Containers vs VMs

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class="rh-navigation-link-container"><a class="rh-navigation-link-item" href="/en/topics/containers" title="Containers" > Containers </a></li><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width="11" height="11" viewBox="0 -18 1024 1055"><path d="M810.642 511.557c0 8.905-3.447 16.776-10.284 23.613L322.31 1013.216c-6.835 6.837-14.706 10.284-23.61 10.284s-16.776-3.447-23.613-10.284l-51.303-51.303c-6.837-6.837-10.284-14.707-10.284-23.612s3.447-16.775 10.284-23.61L626.972 511.5 223.784 108.31c-6.837-6.835-10.284-14.706-10.284-23.61s3.447-16.776 10.284-23.613l51.303-51.303C281.924 2.947 289.794-.5 298.7-.5s16.775 3.447 23.61 10.284L800.36 487.83c6.837 6.837 10.284 14.708 10.284 23.613v.114" stroke-width="25" stroke="black"/></svg><li class="rh-navigation-link-container"> Containers vs. VMs </li></ul> </div> <div class="rhdc-article-hero-headline dx-mb-4 dx-mt-4">  <div class="rh-band-header--component" ><h1 class="rh-band-header-hero-headline" >Containers vs. VMs</h1> </div> </div> <div class="rhdc-article-hero-front-matter">  <div class="rh-front-matter--component"><div class="rh-front-matter-wrapper" data-rh-layout="inline-horizontal"><div class="rh-front-matter-metadata"><span class="rh-front-matter-metadata-publish-date">Updated <span> December 13, 2023</span></span><span class="rh-front-matter-metadata-separator">•</span><span class="rh-front-matter-metadata-readtime" for="article-contents" data-rh-hidden="sm"><em class="placeholder">5</em>-minute read</span></div><pfe-clipboard class="rh-front-matter-share" role="button" tabindex="0"><span slot="text">Copy URL</span></pfe-clipboard></div></div></div> </div> <div class="lg:dx-col-3"> </div> </div> </section> <section class="dx-band dx-pt-0 rhdc-article-body" id="rhdc-aside-promo"> <div class="dx-container dx-flex-col lg:dx-flex lg:dx-flex-row xl:dx-gap-3 lg:dx-justify-between"> <div class="lg:dx-col-1 lg:dx-col-2 dx-mb-6 lg:dx-mb-0"> <pfe-jump-links-nav id="article-nav" autobuild offset="120" sr-text="Jump to section" ></pfe-jump-links-nav> </div> <div class="rhdc-article-body--content lg:dx-col-6"> <pfe-jump-links-panel scrolltarget="article-nav" data-rh-layout="tall-stacked" pfelement="" class="PFElement" type="content">  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="overview" nav-label="Overview" >Overview</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p><a href="/en/topics/containers-v1-old" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f256f105-2322-4bf7-8dbc-3d4381deba94" data-entity-substitution="canonical">Containers</a> and <a href="/en/topics/virtualization/what-is-a-virtual-machine" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3aefa907-9c5c-4db3-b029-19a0179ecdb3" data-entity-substitution="canonical">virtual machines (VMs)</a> are 2 approaches to packaging computing environments that combine various IT components and isolate them from the rest of the system. The main difference between the 2 is what components are isolated, which in turn affects the scale and portability of each approach.</p><div class="media-element file-default media-youtube-video"><iframe src="https://www.redhat.com/en/media/oembed?url=https%3A//www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DZQlQumDZ0Zw&max_width=0&max_height=0&hash=KtzifI4JsFnjZNY13TqjqjnuZP7MOSnq_Nh80sLIOv0" width="200" height="113" class="media-oembed-content" loading="lazy" title="Open Answers: How are VMs and containers different?"></iframe></div><p> </p><p><rh-cta variant="primary"><a href="/en/products/virtualization" target="_self" data-analytics-linktype="cta" data-analytics-text="Explore Red Hat's virtualization solution">Explore Red Hat's virtualization solution</a></rh-cta></p></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="what-is-a-container" nav-label="What is a container?" >What is a container?</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p dir="ltr">A container is a unit of software that holds together all the components and functionalities needed for an application to run. Most modern applications are made up of multiple containers that each perform a specific function. Containers are typically measured by the megabyte, don’t utilize a hypervisor, and are generally considered a faster, more agile way of handling process isolation.</p><p dir="ltr">One of the significant factors which contribute to the success of containers is portability. Much like interconnecting LEGO™ blocks, the individual containers can easily be exchanged and moved around to different environments. Once an application and its dependencies are packaged into a container, it can be deployed anywhere needed–the developer laptop, the datacenter, the cloud, or the edge–with the expectation that it will function exactly the same.</p><p><a href="/en/topics/containers/what-is-docker" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="2b8d7a84-bcfc-4e95-aa46-a8318c6fd6dd" data-entity-substitution="canonical">Docker</a>, an open-source platform for building, deploying, and managing containerized applications, has played a major role in the evolution of container technology over the years. </p></div></div></div> <div class="rhdc--inline-promo" data-rh-mbox="inline-promo">  <div class="rh-card--layout rh-promo-article" data-rh-promo=inline data-rh-border-radius=none data-rh-background="gray" data-rh-theme="light" data-rh-bg-align="cover" data-rh-layout="fit-content-33" data-rh-border="top-bottom"><div class="rh-card-content" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><div class="rh-band-header--component" data-rh-align=left ><h2 class="rh-band-header-subsection-headline" id="rh-l2nig">Red Hat resources</h2></div></div></div></div><footer class="rh-card-footer" ><div class="rh-group--layout" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><span class="rh-cta--component" data-rh-cta-type="secondary" ><a class="rh-cta-link" href="/en/resources" title="Keep reading" data-analytics-linkType="cta" data-analytics-text="Keep reading" data-analytics-category="Inline promo | Red Hat resources" >Keep reading<span aria-hidden="true"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 36 36"><path d="M31.58 18.24a.64.64 0 0 0-.14-.68l-9-9c-.56-.58-1.47.32-.88.88l7.93 7.94H5a.62.62 0 1 0 0 1.24h24.49l-7.93 7.94a.62.62 0 0 0 .88.88l9-9a.72.72 0 0 0 .14-.2Z"/></svg></span></a></span></div></div></footer></div> </div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="what-is-a-virtual-machine" nav-label="What is a virtual machine?" >What is a virtual machine?</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p dir="ltr">Virtual machines play a crucial role in cloud computing, emulating physical computers by running operating systems in isolated instances. Multiple VMs are commonly hosted on a single server, with a hypervisor acting as a lightweight software layer positioned between the physical host and the VMs. This hypervisor efficiently manages access to resources, enabling virtual machines to function as distinct servers while offering enhanced flexibility and agility.</p><p dir="ltr">Initially gaining popularity in the 2000s due to consolidation and cost saving initiatives, the use of VMs have evolved over time. Organizations have matured their VM deployments, expanding beyond consolidation to embrace various use cases. These include providing on-demand resources for applications and optimizing access to expensive resources like GPUs.</p><p dir="ltr">VMs have also served as the foundation of many early cloud computing environments, facilitating resource virtualization and supporting multi-tenancy and isolation–that is, multiple customers running systems sharing the same resources.</p><p>Virtual machines contain their own operating system, allowing them to perform multiple resource-intensive functions at once. The increased resources available to VMs allow them to abstract, split, duplicate, and emulate entire servers, operating systems, desktops, databases, and<a href="/en/topics/virtualization/what-is-nfv" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="0b50bc95-69da-42f4-a17e-a328cd699f23" data-entity-substitution="canonical"> networks</a>. </p></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="cloud-native-vs-traditional-it" nav-label="Cloud-native vs. traditional IT" >Cloud-native vs. traditional IT</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p>Beyond the technological differences, comparing containers to virtual machines is a proxy comparison between modern cloud-native IT practices and traditional IT architectures. </p><div class="cke5-columns"><div><p><strong>Emerging IT practices</strong> <br>(<a href="/en/topics/cloud-native-apps" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="81ef7d1f-a3aa-4f91-b7d9-fc1b4fdfd1b4" data-entity-substitution="canonical">cloud-native</a> development, <a href="/en/topics/devops/what-is-ci-cd" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6e97a47a-d451-4485-be7b-61f9ab97e9dd" data-entity-substitution="canonical">CI/CD</a>, and <a href="/en/topics/devops" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d7b9be48-f1bd-4354-ac15-8c77467155df" data-entity-substitution="canonical">DevOps</a>) are possible because workloads are split up into the smallest possible serviceable units—usually a function or microservice–and run in isolation, where they are independently developed, deployed, managed, and scaled.</p><p dir="ltr">These small units are best packaged in containers, which allow multiple teams to work on individual parts of an app or service without interrupting or threatening code packaged in other containers.</p></div><div><p><strong>Traditional IT architectures</strong><br>(monolithic and legacy) keep every aspect of a workload tightly coupled and unable to function without the greater architecture in place. Because aspects cannot be split up, they need to be packaged as a whole unit within a larger environment, often a VM.</p><p dir="ltr">It was once common to build and run an entire app within a VM, though having all the code and dependencies in one place led to oversized VMs that experienced cascading failures and downtime when pushing updates.</p></div></div></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="how-do-they-work" nav-label="How do they work?" >How do they work?</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p> </p><img loading="lazy" class="media-element file-wysiwyg" src="/rhdc/managed-files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width/private/virtualization-vs-containers_transparent.png.webp?itok=LQxFhKKx" width="988" height="383" alt="virtualization vs containers" title="virtualization vs containers"><div class="cke5-columns"><div><h3>Virtualization</h3><p>Software called a hypervisor separates resources from their physical machines so they can be partitioned and dedicated to VMs. When a user issues a VM instruction that requires additional resources from the physical environment, the hypervisor relays the request to the physical system and caches the changes. VMs look and act like physical servers, which can multiply the drawbacks of application dependencies and large OS footprints—a footprint that's mostly not needed to run a single app or microservice.</p></div><div><h3>Containers</h3><p>Everything within a container is packaged and shipped using a container image—a file that includes all libraries and dependencies. The container image files are similar to software installation packages (such as RPMs in Linux), but one that only needs a compatible kernel and container runtime for the application to run, regardless of which OS was used to create the container nor where the libraries inside the container were sourced from. Because containers are so small, there are usually hundreds of them loosely coupled together—which is why <a href="/en/topics/containers/what-is-container-orchestration" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="9749af33-2b35-4a50-b959-72fd77658928" data-entity-substitution="canonical">container orchestration</a> platforms (like <a href="/en/technologies/cloud-computing/openshift" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="9de937b4-a528-4c91-9f18-0922c27d01bc" data-entity-substitution="canonical">Red Hat OpenShift</a> and <a href="/en/topics/containers/what-is-kubernetes" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7881e855-6060-4b86-9ad1-98937a513774" data-entity-substitution="canonical">Kubernetes</a>) are used to provision and manage them.</p></div></div></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="which-one-should-i-use" nav-label="Which one should I use?" >Which one should I use?</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p>That depends—do you need a small instance of something that can be moved easily (containers), or do you need a semi-permanent allocation of custom IT resources?<br><br>Additional factors to consider include application architecture, development practices, security and regulatory requirements.<br><br>The small, lightweight nature of containers allows them to be deployed easily across bare metal systems as well as public, private, hybrid, and multicloud environments. It’s also very common to run containers in VMs since organizations have existing infrastructure built around virtual machines. This speaks to the flexibility of containers. <br><br>Containers are also the ideal environment to deploy today’s cloud-native apps, which are collections of microservices designed to provide a consistent development and <a href="/en/topics/automation" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="ea8268fb-c364-4379-8c41-81ca4b08d0c4" data-entity-substitution="canonical">automated</a> <a href="/en/topics/management" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="842abd70-07f1-4f77-a066-71d7e8db8113" data-entity-substitution="canonical">management</a> experience across <a href="/en/topics/cloud-computing/what-is-public-cloud" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="118b38b0-bfc3-409b-805a-bb61c3c7704e" data-entity-substitution="canonical">public</a>, <a href="/en/topics/cloud-computing/what-is-private-cloud" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="85869138-9626-44e7-90ee-bc56c67a55db" data-entity-substitution="canonical">private</a>, <a href="/en/topics/cloud-computing/what-is-hybrid-cloud" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e31f4e4f-db7e-483b-8994-0ca0e2529e1b" data-entity-substitution="canonical">hybrid</a>, and <a href="/en/topics/cloud-computing/what-is-multicloud" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="24916cc4-57d1-4297-a735-ac1fb9b77e19" data-entity-substitution="canonical">multicloud</a> environments. Cloud-native apps help speed up how new apps are built, how existing ones are optimized, and how they’re all connected. </p><p>Compared to VMs, containers are best used to: </p><ul><li>Build cloud-native apps</li><li>Package microservices</li><li>Incorporate applications into DevOps or CI/CD practices</li><li>Move scalable IT projects across a diverse IT footprint </li></ul><p>Compared to containers, VMs are best used to:</p><ul><li>House traditional, legacy, and monolithic workloads</li><li>Isolate risky development cycles</li><li>Provision <a href="/en/topics/cloud-computing/what-is-it-infrastructure">infrastructural</a> resources (such as networks, servers, and <a href="/en/topics/big-data">data</a>)</li><li>Run a different OS inside another OS (such as running Unix on <a href="/en/topics/linux">Linux</a>)</li></ul><p> </p><p>And if you have applications running on both virtual machines and containers, <a href="/en/technologies/cloud-computing/service-interconnect">Red Hat Service Interconnect</a> can help connect applications and services across different environments.</p></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="bare-metal-vs-vms-vs-containers" nav-label="Bare metal vs. VMs vs. containers" >Bare metal vs. VMs vs. containers</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p dir="ltr">Virtual machines and containers can be deployed on various types of infrastructure, including bare metal servers.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>What is bare metal?</strong></p><p dir="ltr">‘Bare metal’ is a term that refers to a computer or server that runs on physical hardware and does not require assistance from hypervisors, virtual machines, or containerization in order to operate. Bare metal servers are also known as dedicated servers–this is because the hardware components are not shared with other users, and are therefore entirely dedicated to a single tenant.</p><p dir="ltr">Bare metal servers are capable of processing a high volume of data with low latency–that is, they’re fast and powerful. With bare metal, the user has complete control over their server infrastructure, which means they can choose their own operating system and fine tune their hardware and software to fit their specific workload needs.</p><p dir="ltr">However, while bare metal deployments are valuable in scenarios where performance and direct hardware access are critical, they may not provide the same level of flexibility and resource management as containers or virtual machines.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Can I host VMs on bare metal?</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Yes, bare metal servers are able to host virtual machines with the addition of a hypervisor and virtualization software.<br><br><strong>Can I host containers on bare metal?</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Yes, platforms like Docker, Kubernetes, and Podman are designed to help users manage and deploy containers at scale on many infrastructures, including bare metal servers. </p></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="why-choose-red-hat" nav-label="Why choose Red Hat?" >Why choose Red Hat?</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p><a href="/en/technologies/cloud-computing/openshift" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="9de937b4-a528-4c91-9f18-0922c27d01bc" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Red Hat OpenShift enterprise application platform">Red Hat® OpenShift®</a> is a single enterprise-ready container-based application platform with a choice of deployment and consumption options that supports every app and environment. With Red Hat OpenShift, organizations can quickly build, deploy, run, and manage applications anywhere, securely, and at scale.</p><p>Red Hat <a href="/en/technologies/cloud-computing/openshift/virtualization" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="be61e1bf-4b0c-496e-9103-c64c5b576e2b" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Red Hat OpenShift Virtualization">OpenShift Virtualization</a>, a feature of Red Hat OpenShift, allows IT teams to run <a href="/en/topics/virtualization/what-is-a-virtual-machine" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3aefa907-9c5c-4db3-b029-19a0179ecdb3" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="What is a virtual machine (VM)?">virtual machines</a> alongside containers on the same Kubernetes platform, simplifying management and improving time to production.  </p><p dir="ltr">Red Hat OpenShift Virtualization is based on the open source projects KVM and <a href="/en/topics/virtualization/what-is-kubevirt" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="854a76fa-1d0f-48c6-a6ab-881847031a91" data-entity-substitution="canonical">KubeVirt</a> and is a part of Red Hat's comprehensive <a href="https://www.redhat.com/en/products/virtualization">virtualization solution</a>. 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With additional support options and partner integrations for storage, backup and disaster recovery, and networking, you can rely on Red Hat to keep your virtual infrastructure running smoothly throughout the hybrid cloud–and help you modernize when you’re ready.</p><p><rh-cta><a href="/en/technologies/cloud-computing/openshift/virtualization" data-analytics-linktype="cta" data-analytics-text="Explore virtualization with Red Hat">Explore virtualization with Red Hat</a></rh-cta></p></div></div></div> </pfe-jump-links-panel> </div> <div class="lg:dx-col-3 lg:dx-col-3 dx-mt-6 lg:dx-mt-0"> <div class="rhdc--aside-promo" id="aside-promo" data-rh-mbox="aside-promo">  <div class="rh-card--layout card-flex--subpattern " data-rh-card="sections" data-at-card="flex" data-rh-background="white" data-rh-justify="justify" data-rh-layout="stacked" data-rh-theme="light" data-rh-bg-align="cover" > <header class="rh-card-header"> <div class="rh-raw rhdc--aside-promo--tag" > <rh-tag 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</div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="dx-band dx-bg-gray-10 rhdc-article--topic-resources" id="topic-resources"> <div class="dx-container rhdc-article--topic-resources">  <div class="rh-band-header--component" data-rh-align=left data-rh-margin=standard ><h2 class="rh-band-header-headline" >Containers resources</h2> </div> <div class="dx-row dx-mt-2"> <div class="dx-col-12 dx-mt-2 dx-flex md:dx-col-4"> <div class="rh-card--layout dx-w-full rhdc-article--featured-products" id="featured-products" data-at-card="flex" data-rh-background="white" data-rh-justify="justify" data-rh-layout="stacked" data-rh-theme="light" data-rh-bg-align="cover" > <header class="rh-card-header"> <div class="rh-band-header--component" data-rh-align="left"> <h3 class="rh-band-header-nested-section-headline">Featured product</h3> </div> </header> <div class="rh-card-content" data-rh-layout="stacked"> <div class="rh-generic--component" data-rh-align="left"> <ul> <li> <h4> <a 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