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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Encontro_estadual_de_maracatus.jpg/480px-Encontro_estadual_de_maracatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Encontro_estadual_de_maracatus.jpg/640px-Encontro_estadual_de_maracatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1665" /></a><figcaption>In Pernambuco, the first Afro-Brazilian folklore and rhythm emerged: congada and maracatu. In the photo, <a href="/wiki/Maracatu_Na%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Maracatu Nação">Maracatu Nação</a> procession in <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Afro-Brazilian cultural aspects</div> <p><b>Afro-Brazilian culture</b> is the combination of cultural manifestations in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> that have suffered some influence from <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">African culture</a> since <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colonial</a> times until the present day. Most of Africa's culture reached Brazil through the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">transatlantic slave trade</a>, where it was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous cultures</a>, which means that characteristics of African origin in Brazilian culture are generally mixed with other cultural references. </p><p>Currently, strong aspects of African culture can be identified in many aspects of Brazilian society, such as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_popular_brasileira" title="Música popular brasileira">popular music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">folklore</a> and popular festivities. The states of <a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> were the most influenced by the culture of African origin due to the number of slaves received during the slave trade and their internal migration after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugar cane</a> cycle in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast region</a>. </p><p>Although traditionally depreciated in the colonial era and in the 19th century, aspects of Brazilian culture of African origin underwent a process of revalorization from the 20th century onwards that still exists today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_developments">Historical developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Brazilian_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian_history" title="Afro-Brazilian history">Afro-Brazilian history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rugendas_-_Escravos_Benguela,_Angola,_Congo,_Monjolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rugendas_-_Escravos_Benguela%2C_Angola%2C_Congo%2C_Monjolo.jpg/220px-Rugendas_-_Escravos_Benguela%2C_Angola%2C_Congo%2C_Monjolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rugendas_-_Escravos_Benguela%2C_Angola%2C_Congo%2C_Monjolo.jpg/330px-Rugendas_-_Escravos_Benguela%2C_Angola%2C_Congo%2C_Monjolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rugendas_-_Escravos_Benguela%2C_Angola%2C_Congo%2C_Monjolo.jpg/440px-Rugendas_-_Escravos_Benguela%2C_Angola%2C_Congo%2C_Monjolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>African slaves in Brazil from several nations (<a href="/wiki/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas" title="Johann Moritz Rugendas">Rugendas</a>, c. 1830).</figcaption></figure> <p>Overall, both in colonial times and in the 19th century, the cultural identity of European origin was the most valued in Brazil, while Afro-Brazilian cultural manifestations were often neglected, discouraged and even prohibited. <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Afro-Brazilian religions</a> and the martial art of <a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">capoeira</a> were often suppressed by the authorities. On the other hand, some folkloric manifestations, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Congada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congada (page does not exist)">congadas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maracatu" title="Maracatu">maracatu</a>, as well as musical expressions like <a href="/wiki/Lundu_(dance)" title="Lundu (dance)">lundu</a>, were tolerated and even stimulated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the mid-20th century onwards, Afro-Brazilian cultural expressions gradually began to be more accepted and admired by Brazilian elites as authentic national artistic expressions. However, not all cultural manifestations were accepted at the same time. <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">Samba</a> was one of the first expressions of Afro-Brazilian culture to be admired when it assumed a privileged position in popular music at the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, the government of the <i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a></i> dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> implemented policies to stimulate nationalism where Afro-Brazilian culture could be officially accepted. It was during this period that <a href="/wiki/Samba_school" title="Samba school">samba school</a> parades gained government approval through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Union_of_Samba_Schools_of_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Union of Samba Schools of Brazil (page does not exist)">General Union of Samba Schools of Brazil</a>, founded in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same happened to other cultural expressions. Capoeira, which was considered an activity of criminals and outlaws, was presented in 1953 by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_dos_Reis_Machado" title="Manuel dos Reis Machado">Mestre Bimba</a> to president Vargas, who called it "the only truly national sport".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1950s onwards, persecution of Afro-Brazilian religions decreased and <a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">umbanda</a> was accepted by part of the Rio de Janeiro middle class. In the following decade, Afro-Brazilian religions began to be celebrated by the white intellectual elite.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, Law No. 10.639 was signed, which modified the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Guidelines_and_Bases_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education (page does not exist)">Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education</a> (LDB), requiring Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a> to include the teaching of Afro-Brazilian history and culture in the curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afro-Brazilian_studies">Afro-Brazilian studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Brazilian_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Afro-Brazilian studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sobradomadalena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sobradomadalena.jpg/220px-Sobradomadalena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sobradomadalena.jpg/330px-Sobradomadalena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sobradomadalena.jpg/440px-Sobradomadalena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition Museum (page does not exist)">Abolition Museum</a> - Reference Center of Afro-Brazilian Culture, in Recife.</figcaption></figure> <p>The interest in Afro-Brazilian culture is expressed by the many studies in the fields of sociology, anthropology, ethnology, music and linguistics, among others, focused on the expression and historical evolution of Afro-Brazilian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Brazilian scholars, such as the lawyer <a href="/wiki/Edison_Carneiro" title="Edison Carneiro">Edison Carneiro</a>, the coroner <a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Nina_Rodrigues" title="Raimundo Nina Rodrigues">Nina Rodrigues</a>, the writer <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Amado" title="Jorge Amado">Jorge Amado</a>, the poet and writer from Minas Gerais <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Olinto" title="Antônio Olinto">Antonio Olinto</a>, the writer and journalist <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Ubaldo_Ribeiro" title="João Ubaldo Ribeiro">João Ubaldo</a>, the anthropologist and museologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raul_Lody&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raul Lody (page does not exist)">Raul Lody</a>, as well as foreigners like the French sociologist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bastide" title="Roger Bastide">Roger Bastide</a>, the photographer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Verger" title="Pierre Verger">Pierre Verger</a>, the American ethnologist researcher <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Landes" title="Ruth Landes">Ruth Landes</a>, and the Argentine painter <a href="/wiki/Caryb%C3%A9" title="Carybé">Carybé</a>, dedicated themselves to collecting data on Afro-Brazilian culture, which had not yet been studied in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of them became involved in Afro-Brazilian religions, as is the case of <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_do_Rio" title="João do Rio">João do Rio</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others were invited to join <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">candomblé</a> as full members, receiving honorary positions as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ob%C3%A1_de_Xang%C3%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obá de Xangô (page does not exist)">Obá de Xangô</a> at <a href="/wiki/Il%C3%AA_Ax%C3%A9_Op%C3%B4_Afonj%C3%A1" title="Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá">Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Og%C3%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogã (page does not exist)">Ogã</a> at <a href="/wiki/Il%C3%AA_Ax%C3%A9_Iy%C3%A1_Nass%C3%B4_Ok%C3%A1" title="Ilê Axé Iyá Nassô Oká">Ilê Axé Iyá Nassô Oká</a> and <a href="/wiki/Il%C3%AA_Ax%C3%A9_Iy%C3%A1_Omin_Iyamass%C3%AA" title="Ilê Axé Iyá Omin Iyamassê">Ilê Axé Iyá Omin Iyamassê</a>, helping financially to maintain these <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terreiro_(religion)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terreiro (religion) (page does not exist)">terreiros</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many lay priests in literature volunteered to write the history of Afro-Brazilian religions with the help of sympathetic academics or members of candomblés. Others, since they already had an academic background, became writers in parallel with their position as priests, like anthropologists <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BAlio_Santana_Braga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Júlio Santana Braga (page does not exist)">Júlio Santana Braga</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivaldo_da_Costa_Lima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vivaldo da Costa Lima (page does not exist)">Vivaldo da Costa Lima</a>, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A3e-de-santo" title="Mãe-de-santo">iyalorishás</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A3e_Stella_de_Ox%C3%B3ssi" title="Mãe Stella de Oxóssi">Mãe Stella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gis%C3%A8le_Cossard" title="Gisèle Cossard">Giselle Cossard Binon - Omindarewa</a>, professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agenor_Miranda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agenor Miranda (page does not exist)">Agenor Miranda</a>, lawyer Cléo Martins and sociology professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginaldo_Prandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginaldo Prandi (page does not exist)">Reginaldo Prandi</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Brazilian_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igreja_do_Ros%C3%A1rio_dos_Homens_Pretos_(3597939043).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Igreja_do_Ros%C3%A1rio_dos_Homens_Pretos_%283597939043%29.jpg/220px-Igreja_do_Ros%C3%A1rio_dos_Homens_Pretos_%283597939043%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Igreja_do_Ros%C3%A1rio_dos_Homens_Pretos_%283597939043%29.jpg/330px-Igreja_do_Ros%C3%A1rio_dos_Homens_Pretos_%283597939043%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Igreja_do_Ros%C3%A1rio_dos_Homens_Pretos_%283597939043%29.jpg/440px-Igreja_do_Ros%C3%A1rio_dos_Homens_Pretos_%283597939043%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_of_the_Black_Men_(Olinda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men (Olinda) (page does not exist)">Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men of Olinda</a> was the first church in Brazil owned by a brotherhood of blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Overall, blacks brought from Africa as slaves were immediately baptized and forced to follow <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>. However, conversion was only superficial and religions of African origin managed to remain through secret practice or <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> with Catholicism. Some Afro-Brazilian religions still maintain most of their African traditions, such as the traditional candomblé and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xang%C3%B4_do_Nordeste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xangô do Nordeste (page does not exist)">xangô</a> in the northeast region; others were formed through religious syncretism, such as <a href="/wiki/Batuque_(religion)" title="Batuque (religion)">batuque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">tambor de mina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xamb%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xambá (page does not exist)">xambá</a> and umbanda.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless, Afro-Brazilian religions show influences from Catholicism and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encantaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encantaria (page does not exist)">encantaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paj%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Pajé">pajelança</a>. Syncretism also manifests itself in the tradition of baptism of children and marriage in the Catholic Church, even when the members openly follow an Afro-Brazilian religion.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In colonial Brazil, blacks and <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattos</a>, whether slaves or freedmen, often associated themselves in Catholic religious <a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">brotherhoods</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Good_Death" title="Order of Our Lady of the Good Death">Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Good Death</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisterhood_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_of_the_Black_Men&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men (page does not exist)">Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men</a> were among the most important, also serving as a link between Catholicism and Afro-Brazilian religions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very practice of traditional Catholicism suffered African influence in the cult of saints of African origin such as <a href="/wiki/Benedict_the_Moor" title="Benedict the Moor">Saint Benedict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaleb_of_Axum" title="Kaleb of Axum">Saint Elesbaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephigenia_of_Ethiopia" title="Ephigenia of Ethiopia">Saint Ephigenia</a> and Saint Anthony of Noto (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Categer%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio de Categeró (page does not exist)">Saint Anthony of Carthage</a> or Saint Anthony Ethiopian);<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the preferential cult of saints easily associated with African <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">orishas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian" title="Saints Cosmas and Damian">Saints Cosmas and Damian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibeji" title="Ibeji">ibeji</a>), <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ogun" title="Ogun">Ogun</a> in Rio de Janeiro), <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barbara" title="Saint Barbara">Saint Barbara</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cya" title="Ọya">Yansã</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the creation of new popular saints such as the <a href="/wiki/Escrava_Anastacia" title="Escrava Anastacia">Escrava Anastacia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Litany" title="Litany">litanies</a>, prayers (such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trezena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trezena (page does not exist)">Trezena</a> of Saint Anthony)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and religious festivals (such as the <a href="/wiki/Lavagem_do_Bonfim" title="Lavagem do Bonfim">Lavagem do Bonfim</a> where the steps of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Nosso_Senhor_do_Bonfim,_Salvador" title="Church of Nosso Senhor do Bonfim, Salvador">Church of Our Lord of Bonfim</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, Bahia are washed with scented water by daughters of the saints of candomblé ).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Catholicism denies the existence of orishas, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal churches</a> believe in their existence, but as demons.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">IBGE</a>, 0.3% of Brazilians say they follow religions of African origin, although a larger number of people pursue these religions privately.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially neglected, Afro-Brazilian religions were or are openly practiced by several important intellectuals and artists such as Jorge Amado, <a href="/wiki/Dorival_Caymmi" title="Dorival Caymmi">Dorival Caymmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinicius_de_Moraes" title="Vinicius de Moraes">Vinícius de Moraes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caetano_Veloso" title="Caetano Veloso">Caetano Veloso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Gil" title="Gilberto Gil">Gilberto Gil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Beth%C3%A2nia" title="Maria Bethânia">Maria Bethânia</a> (who attended <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A3e_Menininha_do_Gantois" title="Mãe Menininha do Gantois">Mãe Menininha</a>'s <i>terreiro</i>), <a href="/wiki/Gal_Costa" title="Gal Costa">Gal Costa</a> (who was initiated to the Orisha <a href="/wiki/Babal%C3%BA-Ay%C3%A9" title="Babalú-Ayé">Babalú-Ayé</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestre_Didi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mestre Didi (page does not exist)">Mestre Didi</a> (son of the iyalorishá <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Bibiana_do_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Bibiana do Espírito Santo (page does not exist)">Mãe Senhora</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Ris%C3%A9rio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Risério (page does not exist)">Antonio Risério</a>, Caribé (artist), Fernando Coelho, <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Gilberto Freyre</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Beniste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Beniste (page does not exist)">José Beniste</a> (who was initiated in the <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu branch</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candomble_Pernambuco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Candomble_Pernambuco.jpg/220px-Candomble_Pernambuco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Candomble_Pernambuco.jpg/330px-Candomble_Pernambuco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Candomble_Pernambuco.jpg/440px-Candomble_Pernambuco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Candomblé shed in Pernambuco.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afro-Brazilian_religions">Afro-Brazilian religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Brazilian_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Afro-Brazilian religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba%C3%A7u%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babaçuê (page does not exist)">Babaçuê</a> <i>-</i> <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Batuque - Rio Grande do Sul;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabula (page does not exist)">Cabula</a> - Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Candomblé - In all states of Brazil;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egungun_cult&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egungun cult (page does not exist)">Egungun cult</a> - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a> Cult - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macumba" title="Macumba">Macumba</a> - Rio de Janeiro;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omoloko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omoloko (page does not exist)">Omoloko</a> - Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Kimbanda</a> - Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tambor de Mina - Maranhão and Pará;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terec%C3%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terecô (page does not exist)">Terecô</a> - Maranhão;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a> - In all states of Brazil;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Xambá - <a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a> and Pernambuco;<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Xangô do Nordeste - Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas and Sergipe;<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">Confraternities</a>;</li> <li>Sisterhood of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_the_Good_Death&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Our Lady of the Good Death (page does not exist)">Our Lady of the Good Death</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men;<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Syncretism;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Brazilian_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neide_da_Costa.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Neide_da_Costa.jpeg/220px-Neide_da_Costa.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Neide_da_Costa.jpeg/330px-Neide_da_Costa.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Neide_da_Costa.jpeg/440px-Neide_da_Costa.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption>Weaver of the Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá candomblé <i>terreiro</i> in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</figcaption></figure> <p>The African Alaká, known in Brazil as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pano-da-costa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pano-da-costa (page does not exist)">pano-da-costa</a></i>, is produced by weavers of the Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá candomblé <i>terreiro</i> in Salvador, in the space called <i>Casa do Alaká</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mestre Didi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alapini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alapini (page does not exist)">Alapini</a> (high priest) of the <a href="/wiki/Egungun" title="Egungun">Egungun</a> cult and <a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A7ob%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Açobá (page does not exist)">Açobá</a> (supreme priest) of the cult of Babalú-Ayé and Orishas of the earth, is also a sculptor and his work is entirely focused on <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> mythology and art.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In painting, many artists and designers have dedicated themselves to showing the beauty of candomblé, umbanda and batuque on their canvases. One of them is the Argentine sculptor and painter Carybé, who dedicated much of his life in Brazil sculpting and painting the Orishas and festivals down to the finest detail. His sculptures can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian_Museum" title="Afro-Brazilian Museum">Afro-Brazilian Museum</a> and part of his work has been published in books.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In photography, the Frenchman Pierre Fatumbi Verger, who visited Bahia in 1946 and remained until the last day of his life, portrayed in black and white the Brazilian people and all the nuances of candomblé. Besides photographing, he became part of the religion, both in Brazil and in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, where he was initiated as a <a href="/wiki/Babalawo" title="Babalawo">babalawo</a>, as well as starting the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Verger_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Verger Foundation (page does not exist)">Pierre Verger Foundation</a> in Salvador, where his entire photographic collection is located.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Brazilian_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Feijoada_(%C3%A0_brasileira)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feijoada (à brasileira)">Brazilian <i>feijoada</i></a>, considered the national dish of Brazil, is frequently mentioned as a creation of the slaves, since it may have been invented in the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senzala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senzala (page does not exist)">senzalas</a></i>. Nowadays, however, Brazilian <i><a href="/wiki/Feijoada" title="Feijoada">feijoada</a></i> is considered a tropical adaptation of the Portuguese <i>feijoada</i> that was not usually served to slaves. Despite this, regional Brazilian cuisine was greatly influenced by African cooking, mixed with European and indigenous culinary elements.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cuisine of Bahia is the one that most demonstrates the African influence in its typical dishes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Akara" title="Akara">acarajé</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Caruru_(food)" title="Caruru (food)">caruru</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vatap%C3%A1" title="Vatapá">vatapá</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Moqueca" title="Moqueca">moqueca</a></i>. These dishes are prepared with <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>, extracted from an African palm tree brought to Brazil in colonial times. In Bahia, there are two ways to prepare these recipes. In a simpler way, the foods do not contain much seasoning and are made in the candomblé <i>terreiros</i> to be offered to the orishas. In the other way, applied outside the <i>terreiros</i>, the foods are prepared with a lot of seasoning and are more flavorful, being sold by the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baiana_do_acaraj%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baiana do acarajé (page does not exist)">baianas do acarajé</a></i> and tasted in restaurants and homes.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Brazilian_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian_music" title="Afro-Brazilian music">Afro-Brazilian music</a></div> <p>The music created by Afro-Brazilians is a combination of influences from across <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> with elements of Portuguese and, to a lesser extent, indigenous music, which has produced a wide variety of styles. Brazilian popular music is strongly influenced by African rhythms; the most popular genres are samba, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marabaixo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marabaixo (page does not exist)">marabaixo</a>, maracatu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijex%C3%A1_(rhytm)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ijexá (rhytm) (page does not exist)">ijexá</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coco_(dance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coco (dance) (page does not exist)">coco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jongo" title="Jongo">jongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carimb%C3%B3" title="Carimbó">carimbó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lambada" title="Lambada">lambada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxixe_(dance)" title="Maxixe (dance)">maxixe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maculel%C3%AA_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maculelê (dance)">maculelê</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just as happened in all the regions of America where African slaves were present, the music made by Afro-descendants was initially neglected and marginalized, until it gained notoriety in the early 20th century and became the most popular today.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afro-Brazilian_instruments">Afro-Brazilian instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Brazilian_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Afro-Brazilian instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afox%C3%A9" title="Afoxé">Afoxé</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agog%C3%B4" title="Agogô">Agogô</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfaia" title="Alfaia">Alfaia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atabaque" title="Atabaque">Atabaque</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berimbau" title="Berimbau">Berimbau</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">Drum</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Brazilian_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_culture_in_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="African culture in Rio Grande do Sul">African culture in Rio Grande do Sul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilombo" title="Quilombo">Quilombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian_history" title="Afro-Brazilian history">Afro-Brazilian history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Brazilian_culture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://educacao.uol.com.br/disciplinas/cultura-brasileira/congada-festa-folclorica-une-tradicoes-africanas-e-ibericas.htm">"Congada - Festa folclórica une tradições africanas e ibéricas"</a>. <i>UOL</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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