i>A Dissertation on the Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries</i>, New York: J. W. Bouton.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1966" class="citation cs2">West, Martin L. (1966), <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hesiod%3A+Theogony&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthanassakis1992" class="citation journal cs1">Athanassakis, A.N. (1992). "Cattle and Honour in Homer and Hesiod". <i>Ramus</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 156–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0048671X00002617">10.1017/S0048671X00002617</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163262958">163262958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ramus&rft.atitle=Cattle+and+Honour+in+Homer+and+Hesiod&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=156-186&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0048671X00002617&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163262958%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Athanassakis&rft.aufirst=A.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthanassakis1992" class="citation journal cs1">Athanassakis, A.N. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0048671X00002642">"Introduction to 'Essays on Hesiod I'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Ramus</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0048671X00002642">10.1017/S0048671X00002642</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ramus&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+%27Essays+on+Hesiod+I%27&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0048671X00002642&rft.aulast=Athanassakis&rft.aufirst=A.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0048671X00002642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthanassakis1992" class="citation journal cs1">Athanassakis, A.N. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0048671X00002587">"Introduction to 'Essays on Hesiod II'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Ramus</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 117–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0048671X00002587">10.1017/S0048671X00002587</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ramus&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+%27Essays+on+Hesiod+II%27&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-118&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0048671X00002587&rft.aulast=Athanassakis&rft.aufirst=A.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0048671X00002587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurn1937" class="citation book cs1">Burn, Andrew Robert (1937). <i>The World of Hesiod: A Study of the Greek Middle Ages, c. 900–700 BC</i>. New York: Dutton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Hesiod%3A+A+Study+of+the+Greek+Middle+Ages%2C+c.+900%E2%80%93700+BC&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Burn&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClay1992" class="citation journal cs1">Clay, Diskin (1992). "The World of Hesiod". <i>Ramus</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 131–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0048671X00002605">10.1017/S0048671X00002605</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192778324">192778324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ramus&rft.atitle=The+World+of+Hesiod&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-155&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0048671X00002605&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192778324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=Diskin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebiasi2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Debiasi, Andrea (2008). <i>Esiodo e l'occidente</i> (in Italian). Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8265-487-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8265-487-0"><bdi>978-88-8265-487-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esiodo+e+l%27occidente&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=L%27Erma+di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-88-8265-487-0&rft.aulast=Debiasi&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuBois1992" class="citation journal cs1">DuBois, Page (1992). "Eros and the Woman". <i>Ramus</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 97–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0048671X00002691">10.1017/S0048671X00002691</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163277871">163277871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ramus&rft.atitle=Eros+and+the+Woman&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-116&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0048671X00002691&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163277871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=DuBois&rft.aufirst=Page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagarin1992" class="citation journal cs1">Gagarin, Michael (1992). "The Poetry of Justice: Hesiod and the Origins of Greek Law". <i>Ramus</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 61–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0048671X00002678">10.1017/S0048671X00002678</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159821254">159821254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ramus&rft.atitle=The+Poetry+of+Justice%3A+Hesiod+and+the+Origins+of+Greek+Law&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-78&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0048671X00002678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159821254%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gagarin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanko2007" class="citation book cs1">Janko, Richard (2007). <i>Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns : diachronic development in epic diction</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03565-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03565-1"><bdi>978-0-521-03565-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer%2C+Hesiod+and+the+Hymns+%3A+diachronic+development+in+epic+diction&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03565-1&rft.aulast=Janko&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby1992" class="citation journal cs1">Kirby, John T. (1992). "Rhetoric and Poetics in Hesiod". <i>Ramus</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 34–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0048671X00002666">10.1017/S0048671X00002666</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192214724">192214724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ramus&rft.atitle=Rhetoric+and+Poetics+in+Hesiod&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-60&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0048671X00002666&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192214724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKõiv2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kõiv, Mait (2011). "A Note on the Dating of Hesiod". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>61</b> (2): 355–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0009838811000127">10.1017/s0009838811000127</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171061196">171061196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Dating+of+Hesiod&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=355-377&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0009838811000127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171061196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=K%C3%B5iv&rft.aufirst=Mait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Lucas" title="F. L. Lucas">Lucas, Frank Laurence</a> (1934). "Two Poets of the Peasantry". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ia600401.us.archive.org//load_djvu_applet.php?file=1/items/StudiesFrenchAndEnglish/StudiesFrenchAndEnglish.djvu"><i>Studies French and English</i></a>. London: Cassell & Co. pp. 23–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two+Poets+of+the+Peasantry&rft.btitle=Studies+French+and+English&rft.place=London&rft.pages=23-75&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Frank+Laurence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fia600401.us.archive.org%2F%2Fload_djvu_applet.php%3Ffile%3D1%2Fitems%2FStudiesFrenchAndEnglish%2FStudiesFrenchAndEnglish.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuchte2011" class="citation book cs1">Luchte, James (2011). <i>Early Greek Thought: Before the Dawn</i>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567353313" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567353313"><bdi>978-0567353313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Greek+Thought%3A+Before+the+Dawn&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0567353313&rft.aulast=Luchte&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1992" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Richard P. (1992). "Hesiod's metanastic poetics". <i>Ramus</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 11–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0048671X00002654">10.1017/S0048671X00002654</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192780443">192780443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ramus&rft.atitle=Hesiod%27s+metanastic+poetics&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-33&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0048671X00002654&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192780443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagler1992" class="citation journal cs1">Nagler, Michael N. (1992). "Discourse and Conflict in Hesiod: Eris and the Erides". <i>Ramus</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 79–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0048671X0000268X">10.1017/S0048671X0000268X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193362059">193362059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ramus&rft.atitle=Discourse+and+Conflict+in+Hesiod%3A+Eris+and+the+Erides&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-96&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0048671X0000268X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193362059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nagler&rft.aufirst=Michael+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagy1992" class="citation journal cs1">Nagy, Gregory (1992). "Authorisation and Authorship in the Hesiodic Theogony". <i>Ramus</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 119–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0048671X00002599">10.1017/S0048671X00002599</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191714303">191714303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ramus&rft.atitle=Authorisation+and+Authorship+in+the+Hesiodic+Theogony&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-130&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0048671X00002599&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191714303%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThalmann1984" class="citation book cs1">Thalmann, William G. (1984). <i>Conventions of form and thought in early Greek epic poetry</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3195-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3195-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-3195-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conventions+of+form+and+thought+in+early+Greek+epic+poetry&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-3195-9&rft.aulast=Thalmann&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalcot1966" class="citation book cs1">Walcot, P. (1966). <i>Hesiod and the Near East</i>. Cardiff: Wales University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hesiod+and+the+Near+East&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=Wales+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Walcot&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1985" class="citation book cs1">West, M.L. (1985). <i>The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women: its nature, structure, and origins</i>. Oxford: Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814034-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814034-4"><bdi>978-0-19-814034-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hesiodic+Catalogue+of+Women%3A+its+nature%2C+structure%2C+and+origins&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814034-4&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=M.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zeitlin, Froma (1996). 'Signifying difference: the case of Hesiod's Pandora', in Froma Zeitlin, <i>Playing the Other: Gender and Society in Classical Greek Literature</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 53–86.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_translations">Selected translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Selected translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a>, <i>The Works of Hesiod</i>, London, 1618, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis Bacon">Sir Francis Bacon</a>.</li> <li>Cooke, Hesiod, <i>Works and Days</i>, Translated from the Greek, London, 1728</li> <li>Sinclair, Thomas Alan (translator), <i>Hesiodou Erga kai hemerai</i>, London, Macmillan and co., 1932.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin Litchfield</a> (translator), <i>Hesiod Works & Days</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814005-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814005-3">0-19-814005-3</a>. Edited with Prolegomena and Commentary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolos_Athanassakis" title="Apostolos Athanassakis">Athanassakis, Apostolos N.</a>, <i>Theogony; Works and days; Shield / Hesiod; introduction, translation, and notes</i>, Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-2998-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-2998-4">0-8018-2998-4</a></li> <li>Frazer, R.M. (Richard McIlwaine), <i>The Poems of Hesiod</i>, Norman: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1837-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1837-7">0-8061-1837-7</a></li> <li>Tandy, David W., and Neale, Walter C. [translators], <i>Works and Days: a translation and commentary for the social sciences</i>, Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20383-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20383-6">0-520-20383-6</a></li> <li>Schlegel, Catherine M., and Henry Weinfield, translators, <i>Theogony and Works and Days</i>, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2006</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMost2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, G.W.</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hesiod00hesi"><i>Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia</i></a>, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 57, Cambridge, MA, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99622-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99622-9"><bdi>978-0-674-99622-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hesiod%3A+Theogony%2C+Works+and+Days%2C+Testimonia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99622-9&rft.aulast=Most&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhesiod00hesi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMost2007" class="citation cs2">Most, G.W. (2007), <i>Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue, Other Fragments</i>, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 503, Cambridge, MA, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99623-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99623-6"><bdi>978-0-674-99623-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hesiod%3A+The+Shield%2C+Catalogue%2C+Other+Fragments&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99623-6&rft.aulast=Most&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesiod" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hesiod" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Hesiod">Hesiod</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Hesiod" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Hesiod">Hesiod</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hesiod" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hesiod">Hesiod</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Hesiod</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Hesiod&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Hesiod">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Hesiod&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Hesiod</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Hesiod&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Hesiod">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Hesiod&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/191">Works by Hesiod</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11552">Works by Hesiod</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Hesiod%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hesiod%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hesiod%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Hesiod%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Hesiod</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Hesiod, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110129031410/http://animalrightshistory.org/animal-rights-timeline/animal-rights-h/hesiod/works-and-days-1.htm"><i>Works and Days Book 1</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110130214825/http://animalrightshistory.org/animal-rights-timeline/animal-rights-h/hesiod/works-and-days-2.htm"><i>Works and Days Book 2</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110130214856/http://animalrightshistory.org/animal-rights-timeline/animal-rights-h/hesiod/works-and-days-3.htm"><i>Works and Days Book 3</i></a> Translated from the Greek by Mr. Cooke (London, 1728). A youthful exercise in Augustan heroic couplets by Thomas Cooke (1703–1756), employing the Roman names for all the gods.</li> <li>Web texts taken from <i>Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica</i>, edited and translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, published as <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 57, 1914, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99063-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99063-3">0-674-99063-3</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hesiodhomerichym00hesiuoft">Scanned text at the Internet Archive</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a> and <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> format</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Hesiod">Perseus Classics Collection: Greek and Roman Materials: Text: Hesiod</a> (Greek texts and English translations for <i>Works and Days</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i>, and <i>Shield of Heracles</i> with additional notes and cross links.)</li> <li>Versions of the electronic edition of Evelyn-White's English translation edited by Douglas B. Killings, June 1995: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/348">Project Gutenberg plain text</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcllibrary.org/Hesiod/">The Medieval and Classical Literature Library: Hesiod</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hesiod/index.htm">Sacred Texts: Classics: The Works of Hesiod</a> (<i>Theogony</i> and <i>Works and Days</i> only)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demonax.info/doku.php?id=archaic:hesiod">Hesiod Poems and Fragments</a> including Ps-Hesiod works <i>Astronomy</i> and <i>Catalogue of Women</i> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demonax.info/">demonax.info</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hesiod" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#B8C7DD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hesiod" title="Template:Hesiod"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hesiod" title="Template talk:Hesiod"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hesiod" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hesiod"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hesiod" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hesiod</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B8C7DD;;width:1%">Extant poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Heracles" title="Shield of Heracles">Shield of Heracles</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seneca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seneca.JPG/47px-Seneca.JPG" decoding="async" width="47" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seneca.JPG/71px-Seneca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seneca.JPG/94px-Seneca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1390" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B8C7DD;;width:1%">Fragmentary poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women" title="Catalogue of Women">Catalogue of Women</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalai_Ehoiai" title="Megalai Ehoiai">Megalai Ehoiai</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Ceyx" title="Wedding of Ceyx">Wedding of Ceyx</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Melampodia" title="Melampodia">Melampodia</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Descent_of_Perithous" title="Descent of Perithous">Descent of Perithous</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Idaean_Dactyls_(poem)" title="Idaean Dactyls (poem)">Idaean Dactyls</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Precepts_of_Chiron" title="Precepts of Chiron">Precepts of Chiron</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Megala_Erga" title="Megala Erga">Megala Erga</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Astronomia_(poem)" title="Astronomia (poem)">Astronomia</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aegimius_(poem)" title="Aegimius (poem)">Aegimius</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kiln_(poem)" title="Kiln (poem)">Kiln</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44233#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44233#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44233#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120793528">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122220717">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/266190844">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/74152742906127731410">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/204158790508438850486">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3793159248347104870003">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95145856933322920531">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/371159474047527660844">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/263158237">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/712154380950030291041">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2998151247987344270003">10</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123151776730218010327">11</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95146809">12</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/405144647704944068833">13</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/18805/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjMGYCFf7pDryh7YDvXHkC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118550292">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50062731">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119074448">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119074448">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00443197">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hesiodus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV035630">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36533598">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210278&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1719548">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/39012">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069436703">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90066766">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000003041&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000048439&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000161546">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=18905">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046856">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199634377">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hklqhp25ftkqk">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810628477005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/19478">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262779205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512945606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14520612">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00344735?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1e02e05e-83d0-44d1-b400-93a4e6ada46f">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1277193">Trove</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1453875">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118550292.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118550292">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026921286">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6003469">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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