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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Perception_of_betrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Criticism of the concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czechoslovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechoslovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Czechoslovakia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Czechoslovakia subsection</span> </button> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tehran,_1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tehran, 1943</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tehran,_1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warsaw_Uprising,_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warsaw_Uprising,_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Warsaw Uprising, 1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warsaw_Uprising,_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yalta,_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yalta,_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Yalta, 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yalta,_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aborted_Yalta_agreement_enforcement_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aborted_Yalta_agreement_enforcement_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Aborted Yalta agreement enforcement plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aborted_Yalta_agreement_enforcement_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria,_Greece,_Hungary,_Romania_and_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria,_Greece,_Hungary,_Romania_and_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria,_Greece,_Hungary,_Romania_and_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_zrada" title="Západní zrada – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západní zrada" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traici%C3%B3n_occidental" title="Traición occidental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Traición occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trahison_de_l%27Ouest" title="Trahison de l'Ouest – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trahison de l'Ouest" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EA%B5%AC%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%B0%EC%8B%A0" title="서구의 배신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서구의 배신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svik_Vesturveldanna" title="Svik Vesturveldanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svik Vesturveldanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengkhianatan_Barat" title="Pengkhianatan Barat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengkhianatan Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestmaktenes_svik" title="Vestmaktenes svik – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vestmaktenes svik" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trai%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ocidental" title="Traição ocidental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Traição ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%83darea_occidental%C4%83" title="Trădarea occidentală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Trădarea occidentală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Западное предательство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западное предательство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="การทรยศโดยชาติตะวันตก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทรยศโดยชาติตะวันตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_ihaneti" title="Batı ihaneti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı ihaneti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Західна зрада – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Західна зрада" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_ph%E1%BA%A3n_b%E1%BB%99i_c%E1%BB%A7a_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_T%C3%A2y" title="Sự phản bội của phương Tây – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sự phản bội của phương Tây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%83%8C%E5%8F%9B" title="西方盟國的背叛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西方盟國的背叛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q954443#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept in international relations among European countries</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_(Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin)_(B%26W).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/300px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/450px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/600px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2239" /></a><figcaption>The "Big Three" at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (UK), <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (USA), and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (USSR)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Western betrayal</b> is the view that the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> failed to meet their legal, diplomatic, military and moral obligations to the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poles</a> before, during and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It also sometimes refers to the treatment of other <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> states by those three nations. </p><p>The concept primarily derives from several events, including British and French <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during its 1938 <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">occupation of Czechoslovakia</a> and the perceived failure of Britain and France to adequately assist the Poles during the German <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in 1939. It also derives from concessions made by American and British political leaders to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam conferences</a> and their limited response during the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> along with post-war events, which allocated Poland to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_sphere_of_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet sphere of influence">Soviet sphere of influence</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. </p><p>Historically, such views were intertwined with some of the most significant geopolitical events of the 20th century, including the rise and fall of Nazi Germany, the emergency of the Soviet Union as a dominant <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a> exerting control over large parts of Europe after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and various treaties, alliances, and positions during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The view of the "Western betrayal" has been criticized as political scapegoating by Central and Eastern Europeans. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perception_of_betrayal">Perception of betrayal</h2></div> <p>According to professors Charlotte Bretherton and John Vogler, "notions of western betrayal" is a reference to Polish views of "a sense of historical and moral responsibility" for the West's supposed "abandonment of Central and Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War".<sup id="cite_ref-google_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-research_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-research-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Central and Eastern Europe, the interpretation of the outcomes of the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Crisis">Munich Crisis</a> of 1938 and the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> of 1945 as a betrayal of Central and Eastern Europe by Western powers has been used by Central and Eastern European leaders to put pressure on Western countries to acquiesce to more recent political requests such as membership in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a few cases deliberate duplicity is alleged, whereby secret agreements or intentions are claimed to have existed in conflict with understandings given publicly. An example is British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s covert concordance with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, in which he stated that the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> did not apply to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. Given the strategic requirements of winning the war, retired American diplomat Charles G. Stefan argued Churchill and U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> had no option but to accept the demands of their erstwhile ally, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Premier" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Premier">Soviet Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, at the Tehran, Yalta, and <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam</a> conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-unc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was also a lack of military or political support for the <a href="/wiki/Anticommunist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticommunist">anticommunist</a> rebels during the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of 1953 in East Germany">uprising in German Democratic Republic</a> in 1953, during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ALLIANCES:_How_to_Help_Hungary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALLIANCES:_How_to_Help_Hungary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and during the <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_a_human_face" title="Socialism with a human face">democracy-oriented reforms in Czechoslovakia</a> in 1968 (the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>"). According to Ilya Prizel, the "preoccupation with their historical sense of 'damaged self' fueled resentment" towards the West generally and reinforced the western betrayal concept in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-google7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Yavlinsky" title="Grigory Yavlinsky">Grigory Yavlinsky</a> argues that damage to central European national psyches left by the Western "betrayal" at Yalta and Munich remained a "psychological event" or "psychiatric issue" during debates over <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-google8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_the_concept">Criticism of the concept</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> stated that he did not think "betrayal is the appropriate word" regarding the Allies' role in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poles_mark_1944_Warsaw_uprising_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poles_mark_1944_Warsaw_uprising-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While complaints of "betrayal" are common in politics generally,<sup id="cite_ref-harpers_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harpers-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the idea of a western betrayal can also be seen as a political scapegoat in both Central and Eastern Europe<sup id="cite_ref-contemporary_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contemporary-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (June 2012)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and a partisan electioneering phrase among the former <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Allies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google10_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a> maintains betrayal myths were used in part by those opposing US membership in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google10_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (June 2012)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The word "Yalta" came to stand for the appeasement of <a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">world communism</a> and abandonment of freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-google11_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Munich_Conference">Munich Conference</h3></div> <p>The term <i>Betrayal of the West</i> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">zrada Západu</i>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">zrada Západu</i>) was coined after the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Munich_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Conference">Munich Conference</a> when Czechoslovakia was forced to cede the mostly German-populated <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> to Germany. The region contained the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_border_fortifications" title="Czechoslovak border fortifications">Czechoslovak border fortifications</a> and means of viable defence against German invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-vscht_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vscht-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyklopedia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyklopedia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_War_II:_A_Political,_Social,_and_Military_History_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_War_II:_A_Political,_Social,_and_Military_History-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poland would take <a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza" title="Trans-Olza">Trans-Olza</a> from Czechoslovakia, while the <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a> returned territories to Hungary. The next year, by the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak State">Slovak State</a>, Czechoslovakia was dissolved, the next day the remainder of <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> was occupied and annexed by Hungary, while the next day Germany occupied the remaining <a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a> and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a>. </p><p>Along with Italy and Nazi Germany, the Munich treaty was signed by Britain and France, both allied ot Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia was allied by treaty with France so it would be obliged to help Czechoslovakia if it was attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech politicians joined the newspapers in regularly using the term <i>Western betrayal</i> and it, along with the associated feelings, became a stereotype among <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>. The Czech terms <i>Mnichov</i> (Munich), <i>Mnichovská zrada</i> (<i>Munich betrayal</i>), <i>Mnichovský diktát</i> (<i>Munich Dictate</i>), and <i>zrada spojenců</i> (<i>betrayal of the allies</i>) were coined at the same time and have the same meaning. Poet <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Halas" title="František Halas">František Halas</a> published a poem with verse about "ringing bell of betrayal".<sup id="cite_ref-rozhoupaly_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rozhoupaly-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Epping_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Epping (UK Parliament constituency)">Epping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> said: "Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonour. They chose dishonour. They will have war".<sup id="cite_ref-Scraps_of_paper:_the_disarmament_treaties_between_the_world_wars_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scraps_of_paper:_the_disarmament_treaties_between_the_world_wars-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prague_uprising">Prague uprising</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></div> <p>On 5 May 1945, the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> learned of the American invasion of Czechoslovakia by the US Third Army and revolted against German occupation. In four days of street fighting, thousands of Czechs were killed. Tactical conditions were favourable for an American advance, and General <a href="/wiki/Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="Patton">Patton</a>, in command of the army, requested permission to continue eastward to the <a href="/wiki/Vltava" title="Vltava">Vltava</a> river in order to aid the Czech partisans fighting in Prague. This was denied by General <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>, who was disinclined to accept American casualties or risk antagonising the Soviet Union. As a result, Prague was liberated on 9 May by the Red Army, significantly increasing the standing of the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Communist Party">Czechoslovak Communist Party</a>. According to a British diplomat, this was the moment that "Czechoslovakia was now definitely lost to the West."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poland">Poland</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_aftermath">World War I aftermath</h3></div> <p>In the late 1920s and early 1930s, a complex set of alliances was established among the nations of Europe, in the hope of preventing future wars (either with Germany or the Soviet Union). With the rise of Nazism in Germany, this system of alliances was strengthened by the signing of a series of "mutual assistance" alliances between France, Britain, and Poland (<a href="/wiki/Franco-Polish_alliance" title="Franco-Polish alliance">Franco-Polish alliance</a>). This agreement with France stated that in the event of war the other allies were to fully mobilise and carry out a "ground intervention within two weeks" in support of the ally being attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-Ajnenkiel_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajnenkiel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ciałowicz_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciałowicz-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raczyński_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raczyński-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_alliance" title="Anglo-Polish alliance">Anglo-Polish alliance</a> stated that in the event of hostilities with a European power, the other contracting party would give "all the support and assistance in its power."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Krzysztof Źwikliński, additionally representatives of the Western powers made several military promises to Poland, including designs as those made by British General <a href="/wiki/William_Edmund_Ironside" class="mw-redirect" title="William Edmund Ironside">William Edmund Ironside</a> in his July 1939 talks with Marshall Rydz-Śmigły who promised an attack from the direction of <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, or placing a British <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> in the Baltic.<sup id="cite_ref-krzysztof_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krzysztof-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Anglo-Polish alliance did not make that commitment, and the British commitment to France was for four divisions in Europe within 30 days of the outbreak of war, which was met.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_of_World_War_II,_1939"><span id="Beginning_of_World_War_II.2C_1939"></span>Beginning of World War II, 1939</h3></div> <p>On the eve of the Second World War, the Polish government tried to buy as much armaments as it could and was asking for arms loans from Britain and France. As a result of that in the summer of 1939 Poland placed orders for 160 French <a href="/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_M.S.406" title="Morane-Saulnier M.S.406">Morane-Saulnier M.S.406</a> fighters, and for 111 British airplanes (100 light bombers <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Battle" title="Fairey Battle">Fairey Battle</a>, 10 <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hurricanes</a>, and 1 <a href="/wiki/Spitfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spitfire">Spitfire</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Wojciech_Mazur_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wojciech_Mazur-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some of these planes had been shipped to Poland before 1 September 1939, none took part in combat. Shipments were interrupted due to the outbreak of war. The total amount of the loan from British government was also much smaller than asked for. Britain agreed to lend 8 million pounds, but Poland was asking for 60 million.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> by Nazi Germany in September 1939, after giving Germany an ultimatum on 1 September, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September, and a British <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1939%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockade of Germany (1939–45)">naval blockade of Germany</a> was initiated. <a href="/wiki/John_Vereker,_6th_Viscount_Gort" title="John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort">General Gort</a> was appointed commander of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force (BEF)</a>, and placed under the command of French <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gamelin" title="Maurice Gamelin">General Gamelin</a> of the North-eastern Theatre of Operations, as agreed before the war. On 4 September, an <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> raid against <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wilhelmshaven_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II">German warships in harbour</a> was conducted, and the BEF began its shipment to France. </p><p>The German forces reached Warsaw on 8 September, and on 14 September, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y" title="Edward Rydz-Śmigły">Edward Rydz-Śmigły</a> ordered Polish forces to withdraw to the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Bridgehead" title="Romanian Bridgehead">Romanian Bridgehead</a>. On 17 September, the Soviet Union invaded Poland, and Polish Army in the field was effectively defeated before the divisions of the BEF could arrive in France. The first two BEF divisions, which took their place in the French line and change of command, on 3 October, and two further BEF divisions took their place in the French line on 12 October. </p><p>France had committed to undertaking a ground offensive within two weeks of the outbreak of war. The French initiated full mobilisation and began the limited <a href="/wiki/Saar_Offensive" title="Saar Offensive">Saar Offensive</a> on 7 September, sending 40 divisions into the region. The French assault was slowed down by out-dated doctrines, minefields, and the French lacked mine detectors. When the French reached artillery range of the <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line" title="Siegfried Line">Siegfried Line</a>, they found that their shells could not penetrate the German defences. The French decided to regroup an attack on 20 September, but when Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union on 17 September, any further assault was called off.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 13 September, the Polish military envoy to France, general <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Burhardt-Bukacki" title="Stanisław Burhardt-Bukacki">Stanisław Burhardt-Bukacki</a>, upon receiving the text of the message sent by Gamelin, alerted Marshal Śmigły: "I received the message by General Gamelin. Please don't believe a single word in the dispatch".<sup id="cite_ref-krzysztof_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krzysztof-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It had been decided that no major air operations against Germany would take place. This was due to French concerns over reprisals on RAF launches from French airfields, against targets in Germany, so most British bomber activity over Germany was the dropping of propaganda leaflets and reconnaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theme would continue in subsequent <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Supreme_War_Council" title="Anglo-French Supreme War Council">Anglo-French Supreme War Council meetings</a>. Afterwards, French military leader <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gamelin" title="Maurice Gamelin">Maurice Gamelin</a> issued orders prohibiting Polish military envoys Lieutenant Wojciech Fyda and General Stanisław Burhardt-Bukacki from contacting him.<sup id="cite_ref-krzysztof_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krzysztof-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his post-war diaries, General Edmund Ironside, the chief of the Imperial General Staff, commented on French promises: "The French had lied to the Poles in saying they are going to attack. There is no idea of it".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 September 1939 the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a>, as agreed in advance with Germany following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>. Britain and France did not take any <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland#International_reaction" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">significant action</a> in response to the Soviet invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the terms of the Anglo-Polish alliance specifically applied to invasion from Germany only. </p><p>France and Britain were unable to launch a successful land attack on Germany in September 1939, and Poland was overcome by both the Germans and Soviets on 6 October, with the last Polish units capitulating that day following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kock_(1939)" title="Battle of Kock (1939)">battle of Kock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even by the end of October, the still-forming British Expeditionary Force totaled only 4 divisions compared to the 25 German divisions in Western Germany, making a British invasion of Germany unlikely to succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tehran,_1943"><span id="Tehran.2C_1943"></span>Tehran, 1943</h3></div> <p>In November 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Big Three</a> (the USSR, US, and UK) met at the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a>. President Roosevelt and PM Churchill officially agreed that the eastern borders of Poland would roughly follow the <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Line" title="Curzon Line">Curzon Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_origins_of_the_'Teheran_formula'_on_Polish_frontiers_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_origins_of_the_'Teheran_formula'_on_Polish_frontiers-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish government-in-exile was not a party to this decision made in secret.<sup id="cite_ref-www_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wajszczuk_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wajszczuk-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting loss of the <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a>, or "eastern territories", approximately 48% of Poland's pre-war territory, to the Soviet Union was seen by the London Poles in exile as another "betrayal" by their Western "Allies".<sup id="cite_ref-google2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was no secret to the Allies that before his death in July 1943 General <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a>, Prime Minister of Poland's London-based government in exile had been the originator, and not Stalin, of the concept of a westward shift of Poland's boundaries along an <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a> as compensation for relinquishing Poland's eastern territories as part of a Polish rapprochement with the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-Poland's_Place_in_Europe:_General_Sikorski_and_the_Origin_of_the_Oder-Neisse_Line,_1939-1943_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland's_Place_in_Europe:_General_Sikorski_and_the_Origin_of_the_Oder-Neisse_Line,_1939-1943-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Retinger" title="Józef Retinger">Józef Retinger</a>, who was Sikorski's special political advisor at the time, was also in agreement with Sikorski's concept of Poland's realigned post-war borders, later in his memoirs Retinger wrote: "At the Tehran Conference, in November 1943, the Big Three agreed that Poland should receive territorial compensation in the West, at Germany's expense, for the land it was to lose to Russia in Central and Eastern Europe. This seemed like a fair bargain."<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_Retinger:_Memoirs_of_an_Eminence_Grise_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_Retinger:_Memoirs_of_an_Eminence_Grise-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Churchill told Stalin he could settle the issue with the Poles once a decision was made in Tehran,<sup id="cite_ref-google3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however he never consulted the Polish leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-google4_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk">Stanisław Mikołajczyk</a> attended the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1944)" title="Moscow Conference (1944)">Moscow Conference (1944)</a>, he was convinced he was coming to discuss borders that were still disputed, while Stalin believed everything had already been settled. This was the principal reason for the failure of the Polish Prime Minister's mission to Moscow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Stalin and Molotv wanted the Lublin Poles, and never intended to negotiate anything with Mikołajczyk (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Polish premier allegedly begged for inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a> in the new Polish borders, but got the following reply from <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>: "There is no use discussing that; it was all settled in Tehran."<sup id="cite_ref-time_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warsaw_Uprising,_1944"><span id="Warsaw_Uprising.2C_1944"></span>Warsaw Uprising, 1944</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lack_of_outside_support_during_the_Warsaw_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Lack of outside support during the Warsaw Uprising">Lack of outside support during the Warsaw Uprising</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_Warsaw,_capital_of_Poland,_January_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg/220px-Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg/330px-Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg/440px-Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>During World War II <a href="/wiki/Planned_destruction_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned destruction of Warsaw">85% of buildings in Warsaw were destroyed by German troops</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the establishment of the Polish government-in-exile in Paris and then in London, the military commanders of the Polish army were focusing most of their efforts on preparation of a future all-national uprising against Germany. Finally the plans for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> were prepared and on 1 August 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> started. The Uprising was an armed struggle by the Polish <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a> to liberate Warsaw from German occupation and Nazi rule. </p><p>Despite the fact that Polish and later <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) planes flew missions over Warsaw dropping supplies from 4 August on, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Air Force">United States Army Air Force</a> (USAAF) planes did not join the operation. The Allies specifically requested the use of Red Army airfields near Warsaw on 20 August but were refused by Stalin on 22 August (he referred to the insurrectionists as "a handful of criminals"). After Stalin's objections to support for the uprising, Churchill telegraphed Roosevelt on 25 August and proposed sending planes in defiance of Stalin and to "see what happens". Roosevelt replied on 26 August that "I do not consider it advantageous to the long-range general war prospect for me to join you in the proposed message to Uncle Joe."<sup id="cite_ref-CNN.com_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commander of the British air drop, Air Marshal Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Slessor" title="John Slessor">John Slessor</a>, later stated, "How, after the fall of Warsaw, any responsible statesman could trust the Russian Communist further than he could kick him, passes the comprehension of ordinary men." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yalta,_1945"><span id="Yalta.2C_1945"></span>Yalta, 1945</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></div> <p>The Yalta Conference (4-11 February 1945) acknowledged the era of Soviet domination of Central and Eastern Europe, subsequent to the Soviet occupation of these lands as they advanced against Nazi Germany. This domination lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Autumn_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Autumn of Nations">end of Communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe in late 1989</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991</a> and left bitter memories of Western betrayal and Soviet dominance in the collective memory of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-dash.harvard.edu_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dash.harvard.edu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To many <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a>, the Yalta conference "constituted a betrayal" of Poland and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Republican_Party_and_Yalta:_partisan_exploitation_of_the_Polish_American_concern_over_the_conference,_1945–1960_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Republican_Party_and_Yalta:_partisan_exploitation_of_the_Polish_American_concern_over_the_conference,_1945–1960-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "After World War II," remarked <a href="/wiki/Strobe_Talbott" title="Strobe Talbott">Strobe Talbott</a>, "many countries in the (center and) east suffered half a century under the shadow of Yalta."<sup id="cite_ref-dash.harvard.edu_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dash.harvard.edu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Territories which the Soviet Union had occupied during World War II in 1939 (with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> area) were permanently annexed, and most of their Polish inhabitants expelled: today these territories are part of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. The factual basis of this decision was the result of a forged referendum from November 1939 in which the "huge majority" of voters accepted the incorporation of these lands into western Belarus and western Ukraine. In compensation, Poland was given former German territory (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a>): the southern half of <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> and all of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, up to the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a>. The German population of these territories <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">was expelled in masses</a> and these territories were subsequently repopulated with Poles including <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion#Deportation_of_Poles" title="World War II evacuation and expulsion">Poles expelled</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> regions. This, along with other similar migrations in Central and Eastern Europe, combined to form <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion" title="World War II evacuation and expulsion">one of the largest human migrations in modern times</a>. Stalin ordered Polish resistance fighters to be either incarcerated or deported to <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulags</a> in Siberia. </p><p>At the time of Yalta over 200,000 troops of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">Polish Armed Forces in the West</a> were serving under the high command of the British Army. Many of these men and women were originally from the <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> region of eastern Poland including cities such as <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lwów</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Wilno</a>. They had been deported from Kresy to the Soviet gulags when Hitler and Stalin occupied Poland in 1939 in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi–Soviet Pact">Nazi–Soviet Pact</a>. Two years later, when Churchill and Stalin formed an alliance against Hitler, the Kresy Poles were released from the Gulags in Siberia, formed the <a href="/wiki/Anders_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Anders Army">Anders Army</a>, and marched to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Poland)">II Corps (Poland)</a> under British high command. These Polish troops contributed to the Allied defeat of the Germans in North Africa and Italy, and hoped to return to Kresy in an independent and democratic Poland at the end of the War. But at Yalta, the borders agreed in Tehran in 1943 were finalized meaning that Stalin would keep the Soviet gains Hitler agreed to in the Nazi–Soviet Pact, including Kresy, and carry out <a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Polish population transfers</a>. These transfers included the land Poland gained at Tehran in the West, at the expense of Germany. Consequently, at Yalta, it was agreed that tens of thousands of veteran Polish troops under British command should lose their Kresy homes to the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reaction, thirty officers and men from the II Corps committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-pp.374-383_Olson_and_Cloud_2003_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp.374-383_Olson_and_Cloud_2003-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Churchill defended his actions in a three-day Parliamentary debate starting 27 February 1945, which ended in a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of confidence">vote of confidence</a>. During the debate, many MPs openly criticised Churchill and passionately voiced loyalty to Britain's Polish allies and expressed deep reservations about Yalta.<sup id="cite_ref-pp.374-383_Olson_and_Cloud_2003_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp.374-383_Olson_and_Cloud_2003-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, 25 of these MPs risked their careers to draft an amendment protesting against Britain's tacit acceptance of Poland's domination by the Soviet Union. These members included <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Alec_Douglas-Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alec Douglas-Home">Viscount Dunglass</a>, Commander <a href="/wiki/Sir_Archibald_Southby,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Archibald Southby, 1st Baronet">Archibald Southby</a>, the <a href="/wiki/James_Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby,_3rd_Earl_of_Ancaster" title="James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster">Lord Willoughby de Eresby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Raikes" title="Victor Raikes">Victor Raikes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pp.374-383_Olson_and_Cloud_2003_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp.374-383_Olson_and_Cloud_2003-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the failure of the amendment, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Strauss,_1st_Baron_Conesford" title="Henry Strauss, 1st Baron Conesford">Henry Strauss</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, resigned his seat in protest at the British treatment of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-pp.374-383_Olson_and_Cloud_2003_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp.374-383_Olson_and_Cloud_2003-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Second World War ended, the Soviets installed a pro-Soviet regime. Although President Roosevelt "insisted on free and unfettered" elections in Poland, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> instead managed to deliver an election fair by "Soviet standards."<sup id="cite_ref-daastol_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daastol-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as half a million Polish soldiers refused to return to Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-acu_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acu-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939%E2%80%931946)" title="Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)">Soviet repressions of Polish citizens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixteen" title="Trial of the Sixteen">Trial of the Sixteen</a>, and other executions of pro-democracy Poles, particularly the so-called <a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">cursed soldiers</a>, former members of the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a>. The result was the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Resettlement_Act_1947" title="Polish Resettlement Act 1947">Polish Resettlement Act 1947</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-legislation_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legislation-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain's first mass immigration law. </p><p>Yalta was used by ruling communists to underline <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">anti-Western sentiment</a> in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was easy to argue that Poland was not very important to the West, since Allied leaders sacrificed Polish borders, legal government, and free elections for future peace between the Allies and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PAC_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAC-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, some authors have pointed out that Yalta allowed the Polish communists to win over Polish nationalists by allowing them to realize their goal to annex and resettle formerly German land.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>), formed in 1949, was portrayed by Communist propaganda as the breeder of Hitler's posthumous offspring who desired retaliation and wanted to take back from Poland the "<a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a>" <sup id="cite_ref-wielkopolska_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wielkopolska-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that had been home of more than 8 million Germans. Giving this picture a grain of credibility was that West Germany until 1970 refused to <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">recognize the Oder-Neisse Line as the German-Polish border</a>, and that some West German officials had a tainted Nazi past. For a segment of Polish public opinion, Communist rule was seen as the lesser of the two evils. </p><p>Defenders of the actions taken by the Western allies maintain that <i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i> made it impossible to do anything else, and that they were in no shape to start an utterly un-winnable war with the Soviet Union over the subjugation of Poland and other Central and Eastern European countries immediately after the end of World War II. It could be contended that the presence of a double standard with respect to Nazi and Soviet aggression existed in 1939 and 1940, when the Soviets attacked the eastern part of Poland, then the Baltic States, and then Finland, and yet the Western Allies chose not to intervene in those theatres of the war. </p><p>The chief American negotiator at Yalta was <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a>, later accused of being a Soviet spy and convicted of <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjuring</a> himself in his testimony to the <a href="/wiki/HUAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HUAC">House Committee on Unamerican Activities</a>. This accusation was later corroborated by the <a href="/wiki/Venona" class="mw-redirect" title="Venona">Venona</a> tapes. In 2001, <a href="/wiki/James_Barron_(journalist)" title="James Barron (journalist)">James Barron</a>, a staff reporter for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, identified what he called a "growing consensus that Hiss, indeed, had most likely been a Soviet agent."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the war's end many of these feelings of resentment were capitalised on by the occupying Soviets, who used them to reinforce anti-Western sentiments within Poland. Propaganda was produced by Communists to show the Soviet Union as the Great Liberator, and the West as the Great Traitor. For instance, Moscow's <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> reported in February 1944 that all Poles who valued Poland's honour and independence were marching with the "Union of Polish Patriots" in the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-angelfire_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelfire-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aborted_Yalta_agreement_enforcement_plans">Aborted Yalta agreement enforcement plans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></div> <p>At some point in the spring of 1945, Churchill commissioned a contingency military enforcement operation plan (war on the Soviet Union) to obtain a "square deal for Poland" (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a>), which resulted in a May 22 report stating unfavorable success odds.<sup id="cite_ref-OpUnthinkable-1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpUnthinkable-1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report's arguments included geostrategic issues (possible Soviet-Japanese alliance resulting in moving of Japanese troops from continent to Home Islands, threat to Iran and Iraq) and uncertainties concerning land battles in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-OpUnthinkable-4_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpUnthinkable-4-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bulgaria,_Greece,_Hungary,_Romania_and_Yugoslavia"><span id="Bulgaria.2C_Greece.2C_Hungary.2C_Romania_and_Yugoslavia"></span>Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Percentages_agreement" title="Percentages agreement">Percentages agreement</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1944)" title="Moscow Conference (1944)">Fourth Moscow Conference</a> in 1944, Soviet premier <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> discussed how to divide various European countries into <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">spheres of influence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ryan2004_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan2004-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts2006_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts2006-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill's account of the incident is that Churchill suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> should have 90 percent influence in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and 75 percent in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>; the United Kingdom should have 90 percent in Greece; with a 50–50 share in Hungary and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. The two foreign ministers, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, negotiated about the percentage shares on October 10 and 11. The result of these discussions was that the percentages of Soviet influence in Bulgaria and, more significantly, Hungary were amended to 80 percent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1945_Yugoslav_pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 Yugoslav pursuit of Nazi collaborators">1945 Yugoslav pursuit of Nazi collaborators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bitter_Legacy" title="Bitter Legacy">Bitter Legacy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_anti-Communist_insurgencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies">Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lack_of_outside_support_during_the_Warsaw_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Lack of outside support during the Warsaw Uprising">Lack of outside support during the Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War">Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Operation Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidious_Albion" title="Perfidious Albion">Perfidious Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Resettlement_Corps" title="Polish Resettlement Corps">Polish Resettlement Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_of_Cossacks_after_WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="Repatriation of Cossacks after WWII">Repatriation of Cossacks after WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_against_former_prisoners_of_war" title="Soviet repressions against former prisoners of war">Soviet repressions against former prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_extradition_of_Baltic_soldiers" title="Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers">Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vin_americanii!" title="Vin americanii!">Vin americanii!</a></i>, the slogan "The Americans are coming" expressed the Romanian expectation for an American intervention against the Soviet occupation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Die_for_Danzig%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Why Die for Danzig?">Why Die for Danzig?</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Behind_Closed_Doors:_Stalin,_the_Nazis_and_the_West" title="World War II Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the West">World War II Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the West</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-google-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCharlotte_BrethertonJohn_Vogler2006" class="citation book cs1">Charlotte Bretherton; John Vogler (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBYc1R1WAiYC&pg=PA25"><i>The European Union As a Global Actor</i></a>. Routledge. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28245-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28245-1"><bdi>978-0-415-28245-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Union+As+a+Global+Actor&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-01&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28245-1&rft.au=Charlotte+Bretherton&rft.au=John+Vogler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBYc1R1WAiYC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-research-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-research_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715103116/http://www.sv.uio.no/arena/english/research/projects/cidel/old/sjursen%20why%20expand.pdf">"6.Sjursen491-513"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sv.uio.no/arena/english/research/projects/cidel/old/sjursen%20why%20expand.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6.Sjursen491-513&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sv.uio.no%2Farena%2Fenglish%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Fcidel%2Fold%2Fsjursen%2520why%2520expand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Trachtenberg1999" class="citation book cs1">Marc Trachtenberg (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2pEQpx8CB7oC"><i>A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945-1963</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00273-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00273-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00273-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Constructed+Peace%3A+The+Making+of+the+European+Settlement%2C+1945-1963&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00273-6&rft.au=Marc+Trachtenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2pEQpx8CB7oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unc-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unc_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_6/stefan.html">Stefan|Roosevelt & Stalin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ALLIANCES:_How_to_Help_Hungary-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ALLIANCES:_How_to_Help_Hungary_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930213423/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808812,00.html">"ALLIANCES: How to Help Hungary"</a>. <i>Time</i>. December 24, 1956. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808812,00.html">the original</a> on September 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=ALLIANCES%3A+How+to+Help+Hungary&rft.date=1956-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C808812%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google7_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlya_Prizel1998" class="citation book cs1">Ilya Prizel (13 August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fE2quB852jcC&pg=PR11"><i>National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57697-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57697-0"><bdi>978-0-521-57697-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Identity+and+Foreign+Policy%3A+Nationalism+and+Leadership+in+Poland%2C+Russia+and+Ukraine&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-08-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57697-0&rft.au=Ilya+Prizel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfE2quB852jcC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google8-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google8_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QzDH4g2tOcC&pg=PA205"><i>Forging Ahead, Falling Behind</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. 1 January 1997. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-925-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-925-9"><bdi>978-1-56324-925-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forging+Ahead%2C+Falling+Behind&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-925-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8QzDH4g2tOcC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poles_mark_1944_Warsaw_uprising-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poles_mark_1944_Warsaw_uprising_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3943265.stm">"Poles mark 1944 Warsaw uprising"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 August 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Poles+mark+1944+Warsaw+uprising&rft.date=2004-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F3943265.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harpers-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harpers_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harpers.org/archive/2006/06/0081080">Stabbed in the back! The past and future of a right-wing myth, By Kevin Baker (Harper's Magazine)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-contemporary-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-contemporary_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Percival1998" class="citation journal cs1">Mark Percival (1998). "Churchill and Romania: the myth of the October 1944 'betrayal'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_British_History" title="Contemporary British History">Contemporary British History</a></i>. <b>12</b> (3): 41–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13619469808581488">10.1080/13619469808581488</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1361-9462">1361-9462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+British+History&rft.atitle=Churchill+and+Romania%3A+the+myth+of+the+October+1944+%27betrayal%27&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=41-61&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13619469808581488&rft.issn=1361-9462&rft.au=Mark+Percival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google10-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google10_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google10_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthan_G._Theoharis1970" class="citation book cs1">Athan G. Theoharis (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yaltamythsissuei0000theo"><i>The Yalta myths: an issue in U.S. politics, 1945-1955</i></a></span>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826200884" title="Special:BookSources/9780826200884"><bdi>9780826200884</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yalta+myths%3A+an+issue+in+U.S.+politics%2C+1945-1955&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780826200884&rft.au=Athan+G.+Theoharis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyaltamythsissuei0000theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google11-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google11_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._M._Plokhy2010" class="citation book cs1">S. M. Plokhy (4 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0wOKfjnXdAUC"><i>Yalta: The Price of Peace</i></a>. Penguin Group US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-18992-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-18992-4"><bdi>978-1-101-18992-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yalta%3A+The+Price+of+Peace&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+US&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.isbn=978-1-101-18992-4&rft.au=S.+M.+Plokhy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0wOKfjnXdAUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vscht-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vscht_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120908092318/http://www.vscht.cz/homepage/english/main/services/czechrepublic">"ICT - Czech Republic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vscht.cz/homepage/english/main/services/czechrepublic">the original</a> on 2012-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICT+-+Czech+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vscht.cz%2Fhomepage%2Fenglish%2Fmain%2Fservices%2Fczechrepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyklopedia-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyklopedia_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN 1997, vol. VI, 981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_War_II:_A_Political,_Social,_and_Military_History-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_War_II:_A_Political,_Social,_and_Military_History_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_Tucker,_Priscilla_Mary_Roberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). <i>World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-999-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-999-6"><bdi>1-57607-999-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-57607-999-6&rft.au=Spencer+Tucker%2C+Priscilla+Mary+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 23, pp. 164–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rozhoupaly-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rozhoupaly_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Halas" title="František Halas">František Halas</a>, <i>Torzo naděje</i> (1938), poem <i>Zpěv úzkosti</i>, "Zvoní zvoní zrady zvon zrady zvon, Čí ruce ho rozhoupaly, Francie sladká hrdý Albion, a my jsme je milovali"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scraps_of_paper:_the_disarmament_treaties_between_the_world_wars-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scraps_of_paper:_the_disarmament_treaties_between_the_world_wars_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1988" class="citation book cs1">Hyde, Harlow A. (1988). <i>Scraps of paper: the disarmament treaties between the world wars</i>. Media Publishing & Marketing. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939644-46-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939644-46-9"><bdi>978-0-939644-46-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scraps+of+paper%3A+the+disarmament+treaties+between+the+world+wars&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Media+Publishing+%26+Marketing&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-939644-46-9&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Harlow+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2018" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Lynne (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xVHDwAAQBAJ"><i>Last Hope Island: Britain, Occupied Europe, and the Brotherhood That Helped Turn the Tide of War</i></a>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812987164" title="Special:BookSources/9780812987164"><bdi>9780812987164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Hope+Island%3A+Britain%2C+Occupied+Europe%2C+and+the+Brotherhood+That+Helped+Turn+the+Tide+of+War&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780812987164&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-xVHDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ajnenkiel-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ajnenkiel_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrzej_Ajnenkiel2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Ajnenkiel" title="Andrzej Ajnenkiel">Andrzej Ajnenkiel</a> (2000). <i>Polsko-francuski sojusz wojskowy</i> (in Polish). Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of National Defence">Akademia Obrony Narodowej</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polsko-francuski+sojusz+wojskowy&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Akademia+Obrony+Narodowej&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Andrzej+Ajnenkiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ciałowicz-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ciałowicz_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Ciałowicz1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jan Ciałowicz (1971). <i>Polsko-francuski sojusz wojskowy, 1921–1939</i> (in Polish). Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polsko-francuski+sojusz+wojskowy%2C+1921%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Jan+Cia%C5%82owicz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raczyński-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raczyński_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCount_Edward_Raczyński1948" class="citation book cs1">Count <a href="/wiki/Edward_Raczy%C5%84ski_(1891%E2%80%931993)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Raczyński (1891–1993)">Edward Raczyński</a> (1948). <i>The British-Polish Alliance; Its Origin and Meaning</i>. London: The Mellville Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British-Polish+Alliance%3B+Its+Origin+and+Meaning&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Mellville+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.au=Count+Edward+Raczy%C5%84ski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/bb/bb-078.html">"ANGLO-POLISH AGREEMENT"</a>. <i>www.ibiblio.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibiblio.org&rft.atitle=ANGLO-POLISH+AGREEMENT.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fbb%2Fbb-078.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krzysztof-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krzysztof_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krzysztof_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krzysztof_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Polityka - nr 37 (2469) z dnia 2004-09-11; s. 66-67 Historia / Wrzesień ’39 Krzysztof Źwikliński Tajemnica zamku Vincennes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2001" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Brian (2001). <i>The Battle for France & Flanders Sixty Years On</i>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-811-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-811-4"><bdi>978-0-85052-811-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+France+%26+Flanders+Sixty+Years+On&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-811-4&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wojciech_Mazur-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wojciech_Mazur_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazur2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Mazur, Wojciech (March 2009). "Pomocnik Historyczny". <i>Polityka</i>. 3/2009: 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polityka&rft.atitle=Pomocnik+Historyczny&rft.volume=3%2F2009&rft.pages=103&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Mazur&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojciechn.d." class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wojciech, Mazur (n.d.). "Dozbrojenie last minute". <i>Polityka</i>. 3/2009 (3/2009): 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polityka&rft.atitle=Dozbrojenie+last+minute&rft.volume=3%2F2009&rft.issue=3%2F2009&rft.pages=103&rft.aulast=Wojciech&rft.aufirst=Mazur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2016" class="citation web cs1">Andrew, Knighton (27 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warhistoryonline.com/world-war-ii/did-you-know-the-french-army-invaded-germany-in-1939.html?edg-c=1">"Did You Know? The French Army Invaded Germany in 1939 To Support The Polish"</a>. <i>War History Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+History+Online&rft.atitle=Did+You+Know%3F+The+French+Army+Invaded+Germany+in+1939+To+Support+The+Polish&rft.date=2016-02-27&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Knighton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warhistoryonline.com%2Fworld-war-ii%2Fdid-you-know-the-french-army-invaded-germany-in-1939.html%3Fedg-c%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2004" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, L. F. 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"The origins of the 'Teheran formula' on Polish frontiers". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a></i>. <b>12</b> (2): 381–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947701200209">10.1177/002200947701200209</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260222">260222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153577101">153577101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+the+%27Teheran+formula%27+on+Polish+frontiers&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=381-393&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153577101%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260222%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947701200209&rft.au=Tony+Sharp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021740/http://www.geo.lt/geo/uploads/media/29-44.pdf">"Annales Geographicae.indd"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.lt/geo/uploads/media/29-44.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annales+Geographicae.indd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.lt%2Fgeo%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2F29-44.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wajszczuk-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wajszczuk_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wajszczuk.v.pl/polski/drzewo/czytelnia/michael_hope.htm">Michael Hope - "Polish deportees in the Soviet Union"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnita_Prażmowska1995" class="citation book cs1">Anita Prażmowska (23 March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4J2c4jEhjYC"><i>Britain and Poland 1939-1943: The Betrayed Ally</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48385-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48385-8"><bdi>978-0-521-48385-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Poland+1939-1943%3A+The+Betrayed+Ally&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995-03-23&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48385-8&rft.au=Anita+Pra%C5%BCmowska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4J2c4jEhjYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poland's_Place_in_Europe:_General_Sikorski_and_the_Origin_of_the_Oder-Neisse_Line,_1939-1943-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poland's_Place_in_Europe:_General_Sikorski_and_the_Origin_of_the_Oder-Neisse_Line,_1939-1943_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeiklejohn_Terry1992" class="citation book cs1">Meiklejohn Terry, Sarah (1992). <i>Poland's Place in Europe: General Sikorski and the Origin of the Oder-Neisse Line, 1939-1943</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07643-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07643-0"><bdi>978-0-691-07643-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Place+in+Europe%3A+General+Sikorski+and+the+Origin+of+the+Oder-Neisse+Line%2C+1939-1943&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-691-07643-0&rft.aulast=Meiklejohn+Terry&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph_Retinger:_Memoirs_of_an_Eminence_Grise-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_Retinger:_Memoirs_of_an_Eminence_Grise_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetinger1972" class="citation book cs1">Retinger, Joseph Hieronim (1972). <i>Joseph Retinger: Memoirs of an Eminence Grise</i>. Ghatto and Windus. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85621-002-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85621-002-0"><bdi>978-0-85621-002-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Retinger%3A+Memoirs+of+an+Eminence+Grise&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Ghatto+and+Windus&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-85621-002-0&rft.aulast=Retinger&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Hieronim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google3-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google3_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynne_OlsonStanley_Cloud2007" class="citation book cs1">Lynne Olson; Stanley Cloud (18 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXxVXWZOsnUC"><i>A Question of Honor: The Kosciuszko Squadron: Forgotten Heroes of World War II</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42450-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42450-1"><bdi>978-0-307-42450-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spring+Will+Be+Ours%3A+Poland+and+the+Poles+from+Occupation+to+Freedom&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04753-9&rft.au=Andrzej+Paczkowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWoKQWem2yl4C%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050115124811/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791728,00.html">The Fruits of Teheran</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, December 25, 1944</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN.com-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN.com_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0406/06/cp.00.html">"Transcripts - Warsaw Rising"</a>. <i>CNN.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Republican Party and Yalta: partisan exploitation of the Polish American concern over the conference, 1945–1960". <i><a href="/wiki/Polish_American_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish American Studies">Polish American Studies</a></i>. <b>28</b> (1): 5–19. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20147828">20147828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Republican+Party+and+Yalta%3A+partisan+exploitation+of+the+Polish+American+concern+over+the+conference%2C+1945%E2%80%931960&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-19&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20147828%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Athan+Theoharis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002023928/http://www.pbs.org/behindcloseddoors/about/index.html">"<i>WWII Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the West</i>. About |PBS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/behindcloseddoors/about/index.html">the original</a> on 2011-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=WWII+Behind+Closed+Doors%3A+Stalin%2C+the+Nazis+and+the+West.+About+%7CPBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fbehindcloseddoors%2Fabout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp.374-383_Olson_and_Cloud_2003-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pp.374-383_Olson_and_Cloud_2003_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp.374-383_Olson_and_Cloud_2003_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp.374-383_Olson_and_Cloud_2003_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp.374-383_Olson_and_Cloud_2003_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">pp.374-383 Olson and Cloud 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daastol-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-daastol_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelix_Wittmerb1953" class="citation web cs1">Felix Wittmerb (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arno.daastol.com/books/Wittmer,%20THE%20YALTA%20BETRAYAL%20(1953).pdf">"THE YALTA BETRAYAL"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+YALTA+BETRAYAL&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Felix+Wittmerb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farno.daastol.com%2Fbooks%2FWittmer%2C%2520THE%2520YALTA%2520BETRAYAL%2520%281953%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acu-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acu_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926131619/http://www.acu.edu.au/about_acu/faculties_schools_institutes_centres/faculties/education/about_the_faculty/news_and_events/events/public_lecture_political_myths_of_the_polish_post-world_war_ii_emigrants_in_the_west/">"Public Lecture: Political myths of the Polish Post-World War II emigrants in the West - ACU (Australian Catholic University)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acu.edu.au/about_acu/faculties_schools_institutes_centres/faculties/education/about_the_faculty/news_and_events/events/public_lecture_political_myths_of_the_polish_post-world_war_ii_emigrants_in_the_west/">the original</a> on 2012-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Lecture%3A+Political+myths+of+the+Polish+Post-World+War+II+emigrants+in+the+West+-+ACU+%28Australian+Catholic+University%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acu.edu.au%2Fabout_acu%2Ffaculties_schools_institutes_centres%2Ffaculties%2Feducation%2Fabout_the_faculty%2Fnews_and_events%2Fevents%2Fpublic_lecture_political_myths_of_the_polish_post-world_war_ii_emigrants_in_the_west%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legislation-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-legislation_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/10-11/19/introduction">Polish Resettlement Act 1947</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_L._Sharp1953" class="citation book cs1">Samuel L. Sharp (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xtceAAAAMAAJ"><i>Poland: White Eagle on a Red Field</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674422636" title="Special:BookSources/9780674422636"><bdi>9780674422636</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%3A+White+Eagle+on+a+Red+Field&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=9780674422636&rft.au=Samuel+L.+Sharp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxtceAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> (2005) [1982]. <i><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Playground" title="God's Playground">God's Playground</a></i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12819-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12819-3"><bdi>0-231-12819-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-231-12819-3&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Jones2001" class="citation book cs1">Howard Jones (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n6Al88smOAUC&pg=PA207"><i>Crucible of power: a history of American foreign relations since 1897</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2918-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2918-6"><bdi>978-0-8420-2918-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+power%3A+a+history+of+American+foreign+relations+since+1897&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2918-6&rft.au=Howard+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn6Al88smOAUC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PAC-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PAC_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolish_American_Congress1948" class="citation book cs1">Polish American Congress (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x5brwE5vmlwC"><i>Selected Documents: A Compilation of Selected Resolutions, Declarations, Memorials, Memorandums, Letters, Telegrams, Press Statements, Etc., in Chronological Order, Showing Various Phases of Polish American Congress Activities, 1944-1948</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Documents%3A+A+Compilation+of+Selected+Resolutions%2C+Declarations%2C+Memorials%2C+Memorandums%2C+Letters%2C+Telegrams%2C+Press+Statements%2C+Etc.%2C+in+Chronological+Order%2C+Showing+Various+Phases+of+Polish+American+Congress+Activities%2C+1944-1948&rft.date=1948&rft.au=Polish+American+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx5brwE5vmlwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp_2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharp, op.cit., p.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Polak-Springer" class="citation book cs1">Peter Polak-Springer. <i>Recovered Territory: A German-Polish Conflict over Land and Culture, 1919-1989</i>. Berghahn Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovered+Territory%3A+A+German-Polish+Conflict+over+Land+and+Culture%2C+1919-1989&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.au=Peter+Polak-Springer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wielkopolska-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wielkopolska_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Poland under Stalinism", _Poznan in June 1956: A Rebellious City_, The Wielkopolska Museum of the Fight for Independence in Poznan, 2006, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarron2001" class="citation news cs1">Barron, James (August 16, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online-the-hiss-defense-doesn-t-rest.html?scp=1&sq=The%20Hiss%20defense%20doesn't%20rest&st=cse">"Online, the Hiss Defense Doesn't Rest"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Online%2C+the+Hiss+Defense+Doesn%27t+Rest&rft.date=2001-08-16&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F08%2F16%2Ftechnology%2Fonline-the-hiss-defense-doesn-t-rest.html%3Fscp%3D1%26sq%3DThe%2520Hiss%2520defense%2520doesn%27t%2520rest%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-angelfire-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-angelfire_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr Mark Ostrowski <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/ok2/polisharmy/chapter6.html">Chapter 6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OpUnthinkable-1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OpUnthinkable-1_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Operation Unthinkable, report May 22, 1945, page 1 (goals) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116160624/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/pages/002.htm">"1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/pages/002.htm">the original</a> on November 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.neu.edu%2FPRO2%2Fpages%2F002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OpUnthinkable-4-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OpUnthinkable-4_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Operation Unthinkable, report May 22, 1945, page 4 (geostrategic implications) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116160624/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/pages/002.htm">"1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/pages/002.htm">the original</a> on November 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.neu.edu%2FPRO2%2Fpages%2F002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The American Historical Review, Vol. 83, No. 2, Apr., 1978, p. 368, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1862322">1862322</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryan2004-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ryan2004_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Butterfield_Ryan2004" class="citation book cs1">Henry Butterfield Ryan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRGu4C1FgKsC&q=Percentages+agreement&pg=PA137"><i>The Vision of Anglo-America: The US-UK Alliance and the Emerging Cold War, 1943-1946</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89284-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89284-1"><bdi>978-0-521-89284-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vision+of+Anglo-America%3A+The+US-UK+Alliance+and+the+Emerging+Cold+War%2C+1943-1946&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89284-1&rft.au=Henry+Butterfield+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuRGu4C1FgKsC%26q%3DPercentages%2Bagreement%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts2006-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts2006_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Roberts2006" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey Roberts (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GCFUqBRZ-QC&q=Percentages+agreement&pg=PA406"><i>Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 217–218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-11204-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-11204-1"><bdi>0-300-11204-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Wars%3A+From+World+War+to+Cold+War%2C+1939-1953&rft.pages=217-218&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-300-11204-1&rft.au=Geoffrey+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5GCFUqBRZ-QC%26q%3DPercentages%2Bagreement%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bethell" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Bethell">Nicholas Bethell</a>, <i>The War Hitler Won: The Fall of Poland, September 1939</i>, New York, 1972.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczyslaw_B._Biskupski" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieczyslaw B. Biskupski">Mieczyslaw B. Biskupski</a> <i>The History of Poland</i>. Westport, CT; London: Greenwood Press, 2000.</li> <li>Russell D. Buhite <i>Decisions at Yalta: an appraisal of summit diplomacy</i>, Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc, 1986.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Cienciala" title="Anna M. Cienciala">Anna M. Cienciala</a> "Poland in British and French policy in 1939: determination to fight — or avoid war?" pages 413–433 from <i>The Origins of The Second World War</i> edited by Patrick Finney, Arnold, London, 1997.</li> <li>Anna M. Cienciala and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Komarnicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Komarnicki (page does not exist)">Titus Komarnicki</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Komarnicki" class="extiw" title="pl:Titus Komarnicki">pl</a>]</span> <i>From Versailles to Locarno: keys to Polish foreign policy, 1919–25</i>, Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1984.</li> <li>Richard Crampton <i>Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century — and After</i>. London; New York: Routledge, 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i>Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw</i>. Viking Books, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03284-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03284-0">0-670-03284-0</a>.</li> <li>Norman Davies, <i><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Playground" title="God's Playground">God's Playground</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05353-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-05353-3">0-231-05353-3</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05351-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-05351-7">0-231-05351-7</a> (two volumes).</li> <li>David Dutton <i>Neville Chamberlain</i>, London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.</li> <li>Sean Greenwood "The Phantom Crisis: Danzig, 1939" pages 247–272 from <i>The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: A. J. P. Taylor and the Historians</i> edited by Gordon Martel Routledge Inc, London, United Kingdom, 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kee" title="Robert Kee">Robert Kee</a>, <i>Munich: The Eleventh Hour</i>, London: Hamilton, 1988.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bliss_Lane" title="Arthur Bliss Lane">Arthur Bliss Lane</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/I_Saw_Poland_Betrayed" title="I Saw Poland Betrayed">I Saw Poland Betrayed</a>: An American Ambassador Reports to the American People</i>. The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, 1948. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-125-47550-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-125-47550-1">1-125-47550-1</a>.</li> <li>Igor Lukes & Erik Goldstein (ed.) <i>The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II</i>, London; Portland, OR: Frank Cass Inc, 1999.</li> <li>Margaret Olwen Macmillan <i>Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World</i>. New York: Random House, 2003, 2002, 2001.</li> <li>David Martin, <i>Ally Betrayed</i>. Prentice-Hall, New York, 1946.</li> <li>David Martin, <i>Patriot or Traitor: The Case of General Mihailovich</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, Stanford, California, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-6911-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-6911-X">0-8179-6911-X</a>.</li> <li>David Martin, <i>The Web of Disinformation: Churchill's Yugoslav Blunder</i>. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> & New York, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-180704-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-180704-3">0-15-180704-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Olson" title="Lynne Olson">Lynne Olson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Cloud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley Cloud (page does not exist)">Stanley Cloud</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041001004105/http://www.questionofhonor.com/">A Question of Honor: The Kosciuszko Squadron: Forgotten Heroes of World War II</a></i>. Knopf, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-41197-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-41197-6">0-375-41197-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Pra%C5%BCmowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Anita Prażmowska">Anita Prażmowska</a>, <i>Poland: The Betrayed Ally</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-48385-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-48385-9">0-521-48385-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Rozek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Rozek (page does not exist)">Edward Rozek</a>, <i>Allied Wartime Diplomacy: A Pattern in Poland</i>, New York, 1958, reprint Boulder, CO, 1989.</li> <li>Henry L. Roberts "The Diplomacy of Colonel Beck" pages 579–614 from <i>The Diplomats 1919–1939</i> edited by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Gordon A. Craig</a> & <a href="/wiki/Felix_Gilbert" title="Felix Gilbert">Felix Gilbert</a>, Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, USA, 1953.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWacław_Stachiewicz1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Stachiewicz" title="Wacław Stachiewicz">Wacław Stachiewicz</a> (1998). <i>Wierności dochować żołnierskiej</i>. Rytm, Warsaw. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-86678-71-2" title="Special:BookSources/83-86678-71-2"><bdi>83-86678-71-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wierno%C5%9Bci+dochowa%C4%87+%C5%BCo%C5%82nierskiej&rft.pub=Rytm%2C+Warsaw&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=83-86678-71-2&rft.au=Wac%C5%82aw+Stachiewicz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+betrayal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robert Young <i>France and the origins of the Second World War</i>, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_S._Wandycz" title="Piotr S. Wandycz">Piotr Stefan Wandycz</a> <i>The twilight of French eastern alliances, 1926–1936: French-Czechoslovak-Polish relations from Locarno to the remilitarisation of the Rhineland</i>, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988.</li> <li>Piotr Wandycz <i>France and her eastern allies, 1919–1925: French-Czechoslovak-Polish relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno</i>, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1962.</li> <li>Gerhard Weinberg <i>A world at arms: a global history of World War II</i>, Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wheeler-Bennett" title="John Wheeler-Bennett">John Wheeler-Bennett</a> <i>Munich: Prologue to Tragedy</i>, New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948.</li> <li>Paul E. Zinner "Czechoslovakia: The Diplomacy of Eduard Benes". In <a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Gordon A. Craig</a> & Felix Gilbert (ed.). <i>The Diplomats 1919–1939</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1953. pp. 100–122.</li> <li>Republic of Poland, <i>The Polish White Book: Official Documents concerning Polish-German and Polish-Soviet Relations 1933–1939</i>; Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland, New York, 1940.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Johnson_(journalist)" title="Daniel Johnson (journalist)">Daniel Johnson</a>, "Betrayed by the Big Three". <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a></i>, London, November 8, 2003</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diana_Kuprel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diana Kuprel (page does not exist)">Diana Kuprel</a>, "How the Allies Betrayed Warsaw". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, Toronto, February 7, 2004</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ari_Shaltiel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ari Shaltiel (page does not exist)">Ari Shaltiel</a>, "The Great Betrayal". <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>, Tel Aviv, February 23, 2004</li> <li>Piotr Zychowicz, <i>Pakt Ribbentrop - Beck</i>. Dom Wydawniczy Rebis, Poznań 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7510-921-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7510-921-4">978-83-7510-921-4</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Western_betrayal" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030822082119/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/1333">Poland the Hawk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030824040916/http://www.questionofhonor.com/prologue.htm">Online excerpt from 'A Question of Honor'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/de/Cerskus/english/saitai.html">Crimes of Soviet Communists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/05/20050507-8.html">George W. Bush's speech accepting the concept of Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carrollquigley.net/misc/Quigley_explains_how_Germany_conquered_Czechoslovakia.htm">Dr. Quigley explains how Nazi Germany seized a stronger Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Munich_Agreement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Munich_Agreement" title="Template:Munich Agreement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Munich_Agreement" title="Template talk:Munich Agreement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Munich_Agreement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Munich Agreement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Munich_Agreement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Prelude</li><li><span class="nobold">(Oct 1925 – Sep 1938)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1935_Czechoslovak_parliamentary_election" title="1935 Czechoslovak parliamentary election">Parliamentary election, 1935</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_border_fortifications" title="Czechoslovak border fortifications">Border fortifications</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_Gr%C3%BCn_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Fall Grün (Czechoslovakia)"><i>Fall Grün</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hossbach_Memorandum" title="Hossbach Memorandum">Hossbach Memorandum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/May_Crisis" title="May Crisis">May Crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Runciman_Mission" title="Runciman Mission">Runciman Mission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bled_agreement_(1938)" title="Bled agreement (1938)">Bled Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Runciman_Report_(1938)" title="Runciman Report (1938)">Runciman Report</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Memorandum" title="Godesberg Memorandum">Godesberg Memorandum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster Conspiracy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_uprising" title="Sudeten German uprising">Sudeten German uprising</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Consequences</li><li><span class="nobold">(Nov 1938 – Sep 1939)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak government-in-exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine#Hungarian_invasion" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_War" title="Slovak–Hungarian War">Slovak–Hungarian War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_invasion_of_Poland" title="Slovak invasion of Poland">Slovak invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost#Phases_of_the_plan_and_its_implementation" title="Generalplan Ost"><i>Generalplan Ost</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Nullification</li><li><span class="nobold">(Mar 1945 – Dec 1973)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Czechoslovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_evacuation_from_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe">German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">German expulsion from Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bene%C5%A1_decrees" title="Beneš decrees">Beneš decrees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Prague_(1973)" title="Treaty of Prague (1973)">Treaty of Prague</a> (1973)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Events preceding the war in Europe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Chamberlain_ministry" title="European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry">European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Peace_for_our_time" title="Peace for our time">Peace for our time</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lesson_of_Munich" title="Lesson of Munich">Lesson of Munich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">Germans in Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Czechoslovakia">Western betrayal</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Arms_and_the_Covenant" title="Arms and the Covenant">Arms and the Covenant</a></i> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept">Why England Slept</a></i> (1940)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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