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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese name</a>, the first or maternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i>Conceição Nazaré</i> and the second or paternal family name is <i>Assunção</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mãe Menininha do Gantois</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Maria Escolástica da Conceição Nazaré Assunção</div><br />10 February 1894<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador da Bahia</a>, Brazil</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 August 1986<span style="display:none">(1986-08-13)</span> (aged 92)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Salvador da Bahia, Brazil</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Brazilian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Priestess</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1946–1986</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Headed the religious temple of Candomble do Gantois for 64 years</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mãe Menininha do Gantois</b> (10 February 1894 – 13 August 1986) also known as <b>Mother Menininha do Gantois</b>, was a Brazilian spiritual leader <i>(iyalorixá)</i> and spiritual daughter of <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">orixá</a> <a href="/wiki/Oshun" title="Oshun">Oxum</a>, who officiated for 64 years as the head of one of the most noted <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> temples, the <a href="/wiki/Il%C3%AA_Ax%C3%A9_Iy%C3%A1_Omin_Iyamass%C3%AA" title="Ilê Axé Iyá Omin Iyamassê">Ilê Axé Iyá Omin Iyamassê</a>, or Terreiro do Gantois, of Brazil, located in Alto do Gantois in <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005755–56_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005755–56-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry201095_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry201095-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was instrumental in gaining legal recognition of Candomblé and its rituals, bringing an end to centuries of prejudice against Afro-Brazilians, who practiced their faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJestice2004579_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJestice2004579-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she died on 13 August 1986, the State of Bahia declared a three-day state mourning in her honour,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005756_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005756-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the City Council of Salvador held a special session to pay tributes to her.<sup id="cite_ref-Honour_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honour-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Terreiro do Gantois temple has been declared a protected national monument.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005756_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005756-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A3e_Menininha_do_Gantois&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maria Escolástica da Conceição Nazaré Assunção was born on 10 February 1894 in Salvador, Bahia.<sup id="cite_ref-Mariano_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mariano-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brazil_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her grand mother, who had baptized her, gave her the nickname as Menininha meaning "Little Girl"<sup id="cite_ref-Brazil_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was born into a matriarchal society to Maria da Glória<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Joaquim Assunção,<sup id="cite_ref-Honour_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honour-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mariano_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mariano-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were Afro-Brazilian with <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> Nigerian royal ancestry<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005755_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005755-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Egba_Alake" class="mw-redirect" title="Egba Alake">Egba-Alakê</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abeokuta" title="Abeokuta">Abeokutá</a>, a kingdom in the southwestern part of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her great grandparents, Maria Júlia da Conceição do Nazaré and Francisco Nazaré Eta, were the first blacks to be freed from slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Honour_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honour-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brazil_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maria Júlia's daughter Damiana was the mother of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_da_Gl%C3%B3ria_Nazar%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria da Glória Nazaré (page does not exist)">Maria da Glória Nazaré</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_da_Gl%C3%B3ria_Nazareth" class="extiw" title="pt:Maria da Glória Nazareth">pt</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mariano_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mariano-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menininha was initiated into the worship of deities at the Terreiro do Gantois when she was 8 years old by her grandmother Maria Julia da Conceição Nazaré who had built the temple "Ile Iyá Omi Axé Iyamassê". She was married to Alvaro MacDowell de Oliveira and they had two daughters. The elder daughter was Mãe <a href="/wiki/Cleusa_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nazar%C3%A9_de_Oliveira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleusa da Conceição Nazaré de Oliveira">Cleusa da Conceição Nazaré de Oliveira</a>, born in 1923, who was a doctor and who became the inherited Candomblé priestess of the temple after her mother's death. She died in 1998 and was succeeded by Menininha's other daughter, Mãe Cleusa.<sup id="cite_ref-Brazil_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Order_of_Merit_of_Bahia_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Order_of_Merit_of_Bahia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NY_Times_obit_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY_Times_obit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As spiritual heads of their temple, all of the Candomblé priestesses receive the honorific 'mãe', which in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a> means "mother".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005755_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005755-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A3e_Menininha_do_Gantois&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temple, which she headed was established by her grandmother Mãe Pulquéria following a dispute over leadership from Engenho Velho, an older temple said to be one of the oldest Candomblé temple (1830 or even 100 years older) in Bahia which had been built by three freed African women. Two temples were built, one was the Terreiro do Gantois built in 1900 by Mãe Pulquéria and the other was Ile Axe Opo Afonja credited to Mãe Aninha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005755_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005755-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mãe Pulquéria, who was the functional head of the Terreiro do Gantois, died suddenly in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Brazil_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As she had no children, her niece Maria da Glória Nazaré was designated as her successor, but Maria died in 1920 before assuming office.<sup id="cite_ref-Mariano_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mariano-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then according to hierarchical rights the temple was given to Mother Menininha. This process was confirmed by deities <a href="/wiki/Oshosi" title="Oshosi">Oxóssi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Shango</a>, Oshun and <a href="/wiki/Babal%C3%BA-Ay%C3%A9" title="Babalú-Ayé">Babalú-Ayé</a>. Once chosen and confirmed in 1922 Menininha became the head of the Candomblé do Gantois.<sup id="cite_ref-Brazil_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She dedicated her life to the temple and for the cause of the African religion of Candomblé which represented to her the "last stronghold of the black dignity". She faced persecution at the hands of the Brazilian government and even incarceration, as well as being subjected to harassment. She defended the African-Brazilian traditions of worship at the Terreiro do Gantois and other Terreiros at <a href="/wiki/Engenho_Velho" title="Engenho Velho">Engenho Velho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casa_Branca,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Casa Branca, São Paulo">Casa Branca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brazil_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her struggle, in association with other well known candomblé priestesses like Stella de Oxossi, asserted the Africanness of Candombé, stressing the fact that their religion was not the same as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005756_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005756-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the reasons she became prominent was that she initiated hundreds of "daughters" into the faith,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJestice2004578_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJestice2004578-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as artists,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200210_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200210-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and invited the academic community to study the roots of the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParésSansi201145_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParésSansi201145-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of those academics, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Landes" title="Ruth Landes">Ruth Landes</a> compiled her findings and published a book,<sup id="cite_ref-Andreson_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andreson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>City of Women</i> (1947) discussing how the racial policies of the government were intertwined with the Candomblé religious rites.<sup id="cite_ref-Glenn_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenn-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Antônio Carlos Magalhães">Antônio Carlos Magalhães</a>, a powerful senator from Bahia; <a href="/wiki/Caryb%C3%A9" title="Carybé">Carybé</a>, the artist; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edson_Carneiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edson Carneiro (page does not exist)">Edson Carneiro</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edson_Carneiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Edson Carneiro">pt</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Verger" title="Pierre Verger">Pierre Verger</a>, anthropologists who studied Afro-Brazilian communities, were also prominent connections used by Menininha to further study and promote the validity of Candomblé.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJestice2004579_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJestice2004579-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies were influential in furthering research on the Nigerian roots of the religion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParésSansi201145_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParésSansi201145-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but at the same time brought criticism from other temples in the faith that Menininha was exploiting the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200210_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200210-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, her success in obtaining legalization of the religion in the 1970s facilitated the first freedom to practice their faith in hundreds of years and began the process of eliminating prejudice against other Afro-Brazilian faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJestice2004579_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJestice2004579-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A3e_Menininha_do_Gantois&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menininha died at the age of 92 on 13 August 1986. At the special session held in the City Council of Salvador to commemorate her death, Edvaldo Britto, Deputy Mayor; Pedro Godinho, President of the House; her friends; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabel_Veloso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mabel Veloso (page does not exist)">Mabel Veloso</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Veloso" class="extiw" title="pt:Mabel Veloso">pt</a>]</span> attended. Veloso paid a tribute to the mother by highlighting her role as the priestess in leading the resistance and fighting against discrimination and religious faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Honour_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honour-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her successor to the temple was her daughter Cleusa who was chosen as priestess in 1989. Upon Cleusa's death, the deities chose her younger sister, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A3e_Carmem_de_%C3%92s%C3%A0l%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mãe Carmem de Òsàlá (page does not exist)">Mãe Carmem de Òsàlá</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A3e_Carmem" class="extiw" title="pt:Mãe Carmem">pt</a>]</span> to succeed her.<sup id="cite_ref-Mariano_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mariano-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menininha became a symbol of motherhood and spiritual daughter of the Orixa Oxum. Her ritual chair, which appears like a throne, is placed at the entry to the city museum in Salvador.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry2010755_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry2010755-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poems">Poems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A3e_Menininha_do_Gantois&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many songs have been written: prayer songs seeking her blessings and spiritual guidance. <a href="/wiki/Beth_Carvalho" title="Beth Carvalho">Beth Carvalho</a>, a famous singer paid tribute to her in his composition titled '<i>O Encanto do Gantois</i>, in 1985. One of these poems reads:<sup id="cite_ref-Brazil_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry2010755_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry2010755-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Prayer to Mother Menininha</b><br />Oh my mother<br />My Mother Menininha<br />Oh my mother<br />The little girl Gantois<br />The most beautiful star, <br /> huh? It's in the Gantois <br />And the brightest sun, <br />huh? It's in the Gantois<br />The beauty of the world,<br /> huh? It's in the Gantois<br /> And the hand of sweetness,<br /> huh? It's in the Gantois<br />The comfort us, eh? It's in the Gantois<br />And Oshun more beautiful, huh? It's in the Gantois <br />Olorun who sent <br />This daughter of Oshun <br />Take care of us <br /> And all that is <br />Olorun who sent ô ô <br />Now yeh yeh ô ...<br />Now yeh yeh ô </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A3e_Menininha_do_Gantois&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria da Glória's name is given as both Maria da Glória,<sup id="cite_ref-Honour_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honour-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maria da Glória Nazaré, or Maria da Glória Nazareth<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayMann2013206_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayMann2013206-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in multiple sources. This convention is confusing in the context of the Afro-Brazilian matrilineal naming customs. Her grandmother Maria Júlia had two daughters, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulch%C3%A9ria_Maria_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nazar%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulchéria Maria da Conceição Nazaré (page does not exist)">Pulchéria Maria da Conceição Nazaré</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulch%C3%A9ria_Maria_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="pt:Pulchéria Maria da Conceição">pt</a>]</span> and Damiana da Conceição Nazaré.<sup id="cite_ref-Mariano_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mariano-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pulcheria had no children and Maria da Glória was her niece, thus the daughter of Damiana.<sup id="cite_ref-Mariano_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mariano-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally her name would be shown as mother's surname, followed by father's surname, or simply as her mother's surname dropping the father's.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A3e_Menininha_do_Gantois&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005755–56-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005755–56_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppiahGates2005">Appiah & Gates 2005</a>, pp. 755–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry201095-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry201095_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenry2010">Henry 2010</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJestice2004579-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJestice2004579_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJestice2004579_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJestice2004579_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJestice2004">Jestice 2004</a>, p. 579.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005756-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005756_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005756_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005756_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppiahGates2005">Appiah & Gates 2005</a>, p. 756.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honour-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honour_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honour_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honour_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honour_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honour_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2011/08/morte-de-mae-menininha-do-gantois-completa-25-anos-neste-sabado.html">"Morte de Mãe Menininha do Gantois completa 25 anos neste sábado"</a>. Salvador, Brazil: Globo 1. 13 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morte+de+M%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois+completa+25+anos+neste+s%C3%A1bado&rft.place=Salvador%2C+Brazil&rft.pub=Globo+1&rft.date=2011-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fbahia%2Fnoticia%2F2011%2F08%2Fmorte-de-mae-menininha-do-gantois-completa-25-anos-neste-sabado.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mariano-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mariano_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mariano_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mariano_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mariano_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mariano_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mariano_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mariano_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariano2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mariano, Agnes (14 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceert.org.br/noticias/liberdade-de-crenca/7930/a-mae-da-sabedoria">"A mãe da sabedoria"</a> (in Portuguese). São Paulo, Brazil: Centro de Estudos das Relações de Trabalho e Desigualdades<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+m%C3%A3e+da+sabedoria&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo%2C+Brazil&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudos+das+Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es+de+Trabalho+e+Desigualdades&rft.date=2015-08-14&rft.aulast=Mariano&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceert.org.br%2Fnoticias%2Fliberdade-de-crenca%2F7930%2Fa-mae-da-sabedoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brazil-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brazil_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brazil_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brazil_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brazil_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brazil_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brazil_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brazil_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brazil_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniafro.xpg.com.br/biografia_mae_menininha.htm">"The Mother little girl Gantois"</a>. São José, Brazil: Uniafro de Cultura Negra em Santa Catarina<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mother+little+girl+Gantois&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Jos%C3%A9%2C+Brazil&rft.pub=Uniafro+de+Cultura+Negra+em+Santa+Catarina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniafro.xpg.com.br%2Fbiografia_mae_menininha.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayMann2013206-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayMann2013206_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBayMann2013">Bay & Mann 2013</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005755-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005755_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005755_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005755_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppiahGates2005">Appiah & Gates 2005</a>, p. 755.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_M._MurphyMei-Mei_Sanford2001" class="citation book cs1">Joseph M. Murphy; Mei-Mei Sanford (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DVpZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ọ̀ṣun Across the Waters: A Yoruba Goddess in Africa and the Americas</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-3391-95" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-3391-95"><bdi>978-0-253-3391-95</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%BB%8C%CC%80%E1%B9%A3un+Across+the+Waters%3A+A+Yoruba+Goddess+in+Africa+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-253-3391-95&rft.au=Joseph+M.+Murphy&rft.au=Mei-Mei+Sanford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDVpZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Order_of_Merit_of_Bahia-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Order_of_Merit_of_Bahia_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151203204622/http://www.alba.ba.gov.br/noticias/Impressao.php?id=6529">"Governo faz homenagem póstuma a Mãe Cleusa por trabalho social"</a> (in Portuguese). Salvador da Bahia, Brazil: Assembléia Legislativa do Estado da Bahia. 17 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alba.ba.gov.br/noticias/Impressao.php?id=6529">the original</a> on 3 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governo+faz+homenagem+p%C3%B3stuma+a+M%C3%A3e+Cleusa+por+trabalho+social&rft.place=Salvador+da+Bahia%2C+Brazil&rft.pub=Assembl%C3%A9ia+Legislativa+do+Estado+da+Bahia&rft.date=2008-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alba.ba.gov.br%2Fnoticias%2FImpressao.php%3Fid%3D6529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NY_Times_obit-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NY_Times_obit_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchemo1998" class="citation news cs1">Schemo, Diana Jean (25 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/25/world/cleusa-millet-is-dead-at-67-nurtured-afro-brazilian-faith.html">"Cleusa Millet Is Dead at 67; Nurtured Afro-Brazilian Faith"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York City, New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cleusa+Millet+Is+Dead+at+67%3B+Nurtured+Afro-Brazilian+Faith&rft.date=1998-10-25&rft.aulast=Schemo&rft.aufirst=Diana+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F10%2F25%2Fworld%2Fcleusa-millet-is-dead-at-67-nurtured-afro-brazilian-faith.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJestice2004578-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJestice2004578_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJestice2004">Jestice 2004</a>, p. 578.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200210-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200210_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200210_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParésSansi201145-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParésSansi201145_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParésSansi201145_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParésSansi2011">Parés & Sansi 2011</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andreson-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andreson_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Andreson, Jamie Lee (January–July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revista.ueg.br/index.php/revistahistoria/article/download/1585/969">"Ruth Landes e Edison Carneiro: matriarcado e etnografia nos candomblés da Bahia (1938–9)"</a>. <i>Revista de História da UEG</i>. <b>2</b> (1). Universidade Federal da Bahia: 236–261<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Hist%C3%B3ria+da+UEG&rft.atitle=Ruth+Landes+e+Edison+Carneiro%3A+matriarcado+e+etnografia+nos+candombl%C3%A9s+da+Bahia+%281938%E2%80%939%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=236-261&rft.date=2013-01%2F2013-07&rft.aulast=Andreson&rft.aufirst=Jamie+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revista.ueg.br%2Findex.php%2Frevistahistoria%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1585%2F969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glenn-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn" class="citation web cs1">Glenn, James R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthropology.si.edu/naa/fa/landes.pdf">"Register to the Papers of Ruth Landes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Anthropological Archives</i>. Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Anthropological+Archives&rft.atitle=Register+to+the+Papers+of+Ruth+Landes&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthropology.si.edu%2Fnaa%2Ffa%2Flandes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry2010755-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry2010755_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry2010755_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenry2010">Henry 2010</a>, p. 755.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A3e_Menininha_do_Gantois&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2005" class="citation book cs1">Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA755"><i>Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9"><bdi>978-0-19-517055-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517055-9&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMZMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayMann2013" class="citation book cs1">Bay, Edna G.; Mann, Kristin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q3aAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT206"><i>Rethinking the African Diaspora: The Making of a Black Atlantic World in the Bight of Benin and Brazil</i></a>. New York, New York: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-31073-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-31073-8"><bdi>978-1-135-31073-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+African+Diaspora%3A+The+Making+of+a+Black+Atlantic+World+in+the+Bight+of+Benin+and+Brazil&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-31073-8&rft.aulast=Bay&rft.aufirst=Edna+G.&rft.au=Mann%2C+Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Q3aAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2010" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Clarence Bernard (17 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LiNoYC8pZA8C&pg=PA95"><i>Let's Make Some Noise: Axé and the African Roots of Brazilian Popular Music</i></a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-334-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-334-1"><bdi>978-1-60473-334-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Make+Some+Noise%3A+Ax%C3%A9+and+the+African+Roots+of+Brazilian+Popular+Music&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2010-02-17&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-334-1&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Clarence+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLiNoYC8pZA8C%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJestice2004" class="citation book cs1">Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&pg=PA579"><i>Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-355-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-355-1"><bdi>978-1-57607-355-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+People+of+the+World%3A+A+Cross-cultural+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-355-1&rft.aulast=Jestice&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5cQH17-HnMC%26pg%3DPA579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2002" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Paul Christopjer (17 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6w70_oKOWkUC&pg=PA10"><i>Secrets, Gossip, and Gods : The Transformation of Brazilian Candomble: The Transformation of Brazilian Candomble</i></a>. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803429-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803429-2"><bdi>978-0-19-803429-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets%2C+Gossip%2C+and+Gods+%3A+The+Transformation+of+Brazilian+Candomble%3A+The+Transformation+of+Brazilian+Candomble&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2002-07-17&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803429-2&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul+Christopjer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6w70_oKOWkUC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParésSansi2011" class="citation book cs1">Parés, Luis Nicolau; Sansi, Roger (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sorceryinthe_xxxx_2011_000_10542115"><i>Sorcery in the Black Atlantic</i></a></span>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-64578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-64578-0"><bdi>978-0-226-64578-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sorcery+in+the+Black+Atlantic&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-64578-0&rft.aulast=Par%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Luis+Nicolau&rft.au=Sansi%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsorceryinthe_xxxx_2011_000_10542115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A3e+Menininha+do+Gantois" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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