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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">radicalism</a></b> have played a role in the political history of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> since the country's <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">unification</a>, started in 1861 and largely completed in 1871, and currently influence several leading political parties. </p><p>During the first decades of Italy as a united country, the main parliamentary parties included liberals, but it was not until 1877 that the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party" title="Italian Radical Party">Radical Party</a> was established as the first organized liberal party. The more centrist <a href="/wiki/Liberals_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberals (Italy)">Liberal Union</a> followed in 1913. Most liberal and radical parties were banned in 1926 under <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist</a> government. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Italian Republic</a> there have been frequent changes in the configuration of political parties and, for the most part, the representation of liberal and radical views has been split among a number of parties that may also espouse other views. These parties have often been part of governing <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalitions</a>. </p><p>During the so-called "<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic#The_First_Republic_(1948%E2%80%931994)" title="History of the Italian Republic">First Republic</a>" three minor liberal parties were active: the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a> (centre-right), the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a> (centre-left) and the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)" title="Radical Party (Italy)">Radical Party</a> (left-wing). More recently, liberals have been split primarily among the centre-right <a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom" title="The People of Freedom">The People of Freedom</a>/<a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">Forza Italia</a> and the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Timeline_of_parties"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline of parties</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_Italian_Liberal_Party"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Italian Liberal Party</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_historical_Radical_Party"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">The historical Radical Party</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#The_Italian_Republican_Party"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">The Italian Republican Party</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#From_the_Radical_Party_to_the_Italian_Radicals"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">From the Radical Party to the Italian Radicals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Forza_Italia,_The_People_of_Freedom_and_back_to_Forza_Italia"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Forza Italia, The People of Freedom and back to Forza Italia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#From_Democratic_Alliance_to_the_Democratic_Party"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">From Democratic Alliance to the Democratic Party</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Minor_liberal,_social-liberal_and_libertarian_parties"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Minor liberal, social-liberal and libertarian parties</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Liberal_leaders"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Liberal leaders</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>In the 19th century both early Italian political groupings, the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Left" title="Historical Left">Historical Left</a>, were composed of <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchist</a> liberals and functioned mainly as loose <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">parliamentary groups</a>, while radicals organised themselves as the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party" title="Italian Radical Party">Radical Party</a>, and republicans, who were influenced also by <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a>. These two parties had in fact been part of <a href="/wiki/Historical_Far_Left" title="Historical Far Left">The Extreme</a>, which included also the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> and its predecessors. </p><p>In 1913 the liberals around <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a> joined forces in the <a href="/wiki/Liberals_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberals (Italy)">Liberal Union</a> and in 1922 the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a> is formed. In that period, other liberal parties emerged: the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Constitutional Democratic Party (Italy)">Constitutional Democratic Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Liberal_Party_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Liberal Party (Italy)">Democratic Liberal Party</a> (merger of the Radicals with other liberal groups), and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Social Democracy (Italy)">Italian Social Democratic Party</a>. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> came to power in 1922, some Liberals and Radicals flirted with Fascism, but, ultimately, a <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist</a> regime was established and all the parties, notably including the Italian Liberal Party and the Italian Republican Party, were banned. </p><p>After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, both Liberals and Republicans reorganised themselves, followed by more liberal parties in the upcoming decades (notably including the new <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)" title="Radical Party (Italy)">Radical Party</a>), and, despite their modest results in elections, they were often part of the Italian government, in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a>. In the 1940s, during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">resistance movement</a> and the writing of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">republican Constitution</a>, an important role was played by the <a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">Action Party</a>, a social-liberal, republican and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">liberal-socialist</a> outfit, successor of the <a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Justice and Freedom</a> movement. In this phase the Liberals adhered to <a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">conservative liberalism</a> and Republicans to <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a>. </p><p>Since 1992–1994, following the <i>Tangentopoli</i> scandals, the subsequent <i><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></i> inquiries and the resulting shake-up of the Italian party system, the liberal movement has been strongly divided. As a result, a broad group of parties, not all included here, started to use the "liberal" label.<sup id="cite_ref-Pridham_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pridham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian liberals are basically divided between the centre-right <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">Forza Italia</a> (successor of the former <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a>, itself primarily a merger of liberal and Christian-democratic forces, and <a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom" title="The People of Freedom">The People of Freedom</a>, which integrated the more conservative <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)">National Alliance</a>) and the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a> (a merger of social democrats, progressive Christian democrats and social liberals, the latter two mainly organised in <a href="/wiki/Democracy_is_Freedom_%E2%80%93_The_Daisy" title="Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy">Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy</a> in the early 2000s). </p><p>Minor liberal parties include, among others, <a href="/wiki/Civic_Choice" title="Civic Choice">Civic Choice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Radicals" title="Italian Radicals">Italian Radicals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">ALDE Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a> member), the aforementioned Italian Republican Party (which stretched a long way from the far-left to the centre-right of the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Act_to_Stop_the_Decline" title="Act to Stop the Decline">Act to Stop the Decline</a> (a party which is the standard-bearer of a more <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a>-oriented form of liberalism). Also the centrist-populist <a href="/wiki/Italy_of_Values" title="Italy of Values">Italy of Values</a> was a member of the ALDE Party, but it is hardly a liberal party. </p><p>From 1994 on, most Liberals and several Republicans joined Forza Italia and the other parties of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Freedoms" title="House of Freedoms">House of Freedoms</a> coalition. This is the reason why the term "liberal" is more often used when speaking of the centre-right than the centre-left. A new <a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party_(1997)" title="Italian Liberal Party (1997)">Italian Liberal Party</a> was launched in 1997, but, as the Italian Republican Party, it survives as a very minor party. The former two, Civic Choice, Act to Stop the Decline and minor groups joined forces in <a href="/wiki/European_Choice" title="European Choice">European Choice</a>, with disappointing results, in 2014. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Timeline_of_parties">Timeline of parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline of parties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Italian_Liberal_Party">The Italian Liberal Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Italian Liberal Party" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>1848: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso di Cavour</a> forms the <b><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party_(Italy)" title="Moderate Party (Italy)">Moderate Party</a></b>, a conservative-liberal parliamentary group, within the Parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>.</li> <li>1849: <b>The Left</b>, a left-liberal parliamentary group, is formed in the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia.</li> <li>1861: The <b><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></b>, a parliamentary group sometimes referred to as <b>Liberal Constitutional Party</b> or <b>Liberals</b>, is formed as the successor of the Moderate Party. The Left starts to be known as <b><a href="/wiki/Historical_Left" title="Historical Left">Historical Left</a></b>, while its members are frequently referred to as <b>Democrats</b>.</li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a>'s "Liberal Left", heir of the Historical Left, is organised as <b><a href="/wiki/Liberals_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberals (Italy)">Liberal Union</a></b>, while its left wing forms the <b><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Constitutional Democratic Party (Italy)">Constitutional Democratic Party</a></b> (PDC) and <b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy,_1913)" title="Democratic Party (Italy, 1913)">Democratic Party</a></b> (PD).</li> <li>1919: The PDC, the PD and other liberals, in opposition to Giolitti, form an electoral list named <b><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Social Democracy (Italy)">Italian Social Democratic Party</a></b> (PDSI) for the <a href="/wiki/1919_Italian_general_election" title="1919 Italian general election">1919 general election</a>.</li> <li>1921: Giolitti's Liberals incorporate the <a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">National Fasci of Combat</a> in its <a href="/wiki/National_Blocs" class="mw-redirect" title="National Blocs">National Blocs</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1921_Italian_general_election" title="1921 Italian general election">1921 general election</a>.</li> <li>1922: Giolitti's Liberals, conservative liberals and remnants of the Historical Right (by then called Liberal Conservatives) form the <b><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a></b> (PLI).</li> <li>1924: Giolitti's Liberals are integrated in the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">Fascist</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/National_List_(Italy)" title="National List (Italy)">National List</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1924_Italian_general_election" title="1924 Italian general election">1924 general election</a>, while anti-fascist liberals form the <b>National Union</b> (UN).</li> <li>1926: Both the PLI and the UN are banned by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist</a> government.</li> <li>1943: Former members of the old PLI re-organise the <b>Italian Liberal Party</b> (PLI).</li> <li>1946: The PLI is part of an electoral list named <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Union_(Italy)" title="National Democratic Union (Italy)">National Democratic Union</a> (UDN) in the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_general_election" title="1946 Italian general election">1946 general election</a>. A faction opposed to this form the <b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Concentration" title="Republican Democratic Concentration">Progressive Liberal Movement</a></b> (MLP) which merge into PRI soon after.</li> <li>1948: The PLI join forces with the <a href="/wiki/Common_Man%27s_Front" title="Common Man's Front">Common Man's Front</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(Italy,_1948)" title="National Bloc (Italy, 1948)">National Bloc</a> (BN) in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Italian_general_election" title="1948 Italian general election">1948 general election</a>.</li> <li>1953: A group of PLI splinters form the <b><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Democratic Alliance (Italy)">National Democratic Alliance</a></b> (ADN).</li> <li>1955: The PLI's left-wing forms the Radical Party (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#From_the_Radical_Party_to_the_Italian_Radicals">below</a>).</li> <li>1993: A fraction of the PLI's right-wing forms the <b><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(1993)" title="Union of the Centre (1993)">Union of the Centre</a></b> (UdC), while splinters form the <b>Liberal Democratic Union</b> (ULD) and the <b><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Left" title="Liberal Left">Liberal Left</a></b>.</li> <li>1994: The PLI is disbanded. Other than aforementioned spin-offs, the <b><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Liberals" title="Federation of Liberals">Federation of Liberals</a></b> (FdL) and the <b><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Right" title="Italian Liberal Right">Italian Liberal Right</a></b> (DLI), which is integrated into National Alliance (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Forza_Italia,_The_People_of_Freedom_and_back_to_Forza_Italia">below</a>), are formed. Several Liberals join either Forza Italia (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Forza_Italia,_The_People_of_Freedom_and_back_to_Forza_Italia">below</a>) or the Segni Pact (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#From_Democratic_Alliance_to_the_Democratic_Party">below</a>).</li> <li>1995: The ULD is merged into the FdL.</li> <li>1996: The FdL joins the Democratic Union (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#From_Democratic_Alliance_to_the_Democratic_Party">below</a>).</li> <li>1997: Some of Forza Italia's Liberals form the <b><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party_(1997)" title="Italian Liberal Party (1997)">Liberal Party</a></b> (PL).</li> <li>1998: The UdC is merged into Forza Italia.</li> <li>2004: Splinters from the FdL form the <b>Association for Liberal Democracy</b>, which would join <a href="/wiki/Democracy_is_Freedom_%E2%80%93_The_Daisy" title="Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy">Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy</a> (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#From_Democratic_Alliance_to_the_Democratic_Party">below</a>), whilst the PL, along with members of the DLI (briefly known as Liberals for Italy) and former members of the UdC, re-establishes the <b><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party_(1997)" title="Italian Liberal Party (1997)">Italian Liberal Party</a></b> (PLI).</li> <li>2007: The Liberal Left joins the Democratic Party (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#From_Democratic_Alliance_to_the_Democratic_Party">below</a>).</li> <li>2011: The DLI joins The People of Freedom (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Forza_Italia,_The_People_of_Freedom_and_back_to_Forza_Italia">below</a>).</li> <li>2014: Splinters from the PLI and other former Liberals form <b><a href="/wiki/The_Liberals_(Italy)" title="The Liberals (Italy)">The Liberals</a></b>, a short-lived experience.</li> <li>2018: The PLI forms an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-right coalition (Italy)">centre-right coalition</a>.</li> <li>2019: The PLI leaves the alliance with the Lega Nord and the DLI splits from PLI.</li> <li>2020: The Liberals join forces with <a href="/wiki/Action_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action (Italy)">Action</a> and <a href="/wiki/More_Europe" title="More Europe">More Europe</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_historical_Radical_Party">The historical Radical Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The historical Radical Party" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>1877: Progressive liberals form the <b><a href="/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party" title="Italian Radical Party">Radical Party</a></b> (PR) within <a href="/wiki/Historical_Far_Left" title="Historical Far Left">The Extreme</a> parliamentary group.</li> <li>1904: The PR is officially founded, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Sacchi" title="Ettore Sacchi">Ettore Sacchi</a>.</li> <li>1921: The PR merges with several minor liberal parties to form the <b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Liberal_Party_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Liberal Party (Italy)">Democratic Liberal Party</a></b> (PLD).</li> <li>1922: Some Radicals join forces with former PDC liberals within the PDSI.</li> <li>1926: The PR/PLD is banned, but many members remain politically active through the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">resistance movement</a>.</li> <li>1943: Former PDSI members, along with former members of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Reformist_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Reformist Socialist Party">Italian Reformist Socialist Party</a> (PSRI), form the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party" title="Labour Democratic Party">Labour Democratic Party</a> (PDL).</li> <li>1946: Former Radicals and the PDL join the UDN for the 1946 general election.</li> <li>1948: The PDL merges into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Democratic Socialist Party">Italian Democratic Socialist Party</a> (PSDI).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Italian_Republican_Party">The Italian Republican Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Italian Republican Party" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>1895: The <b><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a></b> (PRI) is formed by followers of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>.</li> <li>1926: The PRI is banned, but continues its activities in exile.</li> <li>1942: Republicans take part to the foundation of the <b><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">Action Party</a></b> (PdA).</li> <li>1943: The PRI is re-organised in Italy.</li> <li>1946: The PdA's liberal wing forms the <b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Concentration" title="Republican Democratic Concentration">Republican Democratic Concentration</a></b> (CDR), which is merged into the PRI, another wing forms the <b>Italian Republican Alliance</b> (ARI) which vanishes soon after.</li> <li>1947: The PdA is dissolved and officially joins the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (PSI).</li> <li>1952: PRI splinters form <b><a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_(Italy,_1953)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Unity (Italy, 1953)">Popular Unity</a></b> (UP).</li> <li>1964: PRI splinters form the <b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Democratic Union for the New Republic">Democratic Union for the New Republic</a></b> (UDNR).</li> <li>1994: The PRI aligns with the Segni Pact (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#From_Democratic_Alliance_to_the_Democratic_Party">below</a>), while a splinter group forms the <b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Italy)" title="Republican Left (Italy)">Republican Left</a></b> (SR).</li> <li>1996: The PRI joins the Democratic Union (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#From_Democratic_Alliance_to_the_Democratic_Party">below</a>), but soon distances from it</li> <li>1998: The SR is merged into the Democrats of the Left (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#From_Democratic_Alliance_to_the_Democratic_Party">below</a>).</li> <li>2001: The PRI makes an alliance with Forza Italia (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Forza_Italia,_The_People_of_Freedom_and_back_to_Forza_Italia">below</a>), provoking the split of the <b><a href="/wiki/European_Republicans_Movement" title="European Republicans Movement">European Republicans Movement</a></b> (MRE).</li> <li>2004: A group of splinters form the <b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republicans_(Italy)" title="Democratic Republicans (Italy)">Democratic Republicans</a></b> (RD).</li> <li>2011: The MRE and the RD re-join the PRI.</li> <li>2018: The PRI forms a pact with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Popular_Alliance" title="Liberal Popular Alliance">Liberal Popular Alliance</a>.</li> <li>2020: The PRI joins forces with <a href="/wiki/Action_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action (Italy)">Action</a> and <a href="/wiki/More_Europe" title="More Europe">More Europe</a>.</li> <li>2020: The MRE is re-established as an independent party.</li> <li>2022: The PRI briefly joins <a href="/wiki/Civic_Commitment" title="Civic Commitment">Civic Commitment</a> and later joins <a href="/wiki/Italia_Viva" title="Italia Viva">Italia Viva</a>, in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Action_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action (Italy)">Action</a>; the MRE joins the PD-led <a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Progressive_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic and Progressive Italy">Democratic and Progressive Italy</a> list.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_Radical_Party_to_the_Italian_Radicals">From the Radical Party to the Italian Radicals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From the Radical Party to the Italian Radicals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>1955: The PLI's left-wing faction, led by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Pannella" title="Marco Pannella">Marco Pannella</a>, forms the <b><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)" title="Radical Party (Italy)">Radical Party</a></b> (PR).</li> <li>1982: The <b><a href="/wiki/Radical_Federative_Movement" title="Radical Federative Movement">Radical Federative Movement</a></b> (MFR) splits from the PR and would later merge into the PSI.</li> <li>1988: The PR is transformed into <b><a href="/wiki/Transnational_Radical_Party" title="Transnational Radical Party">Transnational Radical Party</a></b> (PRT).</li> <li>1989: The PRT is organised at the Italian-level as <b><a href="/wiki/Antiprohibitionists_on_Drugs" title="Antiprohibitionists on Drugs">Antiprohibitionists on Drugs</a></b>.</li> <li>1992: The PRT is organised at the Italian-level as <b><a href="/wiki/Pannella_List" title="Pannella List">Pannella List</a></b>.</li> <li>1994: Pannella List's members are elected with Forza Italia in the <a href="/wiki/1994_Italian_general_election" title="1994 Italian general election">1994 general election</a>.</li> <li>1999: The PRT is organised at the Italian-level as <b><a href="/wiki/Bonino_List" title="Bonino List">Bonino List</a></b>.</li> <li>2001: The PRT is organised at the Italian-level as <b><a href="/wiki/Italian_Radicals" title="Italian Radicals">Italian Radicals</a></b>, a full-fledged party.</li> <li>2005: The party joins forces with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialists" title="Italian Democratic Socialists">Italian Democratic Socialists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rose_in_the_Fist" title="Rose in the Fist">Rose in the Fist</a>, an electoral coalition. The right-wing libertarian faction leaves to form the <b><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Reformers" title="Liberal Reformers">Liberal Reformers</a></b> (RL), which would become an associate party of Forza Italia (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Forza_Italia,_The_People_of_Freedom_and_back_to_Forza_Italia">below</a>) and finally merge into The People of Freedom (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Forza_Italia,_The_People_of_Freedom_and_back_to_Forza_Italia">below</a>).</li> <li>2007: A splinter group forms <b><a href="/wiki/Decide!" title="Decide!">Decide!</a></b>, which would later merge into The People of Freedom (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Forza_Italia,_The_People_of_Freedom_and_back_to_Forza_Italia">below</a>).</li> <li>2008: The party contests the <a href="/wiki/2008_Italian_general_election" title="2008 Italian general election">2008 general election</a> in a joint list with the Democratic Party (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#From_Democratic_Alliance_to_the_Democratic_Party">below</a>).</li> <li>2009: The party contests the <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="2009 European Parliament election in Italy">2009 European Parliament election</a> as <b><a href="/wiki/Bonino-Pannella_List" title="Bonino-Pannella List">Bonino-Pannella List</a></b>.</li> <li>2013: The party contests the <a href="/wiki/2013_Italian_general_election" title="2013 Italian general election">2013 general election</a> with a list named <b><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_Justice_Freedom_List" title="Amnesty Justice Freedom List">Amnesty, Justice and Freedom</a></b>.</li> <li>2017: The PRT and the RI part ways.</li> <li>2017: <b><a href="/wiki/Forza_Europa_(2017)" title="Forza Europa (2017)">Forza Europa</a></b> (FE), led by <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Della_Vedova" title="Benedetto Della Vedova">Benedetto Della Vedova</a> is formed.</li> <li>2018: The RI, <a href="/wiki/Forza_Europa_(2017)" title="Forza Europa (2017)">Forza Europa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Centre_(Italy)" title="Democratic Centre (Italy)">Democratic Centre</a> join forces in <b><a href="/wiki/More_Europe" title="More Europe">More Europe</a></b>.</li> <li>2019: +Eu is transformed into a party, with the Italian Radicals, FE and the CD as its founding associate parties.</li> <li>2020: +Eu, abandoned by the CD, joins forces with <a href="/wiki/Action_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action (Italy)">Action</a>, ALI and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a>.</li> <li>2022: +Eu breaks its alliance with Action; some Radicals, led by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Cappato" title="Marco Cappato">Marco Cappato</a>, form the <b>Referendum and Democracy</b> list; the RI joins the PD-led <a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Progressive_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic and Progressive Italy">Democratic and Progressive Italy</a> list.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forza_Italia,_The_People_of_Freedom_and_back_to_Forza_Italia"><span id="Forza_Italia.2C_The_People_of_Freedom_and_back_to_Forza_Italia"></span>Forza Italia, The People of Freedom and back to Forza Italia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Forza Italia, The People of Freedom and back to Forza Italia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>1993: <b><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a></b> (FI) is founded by media-tycoon <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>. Most Liberals, several <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democrats</a> and a few Republicans join the party. Though some of its members retain their membership of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party</a>, FI would join the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> in 1999.</li> <li>1994: The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Pole" title="Liberal Democratic Pole">Liberal Democratic Pole</a> (PLD) merges into FI.</li> <li>1998: The UdC merges into FI.</li> <li>2003: Liberals within FI form <a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberalism" title="Popular Liberalism">Popular Liberalism</a>, a liberal faction.</li> <li>2007: Silvio Berlusconi announces the creation of <b><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom" title="The People of Freedom">The People of Freedom</a></b> (PdL), a party merging FI with the more conservative <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)">National Alliance</a> (AN) and other parties of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Freedoms" title="House of Freedoms">House of Freedoms</a>, notably including the Liberal Reformers, Decide! and the Liberal Democrats (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#From_Democratic_Alliance_to_the_Democratic_Party">below</a>).</li> <li>2009: FI is officially merged into the PdL.</li> <li>2010: Former members of AN and some liberals too leave FI to form <b><a href="/wiki/Future_and_Freedom" title="Future and Freedom">Future and Freedom</a></b> (FLI).</li> <li>2013: Silvio Berlusconi announces the revival of FI. Subsequently, the PdL is folded into the new <b><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">Forza Italia</a></b> (FI). A minority of FI's liberals take part to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Centre-Right" title="New Centre-Right">New Centre-Right</a>, an alternative, predominantly Christian-democratic party.</li> <li>2015: Some of FI's liberals take part to two successive splits, <b><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_and_Reformists_(Italy)" title="Conservatives and Reformists (Italy)">Conservatives and Reformists</a></b> (CR) and <b><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Popular_Alliance" title="Liberal Popular Alliance">Liberal Popular Alliance</a></b> (ALA).</li> <li>2017: The CR launches a new centre-right party named <b><a href="/wiki/Direction_Italy" title="Direction Italy">Direction Italy</a></b> (DI). SC, F!, the PLI, liberal splinters from <a href="/wiki/Popular_Alternative" title="Popular Alternative">Popular Alternative</a> and DI form <b><a href="/wiki/Us_with_Italy" title="Us with Italy">Us with Italy</a></b> (NcI) for the <a href="/wiki/2018_Italian_general_election" title="2018 Italian general election">2018 general election</a> allied with the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-right coalition (Italy)">centre-right coalition</a>.</li> <li>2017: <b><a href="/wiki/Energies_for_Italy" title="Energies for Italy">Energies for Italy</a></b> (EpI), led by <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Parisi" title="Stefano Parisi">Stefano Parisi</a> and including former members of FI and Giannino, is formed.</li> <li>2019: Splinters from FI launch a new centre-right liberal party, <b><a href="/wiki/Cambiamo!" title="Cambiamo!">Cambiamo!</a></b> (C!). NcI becomes a party.</li> <li>2020: EpI is dissolved.</li> <li>2020: Cambiamo! forms with <a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Action" title="Identity and Action">Identity and Action</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Coraggio_Italia" title="Coraggio Italia">Coraggio Italia</a></b> (CI).</li> <li>2022: C! and IDeA leave CI and form <b><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Centre" title="Italy in the Centre">Italy in the Centre</a></b> (IaC), CI dissidents form <b>Vinciamo Italia</b> joining IaC.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Democratic_Alliance_to_the_Democratic_Party">From Democratic Alliance to the Democratic Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: From Democratic Alliance to the Democratic Party" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>1992: <b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Italy)" title="Democratic Alliance (Italy)">Democratic Alliance</a></b> (AD) is launched as a proposed coalition of centre-left political parties.</li> <li>1993: AD is officially founded, by former PRI, PSI, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">PCI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">DC</a> members. Soon after, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Segni" title="Mario Segni">Mario Segni</a> leaves to form the <a href="/wiki/Segni_Pact" title="Segni Pact">Segni Pact</a>.</li> <li>1994: AD takes part to the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Progressives" title="Alliance of Progressives">Alliance of Progressives</a>, while the Segni Pact to the <a href="/wiki/Pact_for_Italy" title="Pact for Italy">Pact for Italy</a>.</li> <li>1996: The social-liberal <b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_(Italy)" title="Democratic Union (Italy)">Democratic Union</a></b> (UD) and the centrist-liberal <b><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renewal" title="Italian Renewal">Italian Renewal</a></b> (RI) are formed. AD joins the former, the Segni Pact the latter.</li> <li>1999: <b><a href="/wiki/The_Democrats_(Italy)" title="The Democrats (Italy)">The Democrats</a></b>, a centrist and social-liberal party, is formed by the union of the UD with <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a>'s supporters (some of which splinters from the Christian-democratic <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994)" title="Italian People's Party (1994)">Italian People's Party</a>, PPI). For its part, the Segni Pact forms an alliance with AN.</li> <li>2002: The Democrats, the PPI and RI merge into <b><a href="/wiki/Democracy_is_Freedom_%E2%80%93_The_Daisy" title="Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy">Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy</a></b> (DL)</li> <li>2003: The Segni Pact is re-organised as <b><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Liberal_Democrats" title="Pact of Liberal Democrats">Pact of Liberal Democrats</a></b> (PLD).</li> <li>2007: DL is merged with the social-democratic <a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">Democrats of the Left</a> (DS) to form the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a> (PD).</li> <li>2007: A group of DL splinters form the <b><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(Italy)" title="Liberal Democrats (Italy)">Liberal Democrats</a></b> (LD).</li> <li>2008: Liberals within the PD form <a href="/wiki/Liberal_PD" title="Liberal PD">Liberal PD</a>, a liberal faction.</li> <li>2009: A group of PD splinters form <b><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Italy" title="Alliance for Italy">Alliance for Italy</a></b> (ApI).</li> <li>2012: Leading members of ApI form the <b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Centre_(Italy)" title="Democratic Centre (Italy)">Democratic Centre</a></b> (CD).</li> <li>2019: Liberal splinters from the PD form <b><a href="/wiki/Action_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action (Italy)">Action</a></b> (Az) and <b><a href="/wiki/Italia_Viva" title="Italia Viva">Italy Alive</a></b> (IV).</li> <li>2020: Action joins forces with <a href="/wiki/More_Europe" title="More Europe">More Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a>.</li> <li>2022: Action and IV join forces. MRE, Italian Radicals and Volt join PD's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Progressive_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic and Progressive Italy">Democratic and Progressive Italy</a> alliance.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_liberal,_social-liberal_and_libertarian_parties"><span id="Minor_liberal.2C_social-liberal_and_libertarian_parties"></span>Minor liberal, social-liberal and libertarian parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Minor liberal, social-liberal and libertarian parties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>2012: A group of intellectuals, led by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Giannino" title="Oscar Giannino">Oscar Giannino</a>, form the libertarian-oriented <b><a href="/wiki/Act_to_Stop_the_Decline" title="Act to Stop the Decline">Act to Stop the Decline</a></b> (FiD), originally "Stop the Decline".</li> <li>2013: <b><a href="/wiki/Civic_Choice" title="Civic Choice">Civic Choice</a></b> (SC) is launched as an electoral list in support of <a href="/wiki/Mario_Monti" title="Mario Monti">Mario Monti</a>, the incumbent non-partisan Prime Minister, to contest the <a href="/wiki/2013_Italian_general_election" title="2013 Italian general election">2013 general election</a>. The list includes members from <a href="/wiki/Future_Italy" title="Future Italy">Future Italy</a> (IF), a liberal think tank, and is part of the <a href="/wiki/With_Monti_for_Italy" title="With Monti for Italy">With Monti for Italy</a> coalition. After the election, SC becomes a full-fledged party, while FiD finds a new leader in <a href="/wiki/Michele_Boldrin" title="Michele Boldrin">Michele Boldrin</a>. Splinters from FiD, led by Giannino, form the <b><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Alliance_for_Italy" title="Liberal Democratic Alliance for Italy">Liberal Democratic Alliance for Italy</a></b> (ALI).</li> <li>2014: SC, FiD, ALI, CD, the PRI, the new PLI, The Liberals and other minor parties contest the <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="2014 European Parliament election in Italy">2014 European Parliament election</a> within a list named <a href="/wiki/European_Choice" title="European Choice">European Choice</a>, in support of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">ALDE Party</a> candidate for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Guy Verhofstadt</a>.</li> <li>2015: <b><a href="/wiki/Unique_Italy" title="Unique Italy">Unique Italy</a></b> (IU), including former members of IF, SC and the PdL, is formed. A splinter group from <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a> forms <b><a href="/wiki/Act!_(Italy)" title="Act! (Italy)">Act!</a></b> (F!). Several SC's liberals join the PD.</li> <li>2016: IU is dissolved. SC, which has suffered the split of the <b><a href="/wiki/Civics_and_Innovators" title="Civics and Innovators">Civics and Innovators</a></b> (CI), forms a federative pact with the ALA.</li> <li>2018: <b><a href="/wiki/Volt_Italy" title="Volt Italy">Volt Italy</a></b> (Volt) was formed.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Liberal_leaders">Liberal leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Liberal leaders" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><b>Before 1861</b>: <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Carlo Cattaneo</a></li> <li><b>Historical Right / Liberal Conservatives</b>: <a href="/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio" title="Massimo d'Azeglio">Massimo d'Azeglio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso di Cavour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Ferrero_La_Marmora" title="Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora">Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Federico_Menabrea" title="Luigi Federico Menabrea">Luigi Federico Menabrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lanza" title="Giovanni Lanza">Giovanni Lanza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Minghetti" title="Marco Minghetti">Marco Minghetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Starabba,_Marchese_di_Rudin%C3%AC" title="Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì">Antonio Starabba di Rudinì</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pelloux" title="Luigi Pelloux">Luigi Pelloux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino" title="Sidney Sonnino">Sidney Sonnino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Luzzatti" title="Luigi Luzzatti">Luigi Luzzatti</a></li> <li><b>Historical Left / Democrats</b>: <a href="/wiki/Urbano_Rattazzi" title="Urbano Rattazzi">Urbano Rattazzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Cairoli" title="Benedetto Cairoli">Benedetto Cairoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis">Agostino Depretis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saracco" title="Giuseppe Saracco">Giuseppe Saracco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Fortis" title="Alessandro Fortis">Alessandro Fortis</a></li> <li><b>Historical Radical Party</b>: <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Bertani" title="Agostino Bertani">Agostino Bertani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti" title="Felice Cavallotti">Felice Cavallotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Nathan" title="Ernesto Nathan">Ernesto Nathan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Sacchi" title="Ettore Sacchi">Ettore Sacchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti" title="Francesco Saverio Nitti">Francesco Saverio Nitti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Amendola" title="Giovanni Amendola">Giovanni Amendola</a></li> <li><b>Liberals / Italian Liberal Party</b>: <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Zanardelli" title="Giuseppe Zanardelli">Giuseppe Zanardelli</a>, Giovanni Giolitti, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salandra" title="Antonio Salandra">Antonio Salandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Paolo Boselli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Facta" title="Luigi Facta">Luigi Facta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giovannini" title="Alberto Giovannini">Alberto Giovannini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Luigi Einaudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Villabruna" title="Bruno Villabruna">Bruno Villabruna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manlio_Brosio" title="Manlio Brosio">Manlio Brosio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leone_Cattani" title="Leone Cattani">Leone Cattani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Martino" title="Gaetano Martino">Gaetano Martino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Leoni" title="Bruno Leoni">Bruno Leoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Malagodi" title="Giovanni Malagodi">Giovanni Malagodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Bozzi" title="Aldo Bozzi">Aldo Bozzi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Bignardi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agostino Bignardi (page does not exist)">Agostino Bignardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerio_Zanone" title="Valerio Zanone">Valerio Zanone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Biondi" title="Alfredo Biondi">Alfredo Biondi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Altissimo" title="Renato Altissimo">Renato Altissimo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Costa" title="Raffaele Costa">Raffaele Costa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egidio_Sterpa" title="Egidio Sterpa">Egidio Sterpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Martino" title="Antonio Martino">Antonio Martino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Rangoni_Machiavelli" title="Beatrice Rangoni Machiavelli">Beatrice Rangoni Machiavelli</a></li> <li><b>Italian Republican Party</b>: <a href="/wiki/Randolfo_Pacciardi" title="Randolfo Pacciardi">Randolfo Pacciardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oronzo_Reale" title="Oronzo Reale">Oronzo Reale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">Ugo La Malfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oddo_Biasini" title="Oddo Biasini">Oddo Biasini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Giovanni Spadolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_La_Malfa" title="Giorgio La Malfa">Giorgio La Malfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Bogi" title="Giorgio Bogi">Giorgio Bogi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciana_Sbarbati" title="Luciana Sbarbati">Luciana Sbarbati</a></li> <li><b>Radical Party / Italian Radicals</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Pannunzio" title="Mario Pannunzio">Mario Pannunzio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Piccardi" title="Leopoldo Piccardi">Leopoldo Piccardi</a>, Bruno Villabruna, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Pannella" title="Marco Pannella">Marco Pannella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Spadaccia" title="Gianfranco Spadaccia">Gianfranco Spadaccia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angiolo_Bandinelli" title="Angiolo Bandinelli">Angiolo Bandinelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Aglietta" title="Adelaide Aglietta">Adelaide Aglietta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adele_Faccio" title="Adele Faccio">Adele Faccio</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergio_Stanzani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergio Stanzani (page does not exist)">Sergio Stanzani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Emma Bonino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Rutelli" title="Francesco Rutelli">Francesco Rutelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Cappato" title="Marco Cappato">Marco Cappato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Della_Vedova" title="Benedetto Della Vedova">Benedetto Della Vedova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Capezzone" title="Daniele Capezzone">Daniele Capezzone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Magi" title="Riccardo Magi">Riccardo Magi</a></li> <li><b>Forza Italia / The People of Freedom / Forza Italia</b>: <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>, Alfredo Biondi, Raffaele Costa, Egidio Sterpa, Antonio Martino, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Tremonti" title="Giulio Tremonti">Giulio Tremonti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Pera" title="Marcello Pera">Marcello Pera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco_Frattini" title="Franco Frattini">Franco Frattini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Brunetta" title="Renato Brunetta">Renato Brunetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Bondi" title="Sandro Bondi">Sandro Bondi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Galan" title="Giancarlo Galan">Giancarlo Galan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefania_Prestigiacomo" title="Stefania Prestigiacomo">Stefania Prestigiacomo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Romani" title="Paolo Romani">Paolo Romani</a>, Benedetto Della Vedova, Daniele Capezzone</li> <li><b>Democratic Alliance / Democratic Union / Democracy is Freedom / Democratic Party</b>: <a href="/wiki/Willer_Bordon" title="Willer Bordon">Willer Bordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Adornato" title="Ferdinando Adornato">Ferdinando Adornato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maccanico" title="Antonio Maccanico">Antonio Maccanico</a>, Valerio Zanone, Giorgio Bogi, Francesco Rutelli, <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Bianco" title="Enzo Bianco">Enzo Bianco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Gentiloni" title="Paolo Gentiloni">Paolo Gentiloni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vernetti" title="Gianni Vernetti">Gianni Vernetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Lanzillotta" title="Linda Lanzillotta">Linda Lanzillotta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Renzi" title="Matteo Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Gozi" title="Sandro Gozi">Sandro Gozi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Marcucci" title="Andrea Marcucci">Andrea Marcucci</a>, Luciana Sbarbati, Beatrice Rangoni Machiavelli, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Ichino" title="Pietro Ichino">Pietro Ichino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefania_Giannini" title="Stefania Giannini">Stefania Giannini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Calenda" title="Carlo Calenda">Carlo Calenda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Romano_(politician)" title="Andrea Romano (politician)">Andrea Romano</a></li> <li><b>Civic Choice</b>: Pietro Ichino, Linda Lanzillotta, Stefania Giannini, Carlo Calenda, Andrea Romano, Bendetto Della Vedova, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Zanetti" title="Enrico Zanetti">Enrico Zanetti</a></li> <li><b>More Europe</b>: Emma Bonino, Benedetto Della Vedova, Gianfranco Spadaccia, Marco Cappato, Riccardo Magi</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a>, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> (1469–1527)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a> (1866–1952)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">List of political ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">List of political parties in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics of Italy</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pridham-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pridham_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPridham1988" class="citation cs2">Pridham, Geoffrey (1988-11-03), Kirchner, Emil J. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511521843A012/type/book_part">"Two roads of Italian liberalism: the Partito Repubblicano Italiano (PRI) and the Partito Liberale Italiano (PLI)"</a>, <i>Liberal Parties in Western Europe</i> (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 29–61, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511521843.006">10.1017/cbo9780511521843.006</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32394-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32394-9"><bdi>978-0-521-32394-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-28</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liberal+Parties+in+Western+Europe&rft.atitle=Two+roads+of+Italian+liberalism%3A+the+Partito+Repubblicano+Italiano+%28PRI%29+and+the+Partito+Liberale+Italiano+%28PLI%29&rft.pages=29-61&rft.date=1988-11-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511521843.006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-32394-9&rft.aulast=Pridham&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FCBO9780511521843A012%2Ftype%2Fbook_part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+and+radicalism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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