What are microservices?

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URL</span></pfe-clipboard></div></div></div> </div> <div class="lg:dx-col-3"> </div> </div> </section> <section class="dx-band dx-pt-0 rhdc-article-body" id="rhdc-aside-promo"> <div class="dx-container dx-flex-col lg:dx-flex lg:dx-flex-row xl:dx-gap-3 lg:dx-justify-between"> <div class="lg:dx-col-1 lg:dx-col-2 dx-mb-6 lg:dx-mb-0"> <pfe-jump-links-nav id="article-nav" autobuild offset="120" sr-text="Jump to section" ></pfe-jump-links-nav> </div> <div class="rhdc-article-body--content lg:dx-col-6"> <pfe-jump-links-panel scrolltarget="article-nav" data-rh-layout="tall-stacked" pfelement="" class="PFElement" type="content">  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="what-is-a-microservice" nav-label="What is a microservice?" >What is a microservice?</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p>Microservices refer to a style of <a href="/en/topics/cloud-native-apps/what-is-an-application-architecture">application architecture</a> where a collection of independent services communicate through lightweight <a href="/en/topics/api/what-are-application-programming-interfaces">APIs</a>.<br><br>Think of your last visit to an online retailer. You might have used the site’s search bar to browse products. That search represents a service. Maybe you also saw recommendations for related products—or added an item to your online shopping cart. Those are both services, too. Add all those microservices together and you have a fully-functioning application.</p></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="a-more-efficient-approach-to-application-development" nav-label="A more efficient approach to application development" >A more efficient approach to application development</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p>A microservices architecture is a <a href="/en/topics/cloud-native-apps">cloud-native</a> approach to building software in a way that allows for each core function within an application to exist independently. </p><p>When elements of an application are segregated in this way, it allows for development and operations teams to work in tandem without getting in the way of one another. This means more developers working on the same app, at the same time, which results in less time spent in development.</p><p> </p><p><img class="media-element file-default" alt="image" data-delta="1" data-fid="132021" data-media-element="1" src="https://www.redhat.com/cms/managed-files/monolithic-vs-microservices.png"></p></div></div></div> <div class="rhdc--inline-promo" data-rh-mbox="inline-promo">  <div class="rh-card--layout rh-promo-article" data-rh-promo=inline data-rh-border-radius=none data-rh-background="gray" data-rh-theme="light" data-rh-bg-align="cover" data-rh-layout="fit-content-33" data-rh-border="top-bottom"><div class="rh-card-content" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><div class="rh-band-header--component" data-rh-align=left ><h2 class="rh-band-header-subsection-headline" id="rh-18mwc">Red Hat resources</h2></div></div></div></div><footer class="rh-card-footer" ><div class="rh-group--layout" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><span class="rh-cta--component" data-rh-cta-type="secondary" ><a class="rh-cta-link" href="/en/resources" title="Keep reading" data-analytics-linkType="cta" data-analytics-text="Keep reading" data-analytics-category="Inline promo | Red Hat resources" >Keep reading<span aria-hidden="true"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 36 36"><path d="M31.58 18.24a.64.64 0 0 0-.14-.68l-9-9c-.56-.58-1.47.32-.88.88l7.93 7.94H5a.62.62 0 1 0 0 1.24h24.49l-7.93 7.94a.62.62 0 0 0 .88.88l9-9a.72.72 0 0 0 .14-.2Z"/></svg></span></a></span></div></div></footer></div> </div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="monolithic-architecture-vs-microservices-architecture" nav-label="Monolithic architecture vs microservices architecture" >Monolithic architecture vs microservices architecture</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p>The traditional approach to building applications has focused on the monolith. In a monolithic architecture, all the functions and services within an application are locked together, operating as a single unit. When the application is added to or improved upon in any way, the architecture grows more complex. This makes it more difficult to optimize any singular function within the application without taking the entire application apart. This also means that if one process within the application needs to be scaled, the entire application must be scaled as well.<br><br>In microservices architectures, applications are built so that each core function within the app runs independently. This allows development teams to build and update new components to meet changing business needs without disrupting the application as a whole.</p></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="service-oriented-architecture-vs-microservices-architecture" nav-label="Service-oriented architecture vs microservices architecture " >Service-oriented architecture vs microservices architecture </h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p>Microservices architecture is an evolution of <a href="/en/topics/cloud-native-apps/what-is-service-oriented-architecture">service-oriented architecture (SOA)</a>. The two approaches are similar in that they break large, complex applications into smaller components that are easier to work with. Because of their similarities, SOA and microservices architecture are often confused. The main characteristic that can help differentiate between them is their scope: SOA is an enterprise-wide approach to architecture, while microservices is an implementation strategy within application development teams.</p></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="benefits" nav-label="Benefits" >Benefits of a microservices architecture</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p>Microservices give your teams and routines a boost through distributed development. You can also develop multiple microservices concurrently. This means more developers working on the same app, at the same time, which results in less time spent in development.</p><div class="cke5-columns"><div><h3>Ready for market faster</h3><p>Since development cycles are shortened, a microservices architecture supports more agile deployment and updates.</p></div><div><h3>Highly scalable</h3><p>As demand for certain services grows, you can deploy across multiple servers, and infrastructures, to meet your needs.</p></div></div><div class="cke5-columns"><div><h3>Resilient</h3><p>These independent services, when constructed properly, do not impact one another. This means that if one piece fails, the whole app doesn’t go down, unlike the monolithic app model.</p></div><div><h3>Easy to deploy</h3><p>Because your microservice-based apps are more modular and smaller than traditional, monolithic apps, the worries that came with those deployments are negated. This requires more coordination, which a <a href="/en/topics/microservices/what-is-a-service-mesh">service mesh layer</a> can help with, but the payoffs can be huge.</p></div></div><div class="cke5-columns"><div><h3>Accessible</h3><p>Because the larger app is broken down into smaller pieces, developers can more easily understand, update, and enhance those pieces, resulting in faster development cycles, especially when combined with <a href="/en/topics/devops/what-is-agile-methodology">agile development methodologies</a> such as <a href="/en/topics/devops">DevOps.</a></p></div><div><h3>More open</h3><p>Due to the use of polyglot APIs, developers have the freedom to choose the best language and technology for the necessary function.</p></div></div></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="challenges" nav-label="Challenges" >Potential challenges for microservices</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p>The flexibility that comes along with microservices can create a rush to deploy new changes, which means creating new patterns. In software engineering, a “pattern” is meant to refer to any algorithmic solution that is known to work. An “anti-pattern” refers to common mistakes that are made with the intention of solving a problem, but can create more issues in the long run.</p><p>Beyond culture and process, complexity and efficiency are two major challenges of a microservice-based architecture. When working with a microservices architecture, it’s important to look out for these common anti-patterns.</p><ol><li><strong>Scaling: </strong>Scaling any function within the software lifecycle development process can pose challenges—especially in the beginning. During initial set up, it’s important to spend time identifying dependencies between services, and be aware of potential triggers that could break backward compatibility. When it comes time to deploy, investing in <a href="/en/topics/automation">automation</a> is critical as the complexity of microservices becomes overwhelming for human deployment. </li><li><strong>Logging: </strong>With distributed systems, you need centralized logs to bring everything together. Otherwise, the scale is impossible to manage.</li><li><strong>Monitoring: </strong>It’s critical to have a centralized view of the system to pinpoint sources of problems. </li><li><strong>Debugging: </strong>Remote debugging through your local <a href="/en/topics/middleware/what-is-ide">integrated development environment (IDE)</a> isn’t an option and it won’t work across dozens or hundreds of services. Unfortunately there’s no single answer to how to debug at this time.</li><li><strong>Connectivity: </strong>Consider service discovery, whether centralized or integrated.</li></ol></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="tools-and-technologies-that-enable-microservices" nav-label="Tools and technologies that enable microservices" >Tools and technologies that enable microservices</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p><strong>Containers and Kubernetes</strong><br>A <a href="/en/topics/containers">Kubernetes </a>is a container orchestration platform that allows for single components within an application to be updated without affecting the rest of the technology stack, which makes it perfect for automating the management, scaling, and deployment of microservices applications.<br><br><strong>APIs</strong><br>An application programming interface, or API, is the part of an application that is responsible for communicating with other applications. Within the infrastructure of microservices architecture, APIs play the critical role of allowing the different services within a microservice to share information and function as one.<br><br><strong>Event streaming</strong><br>An event can be defined as any thing that happens within a microservice service. For example, when someone adds something to their online shopping cart, or removes it.<br><br>Events form into event streams, which reflect the changing behavior of a system. Monitoring events allow organizations to arrive at useful conclusions about data and user behavior. <a href="/en/topics/integration/what-is-streaming-data">Event stream processing</a> allows immediate action to be taken, it can be used directly with operational workloads in real-time. Companies are applying event streaming to everything from fraud analysis to machine maintenance.</p><p><strong>Serverless computing</strong><br><a href="/en/topics/cloud-native-apps/what-is-serverless">Serverless</a> computing is a cloud-native development model that allows developers to build and run applications while a <a href="/en/topics/cloud-computing/what-are-cloud-providers">cloud provider </a>is responsible for <a href="/en/topics/automation/what-is-provisioning">provisioning</a>, maintaining, and scaling the server <a href="/en/topics/cloud-computing/what-is-it-infrastructure">infrastructure</a>. Developers can simply package their code in containers for deployment. Serverless helps organizations innovate faster because the application is abstracted from the underlying infrastructure.</p></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="how-red-hat-can-help" nav-label="How Red Hat can help" >How Red Hat can help</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p>Red Hat’s open source solutions help you break down your monolithic applications into microservices, manage them, orchestrate them, and handle the data they create. </p><p><strong>Red Hat OpenShift</strong><br><a href="/en/technologies/cloud-computing/openshift">Red Hat® OpenShift®</a> is a Kubernetes-based platform that enables microservices by providing a uniform way to connect, manage, and observe microservices-based applications. It supports containerized, legacy, and cloud-native applications, as well as those being refactored into microservices. OpenShift integrates with <a href="/en/products/application-foundations">Red Hat Application Services</a> and can be used with existing automation tools like Git and Jenkins. It also incorporates an enterprise-grade <a href="/en/topics/linux">Linux operating system</a>, for greater security across your entire cluster. </p><p>Whether you’re optimizing legacy applications, migrating to the cloud, or building totally new, microservices-based solutions, Red Hat OpenShift provides those applications with a more secure and stable platform across your infrastructure.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Red Hat Runtimes</strong></p><p><a href="/en/products/application-runtimes/features">Red Hat Runtimes</a> is a set of prebuilt, containerized runtime foundations for microservices. It supports a wide range of languages and frameworks to use when designing microservice architectures, such as Quarkus, Spring Boot, MicroProfile, and Node.js. Additionally, Red Hat Runtimes includes supporting services for fast data access with Red Hat Data Grid, and services to secure microservice APIs with Red Hat Single-sign on.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Red Hat Integration</strong></p><p><a href="/en/products/integration">Red Hat Integration</a> is a comprehensive set of integration and messaging technologies to connect applications and data across hybrid infrastructures. It is an agile, distributed, containerized, and API-centric solution. 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</div> </div> </section> <section class="dx-band dx-bg-gray-10 rhdc-article--topic-resources" id="topic-resources"> <div class="dx-container rhdc-article--topic-resources">  <div class="rh-band-header--component" data-rh-align=left data-rh-margin=standard ><h2 class="rh-band-header-headline" >Containers resources</h2> </div> <div class="dx-row dx-mt-2"> <div class="dx-col-12 dx-mt-2 dx-flex md:dx-col-6"> <div class="rh-card--layout dx-w-full rhdc-article--related-content" id="related-content" data-at-card="flex" data-rh-background="white" data-rh-justify="justify" data-rh-layout="stacked" data-rh-theme="light" data-rh-bg-align="cover" > <header class="rh-card-header"> <div class="rh-band-header--component" data-rh-align="left"> <h3 class="rh-band-header-nested-section-headline">Related content</h3> </div> </header> <div class="rh-card-content" data-rh-layout="stacked"> <div class="rh-generic--component" data-rh-align="left"> <ul> <li> <p class="rc-title">Blog post</p> <p> <a 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