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<span>Events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_demonstration_and_killings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_demonstration_and_killings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Initial demonstration and killings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_demonstration_and_killings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_repression_in_Sétif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_repression_in_Sétif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>French repression in Sétif</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy_in_Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_in_Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Legacy in Algeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_in_Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantic_debates:_genocide,_massacre_or_politicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantic_debates:_genocide,_massacre_or_politicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Semantic debates: genocide, massacre or politicide</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1_8_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88_1945" title="مجازر 8 مايو 1945 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجازر 8 مايو 1945" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setif_v%C9%99_Gelma_q%C9%99tliam%C4%B1" title="Setif və Gelma qətliamı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Setif və Gelma qətliamı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacres_de_S%C3%A9tif,_Guelma_i_Kherrata" title="Massacres de Sétif, Guelma i Kherrata – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Massacres de Sétif, Guelma i Kherrata" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaker_von_S%C3%A9tif" title="Massaker von Sétif – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Massaker von Sétif" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacres_de_S%C3%A9tif_y_Guelma" title="Masacres de Sétif y Guelma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masacres de Sétif y Guelma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setif,_Guelma_eta_Kherratako_sarraskiak" title="Setif, Guelma eta Kherratako sarraskiak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Setif, Guelma eta Kherratako sarraskiak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B5_%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81" title="قتل‌عام مه ۱۹۴۵ سطیف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قتل‌عام مه ۱۹۴۵ سطیف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacres_de_S%C3%A9tif,_Guelma_et_Kherrata" title="Massacres de Sétif, Guelma et Kherrata – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massacres de Sétif, Guelma et Kherrata" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacro_di_S%C3%A9tif_e_Guelma" title="Massacro di Sétif e Guelma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massacro di Sétif e Guelma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine-i_v%C3%A9rengz%C3%A9s" title="Constantine-i vérengzés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Constantine-i vérengzés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_og_Guelma-massakrene" title="Sétif og Guelma-massakrene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sétif og Guelma-massakrene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_w_Algierii_(1945)" title="Powstanie w Algierii (1945) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie w Algierii (1945)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Алжирское восстание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алжирское восстание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A4%D9%A5" title="کۆمەڵکوژییەکانی ٨ی ئایاری ١٩٤٥ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمەڵکوژییەکانی ٨ی ئایاری ١٩٤٥" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tifrevolten" title="Sétifrevolten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sétifrevolten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_ve_Guelma_katliam%C4%B1" title="Sétif ve Guelma katliamı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sétif ve Guelma katliamı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Алжирське повстання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алжирське повстання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سیتیف اور گیلما کا قتل عام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیتیف اور گیلما کا قتل عام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macs%C3%A5daedje_di_Stif" title="Macsådaedje di Stif – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Macsådaedje di Stif" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q593024#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="View the content page [c]" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&params=28_N_02_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°N</span> <span class="longitude">02°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28°N 2°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28; 2</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_massacre&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sétif massacre">Sétif massacre</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1945 mass murder of Muslims in French Algeria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacres_de_S%C3%A9tif,_Guelma_et_Kherrata" class="extiw" title="fr:Massacres de Sétif, Guelma et Kherrata">the corresponding article</a> in French</b>. <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Massacres de Sétif, Guelma et Kherrata]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|fr|Massacres de Sétif, Guelma et Kherrata}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Talk:Sétif and Guelma massacre">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Sétif and Guelma massacre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">aftermath of World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_Massacre_S%C3%A9tif,_Guelma,_Kherrata,_1945.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Carte_Massacre_S%C3%A9tif%2C_Guelma%2C_Kherrata%2C_1945.svg/250px-Carte_Massacre_S%C3%A9tif%2C_Guelma%2C_Kherrata%2C_1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Carte_Massacre_S%C3%A9tif%2C_Guelma%2C_Kherrata%2C_1945.svg/375px-Carte_Massacre_S%C3%A9tif%2C_Guelma%2C_Kherrata%2C_1945.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Carte_Massacre_S%C3%A9tif%2C_Guelma%2C_Kherrata%2C_1945.svg/500px-Carte_Massacre_S%C3%A9tif%2C_Guelma%2C_Kherrata%2C_1945.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="377" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the massacre</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&params=28_N_02_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°N</span> <span class="longitude">02°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28°N 2°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28; 2</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">8 May – 26 June 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">communal violence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">6,000 to 45,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algerians" title="Algerians">Algerian Muslims</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data">French authorities and <a href="/wiki/Pied-noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-noir">pied-noir</a> militias <li>General <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Duval" title="Raymond Duval">Raymond Duval</a></li> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data">Repression of demonstrations that demand Algerian independence; killing of 102 French settlers by rioters</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sétif and Guelma massacre</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also called the <b>Sétif, Guelma and Kherrata massacres</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <b>massacres of 8 May 1945</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a series of attacks by <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial</a> authorities and <i><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">pied-noir</a></i> European settler militias on Algerian civilians in 1945 around the market town of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif" title="Sétif">Sétif</a>, west of <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>. In response to French police firing on demonstrators at a protest on 8 May 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> native Algerians rioted in the town. Others attacked French <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settlers</a> (<i>colons</i>) in the surrounding countryside, resulting in 102 deaths. The French colonial authorities and European settlers retaliated by killing an estimated 6,000 to 45,000 Muslims in the region. </p><p>Both the outbreak and the indiscriminate nature of official and settler retaliation marked a turning point in <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Algeria–France relations">Franco-Algerian relations</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> of 1954–1962.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria in World War II</a></div> <p>The anti-colonialist movement started to formalize and organize before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Messali_Hadj" title="Messali Hadj">Messali Hadj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferhat_Abbas" title="Ferhat Abbas">Ferhat Abbas</a>. However, the participation of Algeria in the war catalyzed the rise of <a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Algerian nationalism</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> served as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> from 1943, which created hope for many Algerian Muslim nationalists to achieve independence. In 1943, Ferhat Abbas published a manifesto<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that claimed the right of Algerians to have a constitution and a state associated with France. The lack of French reaction led to the creation of the "<i><a href="/wiki/Amis_du_Manifeste_et_de_la_Libert%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Amis du Manifeste et de la Liberté">Amis du Manifeste et de la Liberté</a></i>" (AML) and eventually resulted in the rise of nationalism. </p><p>Hundreds of thousands of Algerians joined protests in several cities to demand their rights. Contemporary factors other than those of the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> included widespread drought and famine in the rural <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Province" title="Constantine Province">Constantine Province</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the European settlers were a minority. In the city of <a href="/wiki/Guelma" title="Guelma">Guelma</a>, for instance, there were 4,000 settlers and 16,500 Muslim Algerians. </p><p>In April 1945, growing racial tensions led to a senior French official proposing creation of an armed settler militia in Guelma.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the end of World War II in Europe, 5,000 protesters took to the streets of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif" title="Sétif">Sétif</a>, a town in northern Algeria, to press new demands for independence on the French administration.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_demonstration_and_killings">Initial demonstration and killings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initial demonstration and killings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_-_Nationalist_flags_of_Algeria_in_the_1960s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/5_-_Nationalist_flags_of_Algeria_in_the_1960s.svg/220px-5_-_Nationalist_flags_of_Algeria_in_the_1960s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/5_-_Nationalist_flags_of_Algeria_in_the_1960s.svg/330px-5_-_Nationalist_flags_of_Algeria_in_the_1960s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/5_-_Nationalist_flags_of_Algeria_in_the_1960s.svg/440px-5_-_Nationalist_flags_of_Algeria_in_the_1960s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Algerian nationalists in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The initial outbreak occurred on the morning of 8 May 1945, <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">the same day</a> that <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">surrendered</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. About 5,000 Muslims paraded in Sétif to celebrate the victory. Some carried banners attacking colonial rule. There were clashes between the marchers and the local French <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> when the latter tried to seize such banners.<sup id="cite_ref-TedMorgan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TedMorgan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is uncertainty over who fired first but both protesters and police were shot. News from Sétif incited the poor and nationalist rural population, and led to Algerian attacks on <i><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">pieds-noirs</a></i> in the Sétif countryside (<a href="/wiki/Kherrata" title="Kherrata">Kherrata</a>, Chevreul). These resulted in the deaths of 90 European colonial settlers, plus another 100 wounded. A smaller and peaceful protest of <a href="/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_Party" title="Algerian People's Party">Algerian People's Party</a> activists in the neighboring town of <a href="/wiki/Guelma" title="Guelma">Guelma</a> was violently repressed that evening by colonial police, and 12 settlers died in the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-Horne26_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horne26-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_repression_in_Sétif"><span id="French_repression_in_S.C3.A9tif"></span>French repression in Sétif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French repression in Sétif"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After five days of chaos, the French colonial military and police suppressed the rebellion. On instructions from Paris,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they carried out a series of reprisals against Muslim civilians for the attacks on French colonial settlers. The army, which included <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">Foreign Legion</a>, Moroccan and <a href="/wiki/French_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senegal">Senegalese</a> troops, conducted <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> in the course of a <i>ratissage</i> ("raking-over") of Algerian Muslim rural communities suspected of involvement. Less accessible <i>mechtas</i> (Muslim villages) were bombed by French aircraft, and the cruiser <i><a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Duguay-Trouin_(1923)" title="French cruiser Duguay-Trouin (1923)">Duguay-Trouin</a></i>, standing off the coast in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bougie" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Bougie">Gulf of Bougie</a>, shelled Kherrata.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pied-noir</i> vigilantes lynched prisoners taken from local jails. They randomly shot Muslims out of hand who were not wearing the white arm bands ordered by the army.<sup id="cite_ref-TedMorgan_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TedMorgan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is certain that the great majority of the Muslim victims had not been implicated in the original outbreak.<sup id="cite_ref-Horne27_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horne27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_repression_in_Guelma">French repression in Guelma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French repression in Guelma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French repression in the Guelma region differed from that in Sétif in that while only 12 pied-noirs had been killed in the countryside, official and militia attacks on Algerian civilians lasted for weeks, until 26 June. The Constantine <i>préfet</i>, Lestrade-Carbonnel had supported the creation of European settler militias, while the Guelma <i>sous-préfet</i>, André Achiari, created an informal justice system (<i>Comité de Salut Public</i>) designed to encourage the violence of settler vigilantism against unarmed civilians, and to facilitate the identification and murder of nationalist activists.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also instructed police and army intelligence agencies to assist the settler militias. Muslim victims killed in both urban and rural areas were buried in mass graves in such places as Kef-el-Boumba. Later officials had the corpses dug up and burned en masse in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9liopolis,_Algeria" title="Héliopolis, Algeria">Héliopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JeanPierre_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JeanPierre-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victims">Victims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Victims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These attacks were initially reported to have killed between 1,020 (the official French figure given in the Tubert Report shortly after the massacre) and 45,000 Algerian Muslims (as claimed by Radio Cairo at the time).<sup id="cite_ref-Horne27_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horne27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British historian <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Alistair Horne</a> writes that 6,000 was the figure finally settled on by a consensus of historians. French historian <a href="/wiki/Charles-Robert_Ageron" title="Charles-Robert Ageron">Charles-Robert Ageron</a> estimates that 5,000 to 6,000 people were killed in the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jean-Pierre Peyroulou, correlating Allies' statistics and Marcel Reggui's testimony, concludes that a range from 15,000 to 20,000 deaths is likely, contesting Jean-Louis Planche's estimate of 20,000 to 30,000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The identity of the Muslim Algerian victims differed in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif" title="Sétif">Sétif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guelma" title="Guelma">Guelma</a>. In the countryside outside Sétif, some victims were nationalists who had taken part in the insurrection, but the majority were uninvolved civilians who simply lived in the same area. But in Guelma, French settler vigilantes specifically targeted nationalist activists. Most victims were male (13% of the men in Guelma were killed),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either members of the AML, the Muslim scouts, or the local CGT.<sup id="cite_ref-JeanPierre_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JeanPierre-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the military repression, the French administration arrested 4,560 Muslims, of whom 99 were sentenced to death. Twenty-two of the death sentences were carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_du_8_mai_1945_%C3%A0_Kherrata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monument_du_8_mai_1945_%C3%A0_Kherrata.jpg/220px-Monument_du_8_mai_1945_%C3%A0_Kherrata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monument_du_8_mai_1945_%C3%A0_Kherrata.jpg/330px-Monument_du_8_mai_1945_%C3%A0_Kherrata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monument_du_8_mai_1945_%C3%A0_Kherrata.jpg/440px-Monument_du_8_mai_1945_%C3%A0_Kherrata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption>Monument in Kherrata</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sétif outbreak and the repression that followed marked a turning point in the relations between France and the Muslim population under its nominal control since 1830, when France had colonised Algeria. While the details of the Sétif killings were largely overlooked in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a>, the effect on the Algerian Muslim population was traumatic, especially on the large numbers of Muslim veterans of the French Army who were returning from the war in Europe. They had hoped their service would improve their rights and status in Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nine years later, <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">a general uprising</a> began in Algeria, leading to independence from France in March 1962 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1945 massacre was <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_France" title="Censorship in France">censored in France</a> until 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy_in_Algeria">Legacy in Algeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy in Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In a secret report to General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Martin_(general)" title="Henry Martin (general)">Henry Martin</a>, French Army General <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Duval" title="Raymond Duval">Raymond Duval</a>, the officer chiefly responsible for presiding over the massacre, warned that while he had bought time for the colonial government, they could not keep using brute force to suppress Algerian nationalists. He advised them to enact reforms immediately. Without reforms being enacted, Duval warned that not only would Algerians would rise up in the future, they might triumph next time.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"I have secured you peace for 10 years. If France does nothing, it will all happen again, only next time it will be worse and may well be irreparable."</p></blockquote> <p>From 1954 to 1988, the massacres of Sétif and Guelma were commemorated in Algeria. But it was considered a relatively minor event compared to November 1, 1954, the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian war for independence</a>; this had legitimized the one-party regime. The members of the FLN, as rebels and as State members, did not want to emphasize the importance of May 1945. This would have involved acknowledging that there were other contradictory currents of nationalism,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as Messali Hadj's <a href="/wiki/Algerian_National_Movement" title="Algerian National Movement">Algerian National Movement</a>, that opposed the FLN. </p><p>With the democratization movement of 1988, Algerians "rediscovered"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a history different from the one told by the regime, as the regime itself was questioned. Research about the massacres of May 1945 was conducted, and a memorial wall was erected to remember these events. The presidency of <a href="/wiki/Liamine_Z%C3%A9roual" title="Liamine Zéroual">Liamine Zéroual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a>, and the Fondation du 8 Mai 1945, started using the memories of the massacres as a political tool<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to discuss the consequences of the "colonial genocide"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantic_debates:_genocide,_massacre_or_politicide"><span id="Semantic_debates:_genocide.2C_massacre_or_politicide"></span>Semantic debates: genocide, massacre or politicide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Semantic debates: genocide, massacre or politicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The words used to refer to the events often carry a memorial connotation or are chosen for political purposes. Historical research and writings now apply the word <i>massacre</i> to the Muslim Algerian victims of May 1945. It was first used by the French in their propaganda of the 1940s to refer to the 102 European colonial settler victims, apparently to justify the French suppression.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>genocide</i>, used by Bouteflika<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, is not applied to the events in Guelma, since the Algerian victims there were reportedly targeted because of their nationalist activism. B. Harff and Ted R. Gurr accordingly classify the Guelma massacre as a <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_politicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Definitions of politicide">politicide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jacques_S%C3%A9melin" title="Jacques Sémelin">Jacques Sémelin</a>, the term <i>massacre</i> is a more useful methodological tool for historians to study an event whose definition is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_modern_Algerian–French_relations"><span id="Effects_on_modern_Algerian.E2.80.93French_relations"></span>Effects on modern Algerian–French relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Effects on modern Algerian–French relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JS-9mai2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/JS-9mai2010.jpg/220px-JS-9mai2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/JS-9mai2010.jpg/330px-JS-9mai2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/JS-9mai2010.jpg/440px-JS-9mai2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>French officials during a remembrance ceremony for victims of the Setif massacre, held in <a href="/wiki/Aubervilliers" title="Aubervilliers">Aubervilliers</a> on 9 May 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 2005, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Colin_de_Verdi%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert Colin de Verdière">Hubert Colin de Verdière</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_France_to_Algeria" title="List of ambassadors of France to Algeria">France's ambassador to Algeria</a>, formally apologized for the massacre, calling it an "inexcusable tragedy".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His statement was described as "the most explicit comments by the French state on the massacre".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, French presidential candidate, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> considered colonialism as "a <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crime against humanity</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 May 2020, Algerian President, <a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a>, decided to commemorate the day at the 75th anniversary of the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Algerian cinema, an industry where war movies are popular, depicted the massacres more than once. When <i><a href="/wiki/Outside_the_Law_(2010_film)" title="Outside the Law (2010 film)">Outside the Law</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rachid_Bouchareb" title="Rachid Bouchareb">Rachid Bouchareb</a> was nominated for Best Picture in the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">Pied-Noirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harki" title="Harki">Harkis</a> and war veterans demonstrated against the film being shown in French cinemas, accusing it of distorting reality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9liopolis_(2021_film)" title="Héliopolis (2021 film)">Héliopolis</a></i>, a 2021 film directed by <a href="/wiki/Djafar_Gacem" class="mw-redirect" title="Djafar Gacem">Djafar Gacem</a> about the massacre,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was selected as the Algerian entry for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film" title="Academy Award for Best International Feature Film">Best International Feature Film</a> at the <a href="/wiki/94th_Academy_Awards" title="94th Academy Awards">94th Academy Awards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Algeria4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Algeria4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma massacre</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_massacre_of_1961" title="Paris massacre of 1961">Paris massacre of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Algeria" title="List of massacres in Algeria">List of massacres in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_the_Law_(2010_film)" title="Outside the Law (2010 film)"><i>Outside the Law</i></a> (2010 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiaroye_massacre" title="Thiaroye massacre">Thiaroye massacre</a>, 1944</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a>, 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_African-American_veterans_after_World_War_I" title="Lynching of African-American veterans after World War I">Lynching of African-American veterans after World War I</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Massacres de Sétif et Guelma</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مجزرة سطيف و قالمة</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Massacres de Sétif, Guelma et Kherrata</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مجازر 8 مايو 1945</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170508-remembering-the-massacre-of-45000-algerians/">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240425002917/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170508-remembering-the-massacre-of-45000-algerians/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20170508-remembering-the-massacre-of-45000-algerians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/5/8/france-urged-to-admit-1945-massacre">"France urged to admit 1945 massacre"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240214153623/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/5/8/france-urged-to-admit-1945-massacre">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+urged+to+admit+1945+massacre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2F5%2F8%2Ffrance-urged-to-admit-1945-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.algerie-dz.com/article611.html">"Témoins des massacres du 8 Mai 1945 en Algérie"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728055937/http://www.algerie-dz.com/article611.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%A9moins+des+massacres+du+8+Mai+1945+en+Alg%C3%A9rie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.algerie-dz.com%2Farticle611.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Morgan_(writer)" title="Ted Morgan (writer)">Morgan, Ted</a> (2006-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybattleofalgier00morg/page/26"><i>My Battle of Algiers</i></a>. HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybattleofalgier00morg/page/26">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085224-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085224-5"><bdi>978-0-06-085224-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Battle+of+Algiers&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006-01-31&rft.isbn=978-0-06-085224-5&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmybattleofalgier00morg%2Fpage%2F26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texturesdutemps.hypotheses.org/1458">"10 février 1943 – Le Manifeste du peuple algérien"</a>. <i>Textures du temps</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210009/https://texturesdutemps.hypotheses.org/1458">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Textures+du+temps&rft.atitle=10+f%C3%A9vrier+1943+%E2%80%93+Le+Manifeste+du+peuple+alg%C3%A9rien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexturesdutemps.hypotheses.org%2F1458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther1955" class="citation book cs1">Gunther, John (1955). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideafrica0000gunt"><i>Inside Africa</i></a></span>. Hamish Hamilton Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideafrica0000gunt/page/121">121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Africa&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton+Ltd&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Gunther&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsideafrica0000gunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyroulou2008" class="citation web cs1">Peyroulou, Jean-Pierre (March 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/le-cas-de-sa-tif-kherrata-guelma-mai-1945">"Le cas de Sétif-Kherrata-Guelma (Mai 1945)"</a>. Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043956/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/le-cas-de-sa-tif-kherrata-guelma-mai-1945">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+cas+de+S%C3%A9tif-Kherrata-Guelma+%28Mai+1945%29&rft.pub=Violence+de+masse+et+R%C3%A9sistance+%E2%80%93+R%C3%A9seau+de+recherche&rft.date=2008-03-21&rft.aulast=Peyroulou&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fmass-violence-war-massacre-resistance%2Ffr%2Fdocument%2Fle-cas-de-sa-tif-kherrata-guelma-mai-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanche" class="citation book cs1">Planche, Jean Louis. <i>Sétif 1945, histoire d'un massacre annoncé</i>. p. 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%A9tif+1945%2C+histoire+d%27un+massacre+annonc%C3%A9&rft.pages=137&rft.aulast=Planche&rft.aufirst=Jean+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TedMorgan-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TedMorgan_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TedMorgan_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Morgan_(writer)" title="Ted Morgan (writer)">Morgan, Ted</a> (2006-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybattleofalgier00morg/page/17"><i>My Battle of Algiers</i></a>. HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybattleofalgier00morg/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085224-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085224-5"><bdi>978-0-06-085224-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Battle+of+Algiers&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006-01-31&rft.isbn=978-0-06-085224-5&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmybattleofalgier00morg%2Fpage%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horne26-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horne26_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Horne, Alistair</a> (1977). <i>A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962</i>. New York: The Viking Press. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Savage+War+of+Peace%3A+Algeria+1954%E2%80%931962&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=The+Viking+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General R. Hure, page 449 "L' Armee d' Afrique 1830–1962", Charles-Lavauzelle, Paris-Limoges 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/le-cas-de-sa-tif-kherrata-guelma-mai-1945">"Le cas de Sétif-Kherrata-Guelma (Mai 1945) | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche"</a>. <i>www.sciencespo.fr</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190815211007/http://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/le-cas-de-sa-tif-kherrata-guelma-mai-1945">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencespo.fr&rft.atitle=Le+cas+de+S%C3%A9tif-Kherrata-Guelma+%28Mai+1945%29+%7C+Sciences+Po+Violence+de+masse+et+R%C3%A9sistance+%E2%80%93+R%C3%A9seau+de+recherche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fmass-violence-war-massacre-resistance%2Ffr%2Fdocument%2Fle-cas-de-sa-tif-kherrata-guelma-mai-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horne27-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horne27_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horne27_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyroulou2009" class="citation book cs1">Peyroulou, Jean-Pierre (2009). "6. La mise en place d'un ordre subversif, le 9 mai 1945". <i>Guelma, 1945 : une subversion française dans l'Algérie coloniale</i>. Paris: Éditions La Découverte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782707154644" title="Special:BookSources/9782707154644"><bdi>9782707154644</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/436981240">436981240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+La+mise+en+place+d%27un+ordre+subversif%2C+le+9+mai+1945&rft.btitle=Guelma%2C+1945+%3A+une+subversion+fran%C3%A7aise+dans+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+coloniale&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F436981240&rft.isbn=9782707154644&rft.aulast=Peyroulou&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JeanPierre-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JeanPierre_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JeanPierre_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyroulou2009" class="citation book cs1">Peyroulou, Jean-Pierre (2009). "8. La légitimation et l'essor de la subversion 13-19 mai 1945". <i>Guelma, 1945 : une subversion française dans l'Algérie coloniale</i>. Paris: Éditions La Découverte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782707154644" title="Special:BookSources/9782707154644"><bdi>9782707154644</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/436981240">436981240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+La+l%C3%A9gitimation+et+l%27essor+de+la+subversion+13-19+mai+1945&rft.btitle=Guelma%2C+1945+%3A+une+subversion+fran%C3%A7aise+dans+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+coloniale&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F436981240&rft.isbn=9782707154644&rft.aulast=Peyroulou&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouaricha2015" class="citation news cs1">Bouaricha, Nadjia (7 May 2015). "70 ans de déni". <i>El Watan</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Watan&rft.atitle=70+ans+de+d%C3%A9ni&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft.aulast=Bouaricha&rft.aufirst=Nadjia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles-Robert Ageron, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/mat_0769-3206_1995_num_39_1_402764">Mai 1945 en Algérie. Enjeu de mémoire et histoire</a> », dans <i>Matériaux pour l'histoire de notre temps</i>, vol. 39, No. 39–40, 1995, p. 52-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyroulou2009" class="citation book cs1">Peyroulou, Jean-Pierre (2009). "11. Les morts". <i>Guelma, 1945 : une subversion française dans l'Algérie coloniale</i>. Paris: Éditions La Découverte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782707154644" title="Special:BookSources/9782707154644"><bdi>9782707154644</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/436981240">436981240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11.+Les+morts&rft.btitle=Guelma%2C+1945+%3A+une+subversion+fran%C3%A7aise+dans+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+coloniale&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F436981240&rft.isbn=9782707154644&rft.aulast=Peyroulou&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerson2012" class="citation book cs1">Rogerson, Barnaby (2012). <i>North Africa. A History From the Mediterranean Shore to the Sahara</i>. Duckworth Overlook. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-4306-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-4306-8"><bdi>978-0-7156-4306-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Africa.+A+History+From+the+Mediterranean+Shore+to+the+Sahara&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Duckworth+Overlook&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-4306-8&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Barnaby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorch1991" class="citation book cs1">Porch, Douglas (1991). <i>The French Foreign Legion</i>. Macmillan. p. 569. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-58500-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-58500-9"><bdi>978-0-333-58500-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Foreign+Legion&rft.pages=569&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-333-58500-9&rft.aulast=Porch&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edgar O'Ballance, pages 39 and 195 "The Algerian Insurrection 1954–62", Faber and Faber London 1867</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Pierre_Peyroulou2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jean-Pierre Peyroulou (2009). <i>Guelma 1945, Une subversion française dans l'Algérie coloniale</i> (in French). Paris: La Découverte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9961-922-73-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9961-922-73-6"><bdi>978-9961-922-73-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guelma+1945%2C+Une+subversion+fran%C3%A7aise+dans+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+coloniale&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9961-922-73-6&rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Peyroulou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210508-algeria-remembers-mass-killings-under-french-rule">"Algeria remembers mass killings under French rule"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 2021-05-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107194917/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210508-algeria-remembers-mass-killings-under-french-rule">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Algeria+remembers+mass+killings+under+French+rule&rft.date=2021-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20210508-algeria-remembers-mass-killings-under-french-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyroulou2014" class="citation book cs1">Peyroulou, Jean-Pierre (2014-12-18). "Les métamorphoses du martyrologe algérien du 8 mai 1945". In <a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABlle_Branche" title="Raphaëlle Branche">Branche, Raphaëlle</a>; Picaudou, Nadine; Vermeren, Pierre (eds.). <i>Autour des morts de guerre : Maghreb – Moyen-Orient</i>. Internationale. Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne. pp. 97–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.psorbonne.850">10.4000/books.psorbonne.850</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782859448745" title="Special:BookSources/9782859448745"><bdi>9782859448745</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+m%C3%A9tamorphoses+du+martyrologe+alg%C3%A9rien+du+8+mai+1945&rft.btitle=Autour+des+morts+de+guerre+%3A+Maghreb+%E2%80%93+Moyen-Orient&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Internationale&rft.pages=97-118&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+la+Sorbonne&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbooks.psorbonne.850&rft.isbn=9782859448745&rft.aulast=Peyroulou&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elwatan.com/2005-05-08/2005-05-08-18760">"Numéro spécial 8 mai 1945 : Combattre l'amnésie"</a>. <i>El Watan</i>. 8 May 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171730/http://www.elwatan.com/2005-05-08/2005-05-08-18760">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Watan&rft.atitle=Num%C3%A9ro+sp%C3%A9cial+8+mai+1945+%3A+Combattre+l%27amn%C3%A9sie&rft.date=2005-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elwatan.com%2F2005-05-08%2F2005-05-08-18760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehana.2010" class="citation book cs1">Mehana., Amrani (2010). <i>Le 8 mai 1945 en Algérie : les discours français sur les massacres de Sétif, Kherrata et Guelma</i>. Paris: Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782296120730" title="Special:BookSources/9782296120730"><bdi>9782296120730</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/672222819">672222819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+8+mai+1945+en+Alg%C3%A9rie+%3A+les+discours+fran%C3%A7ais+sur+les+massacres+de+S%C3%A9tif%2C+Kherrata+et+Guelma&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Harmattan&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F672222819&rft.isbn=9782296120730&rft.aulast=Mehana.&rft.aufirst=Amrani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20060508.OBS6821/bouteflika-reclame-des-excuses-publiques.html">"Boutéflika réclame "des excuses publiques"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>L'Obs</i>. 8 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171658/https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20060508.OBS6821/bouteflika-reclame-des-excuses-publiques.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Obs&rft.atitle=Bout%C3%A9flika+r%C3%A9clame+%22des+excuses+publiques%22&rft.date=2006-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nouvelobs.com%2Fmonde%2F20060508.OBS6821%2Fbouteflika-reclame-des-excuses-publiques.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarffGurr1988" class="citation journal cs1">Harff, Barbara; Gurr, Ted Robert (1988-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/isq/article/32/3/359/1853935">"Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases since 1945"</a>. <i>International Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 359–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2600447">10.2307/2600447</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8833">0020-8833</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600447">2600447</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308220303/https://academic.oup.com/isq/article/32/3/359/1853935">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Toward+Empirical+Theory+of+Genocides+and+Politicides%3A+Identification+and+Measurement+of+Cases+since+1945&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=359-371&rft.date=1988-09-01&rft.issn=0020-8833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600447%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2600447&rft.aulast=Harff&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Gurr%2C+Ted+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fisq%2Farticle%2F32%2F3%2F359%2F1853935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSémelin2005" class="citation book cs1">Sémelin, Jacques (2005). <i>Purifier et détruire usages politiques des massacres et génocides</i>. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782021008746" title="Special:BookSources/9782021008746"><bdi>9782021008746</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936677982">936677982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purifier+et+d%C3%A9truire+usages+politiques+des+massacres+et+g%C3%A9nocides&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Seuil&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936677982&rft.isbn=9782021008746&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9melin&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050511184920/http://voanews.com/english/2005-05-09-voa29.cfm">"Algeria Marks WWII Anniversary with Call for French Apology"</a>. <i>VOA News</i>. 9 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/english/2005-05-09-voa29.cfm">the original</a> on 11 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=Algeria+Marks+WWII+Anniversary+with+Call+for+French+Apology&rft.date=2005-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2F2005-05-09-voa29.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2005/05/200841013384337401.html">"France urged to admit 1945 massacre"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605060446/http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2005/05/200841013384337401.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+urged+to+admit+1945+massacre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Farchive%2F2005%2F05%2F200841013384337401.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45513842">"Algerian War: Macron in rare torture admission"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 13 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506000702/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45513842">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Algerian+War%3A+Macron+in+rare+torture+admission&rft.date=2018-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-45513842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algerie360.com/massacres-du-8-mai-1945-le-message-cinglant-de-tebboune-a-la-france/">"Massacres du 8 mai 1945 : Le message cinglant de Tebboune à la France"</a>. <i>algerie360.com</i> (in French). 8 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523170220/https://www.algerie360.com/massacres-du-8-mai-1945-le-message-cinglant-de-tebboune-a-la-france/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=algerie360.com&rft.atitle=Massacres+du+8+mai+1945+%3A+Le+message+cinglant+de+Tebboune+%C3%A0+la+France&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.algerie360.com%2Fmassacres-du-8-mai-1945-le-message-cinglant-de-tebboune-a-la-france%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dzairdaily.com/algerie-vers-achour-acher-100-algerien-revele-djaafar-gacem/">"Algérie : Vers un " Achour El Acher 100% algérien ", révèle Djaâfar Gacem"</a>. <i>Dzair Daily</i>. 31 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200902033740/https://www.dzairdaily.com/algerie-vers-achour-acher-100-algerien-revele-djaafar-gacem/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dzair+Daily&rft.atitle=Alg%C3%A9rie+%3A+Vers+un+%22+Achour+El+Acher+100%25+alg%C3%A9rien+%22%2C+r%C3%A9v%C3%A8le+Dja%C3%A2far+Gacem&rft.date=2020-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dzairdaily.com%2Falgerie-vers-achour-acher-100-algerien-revele-djaafar-gacem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Algeria4-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Algeria4_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.dz/culture/129237-heliopolis-de-djaafar-gacem-en-competition-pour-l-oscar-du-meilleur-film-international">"Héliopolis de Djaâfar Gacem en compétition pour l'Oscar du meilleur film international"</a>. <i>APS</i>. 21 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408060620/https://www.aps.dz/culture/129237-heliopolis-de-djaafar-gacem-en-competition-pour-l-oscar-du-meilleur-film-international">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APS&rft.atitle=H%C3%A9liopolis+de+Dja%C3%A2far+Gacem+en+comp%C3%A9tition+pour+l%27Oscar+du+meilleur+film+international&rft.date=2021-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.dz%2Fculture%2F129237-heliopolis-de-djaafar-gacem-en-competition-pour-l-oscar-du-meilleur-film-international&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Courri%C3%A8re" title="Yves Courrière">Courrière, Yves</a>, <i>La guerre d'Algérie</i>, tome 1 (<i>Les fils de la Toussaint</i>), <a href="/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a>, Paris 1969, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-61118-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-213-61118-1">2-213-61118-1</a>.</li> <li>Horne, Alistair, <i>A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962</i>, New York 1978, Viking Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-61964-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-61964-7">0-670-61964-7</a>.</li> <li>Hussey, Andrew, "The French Intifida: The Long War between France and Its Arabs", London 2014, Granta <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84708-259-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84708-259-6">978-84708-259-6</a><span class="error" style="font-size:100%"> Parameter error in {{<a href="/wiki/Template:ISBN" title="Template:ISBN">ISBN</a>}}: length</span>.</li> <li>Planche, Jean Louis, <i>Sétif 1945, histoire d'un massacre annoncé</i>, Perrin, Paris 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2262024332" title="Special:BookSources/2262024332">2262024332</a>.</li> <li>Vallet, Eugène, <i>Un drame algérien. La vérité sur les émeutes de mai 1945</i>, éd. Grandes éditions françaises, 1948, OCLC 458334748.</li> <li>Vétillard, Roger, <i>Sétif. Mai 1945. Massacres en Algérie</i>, éd. de Paris, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85162-213-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85162-213-6">978-2-85162-213-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity Conference</i>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1958</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afro-Asian+Peoples+Solidarity+Conference&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9tif+and+Guelma+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondediplo.com/2005/05/14algeria">Massacre in Algeria</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0397/9703036.htm">A 1961 Massacre of Algerians in Paris When the Media Failed the Test James J. Napoli</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=6388">Algeria — the war didn't end in 1945</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=10155">Algeria Asks France to Recognize Algerian Genocide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strifeblog.org/2015/02/20/lessons-from-algeria-counter-insurgency-commitment-and-cruelty/">Lessons from Algeria: counter-insurgency, commitment and cruelty, <i>Strife</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conflicts_between_France_and_Algeria" title="Template:Conflicts between France and Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conflicts_between_France_and_Algeria" title="Template talk:Conflicts between France and Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conflicts_between_France_and_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conflicts between France and Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Conflicts_between_France_and_Algeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_popular_resistance_against_French_invasion" title="Algerian popular resistance against French invasion">Conflicts between France and Algeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Mujahideen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Mujahideen (page does not exist)">Ministry of Mujahideen</a> - <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_1_November_1954" title="Declaration of 1 November 1954">Declaration of 1 November 1954</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Pre-1830 conflicts</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djidjelli_expedition" title="Djidjelli expedition">Djidjelli expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-Algerian_War_1681%E2%80%931688" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Algerian War 1681–1688">French-Algerian War 1681–1688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Bombardment of Algiers (1682)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Bombardment of Algiers (1683)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Bombardment of Algiers (1688)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%E2%80%99Emir_Abdelkader_en_Kabylie_(1838-1839).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/L%E2%80%99Emir_Abdelkader_en_Kabylie_%281838-1839%29.png/200px-L%E2%80%99Emir_Abdelkader_en_Kabylie_%281838-1839%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/L%E2%80%99Emir_Abdelkader_en_Kabylie_%281838-1839%29.png/300px-L%E2%80%99Emir_Abdelkader_en_Kabylie_%281838-1839%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/L%E2%80%99Emir_Abdelkader_en_Kabylie_%281838-1839%29.png/400px-L%E2%80%99Emir_Abdelkader_en_Kabylie_%281838-1839%29.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a>: 1830-1836</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shipwreck_of_Dellys" title="Shipwreck of Dellys">Shipwreck of Dellys</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">Invasion of Algiers in 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Staou%C3%A9li" title="Battle of Staouéli">Battle of Staouéli</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Blida" title="First Battle of Blida">First Battle of Blida</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Blida" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Blida">Second Battle of Blida</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_El_Ouffia" title="Massacre of El Ouffia">Massacre of El Ouffia</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sig" title="Battle of Sig">Battle of Sig</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Macta" title="Battle of Macta">Battle of Macta</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Constantine" title="Battle of Constantine">Battle of Constantine</a> (1836)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a>: 1837-1870</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Regha%C3%AFa_(1837)" title="Raid on Reghaïa (1837)">Raid on Reghaïa</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Col_des_Beni_A%C3%AFcha" title="Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha">Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Boudouaou" title="First Battle of Boudouaou">First Battle of Boudouaou</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Issers" title="First Battle of the Issers">First Battle of the Issers</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Assault_of_Dellys" title="First Assault of Dellys">First Assault of Dellys</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantine" title="Siege of Constantine">Siege of Constantine</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Of_Ammal_(1840)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle Of Ammal (1840)">Battle Of Ammal (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Boudouaou_(1840)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Boudouaou (1840) (page does not exist)">Battle of Boudouaou (1840)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88_(1840)" class="extiw" title="ar:معركة بودواو (1840)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mazagran" title="Battle of Mazagran">Battle of Mazagran</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beni_Mered" title="Battle of Beni Mered">Battle of Beni Mered</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Smala" title="Battle of the Smala">Battle of the Smala</a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Assault_of_Dellys" title="Second Assault of Dellys">Second Assault of Dellys</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Brahim" title="Battle of Sidi Brahim">Battle of Sidi Brahim</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Col_des_Beni_A%C3%AFcha_(1846)" title="Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846)">Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Laghouat" title="Siege of Laghouat">Siege of Laghouat</a> (1852)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">Allegiances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allegiance_to_Mohamed_ben_Zamoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allegiance to Mohamed ben Zamoum (page does not exist)">Allegiance to Mohamed ben Zamoum (1830)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85_(1830)" class="extiw" title="ar:مبايعة محمد بن زعموم (1830)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allegiance_to_Emir_Abdelkader_(1832)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1832) (page does not exist)">Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1832)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_(1832)" class="extiw" title="ar:مبايعة الأمير عبد القادر (1832)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allegiance_to_Emir_Abdelkader_(1833)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1833) (page does not exist)">Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1833)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_(1833)" class="extiw" title="ar:مبايعة الأمير عبد القادر (1833)">ar</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt" title="Mokrani Revolt">Mokrani Revolt</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alma_(Algeria)" title="Battle of Alma (Algeria)">Battle of Alma (1871)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Col_des_Beni_A%C3%AFcha" title="Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha">Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1871)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Naciria_(1871)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Naciria (1871) (page does not exist)">Battle of Naciria (1871)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_(1871)" class="extiw" title="ar:معركة الناصرية (1871)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bordj_Mena%C3%AFel_(1871)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Bordj Menaïel (1871) (page does not exist)">Battle of Bordj Menaïel (1871)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84_(1871)" class="extiw" title="ar:معركة برج منايل (1871)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Issers_(1871)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Issers (1871) (page does not exist)">Battle of Issers (1871)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1_(1871)" class="extiw" title="ar:معركة يسر (1871)">ar</a>]</span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Palestro_(1871)" title="Capture of Palestro (1871)">Capture of Palestro</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Touggourt_(1871)" title="Capture of Touggourt (1871)">Capture of Touggourt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Rouge" title="Toussaint Rouge">Toussaint Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_V%C3%A9ronique" title="Operation Véronique">Véronique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Djorf" title="First Battle of El Djorf">El Djorf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippeville" title="Battle of Philippeville">Philippeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Bird" title="Operation Blue Bird"><i>Blue Bird</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambush_of_Palestro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambush of Palestro">Palestro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956%E2%80%931957)" title="Battle of Algiers (1956–1957)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agounennda" title="Battle of Agounennda">Agounennda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bouzegza" title="Battle of Bouzegza">Bouzegza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bab_El_Bekkouche" title="Battle of Bab El Bekkouche">Bab El Bekkouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis_in_France" title="May 1958 crisis in France">May 1958 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jumelles" title="Operation Jumelles"><i>Jumelles</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bab_El_Oued" title="Battle of Bab El Oued">Bab El Oued</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties">Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desmichels_Treaty" title="Desmichels Treaty">Desmichels Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tafna" title="Treaty of Tafna">Tafna Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Bourmont_Treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Bourmont Treaty (page does not exist)">De Bourmont Treaty</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:معاهدة دي بورمن">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Lamorici%C3%A8re_Treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Lamoricière Treaty (page does not exist)">De Lamoricière Treaty</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:معاهدة لاموريسيير">ar</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">Documents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Algerian_Political_Rights_Petition" title="1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition">1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Algerian_People" title="Manifesto of the Algerian People">1943 Manifesto of the Algerian People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_1_November_1954" title="Declaration of 1 November 1954">Declaration of 1 November 1954</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of participants in the invasion of Algiers in 1830 (page does not exist)">List of participants in the invasion of Algiers in 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_Mokrani_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of participants in Mokrani Revolt (page does not exist)">List of participants in Mokrani Revolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_colonial_conflicts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_colonial_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parris_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Parris Island, South Carolina">South Carolina (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">Florida (1562–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Gourgue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominique de Gourgue">Florida (1568)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies#Americas" title="List of French possessions and colonies">Brazil (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">Brazil (1555–67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies#Americas" title="List of French possessions and colonies">Brazil (1590–04)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Razilly" title="Isaac de Razilly">Morocco (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">Senegal (1659–77)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djidjelli_expedition" title="Djidjelli expedition">Djidjelli (1664)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Algiers (1682)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Algiers (1683)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Algiers (1688)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars (1609–1701)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">Brazil (1612–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">North America (1627–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">West Indies (1635–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carib_Expulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Carib Expulsion">Carib Expulsion (1660)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Texas (1685–89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War (1689–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabana_Real" title="Battle of Sabana Real">Santo Domingo (1691)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1688" title="Siamese revolution of 1688">Siam (1687–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_Africa" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: Africa">West Africa (1758–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larache_expedition" title="Larache expedition">Morocco (1765)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War (1702–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Wars" title="Chickasaw Wars">Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War (1721–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_revolt" title="Natchez revolt">Natchez revolt (1729)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War (1744–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia (1749–55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War (1754–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">North America (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Caribbean (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Santo Domingo (1795–1809)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="France–Myanmar relations">Burma–France relations (1729–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carnatic_War" title="First Carnatic War">India (1746–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars#Second_Carnatic_War_(1749–1754)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">India (1749–54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Carnatic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Carnatic War">India (1756–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">Vietnam (1777–1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">East Indies (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies_theatre_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars">East Indies (1793–1801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_campaign_of_1809%E2%80%9311" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritius campaign of 1809–11">Indian Ocean (1809–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">Algeria (1830–47)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Algeria (1835–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">Morocco (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Bombardment of Salé">Salé (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">French conquest of Senegal (1854)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia" title="French conquest of Tunisia">Tunisia (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Madagascar_expedition" title="First Madagascar expedition">Madagascar (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_Wars" title="Mandingo Wars">Ivory Coast (1883–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="First Franco-Dahomean War">First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="Second Franco-Dahomean War">Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Madagascar_expedition" title="Second Madagascar expedition">Second Madagascar expedition (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menalamba_rebellion" title="Menalamba rebellion">Menalamba rebellion (1895–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voulet%E2%80%93Chanoine_Mission" title="Voulet–Chanoine Mission">Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Campaign_1804%E2%80%9310" 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style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_War" title="Wadai War">Wadai War (1906–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca_(1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)">Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Morocco (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War (1914–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War (1915–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt (1916–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War (1920–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo-Wara_rebellion" title="Kongo-Wara rebellion">Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_independence" title="Tunisian independence">Tunisian independence (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War (1954–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_War" title="Cameroon War">Cameroon War (1955–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War (1957–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizerte_crisis" title="Bizerte crisis">Bizerte crisis (1961)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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