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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratigraphic_relationship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Stratigraphic relationship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratigraphic_relationship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithostratigraphic_correlation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithostratigraphic_correlation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lithostratigraphic correlation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithostratigraphic_correlation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithodemic_stratigraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithodemic_stratigraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lithodemic stratigraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithodemic_stratigraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litostratigrafie" title="Litostratigrafie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Litostratigrafie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دراسة الطبقات الصخرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دراسة الطبقات الصخرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litoestratigrafia" title="Litoestratigrafia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Litoestratigrafia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litostratigrafie" title="Litostratigrafie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Litostratigrafie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithostratigraphie" title="Lithostratigraphie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lithostratigraphie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litoestratigraf%C3%ADa" title="Litoestratigrafía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Litoestratigrafía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litostratigrafio" title="Litostratigrafio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Litostratigrafio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سنگ‌چینه‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ‌چینه‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithostratigraphie" title="Lithostratigraphie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lithostratigraphie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litostratigrafija" title="Litostratigrafija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Litostratigrafija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litostratigrafi" title="Litostratigrafi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Litostratigrafi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berglagafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Berglagafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Berglagafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litostratigrafia" title="Litostratigrafia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Litostratigrafia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Литостратиграфия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Литостратиграфия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91zetr%C3%A9tegtan" title="Kőzetrétegtan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kőzetrétegtan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithostratigrafie" title="Lithostratigrafie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lithostratigrafie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litostratygrafia" title="Litostratygrafia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Litostratygrafia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litoestratigrafia" title="Litoestratigrafia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Litoestratigrafia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litostratigrafia" title="Litostratigrafia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Litostratigrafia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Литостратиграфија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Литостратиграфија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litostratigrafi" title="Litostratigrafi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Litostratigrafi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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.ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lithostratigraphy" title="Special:EditPage/Lithostratigraphy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lithostratigraphy%22">"Lithostratigraphy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lithostratigraphy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lithostratigraphy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lithostratigraphy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lithostratigraphy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lithostratigraphy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SEUtahStrat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SEUtahStrat.JPG/300px-SEUtahStrat.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SEUtahStrat.JPG/450px-SEUtahStrat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SEUtahStrat.JPG/600px-SEUtahStrat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3161" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> through <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> lithostratigraphy of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a> area of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> that makes up much of the famous prominent rock formations in protected areas such as <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Reef_National_Park" title="Capitol Reef National Park">Capitol Reef National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canyonlands_National_Park" title="Canyonlands National Park">Canyonlands National Park</a>. From top to bottom: Rounded tan domes of the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Sandstone" title="Navajo Sandstone">Navajo Sandstone</a>, layered red <a href="/wiki/Kayenta_Formation" title="Kayenta Formation">Kayenta Formation</a>, cliff-forming, vertically jointed, red <a href="/wiki/Wingate_Sandstone" title="Wingate Sandstone">Wingate Sandstone</a>, slope-forming, purplish <a href="/wiki/Chinle_Formation" title="Chinle Formation">Chinle Formation</a>, layered, lighter-red <a href="/wiki/Moenkopi_Formation" title="Moenkopi Formation">Moenkopi Formation</a>, and white, layered <a href="/wiki/Cutler_Formation" title="Cutler Formation">Cutler Formation</a> sandstone. Picture from <a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area" title="Glen Canyon National Recreation Area">Glen Canyon National Recreation Area</a>, Utah.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quebrada_de_Cafayate,_Salta_(Argentina).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Quebrada_de_Cafayate%2C_Salta_%28Argentina%29.jpg/250px-Quebrada_de_Cafayate%2C_Salta_%28Argentina%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Quebrada_de_Cafayate%2C_Salta_%28Argentina%29.jpg/375px-Quebrada_de_Cafayate%2C_Salta_%28Argentina%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Quebrada_de_Cafayate%2C_Salta_%28Argentina%29.jpg/500px-Quebrada_de_Cafayate%2C_Salta_%28Argentina%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Strata in <a href="/wiki/Salta_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Salta province">Salta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lithostratigraphy</b> is a sub-discipline of <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geological</a> <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> associated with the study of <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> or rock layers. Major focuses include <a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">geochronology</a>, comparative geology, and <a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">petrology</a>. </p><p>In general, strata are primarily <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">sedimentary</a> relating to how the rock was formed. <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary</a> layers are laid down by <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(sediment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (sediment)">deposition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> processes, decaying organic matter (biogenic) or through chemical precipitation. These layers are often distinguishable as having many <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">fossils</a> and are important for the study of <a href="/wiki/Biostratigraphy" title="Biostratigraphy">biostratigraphy</a>. Igneous layers occur as stacks of lava flows, layers of lava fragments (called <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a>) both erupted onto the Earth's surface by volcanoes, and in <a href="/wiki/Layered_intrusion" title="Layered intrusion">layered intrusions</a> formed deep underground. Igneous layers are generally devoid of fossils and represent <a href="/wiki/Magmatism" title="Magmatism">magmatic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic activity">volcanic activity</a> that occurred during the geologic history of an area. </p><p>There are a number of principles that are used to explain relationships between strata. When an igneous rock cuts across a formation of sedimentary rock, then we can say that the igneous intrusion is younger than the sedimentary rock. <a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">The principle of superposition</a> states that a sedimentary rock layer in a tectonically undisturbed stratum is younger than the one beneath and older than the one above it. The <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_original_horizontality" title="Principle of original horizontality">principle of original horizontality</a> states that the deposition of sediments occurs as essentially horizontal beds. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_lithostratigraphic_units">Types of lithostratigraphic units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithostratigraphy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of lithostratigraphic units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principles of lithostratigraphy were first established by the Danish naturalist, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Steno" title="Nicolas Steno">Nicolas Steno</a>, in his 1669 <i>Dissertationis prodromus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteno1916_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteno1916-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lithostratigraphic unit conforms to the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">law of superposition</a>, which in its modern form states that in any succession of <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a>, not disturbed or overturned since <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposition</a>, younger rocks lies above older rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006399_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006399-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_lateral_continuity" title="Principle of lateral continuity">principle of lateral continuity</a> states that a set of bed extends and can be traceable over a large area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrookfield2004116_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrookfield2004116-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lithostratigraphic units are recognized and defined on the basis of observable physical rock characteristics. The <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a> of a unit includes characteristics such as chemical and mineralogical composition, texture, color, primary <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">depositional structures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> regarded as rock-forming particles, or other organic materials such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">kerogen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> of fossils is <i>not</i> a valid lithological basis for defining a lithostratigraphic unit. The descriptions of strata based on physical appearance define <a href="/wiki/Facies" title="Facies">facies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth_American_Commission_on_Stratigraphic_Nomenclature20051547–1591_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth_American_Commission_on_Stratigraphic_Nomenclature20051547–1591-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formal description of a lithostratigraphic unit includes a <i><a href="/wiki/Stratotype" title="Stratotype">stratotype</a></i> which is usually a <i><a href="/wiki/Type_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Type section">type section</a>.</i> A type section is ideally a good exposure of the unit that shows its entire thickness. If the unit is nowhere entirely exposed, or if it shows considerably lateral variation, additional <i>reference sections</i> may be defined. Long-established lithostratigraphic units dating to before the modern codification of stratigraphy, or which lack tabular form (such as volcanic domes), may substitute a type locality for a type section as their stratotype. The geologist defining the unit is expected to describe the stratotype in sufficient detail that other geologists can unequivocally recognize the unit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth_American_Commission_on_Stratigraphic_Nomenclature20051563_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth_American_Commission_on_Stratigraphic_Nomenclature20051563-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Lithosome</b></i>: Masses of rock of essentially uniform character and having interchanging relationships with adjacent masses of different <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a>. e.g.: <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> lithosome, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> lithosome. </p><p> The fundamental Lithostratigraphic unit is the <a href="/wiki/Formation_(stratigraphy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (stratigraphy)">formation</a>. A formation is a lithologically distinctive <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphic_unit" title="Stratigraphic unit">stratigraphic unit</a> that is large enough to be mappable and traceable. Formations may be subdivided into members and beds and aggregated with other formations into groups and supergroups. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on these hierarchical Lithostratigraphic divisions as stratigraphic units: <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphic_unit#Lithostratigraphic_units" title="Stratigraphic unit">Stratigraphic unit § Lithostratigraphic units</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stratigraphic_relationship">Stratigraphic relationship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithostratigraphy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stratigraphic relationship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Block_diagrams_stratigraphic_relations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Block_diagrams_stratigraphic_relations.jpg/220px-Block_diagrams_stratigraphic_relations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Block_diagrams_stratigraphic_relations.jpg/330px-Block_diagrams_stratigraphic_relations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Block_diagrams_stratigraphic_relations.jpg/440px-Block_diagrams_stratigraphic_relations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>Diagrams showing stratigraphic relations: A: an angular unconformity; B: a disconformity; C: a nonconformity.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdwardsDisconformity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/EdwardsDisconformity.jpg/220px-EdwardsDisconformity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/EdwardsDisconformity.jpg/330px-EdwardsDisconformity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/EdwardsDisconformity.jpg/440px-EdwardsDisconformity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disconformity" class="mw-redirect" title="Disconformity">Disconformity</a> with the Lower Cretaceous Edwards Formation overlying a Lower Permian limestone; hiatus is about 165 million years; Texas.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two types of contact: <i>conformable</i> and <i>unconformable</i>. </p><p><i>Conformable</i>: unbroken deposition, no break or hiatus (break or interruption in the continuity of the geological record). The surface strata resulting is called a <i>conformity</i>. </p><p>Two types of contact between conformable strata: <i>abrupt contacts</i> (directly separate beds of distinctly different lithology, minor depositional break, called <i><a href="/wiki/Diastem" title="Diastem">diastems</a></i>) and <i>gradational contact</i> (gradual change in deposition, mixing zone). </p><p><i>Unconformable</i>: period of erosion/non-deposition. The surface stratum resulting is called an <a href="/wiki/Unconformity" title="Unconformity">unconformity</a>. </p><p>Four types of unconformity: </p> <ul><li><i>Angular unconformity</i>: younger sediment lies upon an eroded surface of tilted or folded older rocks. The older rock <a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">dips</a> at a different angle from the younger.</li> <li><i>Disconformity</i>: the contact between younger and older beds is marked by visible, irregular <a href="/wiki/Erosion_surface" title="Erosion surface">erosional surfaces</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paleosol" title="Paleosol">Paleosol</a> might develop right above the disconformity surface because of the non-deposition setting.</li> <li><i>Paraconformity</i>: the bedding planes below and above the unconformity are parallel. A time gap is present, as shown by a faunal break, but there is no erosion, just a period of non-deposition.</li> <li><i>Nonconformity</i>: relatively young sediments are deposited right above older <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rocks</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lithostratigraphic_correlation">Lithostratigraphic correlation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithostratigraphy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lithostratigraphic correlation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To correlate lithostratigraphic units, geologists define facies, and look for key beds or key sequences that can be used as a datum. </p> <ul><li>Direct correlation: based on lithology, color, structure, thickness...</li> <li>Indirect correlation: electric log correlation (gamma-ray, density, resistivity...)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleaSampson2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleaSampson2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithocorrelation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Correlation scheme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lithocorrelation.png/220px-Lithocorrelation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lithocorrelation.png 1.5x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>(A) Correlation scheme indicates which layers penetrated at different locations belong to the same body</figcaption></figure> <p>Geological correlation<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is the main tool for reconstructing the geometry of layering in <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary basins">sedimentary basins</a>. The lithological correlation is a procedure, decisive what <a href="/wiki/Strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Strata">layers</a> (strata) in geological cross-sections located in different places belong to the same geological body now (or belonged in the past).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoronin1973_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoronin1973-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identification is based on comparison of physical and mineralogical characteristics of the rocks, and on general assumptions known as the <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Steno" title="Nicolas Steno">Steno's</a> principles:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1. The sedimentary strata occurred sequentially in time: the youngest at the top.<br /> 2. The strata are originally horizontal.<br /> 3. The stratum extends in all directions until it thins out or encounters a barrier. </p><p>The results are presented as a correlation scheme (A). Practical correlation has a lot of difficulties: fuzzy borders of the layers, variations in composition and structure of the rocks in the layer, <a href="/wiki/Unconformities" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconformities">unconformities</a> in the sequence of layers, etc. This is why errors in correlation schemes are not seldom. When the distances between available cross-sections are decreasing (for example, by drilling new wells) the quality of correlation is improving, but meanwhile the wrong geological decisions could be made that increases the expenses of geological projects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lithodemic_stratigraphy">Lithodemic stratigraphy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithostratigraphy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lithodemic stratigraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Lithodeme"></span> The law of superposition is inapplicable to intrusive, highly deformed, or metamorphic bodies of rock lacking discernible stratification. Such bodies of rock are described as <i>lithodemic</i> and are determined and delimited based on rock characteristics. The 1983 North American Stratigraphic Code adopted the formal terms <b>lithodeme</b>, which is comparable to a formation; a <i>suite</i>, which is analogous to a group, and a <i>supersuite</i>, similar to a supergroup. A lithodeme is the fundamental unit and should possess distinctive and consistent lithological features, comprising a single rock type or a mixture of two or more types that distinguishes the unit from those around it. As with formations, a lithodemic unit is given a geographical name combined with either a rock name or some term describing its form. The term <i>suite</i> is deprecated. Also formalized is the term <i><a href="/wiki/Complex_(geology)" title="Complex (geology)">complex</a></i>, which applies to a body of rock of two or more genetic classes (sedimentary, metamorphic, or igneous). This establishes two hierarchies of lithodemic units:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubcomission_on_Quaternary_Stratigraphy2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubcomission_on_Quaternary_Stratigraphy2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Supersuite</td> <td>Supercomplex </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suite</td> <td>Complex </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithodeme</td> <td>(no equivalent) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Similar rules have been adopted in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumpulainen2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumpulainen2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the 1994 International Stratigraphic Guide regards plutons and non-layered metamorphic rocks of undetermined origin as special cases within lithostratigraphy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubcomission_on_Quaternary_Stratigraphy2002_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubcomission_on_Quaternary_Stratigraphy2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithostratigraphy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratigraphy" title="Biostratigraphy">Biostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topostratigraphy" title="Topostratigraphy">Topostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithostratigraphy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteno1916-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteno1916_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteno1916">Steno 1916</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006399-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006399_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoggs2006">Boggs 2006</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrookfield2004116-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrookfield2004116_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrookfield2004">Brookfield 2004</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth_American_Commission_on_Stratigraphic_Nomenclature20051547–1591-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth_American_Commission_on_Stratigraphic_Nomenclature20051547–1591_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorth_American_Commission_on_Stratigraphic_Nomenclature2005">North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005</a>, pp. 1547–1591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth_American_Commission_on_Stratigraphic_Nomenclature20051563-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth_American_Commission_on_Stratigraphic_Nomenclature20051563_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorth_American_Commission_on_Stratigraphic_Nomenclature2005">North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005</a>, pp. 1563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleaSampson2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleaSampson2003_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOleaSampson2003">Olea & Sampson 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoronin1973-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoronin1973_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoronin1973">Voronin 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geologyin.com/2014/03/stenos-principles-of-stratigraphy.html">"Steno's Principles of Stratigraphy"</a>. <i>Geology In</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geology+In&rft.atitle=Steno%27s+Principles+of+Stratigraphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geologyin.com%2F2014%2F03%2Fstenos-principles-of-stratigraphy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithostratigraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESubcomission_on_Quaternary_Stratigraphy2002-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubcomission_on_Quaternary_Stratigraphy2002_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubcomission_on_Quaternary_Stratigraphy2002_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSubcomission_on_Quaternary_Stratigraphy2002">Subcomission on Quaternary Stratigraphy 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumpulainen2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumpulainen2016_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumpulainen2016">Kumpulainen 2016</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithostratigraphy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoggs2006" class="citation book cs1">Boggs, Sam (2006). <i>Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy</i> (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131547283" title="Special:BookSources/0131547283"><bdi>0131547283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+sedimentology+and+stratigraphy&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0131547283&rft.aulast=Boggs&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithostratigraphy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookfield2004" class="citation book cs1">Brookfield, Michael E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ecgdvth9EjkC"><i>Principles of stratigraphy</i></a>. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1164-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1164-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-1164-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+stratigraphy&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publ.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1164-5&rft.aulast=Brookfield&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcgdvth9EjkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithostratigraphy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumpulainen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kumpulainen, Risto A. (17 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F11035897.2016.1178666">"Guide for geological nomenclature in Sweden"</a>. <i>GFF</i>. <b>139</b> (1): 3–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F11035897.2016.1178666">10.1080/11035897.2016.1178666</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GFF&rft.atitle=Guide+for+geological+nomenclature+in+Sweden&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-20&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F11035897.2016.1178666&rft.aulast=Kumpulainen&rft.aufirst=Risto+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F11035897.2016.1178666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithostratigraphy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth_American_Commission_on_Stratigraphic_Nomenclature2005" class="citation journal cs1">North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/resources/docs/AAPG_Bull-89_NACSN-Code.pdf">"North American Stratigraphic Code"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>AAPG Bulletin</i>. <b>89</b> (11): 1547–1591. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005BAAPG..89.1547.">2005BAAPG..89.1547.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1306%2F07050504129">10.1306/07050504129</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAPG+Bulletin&rft.atitle=North+American+Stratigraphic+Code&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1547-1591&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1306%2F07050504129&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005BAAPG..89.1547.&rft.au=North+American+Commission+on+Stratigraphic+Nomenclature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fngmdb.usgs.gov%2FGeolex%2Fresources%2Fdocs%2FAAPG_Bull-89_NACSN-Code.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithostratigraphy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleaSampson2003" class="citation web cs1">Olea, Ricardo A.; Sampson, Robert J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/OFR/2002/OFR02_51/ManualOFR2002-51.pdf">"CORRELATOR, an interactive computer program for high-resolution, lithostratigraphic, well-log correlation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CORRELATOR%2C+an+interactive+computer+program+for+high-resolution%2C+lithostratigraphic%2C+well-log+correlation.&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Olea&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+A.&rft.au=Sampson%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kgs.ku.edu%2FPublications%2FOFR%2F2002%2FOFR02_51%2FManualOFR2002-51.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithostratigraphy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteno1916" class="citation book cs1">Steno, Nicolas (1916) [1669]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924012131458"><i>Nicolas Steno's Dissertation Concerning a Solid Body Enclosed by Process of Nature within a Solid: An English Version with an Introduction and Explanatory Notes</i></a>. Translated by Winter, John. New York, The Macmillan company; London, Macmillan and company, limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicolas+Steno%27s+Dissertation+Concerning+a+Solid+Body+Enclosed+by+Process+of+Nature+within+a+Solid%3A+An+English+Version+with+an+Introduction+and+Explanatory+Notes&rft.pub=New+York%2C+The+Macmillan+company%3B+London%2C+Macmillan+and+company%2C+limited&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Steno&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924012131458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithostratigraphy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubcomission_on_Quaternary_Stratigraphy2002" class="citation web cs1">Subcomission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/stratigraphic-guide/lithodemic-stratigraphy/">"Lithodemic stratigraphy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lithodemic+stratigraphy&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Subcomission+on+Quaternary+Stratigraphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquaternary.stratigraphy.org%2Fstratigraphic-guide%2Flithodemic-stratigraphy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithostratigraphy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoronin1973" class="citation book cs1">Voronin, Y.A. (1973). <i>Methodological issues of application of mathematical methods and computers in geology</i>. Novosibirsk, Yakutsk: The Computer Center, Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodological+issues+of+application+of+mathematical+methods+and+computers+in+geology&rft.place=Novosibirsk%2C+Yakutsk&rft.pub=The+Computer+Center%2C+Siberian+Division+of+the+USSR+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Voronin&rft.aufirst=Y.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithostratigraphy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithostratigraphy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821075310/http://www.bslsonline.com/">Online stratigraphic column generator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/208_IR/chap_02/c2_4.htm">Tamu.edu: Lithostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/science/science.php?term=668">USGS.gov: Lithostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agenames.org">Agenames</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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