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<span>Forces involved</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forces_involved-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forces involved subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forces_involved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rifian_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rifian_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rifian forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rifian_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spanish forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Course of war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Course_of_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Course of war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Course_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early stages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>French intervention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Outcome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atrocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atrocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Atrocities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Atrocities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Atrocities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Atrocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Massacre_of_Monte_Arruit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacre_of_Monte_Arruit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Massacre of Monte Arruit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacre_of_Monte_Arruit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_atrocities_and_use_of_chemical_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_atrocities_and_use_of_chemical_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Spanish atrocities and use of chemical weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_atrocities_and_use_of_chemical_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rif War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81_(1920%E2%80%931927)" title="حرب الريف (1920–1927) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الريف (1920–1927)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Rif" title="Guerra del Rif – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra del Rif" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Rif Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rif Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рифска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рифска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_ar_Rif" title="Brezel ar Rif – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel ar Rif" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Rif" title="Guerra del Rif – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra del Rif" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADfsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Rífská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rífská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifkrieg_(1921%E2%80%931926)" title="Rifkrieg (1921–1926) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rifkrieg (1921–1926)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Rif" title="Guerra del Rif – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra del Rif" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif-milito" title="Rif-milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rif-milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifeko_Gerra" title="Rifeko Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rifeko Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_du_Rif" title="Guerre du Rif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre du Rif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Rif" title="Guerra do Rif – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra do Rif" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="리프 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리프 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Rif" title="Perang Rif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Rif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Rif" title="Guerra del Rif – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra del Rif" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A3" title="מלחמת הריף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת הריף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="റിഫ് യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിഫ് യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifoorlog_(1920)" title="Rifoorlog (1920) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rifoorlog (1920)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC3%E6%AC%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="第3次リーフ戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第3次リーフ戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifkrigen" title="Rifkrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rifkrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_dau_Rif" title="Guèrra dau Rif – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra dau Rif" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_o_Rif" title="Wojna o Rif – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna o Rif" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Rife" title="Guerra do Rife – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra do Rife" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рифская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рифская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifska_vojna" title="Rifska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rifska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifski_rat" title="Rifski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rifski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifin_sota" title="Rifin sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rifin sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifkriget" title="Rifkriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rifkriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Rif Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rif Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Іспано-франко-марокканська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іспано-франко-марокканська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81" title="جنگ ریف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگ ریف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="里夫戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="里夫戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q766437#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="View the content page 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1921–1926 war between Spain and Berber tribes of Morocco</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"War of Melilla" redirects here. For other wars fought in the Rif and around Ceuta and Melilla, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_colonial_wars_in_Morocco" title="List of Spanish colonial wars in Morocco">List of Spanish colonial wars in Morocco</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Rif War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Infobox_collage_for_Rif_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Infobox_collage_for_Rif_War.jpg/350px-Infobox_collage_for_Rif_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Infobox_collage_for_Rif_War.jpg/525px-Infobox_collage_for_Rif_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Infobox_collage_for_Rif_War.jpg/700px-Infobox_collage_for_Rif_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span><br />(clockwise from top left) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FT-17</a> stuck in a shellhole</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XIII of Spain">Alfonso XIII</a> reviewing troops destined in the Rif</li> <li>Charge of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">legionarios</a></li> <li>Spanish generals overlooking combat from Mount Gurugú</li> <li>Soldiers of the San Fernando Regiment climbing a defense wall</li> <li>Class B submarines of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Armada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1921–1926</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif region</a>, Morocco</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Spanish-French victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rif" title="Republic of the Rif">Republic of the Rif</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_the_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain under the Restoration">Spain</a><br /><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span> <small>(1924–1926)</small></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rif" title="Republic of the Rif">Republic of the Rif</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Silvestre" title="Manuel Fernández Silvestre">Manuel Silvestre</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">Dámaso Berenguer</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mill%C3%A1n_Astray" class="mw-redirect" title="José Millán Astray">José Millán-Astray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Kindel%C3%A1n" title="Alfredo Kindelán">Alfredo Kindelán</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Yag%C3%BCe" title="Juan Yagüe">Juan Yagüe</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Saro" title="Leopoldo Saro">Leopoldo Saro</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Emilio Mola</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mulai_Ahmed_er_Raisuni" title="Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni">M. Ahmed er Raisuni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Abd el-Krim</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdel-Salam_Mohammed_Abdel-Karim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdel-Salam Mohammed Abdel-Karim (page does not exist)">A.S. M. Abdel-Karim</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bu_Lahya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bu Lahya (page does not exist)">Bu Lahya</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mhamadi_Bojabbar_Mohamed,_les_A%C3%AFt_Ghannou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mhamadi Bojabbar Mohamed, les Aït Ghannou (page does not exist)">M.B.M. les Aït Ghannou</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Heriro_Jebli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Heriro Jebli (page does not exist)">Ahmed Heriro Jebli</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haddou_Mouh-Ameziane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haddou Mouh-Ameziane (page does not exist)">H. Mouh-Ameziane</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Cheddi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed Cheddi (page does not exist)">Mohamed Cheddi</a>  (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caid_Bohout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caid Bohout (page does not exist)">Caid Bohout</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caid_Mohamed_Na%27ma_Tanout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caid Mohamed Na'ma Tanout (page does not exist)">C.M. Na'ma Tanout</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 60,000–100,000 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-steven_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steven-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 160,000<sup id="cite_ref-David_S._Woolman_page_186_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_S._Woolman_page_186-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> soldiers in northern Morocco 1925<sup id="cite_ref-steven_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steven-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> Total <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">aircraft</a>: +200<sup id="cite_ref-pennell1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennell1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Spanish and French estimates:</b> 75,000–125,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-steven_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steven-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (According to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Monteil" title="Charles Monteil">Charles Monteil</a>: never more than 20,000 with firearms at the same time) including less than 7,000 "elites"<br /><b>Other sources:</b><br />Autumn 1925: 35,000–50,000<sup id="cite_ref-omissi_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omissi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />March 1926: less than 20,000<sup id="cite_ref-omissi_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omissi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 43,500–50,000 casualties<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clodfelter_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clodfelter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 10,000–18,000 casualties<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clodfelter_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clodfelter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 30,000 casualties<sup id="cite_ref-clodfelter_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clodfelter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><small>(including 10,000 dead)<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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Xauen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_El_Biutz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of El Biutz (page does not exist)">El Biutz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfrau_landing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfrau landing (page does not exist)">Alfrau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidi_Dris_landing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidi Dris landing (page does not exist)">Sidi Dris</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desembarco_de_Sidi_Dris" class="extiw" title="es:Desembarco de Sidi Dris">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combat_of_Abarr%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combat of Abarrán (page does not exist)">Abarrán</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combate_de_Abarr%C3%A1n" class="extiw" title="es:Combate de Abarrán">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Igueriben" title="Siege of Igueriben">Igueriben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Dar_Drius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Dar Drius (page does not exist)">Dar Drius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Monte_Arruit" title="Massacre of Monte Arruit">Monte Arruit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recapture_of_Nador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recapture of Nador (page does not exist)">Nador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recapture_of_Zelu%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recapture of Zeluán (page does not exist)">Zeluán</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanjurjo%27s_counter-offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanjurjo's counter-offensive (page does not exist)">Sanjurjo's counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estella_line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estella line (page does not exist)">Estella line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_retreat_from_Chefchaoun" title="1924 retreat from Chefchaoun">2nd Xauen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Uarga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Uarga (page does not exist)">Uarga</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Uarga" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Uarga">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fez_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fez offensive (page does not exist)">Fez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capaz_raid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capaz raid (page does not exist)">Capaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Chefchaouen" title="Bombardment of Chefchaouen">Xaouen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish–Moroccan_conflicts" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div 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class="wrap">Spanish–Moroccan conflicts</span></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mehdya_(1614)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Mehdya (1614)">Conquest of Mehdya (1614)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mamora_(1681)" title="Siege of Mamora (1681)">Siege of Mamora (1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Larache_(1689)" title="Siege of Larache (1689)">Siege of Larache (1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1693)" title="Siege of Oran (1693)">Siege of Oran (1693)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Melilla_(1694%E2%80%931696)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Melilla (1694–1696) (page does not exist)">Siege of Melilla (1694–1696)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melilla_(1774%E2%80%931775)" title="Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)">Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Tetuan War (1859–1860)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_conflicts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rif conflicts (page does not exist)">Rif conflicts</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">First Melillan campaign (1893–1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Second Melillan campaign (1909)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolf_Ravine" title="Battle of Wolf Ravine">Battle of Wolf Ravine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kert_campaign" title="Kert campaign">Kert campaign (1911–1912)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rif War (1920–1926)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Post-colonial conflicts</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War (1957–1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perejil_Island_crisis" title="Perejil Island crisis">Perejil Island (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_incident" title="2012 Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera incident">Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (2012)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco–Moroccan_conflicts" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Moroccan_conflicts" title="Template:Campaignbox Franco-Moroccan conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Franco-Moroccan_conflicts" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Franco-Moroccan conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Moroccan_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Franco-Moroccan conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franco–Moroccan_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span style="font-size:90%;">Franco–Moroccan conflicts</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire#First_French_colonial_empire_(16th_century_to_1814)" title="French colonial empire">First French colonial empire era</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larache_expedition" title="Larache expedition">Larache expedition (1765)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire#Second_French_colonial_empire_(post-1830)" title="French colonial empire">Second French colonial empire era</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">Franco-Moroccan War (1844)</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Bombardment of Salé">Bombardment of Salé (1851)</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria#South-Oranese_Campaign_(1897–1903)" title="Pacification of Algeria">South-Oranese Campaign (1897–1903)</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Conquest of Morocco (1907–34)</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War (1914–21)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rif War (1921–26)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Post-colonial conflicts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War (1957–58)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_colonial_campaigns" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:Campaignbox Spanish colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Spanish_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spanish colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spanish colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_colonial_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><span class="wrap">Spanish colonial campaigns</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>15th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands (1402–96)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Mar_Peque%C3%B1a" title="Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña">Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinea" title="Battle of Guinea">Guinea (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1497)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1497)">Algeria (1497)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Melilla" title="Conquest of Melilla"> Melilla (1497)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>16th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1505)" title="Capture of Mers-el-Kébir (1505)">Algeria (1505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1507)" title="Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1507)">Algeria (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_(1508)" title="Conquest of the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1508)">Morocco (1508)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1509)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)">Algeria (1509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1510)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1510)">Algeria (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Tripoli" title="Spanish conquest of Tripoli">Tripoli (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_Djerba_(1510)" title="Spanish assault on Djerba (1510)">Tunisia (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Ta%C3%ADno_War_of_San_Juan%E2%80%93Borik%C3%A9n" title="Spanish–Taíno War of San Juan–Borikén">Puerto Rico (1511–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1516)" title="Algiers expedition (1516)">Algeria (1516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Algeria (1517–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Indian Wars">Mexico (1519–1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Mexico (1519–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1519)" title="Algiers expedition (1519)">Algeria (1519)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_Djerba_(1520)" title="Spanish assault on Djerba (1520)">Tunisia (1520)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas (1523–1695)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala (1524–1697)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador (1524–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras (1524–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_expedition_(1525)" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera expedition (1525)">Morocco (1525)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán (1527–1697)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Algeria (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Cherchell_(1531)" title="Campaign of Cherchell (1531)">Algeria (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Peru (1532–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Tunisia (1534)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War"> Brazil (1534-36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Tlemcen_(1535)" title="Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1535)">Algeria (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunisia (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia (1537–40)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algeria (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1543)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1543)">Algeria (1543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jailolo" title="Attack on Jailolo">Halmahera (1545)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Chile (1546–1662)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1547)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1547)">Algeria (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdia_(1550)" title="Capture of Mahdia (1550)">Tunisia (1550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Libya (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1555)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1555)">Algeria (1555)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Algeria (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">Algeria (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Tunisia (1560)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchaqu%C3%AD_Wars" title="Calchaquí Wars">Argentine Northwest (1560–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Algeria (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_expedition_(1563)" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera expedition (1563)">Morocco (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Morocco (1564)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Philippines (1565–1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_French_Florida" title="Spanish assault on French Florida">Florida (1565)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippines (1567–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1573)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1573)">Tunisia (1573)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunisia (1574)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Brunei (1578)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1582)" title="Ternate expedition (1582)">Insulindia (1582)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1585)" title="Ternate expedition (1585)">Insulindia (1585)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Spanish_War" title="Cambodian–Spanish War">Cambodia (1593–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">Puerto Rico (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_expedition" title="Mindanao expedition">Philippines (1596)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinos" title="Battle of Pinos">Cuba (1596)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1598)" title="Battle of San Juan (1598)">Puerto Rico (1598)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Visayas_(1599-1600)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid of Visayas (1599-1600)">Philippines (1599-1600)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>17th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jolo_expedition_(1602)" title="Jolo expedition (1602)">Philippines (1602)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1603)" title="Ternate expedition (1603)">Insulindia (1603)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hammamet" title="Battle of Hammamet">Tunisia (1605)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Moluccas" title="Spanish conquest of the Moluccas">Moluccas (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco#Spanish_occupation_(1614–81)" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Morocco (1614)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén (1618–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Brazil (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Formosa" title="Spanish expedition to Formosa">Taiwan (1626)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Kitts_(1629)" title="Battle of St. Kitts (1629)">St. Kitts <b>·</b> Nevis (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolo_expedition_(1630)" title="Jolo expedition (1630)">Philippines (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Brazil (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">Brazil (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_occupation_of_Jolo_(1638)" title="Spanish occupation of Jolo (1638)">Philippines (1638-46)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Brazil (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">Taiwan (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">Taiwan (1642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Chiloé <b>·</b> Valdivia (1643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Philippines (1646)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Rocher" title="Capture of Fort Rocher">Tortuga (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_(1655)" title="Siege of Santo Domingo (1655)">Hispaniola (1655)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Jamaica" title="Invasion of Jamaica">Jamaica (1655)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocho_Rios" title="Battle of Ocho Rios">Jamaica (1657)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_Nuevo" title="Battle of Rio Nuevo">Jamaica (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_raid_on_Porto_Bello" title="Henry Morgan's raid on Porto Bello">Porto Bello (1668)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_raid_on_Lake_Maracaibo" title="Henry Morgan's raid on Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo (1669)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_Panama_expedition" title="Henry Morgan's Panama expedition">Panama (1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">New Mexico (1680–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Larache_(1689)" title="Siege of Larache (1689)">Morocco (1689)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>18th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">North America (1702–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_uprising_of_1712" title="Huilliche uprising of 1712">Chiloé (1712)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Nassau_(1720)" title="Raid on Nassau (1720)">Bahamas (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1723" title="Mapuche uprising of 1723">Chile (1723–1726)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1732)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)">Oran (1732)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1735%E2%80%931737)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)">Banda Oriental (1735–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">Caribbean and North America (1739–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_War" title="Fantastic War">Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_invasion_of_Portugal_(1762)" title="Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)">Portugal (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Cevallos_expedition" title="First Cevallos expedition">Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Cuba (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_R%C3%ADo_San_Juan_de_Nicaragua" title="Battle for Río San Juan de Nicaragua">Nicaragua (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Philippines (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1766" title="Mapuche uprising of 1766">Chile (1766–1767)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1775)">Algiers (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)">Banda Oriental (1776–1777)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">North America (1779–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Peru (1780–82)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">New Granada (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1783)">Algiers (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1784)">Algiers (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_uprising_of_1792" title="Huilliche uprising of 1792">Chile (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Caribbean (1796–1802)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>19th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata (1806–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish America (1808–33)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_War_of_Independence" title="Bolivian War of Independence">Bolivia (1809–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">Argentina (1810–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida_Controversy" title="West Florida Controversy">Florida (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_campaign" title="Paraguay campaign">Paraguay (1810–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexico (1810–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peru (1811–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_Independence_Movement" title="1811 Independence Movement">El Salvador (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Piedras_(1811)" title="Battle of Las Piedras (1811)">Uruguay (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">Venezuela (1811–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">Chile (1812–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish reconquest of New Granada">Colombia (1815–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada" title="Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada">Colombia (1819–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_War_of_Independence" title="Ecuadorian War of Independence">Ecuador (1820–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Mexico (1821–29)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina (1858–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Morocco (1859–1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War" title="Dominican Restoration War">Dominican Republic (1863–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Peru and Chile (1864–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grito_de_Lares" title="Grito de Lares">Puerto Rico (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Cuba (1868–78)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Cuba (1879–80)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">Morocco (1893–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuba (1895–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippines (1896–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_campaign" title="Puerto Rico campaign">Puerto Rico (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam (1898)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Morocco (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kert_campaign" title="Kert campaign">Morocco (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morocco (1920–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Morocco (1957–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_insurgency" title="Sahrawi insurgency">Western Sahara (1973–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Western Sahara (1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Rif War</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tarifit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarifit language">Tarifit</a>: <span lang="rif" dir="rtl">ⴰⵎⴻⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tarifit-language romanization"><i lang="rif-Latn">Amenɣi n Arif</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حرب الريف</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥarb ar-rīf</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Guerra del Rif</i>) was an armed conflict fought from 1921 to 1926 between <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (joined by <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a> in 1924) and the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> (Amazigh) tribes of the mountainous <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a> region of northern <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. </p><p>Led by <a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Abd el-Krim</a>, the Riffians at first inflicted several defeats on the Spanish forces by using <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla tactics">guerrilla tactics</a> and with the help of captured European weapons. After France's military intervention against Abd el-Krim's forces and the major landing of Spanish troops at <a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Al Hoceima</a>, considered the first <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious</a> landing in history to involve the use of <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, Abd el-Krim surrendered to the French and was taken into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1909, Spanish workers constructing a rail-bridge providing access to iron mines near <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> were attacked by Riffian tribesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This incident led to the summoning of reinforcements from Spain itself. A series of skirmishes over the following weeks cost the Spanish over a thousand casualties. By September, the Spanish Army had 40,000 troops in northern Morocco and had occupied the mountainous tribal regions to the south and southeast of Melilla.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military operations in <a href="/wiki/Jebala_people" title="Jebala people">Jebala</a>, in the Moroccan west, began in 1911 with the <a href="/wiki/Larache_landing" title="Larache landing">Larache landing</a>. Spain worked to pacify a large part of the most violent areas until 1914, a slow process of consolidation of frontiers that lasted until 1919. The following year, after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fez" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Fez">Treaty of Fez</a>, the northern Moroccan area was adjudicated to Spain as a protectorate. The Riffian populations strongly resisted the Spanish, unleashing a conflict that would last for several years. </p><p>In 1921, in an attempt to consolidate control of the region, the Spanish troops suffered the catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Annual" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster of Annual">Disaster of Annual</a> in addition to a rebellion led by Riffian leader Abd el-Krim. As a result, the Spanish retreated to a few fortified positions while Abd el-Krim ultimately created an entire independent state: the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rif" title="Republic of the Rif">Republic of the Rif</a>. The development of the conflict and its end coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a>, who took on command of the campaign from 1924 to 1927. In addition, and after the Battle of Uarga in 1925, the French intervened in the conflict and established a joint collaboration with Spain that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas landing</a>, which proved a turning point. The Spanish also <a href="/wiki/Spanish_use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Rif_War" title="Spanish use of chemical weapons in the Rif War">used chemical weapons during the conflict</a>. By 1926, the area had been pacified; Abd-el-Krim surrendered to the French that year, and Spain gained effective control of the protectorate's territory at last. </p><p>The Rif War still causes much disagreement among historians. Some see in it a harbinger of the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonization process in North Africa</a>. Others consider it one of the last colonial wars, as it was the decision of the Spanish to conquer the Rif – nominally part of their Moroccan protectorate but <i>de facto</i> independent – that catalyzed the entry of France in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rif War left a deep memory both in Spain and in Morocco. The Riffian insurgency of the 1920s can be interpreted as a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian War of Independence">Algerian War of Independence</a>, which took place three decades later.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spain, 13 kilometers across the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Gibraltar">Straits of Gibraltar</a> from Africa, claimed influence over the Morocco region at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> (1884–1885). By the early 20th century, Morocco was divided into protectorates ruled by France and Spain. The Rif region had been assigned to Spain, but given that the Sultans of Morocco had been unable to exert control over the region, Spanish sovereignty over the Rif was strictly <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i>, existing only in the text of the <i>General Act of the Berlin Conference on West Africa</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_Conference_Act_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin_Conference_Act-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to which the Riffians, who had <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> control of the land were not a party. For centuries, the Berber tribes of the Rif had fought off any attempt of outsiders to impose control on them.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_273_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_273-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Rif mountains were visible to Europeans from ships in the Mediterranean Sea, Europeans had rarely, if ever, ventured into the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_273_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_273-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burton_Harris" title="Walter Burton Harris">Walter Burton Harris</a>, the Morocco correspondent for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, who covered the war, wrote that as late as 1912 only "one or two Europeans had been able to visit the cedar forests that lie south of Fez. A few had traveled in the southern Atlas and pushed on into the <a href="/wiki/Sous" title="Sous">Sus</a>...and that was almost all".<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_273_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_273-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Harris wrote, the Berbers "were often as inhospitable to the Arab as they were to the foreigner", and generally killed any outsiders who ventured into their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_273_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_273-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Sheean" title="Vincent Sheean">Vincent Sheean</a>, who covered the war for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, wrote that the Rif was a truly beautiful countryside of "[c]rimson mountains flung against a sky of hieratic blue, gorges magnificent and terrifying, peaceful green valleys between protecting precipices", a place that reminded him of his native Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_273_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_273-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rif was also rich in high-grade iron, which could be easily extracted via <a href="/wiki/Open_pit_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Open pit mining">open-pit mining</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_274_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_274-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The promise of the Spanish state collecting revenues in the form of taxes and royalties from iron mining here was an incentive for it to bring the Rif under its control. </p><p>The Crown granted the concession to mine iron in the Rif to the millionaire Don <a href="/wiki/Horacio_Echevarrieta" title="Horacio Echevarrieta">Horacio Echevarrieta</a>. By 1920 he had brought out 800,000 tons of valuable high grade iron through relatively inexpensive open-pit mining.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though profitable, iron mining caused much environmental damage and required the displacement of the native people. As they received no share of the profits, the Rifians soon began to oppose the mining in their territory. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XIII of Spain">Alfonso XIII</a> ascended to the throne in 1886, Spain was considered a world power, with colonies in the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_274_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_274-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, Spain lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines in 1898, <a href="/wiki/Spanish-German_Treaty_of_1899" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-German Treaty of 1899">and sold</a> the <a href="/wiki/Marianas_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas Islands">Mariana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a> to Germany the following year; reducing the once great <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> to only a few footholds on the Moroccan coast and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Spanish Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_274_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_274-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To compensate for the losses in the Americas and Asia, there emerged a powerful <i><a href="/wiki/Africanist_(Spain)" title="Africanist (Spain)">Africanist</a></i> faction in Spain led by Alfonso, who wanted a new empire in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_274_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_274-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, many within the politically powerful <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Catholic Church</a>, preached the need for a new crusade to continue the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> by conquering Morocco, adding their voices to the <i>Africanist</i> choir.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_274_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_274-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For all these reasons, Spain began pushing into the Rif in 1909. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forces_involved">Forces involved</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forces involved"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rifian_forces">Rifian forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rifian forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Berber tribesmen had a long tradition of fierce fighting skills, combined with high standards of fieldcraft and marksmanship. They were capably led by <a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Abd el-Krim</a>, who showed both military and political expertise. However, the Rifian regular army was never a very large force.<sup id="cite_ref-pennell_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennell-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elite of the Rifian forces formed regular units which according to Abd el-Krim, quoted by the Spanish general <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Goded_Llopis" title="Manuel Goded Llopis">Manuel Goded</a>, numbered 6,000 to 7,000. Other sources put it much lower, at around 2,000 to 3,000.<sup id="cite_ref-pennell_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennell-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remaining Rifians were tribal militia selected by their <a href="/wiki/Qaid" title="Qaid">Caids</a>; they were not liable to serve away from their homes and farms for more than 15 consecutive days. General Goded estimated that at their peak, in June 1924, the Rifian forces numbered about 80,000 men,<sup id="cite_ref-woolman_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woolman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Abd el-Krim</a> was never able to arm more than 20,000 men at a time. However, this force was largely adequate in the early stages of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the final days of the war, Rifian forces numbered about 12,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-pennell1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennell1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Rifian forces were not well armed, with weapons badly maintained and in poor condition.<sup id="cite_ref-pennell1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennell1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropas_en_el_puerto_de_Pasaia_antes_de_partir_a_la_guerra_de_%C3%81frica_(3_de_5)_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tropas_en_el_puerto_de_Pasaia_antes_de_partir_a_la_guerra_de_%C3%81frica_%283_de_5%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/330px-Tropas_en_el_puerto_de_Pasaia_antes_de_partir_a_la_guerra_de_%C3%81frica_%283_de_5%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tropas_en_el_puerto_de_Pasaia_antes_de_partir_a_la_guerra_de_%C3%81frica_%283_de_5%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/495px-Tropas_en_el_puerto_de_Pasaia_antes_de_partir_a_la_guerra_de_%C3%81frica_%283_de_5%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tropas_en_el_puerto_de_Pasaia_antes_de_partir_a_la_guerra_de_%C3%81frica_%283_de_5%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/660px-Tropas_en_el_puerto_de_Pasaia_antes_de_partir_a_la_guerra_de_%C3%81frica_%283_de_5%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Spanish troops in <a href="/wiki/Pasajes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasajes">Pasajes</a>, prior to their departure to the war</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_forces">Spanish forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, the Spanish forces in Morocco were largely composed of conscripts and reservists from Spain itself. These "Peninsular" troops were poorly supplied and prepared, few had marksmanship skills and proper battle training,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and widespread corruption was reported amongst the officer corps, reducing supplies and morale.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the Spanish troops in Morocco in 1921, well over half were completely illiterate conscripts from the poorest elements of Spanish society who had been sent to Morocco with minimal training.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite assurances from General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Silvestre" title="Manuel Fernández Silvestre">Manuel Fernández Silvestre</a> that his equipment was sufficient to defeat the Rifians, in fact about three-quarters of the rifles at the Melilla arsenal were in shoddy condition due to poor maintenance, and a report from late 1920, which Spanish commanders never bothered to read, warned that many of the rifles held there were either unusable or more of a danger to the soldier firing them than to the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_278-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average Spanish soldier in Morocco in 1921 was paid the equivalent of thirty-four US cents per day, and lived on a simple diet of coffee, bread, beans, rice and the odd piece of meat.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_278-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many soldiers bartered their rifles and ammunition at the local markets in exchange for fresh vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_278-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The barracks that the soldiers lived in were unsanitary, and medical care at the few hospitals was very poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_278-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up in the mountains, Spanish soldiers lived in small outposts known as <i>blocaos</i>, which the American historian Stanley Payne observed: "Many of these lacked any sort of toilet, and the soldier who ventured out of the filthy bunker risked exposure to the fire of lurking tribesmen".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Silvestre_en_Melilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/General_Silvestre_en_Melilla.jpg/330px-General_Silvestre_en_Melilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/General_Silvestre_en_Melilla.jpg/495px-General_Silvestre_en_Melilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/General_Silvestre_en_Melilla.jpg/660px-General_Silvestre_en_Melilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Silvestre" title="Manuel Fernández Silvestre">General Fernández Silvestre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>Continuing a practice first begun in Cuba, corruption flourished amongst the venal Spanish officer corps, with goods meant for the troops being sold on the black market and the funds intended to build roads and railroads in Morocco ending up in the pockets of senior officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_278-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A high number of Spanish officers could not read maps, which explains why Spanish units so frequently got lost in the Rif mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_278-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, studying war was not considered to be a good use of an officer's time, and most officers devoted their time in Melilla in words of the American journalist James Perry to "gambling and whoring, sometimes molesting the native Moorish women".<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_278-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morale in the Army was extremely poor and most Spanish soldiers just wanted to go home and leave Morocco forever.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_278-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the prostitutes from Spain, who attached themselves in great number to the Spanish bases in Morocco, venereal diseases were rampant in the Spanish Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_278-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fernández Silvestre was well aware of the poor morale of his soldiers, but he did not regard this as a problem, believing that his enemy was so inferior that the problems afflicting his troops were not an issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_278-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even with their numerical superiority, the "Peninsular" troops proved no match for the highly skilled and motivated Rifian forces. Accordingly, much reliance came to be placed on the mainly professional units comprising Spain's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a>. Since 1911, these had included regiments of Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">Regulares</a>, who proved to be excellent soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initiative was unpopular in parts of Spain as well. In 1909, during early conflicts with the Rif tribesmen, an attempt by the Spanish government to call up reservists led to a working-class uprising in Barcelona known as <a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Catalonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragic Week (Catalonia)">Tragic Week</a>. The Catalan trade unions, many led by anarchists, argued that the working class of Barcelona had no quarrel with the people of the Rif.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09412,_Primo_de_Rivera_und_der_K%C3%B6nig_von_Spanien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09412%2C_Primo_de_Rivera_und_der_K%C3%B6nig_von_Spanien.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09412%2C_Primo_de_Rivera_und_der_K%C3%B6nig_von_Spanien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09412%2C_Primo_de_Rivera_und_der_K%C3%B6nig_von_Spanien.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09412%2C_Primo_de_Rivera_und_der_K%C3%B6nig_von_Spanien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09412%2C_Primo_de_Rivera_und_der_K%C3%B6nig_von_Spanien.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09412%2C_Primo_de_Rivera_und_der_K%C3%B6nig_von_Spanien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a> (front row left) with King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XIII of Spain">Alfonso XIII</a> and other high-ranking Spanish officers</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Tragic Week of 1909, the Spanish government starting in 1911 tried to raise as many <i>Regular</i> units as possible to avoid further working class resistance to colonial wars as much of the Spanish working class had no desire to see their sons sent to Morocco, beginning a policy of what the Spanish historian Jose Alvarez called "Moroccanizing" the conquest of the Rif.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the difficulties and setbacks that it had experienced in 1909–11, the Spanish army began to adopt much in organization and tactics from the French North African forces garrisoning most of Morocco and neighboring Algeria. Particular attention was paid to the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a> and a Spanish equivalent, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion"><i>Tercio de Extranjeros</i></a> ('Foreigners' brigade'), known in English as the Spanish Legion, was formed in 1920. The regiment's second commander was then-<a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Col</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, having risen rapidly through the ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Rif war, it was the <i>Regulares</i> and the Spanish Foreign Legion founded in 1919 that provided the elite forces that won Spain the war.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than 25% of this "Foreign Legion" were, in fact, non-Spanish. Harshly disciplined and driven, they quickly acquired a reputation for ruthlessness. As their number grew, the Spanish Legion and the Regulares increasingly led offensive operations after the disasters that had been suffered by the conscript forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_war">Course of war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Course of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Rif.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Rif.svg/400px-Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Rif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Rif.svg/600px-Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Rif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Rif.svg/800px-Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Rif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Localisation of the Republic of the Rif.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_stages">Early stages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Second Melillan campaign</a></div> <p>As an outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fez" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Fez">Treaty of Fez</a> (1912) Spain gained possession of the lands around <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>. In 1920, the Spanish commissioner, General <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">Dámaso Berenguer</a>, decided to conquer the eastern territory from the Jibala tribes, but had little success. The second-in-command was General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Silvestre" title="Manuel Fernández Silvestre">Manuel Fernández Silvestre</a>, who commanded the eastern sector. Fernández Silvestre had spread out his troops out in 144 forts and <i>blocaos</i> from Sidi Dris on the Mediterranean across the Rift mountains to Annual and Tizi Azza and on to Melilla.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_278-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical <i>blocao</i> held about a dozen men, while the larger forts had about 800 men.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fernández Silvestre, known for his boldness and impetuosity, had pushed his men too deep into the Rif mountains hoping to reach Alhucemas Bay without undertaking the necessary work to build a logistical support network capable of supplying his men out in the <i>blocaos</i> up in the Rif mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-Alvarez_pages_75-98_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvarez_pages_75-98-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krim had sent Fernández Silvestre a letter warning him not to cross the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amekran_river&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amekran river (page does not exist)">Amekran river</a> or else he would die.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fernández Silvestre commented to the Spanish press about the letter that: "This man Abd el-Krim is crazy. I'm not going to take seriously the threats of a little Berber <i>caid</i> [judge] whom I had at my mercy a short time ago. His insolence merits a new punishment".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abd el-Krim allowed Fernández Silvestre to advance deep into the Rif, knowing the Spanish logistics were in the words of the Spanish historian Jose Alvarez "tenuous" at best.<sup id="cite_ref-Alvarez_pages_75-98_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvarez_pages_75-98-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 July 1921, the Spanish army in north-eastern Morocco under Fernández Silvestre collapsed when defeated by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Abd el-Krim</a>, in what became known in Spain as the <a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Annual" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster of Annual">disaster of Annual</a>, some 8,000 soldiers and officers reported killed or disappeared out of some 20,000. The final Spanish death toll, both at Annual and during the subsequent rout that took Rifian forces to the outskirts of Melilla, was reported to the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a> as totaling 13,192.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish were pushed back and during the following five years, occasional battles were fought between the two. The Rifian forces advanced to the east and captured over 130 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> military posts.<sup id="cite_ref-dirk_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dirk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaid_Sarkash_(Riffian_leader)_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kaid_Sarkash_%28Riffian_leader%29_1924.jpg/260px-Kaid_Sarkash_%28Riffian_leader%29_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kaid_Sarkash_%28Riffian_leader%29_1924.jpg/390px-Kaid_Sarkash_%28Riffian_leader%29_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kaid_Sarkash_%28Riffian_leader%29_1924.jpg/520px-Kaid_Sarkash_%28Riffian_leader%29_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4213" data-file-height="3058" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> carrying captured rifles. A <a href="/wiki/Mauser" title="Mauser">Spanish Mauser</a> and a French <a href="/wiki/Berthier_rifle" title="Berthier rifle">Berthier Carbine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By late August 1921, <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_the_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain under the Restoration">Spain</a> lost all the territories it had gained since 1909. Spanish troops were pushed back to Melilla, which was their biggest base in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dirk_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dirk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain still had 14,000 soldiers in Melilla.<sup id="cite_ref-dirk_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dirk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibn_%27Abd_al-Karim_al-Khattabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi">Abd el-Krim</a> ordered his forces not to attack the town. He subsequently told the writer J. Roger-Matthieu that since citizens of other European nations were residing in Melilla, it was feared they would intervene in the war should their citizens come to harm.<sup id="cite_ref-dirk_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dirk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reasons included the dispersal of Rifian fighters from several loosely allied tribes following the victory at Annual; and the arrival in Melilla of substantial reinforcements from the Legion and other Spanish units recalled from operations in western Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of August Spanish forces at Melilla numbered 36,000 under General <a href="/wiki/Jose_Sanjurjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Sanjurjo">Jose Sanjurjo</a> and the slow process of recovering the lost territory could begin.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus the Spanish could keep their biggest base in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a>. Later Abd el-Krim would admit: "<i>I bitterly regret this order. It was my biggest mistake</i>. <i>All the following tenor of events happened because of this mistake</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-dirk_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dirk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By January 1922 the Spanish had retaken their major fort at Monte Arruit (where they found the bodies of 2,600 of the garrison) and had reoccupied the coastal plain as far as Tiztoutine and Batel. The Rifian forces had consolidated their hold of the inland mountains and stalemate was reached. </p><p>The Spanish military suffered losses even at sea; in March the transport ship <i>Juan de Joanes</i> was sunk in <a href="/wiki/Al_Hoceima" title="Al Hoceima">Alhucemas</a> Bay by Riffian coastal batteries,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in August 1923 the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_battleship_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Spanish battleship España">battleship <i>España</i></a> ran aground off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Three_Forks" title="Cape Three Forks">Cape Tres Forcas</a> and was eventually scrapped <i>in situ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a bid to break the stalemate, the Spanish military turned to the use of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_the_Rif_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons in the Rif War">chemical weapons against the Riffians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanishbuildingruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Spanishbuildingruins.jpg/370px-Spanishbuildingruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Spanishbuildingruins.jpg/555px-Spanishbuildingruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Spanishbuildingruins.jpg/740px-Spanishbuildingruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of a Spanish camp near <a href="/wiki/Chefchaouen" title="Chefchaouen">Chefchaouen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Rif War had starkly polarized Spanish society between the <i><a href="/wiki/Africanist_(Spain)" title="Africanist (Spain)">africanistas</a></i> who wanted to conquer an empire in Africa vs. the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">abandonistas</i></span> who wanted to abandon Morocco as not worth the blood and treasure.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_286-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the "Disaster of the Annual", Spain's war in the Rif went from bad to worse, and as the Spanish were barely hanging on to Morocco, support for the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">abandonistas</i></span> grew as many people could see no point to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_286-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1923, Spanish soldiers embarking for Morocco mutinied at the railway stations, other soldiers in Malaga simply refused to board the ships that were to take them to Morocco, while in Barcelona huge crowds of left-wingers had staged anti-war protests at which Spanish flags were burned while the flag of the Rif Republic was waved about.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_286-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <i>africanistas</i> comprising only a minority, it was clear that it was only a matter of time before the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">abandonistas</i></span> forced the Spanish to give up on the Rif, which was part of the reason for General <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera,_2nd_Marquis_of_Estella" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella">Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marqués de Estella</a>, seizing power <a href="/wiki/1923_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1923 Spanish coup d'état">in a military coup d'état</a> on September 13, 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_286-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Primo de Rivera was in the words of the American journalist James Perry a "moderate dictator" who was convinced that the divisions between the <i>africanists</i> vs. the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">abandonistas</i></span> had pushed Spain to the brink of civil war, and who had seized power to find a way out of the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_286-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Primo de Rivera soon concluded that the war was unwinnable, and considered pulling back his troops to the coast with the aim of at least temporarily abandoning the Rif.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_286-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late July 1924, Primo de Rivera visited a Spanish Foreign Legion post at <a href="/wiki/Ben_Taieb" title="Ben Taieb">Ben Taieb</a> in the Rif, and was served a banquet of eggs in different forms. In Spanish culture, eggs are a symbol of the testicles, and the dishes were intended to send a clear message. Primo de Rivera responded calmly that the army would be required to abandon only the minimum of territory and that junior officers should not dictate the measures necessary to resolve the Moroccan problem.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However he subsequently modified the plans for withdrawal, pulling the Spanish forces back from <a href="/wiki/Chefchaouen" title="Chefchaouen">Chefchaouen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oued_Laou" title="Oued Laou">Oued Laou</a> region to a prepared fortified boundary named the "Primo Line".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_intervention">French intervention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: French intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rif_cordon_sanitaire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Rif_cordon_sanitaire.jpg/360px-Rif_cordon_sanitaire.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Rif_cordon_sanitaire.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary map showing border and French military posts</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1924, the French Army had established a line of out-posts north of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oureghla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oureghla (page does not exist)">Oureghla</a> River in disputed tribal territory. On 12 April 1925, an estimated 8,000<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rifians attacked this line and in two weeks over 40 of 66 French posts had been stormed or abandoned. French casualties exceeded 1,000 killed, 3,700 wounded and 1,000 missing – representing losses of over 20 percent of their forces deployed in the Rif.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French accordingly intervened on the side of Spain, appointing <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Marshal Pétain</a> as commander-in-chief of an expeditionary force of up to 160,000<sup id="cite_ref-David_S._Woolman_page_186_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_S._Woolman_page_186-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> well-trained and -equipped troops from Metropolitan, Algerian, <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_tirailleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegalese tirailleurs">Senegalese</a> and Foreign Legion units, as well as Moroccan regulars (<a href="/wiki/Tirailleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirailleurs">tirailleurs</a>) and auxiliaries (<a href="/wiki/Goumiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Goumiers">goumiers</a>). With total Spanish forces at this point numbering about 90,000 the Rifian forces were now seriously outnumbered by their Franco-Spanish opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Final French deaths from battle and disease, in what had now become a major war, were to total 8,628.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 17, 1925, <a href="/wiki/Escadrille_Cherifienne" title="Escadrille Cherifienne">a squadron of American mercenary flyers</a> in the service of France <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Chefchaouen" title="Bombardment of Chefchaouen">bombarded Chefchaouen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome">Outcome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Outcome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desembarco_de_Alhucemas,_por_Jos%C3%A9_Moreno_Carbonero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Desembarco_de_Alhucemas%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Moreno_Carbonero.jpg/350px-Desembarco_de_Alhucemas%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Moreno_Carbonero.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Desembarco_de_Alhucemas%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Moreno_Carbonero.jpg/525px-Desembarco_de_Alhucemas%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Moreno_Carbonero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Desembarco_de_Alhucemas%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Moreno_Carbonero.jpg/700px-Desembarco_de_Alhucemas%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Moreno_Carbonero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="1497" /></a><figcaption><i>Desembarco de Alhucemas</i>, 1929, an artistic interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas landing</a>, by Spanish painter <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Moreno_Carbonero" title="José Moreno Carbonero">José Moreno Carbonero</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For the final attack commencing on 8 May 1925, the French and Spanish had ranged 123,000 men, supported by 150 aircraft, against 12,000 Rifians.<sup id="cite_ref-pennell1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennell1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Superior manpower and technology soon resolved the course of the war in favour of France and Spain. The French troops pushed through from the south while the Spanish fleet and army secured Alhucemas Bay by a <a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">landing operation</a> in September (the first amphibious landing in history where tanks and seaborne air support were used) and began attacking from the north. After one year of bitter resistance, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibn_%27Abd_al-Karim_al-Khattabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi">Abd el-Krim</a>, the leader of both the tribes, surrendered to French authorities, and in 1926 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a> was finally retaken. </p><p>However, the unpopularity of the war in Spain and the earlier defeats of the Spanish military contributed to the instability of the Spanish government and the <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_the_Restoration#Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera_(1923–1930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain under the Restoration">military coup of 1923</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atrocities">Atrocities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Atrocities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massacre_of_Monte_Arruit">Massacre of Monte Arruit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Massacre of Monte Arruit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Monte_Arruit" title="Massacre of Monte Arruit">Massacre of Monte Arruit</a></div> <p>On August 9, 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Monte_Arruit" title="Massacre of Monte Arruit">Massacre of Monte Arruit</a> occurred, in which 2,000 soldiers of the Spanish Army were killed after surrendering the Monte Arruit garrison near <a href="/wiki/Al_Aaroui" title="Al Aaroui">Al Aaroui</a> following a 12-day siege.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The atrocities subsequently committed by the Spanish Army of Africa were triggered by a 'compulsive spirit of revenge' of this and other massacres, and the desire to exact retribution on the rebel tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_atrocities_and_use_of_chemical_weapons">Spanish atrocities and use of chemical weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spanish atrocities and use of chemical weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Rif_War" title="Spanish use of chemical weapons in the Rif War">Spanish use of chemical weapons in the Rif War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guerre_du_Rif_massacre_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Guerre_du_Rif_massacre_1922.jpg/220px-Guerre_du_Rif_massacre_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Guerre_du_Rif_massacre_1922.jpg/330px-Guerre_du_Rif_massacre_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Guerre_du_Rif_massacre_1922.jpg/440px-Guerre_du_Rif_massacre_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>Spanish legionnaires holding up decapitated Moroccan heads, 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 1924, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Spanish_use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Rif_War" title="Spanish use of chemical weapons in the Rif War">used chemical weapons during the conflict</a>, which marked the first widespread employment of gas warfare in the post-WWI era.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish army indiscriminately used <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphosgene" title="Diphosgene">diphosgene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloropicrin" title="Chloropicrin">chloropicrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">mustard gas</a> also against civilian populations, markets and rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enrique_Cerro_Aguilar_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enrique_Cerro_Aguilar-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Spain signed the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a> in 1925, which prohibited the use of chemical and biological weapons, such use was not illegal in internal conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enrique_Cerro_Aguilar_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enrique_Cerro_Aguilar-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some have cited the Spanish chemical weapons as the main reason for a widespread <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> occurrence in the Rif region, which is still the highest in Morocco;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, according to the Head of the Association of Toxic Gas Victims (ATGV) research has shown "there are strong indicators that the cancer is caused by the gases that were used against the resistance in the north."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writer Juan Pando, however, pointed out that areas of France and Belgium, which were gassed far more heavily during World War I, do not have abnormal cancer rates.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Miguel Alonso, Alan Kramer and Javier Rodrigo wrote in the book <i>Fascist Warfare, 1922–1945: Aggression, Occupation, Annihilation</i>: "Although the Rif War was no 'fascist' war, several methods used to 'pacify' the population were applied in the post-colonial <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">reconquista</i></span> of godless <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican Spain</a> … Apart from deciding not to use chemical weapons, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>'s campaign to 'cleanse Spain' resembled that in Morocco: intelligence-gathering through torture, summary executions, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="War rape">rape</a>, and the sadistic killing of military prisoners."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish mutilations of captured Moroccans were also reported, including severing heads as retribution to the mutilations inflicted on the Spanish troops initially.<sup id="cite_ref-Márquez_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Márquez-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Rif War directly inspired <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Romberg" title="Sigmund Romberg">Sigmund Romberg</a>'s 1926 operetta <i><a href="/wiki/The_Desert_Song" title="The Desert Song">The Desert Song</a>,</i> which was later adapted several times into motion pictures.</li> <li>The 1929 romance novel <i>La riffaine</i>, by Jewish-Algerian writer <a href="/wiki/Elissa_Rha%C3%AFs" title="Elissa Rhaïs">Elissa Rhaïs</a>, was set during the Rif War.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1927 novel <i>Amy Jolly</i> and the 1930 film <i><a href="/wiki/Morocco_(film)" title="Morocco (film)">Morocco</a></i> adapted from it are set against the background of the Rif War.</li> <li>The action of the 1931 novel <a href="/wiki/La_Bandera_(novel)" title="La Bandera (novel)"><i>La Bandera</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mac_Orlan" title="Pierre Mac Orlan">Pierre Mac Orlan</a> is set during the Rif War. The novel was also turned into <a href="/wiki/La_Bandera_(film)" title="La Bandera (film)">a 1935 movie</a>.</li> <li>The 1951 film <i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Tall_Men" title="Ten Tall Men">Ten Tall Men</a></i> is set in the context of the Rif War.</li> <li>The 1977 <a href="/wiki/Dick_Richards" title="Dick Richards">Dick Richards</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/March_or_Die_(film)" title="March or Die (film)">March or Die</a></i> shows Foreign Legionnaires fighting Arab rebels led by "el-Krim" in the Rif in 1925.</li> <li>The 1999 film <i><a href="/wiki/Legionnaire_(film)" title="Legionnaire (film)">Legionnaire</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme" title="Jean-Claude Van Damme">Jean-Claude Van Damme</a>, is set in the war in 1925, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamel_Krifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamel Krifa (page does not exist)">Kamel Krifa</a> playing Abd el-Krim.</li> <li>The 2017 television miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/Morocco:_Love_in_Times_of_War" title="Morocco: Love in Times of War">Morocco: Love in Times of War</a></i> follows Spanish nurses during the Rif War.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a>, the 1914–21 conflict between the French and Berber tribesmen in Morocco.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kert_campaign" title="Kert campaign">Kert campaign</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-steven-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steven_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steven_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steven_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balagan.org.uk/war/rif-wars/timeline_third.htm"><i>Timeline for the Third Rif War (1920–25)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111220013128/http://www.balagan.org.uk/war/rif-wars/timeline_third.htm">Archived</a> 2011-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Steven Thomas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_S._Woolman_page_186-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_S._Woolman_page_186_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_S._Woolman_page_186_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Woolman, p. 186 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pennell1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pennell1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pennell1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pennell1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pennell1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pennell, C. R.; p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Woolman, pp. 149–151 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omissi-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omissi_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omissi_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David E. Omissi: <i>Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force, 1919–1939</i>, Manchester University Press, 1990, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-2960-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-2960-0">0-7190-2960-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D9BRAQAAIAAJ&q=%22a+force+which+had+dwindled+to+less+than%22&pg=PA188">p. 188</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Rif-War">"Rif War"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Rif+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FRif-War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clodfelter-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clodfelter_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clodfelter_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clodfelter_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Micheal Clodfelter: <i>Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical reference to casualty and other figures, 1500–2000</i>, McFarland, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1204-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1204-6">0-7864-1204-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TCZpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22including+940+Frenchmen;+the+rest+were+colonial+troops)+and+8,500+%22">p. 398</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meredith Reid Sarkees, Frank Whelon Wayman: <i>Resort to war: a data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816–2007</i>, CQ Press, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87289-434-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87289-434-7">0-87289-434-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CvooAQAAMAAJ&q=%221926+Battle-Related+Deaths:+Spain%E2%80%9450,000;+France10,000%22">p. 303</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Porch, "Spain's African Nightmare," <i>MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History</i> (2006) 18#2 pp 28–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Woolman, page 42 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Woolman, pp. 42–43 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-strategique-2009-1-page-319.htm">Jan Pascal, <i>L’Armée française face à Abdelkrim ou la tentation de mener une guerre conventionnelle dans une guerre irrégulière 1924–1927</i></a>, Cairn.Info, 2009, p. 732.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEntelis2017" class="citation journal cs1">Entelis, John P. (9 March 2017). "La Guerre du Rif: Maroc (1925–1926)". <i>The Journal of North African Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 500–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629387.2017.1300383">10.1080/13629387.2017.1300383</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151998348">151998348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+North+African+Studies&rft.atitle=La+Guerre+du+Rif%3A+Maroc+%281925%E2%80%931926%29&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=500-503&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13629387.2017.1300383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151998348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Entelis&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlin_Conference_Act-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_Conference_Act_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loveman.sdsu.edu/docs/1885GeneralActBerlinConference.pdf">General Act of the Berlin Conference on West Africa</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. February 25, 1885.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=General+Act+of+the+Berlin+Conference+on+West+Africa&rft.date=1885-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Floveman.sdsu.edu%2Fdocs%2F1885GeneralActBerlinConference.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry,_James_page_273-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_273_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_273_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_273_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_273_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_273_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, James <i>Arrogant Armies</i>, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry,_James_page_274-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_274_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_274_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_274_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_274_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_274_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, James <i>Arrogant Armies</i>, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alvarez, José "Between Gallipoli and D-Day: Alhucemas, 1925" pp. 75–98 from <i>The Journal of Military History</i>, Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1999 p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pennell-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pennell_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pennell_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. R. Pennell – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dtl.unimelb.edu.au/R/G6ASL7MRH56N6D62EU994G2H78TRSHEP44P8A82S36SQ5YGCSJ-01131?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=274378&pds_handle=GUEST"><i>A Country with a government and a Flag: The Rif War in Morocco, 1921–1926</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Outwell, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire, England: Middle East & North African Studies Press Ltd, 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906559-23-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-906559-23-5">0-906559-23-5</a>, p. 132; (University of Melbourne – University Library Digital Repository)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woolman-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woolman_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rebels in the Rif" pp. 149–152, David S. Woolman, Stanford University Press, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolman, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Woolman, p. 98 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Woolman, p. 57 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, James <i>Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them</i>, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry,_James_page_278-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_278_24-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, James <i>Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them</i>, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, James <i>Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them</i>, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Woolman, p. 44 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alvarez, Jose "Between Gallipoli and D-Day: Alhucemas, 1925" pp. 75–98 from <i>The Journal of Military History</i>, Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1999 p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alvarez, Jose "Between Gallipoli and D-Day: Alhucemas, 1925" pp. 75–98 from The Journal of Military History, Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1999 p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Woolman, p. 68 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alvarez, Jose "Between Gallipoli and D-Day: Alhucemas, 1925" pp. 75–98 from The Journal of Military History, Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1999 p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alvarez_pages_75-98-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_pages_75-98_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_pages_75-98_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alvarez, Jose "Between Gallipoli and D-Day: Alhucemas, 1925" pp. 75–98 from <i>The Journal of Military History</i>, Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1999 p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, James <i>Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them</i>, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, James <i>Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them</i>, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Woolman, p. 96 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dirk-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dirk_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dirk_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dirk_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dirk_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dirk_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dirk Sasse, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tvcyZYwX0hcC&q=%22annual+disaster+1921%22"><i>Franzosen, Briten und Deutsche im Rifkrieg 1921–1926</i></a>, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-57983-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-486-57983-5">3-486-57983-5</a>, pp. 40–41 (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arturo Barea, pp. 313–314 <i>The Forging of a Rebel</i>, SBN 670-32367-5, The Viking Press 1974<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Woolman, pp. 95–102 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press 1968<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926235315/http://www.trasmeships.es/246.html">"Juan de Joanes – Trasmeships"</a>. <i>www.trasmeships.es</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trasmeships.es/246.html">the original</a> on 2015-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trasmeships.es&rft.atitle=Juan+de+Joanes+%E2%80%93+Trasmeships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trasmeships.es%2F246.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez2007" class="citation book cs1">Fernandez, Rafael (2007). <i>The Spanish Dreadnoughts of the España class. Warship Internacional. Issue 41</i>. Toledo, Ohio: International Naval Research Organization. pp. 63–117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Dreadnoughts+of+the+Espa%C3%B1a+class.+Warship+Internacional.+Issue+41.&rft.place=Toledo%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=63-117&rft.pub=International+Naval+Research+Organization&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Fernandez&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAdtAIMTReEC"><i>Strike from the Sky: The History of Battlefield Air Attack, 1910–1945</i></a>, Richard P. Hallion, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-5657-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-5657-6">0-8173-5657-6</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry,_James_page_286-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, James <i>Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them</i>, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Woolman, p. 131 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Woolman, p. 132 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Woolman, p. 133 <i>Rebels in the Rif</i>, Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Windrow, p. 15 "French Foreign Legion 1914–1945, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-761-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-761-9">1-85532-761-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlD0JS16w9oC&q=rif+war+french+posts"><i>The French empire between the wars: imperialism, politics and society</i></a>, Martin Thomas, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6518-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-6518-6">0-7190-6518-6</a>, p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/18">"Abd el-Krim"</a></span>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8"><bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abd+el-Krim&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-837-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia2009ency%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General R. Hure, p. 252 "L'Armee d'Afrique 1830–1962", Paris-Limoges, 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabas" class="citation web cs1">Babas, Latifa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/77701/history-when-american-squadron-violated.html">"History : When an American squadron violated US neutrality laws, bombing Chefchaouen"</a>. <i>en.yabiladi.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.yabiladi.com&rft.atitle=History+%3A+When+an+American+squadron+violated+US+neutrality+laws%2C+bombing+Chefchaouen&rft.aulast=Babas&rft.aufirst=Latifa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.yabiladi.com%2Farticles%2Fdetails%2F77701%2Fhistory-when-american-squadron-violated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/e/n/en_torno_a_annual_reimpresion.pdf">Julio Albi de la Cuesta, <i>En torno a Annual</i></a> (Ministerio de Defensa de España, 2016) pp. 432–439</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotì2016" class="citation book cs1">Potì, Giorgio (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/43865/Poti_2016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>Imperial Violence, Anti-Colonial Nationalism and International Society: The Politics of Revolt across Mediterranean Empires,1919–1927</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>: European University Institute: Department of history and Civilization. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Violence%2C+Anti-Colonial+Nationalism+and+International+Society%3A+The+Politics+of+Revolt+across+Mediterranean+Empires%2C1919%E2%80%931927&rft.place=Florence&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=European+University+Institute%3A+Department+of+history+and+Civilization&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Pot%C3%AC&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadmus.eui.eu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1814%2F43865%2FPoti_2016.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRada2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rada, Javier (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/152104/0/supervivientes/bombardeos/rif/">"Los últimos de Alhucemas"</a> (in Spanish). 20minutos.es<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-13</span></span>. <q>Durante la guerra del Rif (1921–1927), la última pesadilla colonial, España fue una de las primeras potencias en utilizar armas químicas contra población civil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+%C3%BAltimos+de+Alhucemas&rft.pub=20minutos.es&rft.date=2006-09&rft.aulast=Rada&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.20minutos.es%2Fnoticia%2F152104%2F0%2Fsupervivientes%2Fbombardeos%2Frif%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoguer2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Noguer, Miquel (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cataluna/ERC/exige/Espana/pida/perdon/uso/armas/quimicas/guerra/Rif/elpepuespcat/20050703elpcat_12/Tes">"ERC exige que España pida perdón por el uso de armas químicas en la guerra del Rif"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-13</span></span>. <q>Tras tan estrepitosa derrota, el ejército español no tuvo reparos en utilizar productos como fosgeno, difosgeno, cloropicrina o el mismo gas mostaza contra la población civil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=ERC+exige+que+Espa%C3%B1a+pida+perd%C3%B3n+por+el+uso+de+armas+qu%C3%ADmicas+en+la+guerra+del+Rif&rft.date=2005-07&rft.aulast=Noguer&rft.aufirst=Miquel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpais.com%2Farticulo%2Fcataluna%2FERC%2Fexige%2FEspana%2Fpida%2Fperdon%2Fuso%2Farmas%2Fquimicas%2Fguerra%2FRif%2Felpepuespcat%2F20050703elpcat_12%2FTes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enrique_Cerro_Aguilar-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enrique_Cerro_Aguilar_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enrique_Cerro_Aguilar_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Enrique Cerro Aguilar. "España fue el primer país que utilizó armas químicas contra civiles en Marruecos en 1920". Revista Rebelión. 13 de enero de 2001. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascal_Daudin2023" class="citation web cs1">Pascal Daudin (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international-review.icrc.org/articles/the-rif-war-a-forgotten-war-923">"The Rif War: A forgotten war?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Review_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Review of the Red Cross">International Review of the Red Cross</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rif+War%3A+A+forgotten+war%3F&rft.pub=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.date=2023-06&rft.au=Pascal+Daudin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational-review.icrc.org%2Farticles%2Fthe-rif-war-a-forgotten-war-923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/protocol-prohibition-use-war-asphyxiating-poisonous-or-other-gasses-and-bacteriological-methods-warfare-geneva-protocol/#:~:text=The%20Geneva%20Protocol%2C%20implicitly%2C%20does,cover%20internal%20or%20civil%20conflicts.">"Geneva Protocol: Protocol For the Prohibition of the Use In War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous, or Other Gases, And of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geneva+Protocol%3A+Protocol+For+the+Prohibition+of+the+Use+In+War+of+Asphyxiating%2C+Poisonous%2C+or+Other+Gases%2C+And+of+Bacteriological+Methods+of+Warfare+%28Geneva+Protocol%29&rft.pub=Nuclear+Threat+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nti.org%2Feducation-center%2Ftreaties-and-regimes%2Fprotocol-prohibition-use-war-asphyxiating-poisonous-or-other-gasses-and-bacteriological-methods-warfare-geneva-protocol%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Geneva%2520Protocol%252C%2520implicitly%252C%2520does%2Ccover%2520internal%2520or%2520civil%2520conflicts.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYabiladi.com" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yabiladi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yabiladi.ma/articles/details/63500/حرب-الريف-عريضة-تدعو-إسبانيا.html">"حرب الريف: عريضة تدعو إسبانيا وفرنسا وألمانيا والولايات المتحدة لتحمل مسؤولياتهم"</a>. <i>www.yabiladi.ma</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yabiladi.ma&rft.atitle=%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%3A+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88+%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7+%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%85&rft.au=Yabiladi.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yabiladi.ma%2Farticles%2Fdetails%2F63500%2F%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1770571.stm">"Morocco bans historical conference"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. January 19, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Morocco+bans+historical+conference&rft.date=2002-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1770571.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">North Morocco Spanish government required to explain use of toxic gases in Rif, <a href="/wiki/Morocco_Times" title="Morocco Times">Morocco Times</a>, 8 September 2005.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060905220108/http://emazighen.com/breve.php3?id_breve=90">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Weir2008" class="citation book cs1">William Weir (2008). <i>Guerrilla Warfare: Irregular Warfare in the Twentieth Century</i>. Stackpole Books. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerrilla+Warfare%3A+Irregular+Warfare+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.au=William+Weir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiguel_AlonsoAlan_KramerJavier_Rodrigo2019" class="citation book cs1">Miguel Alonso; Alan Kramer; Javier Rodrigo (2019). <i>Fascist Warfare, 1922–1945: Aggression, Occupation, Annihilation</i>. Springer International Publishing. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3030276478" title="Special:BookSources/978-3030276478"><bdi>978-3030276478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascist+Warfare%2C+1922%E2%80%931945%3A+Aggression%2C+Occupation%2C+Annihilation&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3030276478&rft.au=Miguel+Alonso&rft.au=Alan+Kramer&rft.au=Javier+Rodrigo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Márquez-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Márquez_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Martin-Márquez2008" class="citation book cs1">Susan Martin-Márquez (2008). <i>Disorientations: Spanish Colonialism in Africa and the Performance of Identity</i>. Yale Univ Pr. p. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disorientations%3A+Spanish+Colonialism+in+Africa+and+the+Performance+of+Identity&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Yale+Univ+Pr&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Susan+Martin-M%C3%A1rquez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorcin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lorcin, Patricia M. E. (2012-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2012.723436">"Manipulating Elissa: the uses and abuses of Elissa Rhaïs and her works"</a>. <i>The Journal of North African Studies</i>. <b>17</b> (5): 903–922. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629387.2012.723436">10.1080/13629387.2012.723436</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1362-9387">1362-9387</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143680947">143680947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+North+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Manipulating+Elissa%3A+the+uses+and+abuses+of+Elissa+Rha%C3%AFs+and+her+works&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=903-922&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143680947%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1362-9387&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13629387.2012.723436&rft.aulast=Lorcin&rft.aufirst=Patricia+M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F13629387.2012.723436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARif+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li>Balfour, Sebastian. <i>Deadly Embrace: Morocco and the Road to the Spanish Civil War</i> (Oxford 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/119121044/deadly-embrace-morocco-and-the-road-to-the-spanish">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327170721/https://www.questia.com/read/119121044/deadly-embrace-morocco-and-the-road-to-the-spanish">Archived</a> 2016-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Chandler, James A. "Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898–1927," <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (1975) 10#2 pp. 301–322 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260149">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>La Porte, Pablo. "'Rien à ajouter': The League of Nations and the Rif War (1921—1926)," <i>European History Quarterly</i> (2011) 41#1 pp 66–87, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehq.sagepub.com/content/41/1/66">online</a></li> <li>Pennell, C. R. "Ideology and Practical Politics: A Case Study of the Rif War in Morocco, 1921–1926," <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> (1982) 14#1, pp 19–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/163332">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Pennell, C. R. "How and why to remember the Rif War (1921–2021)." <i>Journal of North African Studies</i> 22.5 (2017): 798–820. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13629387.2017.1361826">abstract</a></li> <li>Pennell, C. R. "Women and Resistance to Colonialism in Morocco: The Rif 1916–1926," <i>Journal of African History</i> (1987) 28#1 pp. 107–118 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/181451">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Pennell, C. R. <i>Country with a Government and a Flag: The Rif War in Morocco, 1921–1926</i> (1986)</li> <li>Porch, Douglas. "Spain's African Nightmare," <i>MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History</i> (2006) 18#2 pp 28–37.</li> <li>Sacanell, Enrique. "El general Sanjurjo". Editorial La Esfera de Los Libros, Madrid (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9734-205-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9734-205-6">978-84-9734-205-6</a></li> <li>Slavin, David H. "The French Left and the Rif War, 1924–25: Racism and the Limits of Internationalism." <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> 26.1 (1991): 5–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tifraznarif.net/pdf/articles/The%20French%20Left%20and%20the%20Rif%20War,%201924-25%20Racism%20and%20the%20Limits%20of.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rif_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rif War">Rif War</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Steven Thomas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218211945/http://balagan.org.uk/war/iberia/1909/index.htm">1920–1927 Rif War / Second Moroccan War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/romeo/rif1919.htm">The Rif War 1893</a> (<i>sic</i>) on OnWar.com.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061229175812/http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/legal/cw/cwindex.html">Chemical Weapons: Tenth Session of the Conference of the States Parties to the CWC 7–11 November 2005, The Hague, The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209134013/http://www.historynet.com/historical_conflicts/3036686.html">Rif war</a></li> <li>David Montgomery Hart, <i>The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif : an ethnography and history</i>. Published for the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research [by] University of Arizona Press, c1976. xxiii, 556 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8165-0452-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8165-0452-0">0-8165-0452-0</a> : Series Viking Fund publications in anthropology; no. 55, Notes. Bibliography: pp. 533–546. Tucson, Arizona, (1976)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco_(1844–1934)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco" title="Template:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">First Melilla War (1893–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Second Melilla War (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War (1914–21)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rif War (1921–26)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Bombardment of Salé">Bombardment of Salé (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca" title="Bombardment of Casablanca">Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolf_Ravine" title="Battle of Wolf Ravine">Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Fez_riots" title="1912 Fez riots">Bloody Days of Fes (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Bou_Othman" title="Battle of Sidi Bou Othman">Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Ksiba" title="Battle of El Ksiba">Battle of El Ksiba (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Herri" title="Battle of El Herri">Battle of El Herri (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Battle of Annual (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas Landing (1925)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Moroccans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ameziane" title="Mohammed Ameziane">Mohammed Ameziane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulai_Ahmed_er_Raisuni" title="Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni">Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouha_ou_Hammou_Zayani" title="Mouha ou Hammou Zayani">Mouha ou Hammou Zayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moha_ou_Said" title="Moha ou Said">Moha ou Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhand_n%27Ifrutant" title="Mhand n'Ifrutant">Mhand n'Ifrutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Amhaouch" title="Ali Amhaouch">Ali Amhaouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Hiba" title="Ahmed al-Hiba">Sidi Ahmed El Hiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_al-%27Aynayn" title="Ma al-'Aynayn">Ma al-'Aynayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Abd el-Krim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assou_Oubasslam" title="Assou Oubasslam">Assou Oubasslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Atta" title="Aït Atta">Aït Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayanes" title="Zayanes">Zayanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ait_Ouriaghel" title="Ait Ouriaghel">Beni Ouryaghel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mangin" title="Charles Mangin">Charles Mangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Prosper_Henrys" title="Paul Prosper Henrys">Paul Prosper Henrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Poeymirau" title="Joseph-François Poeymirau">Joseph-François Poeymirau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Bournazel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry de Bournazel (page does not exist)">Henry de Bournazel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">French allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thami_El_Glaoui" title="Thami El Glaoui">Thami El Glaoui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Spaniards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_y_Margallo" title="Juan García y Margallo">Juan García y Margallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez-Campos_y_Ant%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón">Arsenio Martínez-Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Marina_Vega" title="José Marina Vega">José Marina Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Silvestre" title="Manuel Fernández Silvestre">Manuel Fernández Silvestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">Dámaso Berenguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mill%C3%A1n-Astray" title="José Millán-Astray">José Millán-Astray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Spanish allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Meziane" title="Mohamed Meziane">Mohamed Meziane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tangier_(1844)" title="Treaty of Tangier (1844)">Treaty of Tangier (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wad_Ras" title="Treaty of Wad Ras">Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fes_(1894)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Fes (1894) (page does not exist)">Treaty of Fes (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Cartagena" title="Pact of Cartagena">Pact of Cartagena (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Congo_Treaty" title="Morocco–Congo Treaty">Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Between_France_and_Spain_Regarding_Morocco" title="Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco">Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Crises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis (1911)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_colonial_conflicts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_colonial_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parris_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Parris Island, South Carolina">South Carolina (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">Florida (1562–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Gourgue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominique de Gourgue">Florida (1568)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies#Americas" title="List of French possessions and colonies">Brazil (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">Brazil (1555–67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies#Americas" title="List of French possessions and colonies">Brazil (1590–04)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Razilly" title="Isaac de Razilly">Morocco (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">Senegal (1659–77)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djidjelli_expedition" title="Djidjelli expedition">Djidjelli (1664)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Algiers (1682)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Algiers (1683)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Algiers (1688)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars (1609–1701)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">Brazil (1612–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">North America (1627–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">West Indies (1635–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carib_Expulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Carib Expulsion">Carib Expulsion (1660)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Texas (1685–89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War (1689–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabana_Real" title="Battle of Sabana Real">Santo Domingo (1691)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1688" title="Siamese revolution of 1688">Siam (1687–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_Africa" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: Africa">West Africa (1758–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larache_expedition" title="Larache expedition">Morocco (1765)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War (1702–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Wars" title="Chickasaw Wars">Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War (1721–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_revolt" title="Natchez revolt">Natchez revolt (1729)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War (1744–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia (1749–55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War (1754–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">North America (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Caribbean (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Santo Domingo (1795–1809)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="France–Myanmar relations">Burma–France relations (1729–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carnatic_War" title="First Carnatic War">India (1746–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars#Second_Carnatic_War_(1749–1754)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">India (1749–54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Carnatic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Carnatic War">India (1756–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">Vietnam (1777–1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">East Indies (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies_theatre_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars">East Indies (1793–1801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_campaign_of_1809%E2%80%9311" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritius campaign of 1809–11">Indian Ocean (1809–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">Algeria (1830–47)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Algeria (1835–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">Morocco (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Bombardment of Salé">Salé (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">French conquest of Senegal (1854)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia" title="French conquest of Tunisia">Tunisia (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Madagascar_expedition" title="First Madagascar expedition">Madagascar (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_Wars" title="Mandingo Wars">Ivory Coast (1883–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="First Franco-Dahomean War">First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="Second Franco-Dahomean War">Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Madagascar_expedition" title="Second Madagascar expedition">Second Madagascar expedition (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menalamba_rebellion" title="Menalamba rebellion">Menalamba rebellion (1895–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voulet%E2%80%93Chanoine_Mission" title="Voulet–Chanoine Mission">Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Campaign_1804%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indies Campaign 1804–10">West Indies (1804–10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata (1838–40)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Mexico (1838–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia & Pacific Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Moluccas (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Basilan#The_French_blockade" title="History of Basilan">Philippines (1844–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1847)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1847)">Tourane (1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Tahitian_War" title="Franco-Tahitian War">Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1856)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1856)">Tourane (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Vietnam" title="French conquest of Vietnam">French conquest of Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochinchina Campaign">Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnier_Expedition" title="Garnier Expedition">North Vietnam (1873–74)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonkin Campaign">Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War (1884–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Tonkin" title="Pacification of Tonkin">North Vietnam (1886–96)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Campaign">Japan (1863–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_against_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign against Korea">Korea (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Leeward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of the Leeward Islands">Leewards War (1888–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Franco-Siamese_crisis" title="1893 Franco-Siamese crisis">Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_War" title="Wadai War">Wadai War (1906–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca_(1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)">Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Morocco (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War (1914–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War (1915–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt (1916–17)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rif War (1920–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo-Wara_rebellion" title="Kongo-Wara rebellion">Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_independence" title="Tunisian independence">Tunisian independence (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War (1954–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_War" title="Cameroon War">Cameroon War (1955–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War (1957–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizerte_crisis" title="Bizerte crisis">Bizerte crisis (1961)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Man%27s_Rebellion" title="Holy Man's Rebellion">Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1916 Cochinchina uprising">Vietnam (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Vietnam (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue_Pa_Chay%27s_revolt" title="Vue Pa Chay's revolt">Vietnam (1918–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Syria (1919–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Cilicia (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Syria (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Vietnam (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87-T%C4%A9nh_Soviets" title="Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets">Vietnam (1930–31)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1940 Cochinchina uprising">Vietnam (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War (1940–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Indochina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French Indochina Campaign">Indochina (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Vietnam (1945–46)">South Vietnam (1945–46)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War (1946–54)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a_cave_hostage_taking" title="Ouvéa cave hostage taking">Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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