VNF and CNF, what’s the difference?

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viewBox="0 -18 1024 1055"><path d="M810.642 511.557c0 8.905-3.447 16.776-10.284 23.613L322.31 1013.216c-6.835 6.837-14.706 10.284-23.61 10.284s-16.776-3.447-23.613-10.284l-51.303-51.303c-6.837-6.837-10.284-14.707-10.284-23.612s3.447-16.775 10.284-23.61L626.972 511.5 223.784 108.31c-6.837-6.835-10.284-14.706-10.284-23.61s3.447-16.776 10.284-23.613l51.303-51.303C281.924 2.947 289.794-.5 298.7-.5s16.775 3.447 23.61 10.284L800.36 487.83c6.837 6.837 10.284 14.708 10.284 23.613v.114" stroke-width="25" stroke="black"/></svg><li class="rh-navigation-link-container"> VNF and CNF, what’s the difference? </li></ul> </div> <div class="rhdc-article-hero-headline dx-mb-4 dx-mt-4">  <div class="rh-band-header--component" ><h1 class="rh-band-header-hero-headline" >VNF and CNF, what’s the difference?</h1> </div> </div> <div class="rhdc-article-hero-front-matter">  <div class="rh-front-matter--component"><div class="rh-front-matter-wrapper" data-rh-layout="inline-horizontal"><div class="rh-front-matter-metadata"><span class="rh-front-matter-metadata-publish-date">Published <span> July 28, 2022</span></span><span class="rh-front-matter-metadata-separator">•</span><span class="rh-front-matter-metadata-readtime" for="article-contents" data-rh-hidden="sm"><em class="placeholder">4</em>-minute read</span></div><pfe-clipboard class="rh-front-matter-share" role="button" tabindex="0"><span slot="text">Copy URL</span></pfe-clipboard></div></div></div> </div> <div class="lg:dx-col-3"> </div> </div> </section> <section class="dx-band dx-pt-0 rhdc-article-body" id="rhdc-aside-promo"> <div class="dx-container dx-flex-col lg:dx-flex lg:dx-flex-row xl:dx-gap-3 lg:dx-justify-between"> <div class="lg:dx-col-1 lg:dx-col-2 dx-mb-6 lg:dx-mb-0"> <pfe-jump-links-nav id="article-nav" autobuild offset="120" sr-text="Jump to section" ></pfe-jump-links-nav> </div> <div class="rhdc-article-body--content lg:dx-col-6"> <pfe-jump-links-panel scrolltarget="article-nav" data-rh-layout="tall-stacked" pfelement="" class="PFElement" type="content">  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="vnfs-and-cnfs" nav-label="VNFs and CNFs" >Overview</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p>Virtual network functions (VNFs) are software applications that deliver network functions such as directory services, routers, firewalls, load balancers, and more.  They are deployed as <a href="/en/topics/virtualization/what-is-a-virtual-machine">virtual machines (VMs)</a> and have often been the next step for <a href="https://www.redhat.com/en/resources/state-of-enterprise-open-source-telco-infographic">telecommunications</a> providers in their digital transformation from the physical network functions (PNFs) of legacy network appliances on proprietary hardware. </p><p>As key components in network functions virtualization (NFV) architecture, VNFs are built on top of NFV infrastructure (NFVI), including a virtual infrastructure manager (VIM) like <a href="/en/technologies/cloud-computing/openstack-services-on-openshift" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="16b09d10-cb47-413d-9a69-bf4a4349cd39" data-entity-substitution="canonical">Red Hat® OpenStack Services on OpenShift®</a> to allocate resources like compute, storage, and networking efficiently among the VNFs. The framework for managing NFVI and provisioning new VNFs occurs in the management, automation, and network orchestration (MANO) elements defined by NFV. </p><rh-cta variant="primary"><a href="/en/topics/virtualization/what-is-nfv" title="article | what is NFV?" data-analytics-linktype="cta" data-analytics-text="Read more: What is NFV?">Read more: What is NFV?</a></rh-cta></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="vnf-challenges" nav-label="VNF challenges" >The challenge facing VNFs</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><div><p>While VNFs are currently part of a standard network architecture, they still have limitations as digital service providers move toward delivering more agile services. In the initial transition from physical elements to VNFs, vendors often simply lifted embedded software systems entirely from appliances and created one large VM. However, without attempting to optimize these VMs, they created inefficient, single-purpose virtual appliances that were still hard to manage and maintain. </p><p>In addition, it’s difficult to achieve <a href="https://www.redhat.com/en/resources/deep-dive-edge-scalability-analyst-material">scalability</a> in cloud environments with these types of legacy VNFs. Some have taken steps to improve their initial VNF implementations, and many service providers have adopted a common, horizontal NFVI cloud platform to simplify their environments for running numerous VNFs. These changes help NFV serve as a foundational technology for <a href="/en/topics/5g-networks/what-is-private-5g">5G</a> or edge networks. Yet the "weight" of VMs can still limit the efficiency of VNFs for  large-scale 5G or edge deployments that need agility, scalability, and lower overhead. </p></div><div class="rc-cta-secondary"><a href="/en/topics/edge-computing/telecommunications">See how NFV is helping telcos adapt to edge computing</a> </div></div></div></div> <div class="rhdc--inline-promo" data-rh-mbox="inline-promo">  <div class="rh-card--layout rh-promo-article" data-rh-promo=inline data-rh-border-radius=none data-rh-background="gray" data-rh-theme="light" data-rh-bg-align="cover" data-rh-layout="fit-content-33" data-rh-border="top-bottom"><div class="rh-card-content" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><div class="rh-band-header--component" data-rh-align=left ><h2 class="rh-band-header-subsection-headline" id="rh-r9z33">Red Hat resources</h2></div></div></div></div><footer class="rh-card-footer" ><div class="rh-group--layout" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><span class="rh-cta--component" data-rh-cta-type="secondary" ><a class="rh-cta-link" href="/en/resources" title="Keep reading" data-analytics-linkType="cta" data-analytics-text="Keep reading" data-analytics-category="Inline promo | Red Hat resources" >Keep reading<span aria-hidden="true"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 36 36"><path d="M31.58 18.24a.64.64 0 0 0-.14-.68l-9-9c-.56-.58-1.47.32-.88.88l7.93 7.94H5a.62.62 0 1 0 0 1.24h24.49l-7.93 7.94a.62.62 0 0 0 .88.88l9-9a.72.72 0 0 0 .14-.2Z"/></svg></span></a></span></div></div></footer></div> </div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="the-evolution-to-cnfs" nav-label="The evolution to CNFs" >CNFs: An evolution from VMs to containers</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p>Digital service providers that adopt a cloud-native approach—using both centralized and distributed locations for applications—can benefit from increased flexibility, scalability, reliability, and portability. Moving beyond virtualization to a fully cloud-native design helps push to a new level the efficiency and agility needed to rapidly deploy innovative, differentiated offers that markets and customers demand.</p><p>An important distinguishing feature of the cloud-native approach is that it uses containers rather than VMs. Containers allow users to package software (applications, functions, or microservices, for example) with all of the files necessary to run it—while sharing access to the operating system and other server resources. This approach makes it easy to move the contained component among environments (development, test, production, etc.)—and even among clouds—while retaining full functionality.</p><p>As an evolution from VNFs, cloud-native network functions (CNFs) are designed and implemented to run inside containers. This containerization of network architecture components makes it possible to run a variety of services on the same cluster and more easily on-board already decomposed applications, while dynamically directing network traffic to the correct pods.</p><p> </p><p> </p><img loading="lazy" class="media-element file-wysiwyg" src="/rhdc/managed-files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width/private/The%20journey%20of%20network%20functions%20in%20telecommunications-figure7-desktop%20%281%29_0.png.webp?itok=j7FKSsLI" width="1170" height="554" alt="This figure shows the evolution of network functions from the traditional vertically integrated approach, to VNFs managed by a common VM orchestration platform, to CNFs managed by a common container orchestration platform. " title="Figure: The journey of network functions in telecommunications "><p><em>This figure shows the evolution of network functions from the traditional vertically integrated approach, to VNFs managed by a common VM orchestration platform, to CNFs managed by a common container orchestration platform.</em></p><div class="rc-cta-secondary"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQlQumDZ0Zw">Learn more: How are VMs and containers different?</a></div></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="the-promise-of-cnfs" nav-label="The promise of CNFs" >The promise of CNFs</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p>The adoption of CNFs can resolve some of the fundamental limitations of VNFs, by moving many of these functions into containers. <a href="http://www.redhat.com/en/topics/cloud-native-apps/what-is-containerization">Containerization</a> of network components makes it possible to manage how and where the functions run across <a href="http://www.redhat.com/en/topics/containers/what-is-a-kubernetes-cluster">clusters</a> in the environment. </p><p>However, CNFs are more than just the containerization of network functions. To get the full benefit of cloud-native principles beyond container packaging requires further rearchitecting of network function software, like decomposing it into <a href="http://www.redhat.com/en/topics/microservices/why-choose-red-hat-microservices">microservices</a>, allowing multiple versions during updates, and using available platform services like generic load-balancers or datastores. </p><p>Additionally, as adoption of cloud-native environments increases, CNFs must co-exist with legacy VNFs during the transition. Digital service providers must fully automate the development, deployment, maintenance, and operation of the network to effectively handle escalating demand, accelerate deployments, and reduce complexity. Standardized methodologies for configuration and deployment, tools matured in <a href="http://www.redhat.com/en/topics/open-source/what-is-open-source">open source communities</a>, and rigorous testing and certification are critical for providers now more than ever.</p></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="conclusion" nav-label="Conclusion" >VNFs and CNFs: Key digital transformation technologies</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p>An open, consistent foundation gives telecommunications providers confidence that the services they deliver will run reliably, regardless of location or footprint. Building that foundation on NFV (with VNFs) and especially cloud-native architectures (with CNFs) results in improved flexibility and agility. Automation plays a critical role in keeping the ecosystem operating efficiently and more easily at scale and allows digital service providers to more rapidly change and add services and features to better respond to customer needs and demands.</p></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="why-choose-red-hat" nav-label="Why choose Red Hat?" >Why choose Red Hat for virtualization?</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><h3 dir="ltr">Migrate your VMs and maintain your momentum</h3><p dir="ltr">Red Hat’s trusted products and partner ecosystem come together in 1 comprehensive <a href="/en/products/virtualization" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="76f48f5c-7b5d-4b38-accf-638c0a56b901" data-entity-substitution="canonical">virtualization solution</a>. 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VNF and CNF, what’s the difference?