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</button> <ul id="toc-Early_popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tin_Pan_Alley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tin_Pan_Alley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Tin Pan Alley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tin_Pan_Alley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Broadway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ragtime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ragtime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ragtime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ragtime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_recorded_popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_recorded_popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early recorded popular music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_recorded_popular_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early recorded popular music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_recorded_popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_jazz_(1920–1935)_and_swing_(1935–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_jazz_(1920–1935)_and_swing_(1935–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Popular jazz (1920–1935) and swing (1935–1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_jazz_(1920–1935)_and_swing_(1935–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blues_diversification_and_popularization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blues_diversification_and_popularization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Blues diversification and popularization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blues_diversification_and_popularization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s_and_1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s_and_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1950s and 1960s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1950s_and_1960s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1950s and 1960s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1950s_and_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Country:_Nashville_Sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country:_Nashville_Sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Country: Nashville Sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country:_Nashville_Sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Soul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1960s rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s_and_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_and_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1970s and 1980s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1970s_and_1980s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1970s and 1980s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1970s_and_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1970s_funk_and_soul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_funk_and_soul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1970s funk and soul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_funk_and_soul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_pop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_pop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>1980s pop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_pop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_the_underground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_the_underground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Birth of the underground</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_the_underground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Hip hop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Salsa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punk_and_alternative_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punk_and_alternative_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Punk and alternative rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punk_and_alternative_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Heavy metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_and_social_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_and_social_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International and social impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_and_social_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pop music in the united states</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"American pop" redirects here. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:#ffffff;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:#000000;">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868; background-clip:padding-box;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States"><span style="color:#ffffff;"><small>Music of the </small><br />United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Musical_Notes_U.S..svg/130px-Musical_Notes_U.S..svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Musical_Notes_U.S..svg/195px-Musical_Notes_U.S..svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Musical_Notes_U.S..svg/260px-Musical_Notes_U.S..svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">General topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_education_and_programs_within_the_United_States" title="Music education and programs within the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">History</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_music_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of music in the United States"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Timeline </span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States_during_the_colonial_era" title="Music history of the United States during the colonial era">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States_to_the_Civil_War" title="Music history of the United States to the Civil War">to the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">During the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States_in_the_late_19th_century" title="Music history of the United States in the late 19th century">Late 19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States_(1900%E2%80%931940)" title="Music history of the United States (1900–1940)">1900–1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States_in_the_1950s" title="Music history of the United States in the 1950s">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States_in_the_1960s" title="Music history of the United States in the 1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States_in_the_1970s" title="Music history of the United States in the 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States_in_the_1980s" title="Music history of the United States in the 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States_in_the_1990s" class="mw-redirect" title="Music history of the United States in the 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States_in_the_2000s" class="mw-redirect" title="Music history of the United States in the 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States_in_the_2010s" class="mw-redirect" title="Music history of the United States in the 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States_in_the_2020s" class="mw-redirect" title="Music history of the United States in the 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Genres</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="American classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">EDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="American pop">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_rock" title="American rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Specific forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <p><b>Religious music</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Christian pop</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Ethnic music</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Native American</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_music" title="Arapaho music">Arapaho</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Blackfeet_music" title="Blackfeet music">Blackfeet</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Inuit_music" title="Inuit music">Inuit</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_music" title="Iroquois music">Iroquois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_music" title="Kiowa music">Kiowa</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Navajo_music" title="Navajo music">Navajo</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_music" title="Pueblo music">Pueblo</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Seminole_music" title="Seminole music">Seminole</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Sioux_music" title="Sioux music">Sioux</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Yuman_music" title="Yuman music">Yuman</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_music" title="Anglo-American music">Anglo-American</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">Old-time</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music_in_the_United_States" title="Celtic music in the United States">Celtic</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spanish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexican</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music_in_the_United_States" title="Latin American music in the United States">Latin</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Louisiana#Southern_region" title="Music of Louisiana">Cajun and Creole</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii#Folk_music" title="Music of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_immigrant_communities_in_the_United_States" title="Music of immigrant communities in the United States">Immigrant communities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media and performance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Awards</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Music_Awards" title="American Music Awards">American Music Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Association" title="Country Music Association">Country Music Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMA_Dove_Award" title="GMA Dove Award">Gospel Music Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_Music_Awards" title="Tejano Music Awards">Tejano Music Awards</a></li></ul> <p><b>Charts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts">Billboard Music Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Top_40" title="American Top 40">American Top 40</a></li></ul> <p><b>Festivals</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival" title="New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival">Jazz Fest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollapalooza" title="Lollapalooza">Lollapalooza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozzfest" title="Ozzfest">Ozzfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival" title="Monterey Jazz Festival">Monterey Jazz Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival">Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival</a></li></ul> <p><b>Media</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spin_(magazine)" title="Spin (magazine)">Spin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)" title="Vibe (magazine)">Vibe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DownBeat" title="DownBeat">DownBeat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Source" title="The Source">The Source</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/XXL_(magazine)" title="XXL (magazine)">XXL</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET" title="BET">BET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_(TV_network)" title="Revolt (TV network)">Revolt</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Nationalistic and patriotic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>National anthem</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_patriotic_music" title="American patriotic music">American patriotic music</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_music" title="Template:US music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_music" title="Template talk:US music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/200px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/300px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/400px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="3724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frances_Densmore" title="Frances Densmore">Frances Densmore</a> with <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot chief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Chief" title="Mountain Chief">Mountain Chief</a>, during a 1916 phonograph recording session for the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_American_Ethnology" title="Bureau of American Ethnology">Bureau of American Ethnology</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>American popular music</b> (also referred to as "American Pop") is <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> produced in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and is a part of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American pop culture</a>. Distinctive styles of American popular music emerged early in the 19th century, and in the 20th century the American <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a> developed a series of new forms of music, using elements of blues and other <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">genres</a>. These popular styles included country, R&B, jazz and rock. The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of important changes in American popular music, including the development of a number of new styles, such as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, punk, soul, and hip hop. </p><p>American popular music is incredibly diverse, with styles including <a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">ragtime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doo_wop" class="mw-redirect" title="Doo wop">doo wop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno music">techno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>. In addition, the American music industry is quite diverse, supporting a number of regional styles such as <a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">zydeco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slack-key" class="mw-redirect" title="Slack-key">slack-key</a>. Though these styles were not always in the sense of <i>mainstream</i>, they were commercially recorded and therefore are examples of <i>popular music</i> as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> or <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a>. </p><p>American popular musical styles have had a significant influence on <a href="/wiki/Global_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Global culture">global culture</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_popular_music">Early popular music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:StephenFoster.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head and shoulders of clean-shaven white male with solemn expression, looking into the camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/StephenFoster.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>The first major American popular songwriter, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></figcaption></figure> <p>American folk singer <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a> defined pop music as "professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music".<sup id="cite_ref-pc1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nineteenth century popular music mostly descended from earlier musical traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Theatre_music" title="Theatre music">theatre music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">band music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Church_music" title="Church music">church music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls1998_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest songs that could be considered <i>American popular music</i>, as opposed to the popular music of a particular region or ethnicity, were sentimental <a href="/wiki/Parlor_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlor song">parlor songs</a> by Stephen Foster and his peers, and songs meant for use in <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrel shows</a>, theatrical productions that featured singing, dancing and comic performances. Minstrel shows generally used African instruments and <a href="/wiki/African_American_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="African American dance">dance</a>, and featured performers with their faces blackened, a technique called <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Ewen"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Ewen">[1]</a></sup> By the middle of the 19th century, touring companies had taken this music not only to every part of the United States, but also to the UK, Western Europe, and even to Africa and Asia. Minstrel shows were generally advertised as though the music of the shows was in an <a href="/wiki/African_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="African American music">African-American style</a>, though this was often not true.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the historian of music, Larry Birnbaum, the music in minstrel shows was of mainly European origin, and was based on <a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birnbaum2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birnbaum2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly the author <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carlin" title="Richard Carlin">Richard Carlin</a> states that while minstrel shows used the banjo, an instrument of African origin, and popularized black culture, minstrel music was largely an amalgamation of European dance tunes.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlin2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlin2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrew Stott states that many of the songs that initiated the "craze for blackface" were of European origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Stott2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stott2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dandy_Jim_from_Caroline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Five figures in blackface, playing musical instruments in a lively, exaggerated manner." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dandy_Jim_from_Caroline.jpg/175px-Dandy_Jim_from_Caroline.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dandy_Jim_from_Caroline.jpg/263px-Dandy_Jim_from_Caroline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dandy_Jim_from_Caroline.jpg/350px-Dandy_Jim_from_Caroline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>Sheet music cover for "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dandy_Jim_from_Caroline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dandy Jim from Caroline (page does not exist)">Dandy Jim from Caroline</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Dan_Emmett" title="Dan Emmett">Dan Emmett</a>, London, c. 1844.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first popular music published for private consumption in America came from Ireland in 1808 with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moore" title="Thomas Moore">Thomas Moore</a>'s <i>Irish Melodies</i>, a multi-volume book of mainly Irish folk songs arranged for private performances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockrell1998179_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockrell1998179-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by Moore, <a href="/wiki/John_Hill_Hewitt" title="John Hill Hewitt">John Hill Hewitt</a> became the first American songwriter to compose a style of popular music for private consumption, with his most famous piece "The Minstrels Return from War" becoming an international success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockrell1998179_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockrell1998179-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abjorensen2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abjorensen2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black people had taken part in American popular culture prior to the Civil War era, at least dating back to the <a href="/wiki/African_Grove" title="African Grove">African Grove Theatre</a> in New York in the 1820s and the publication of the first music by a black composer, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Johnson_(composer)" title="Francis Johnson (composer)">Francis Johnson</a>, in 1818. Centered in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Johnson also led one of the first professional bands in American history from the 1820s to 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockrell1998161_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockrell1998161-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these important milestones still occurred entirely within the conventions of European music. Notable popular music in the 1830s and 1840s included publications by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Russell_(musician)" title="Henry Russell (musician)">Henry Russell</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson Family">Hutchinson Family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockrell1998180_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockrell1998180-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first extremely popular minstrel song was "<a href="/wiki/Jump_Jim_Crow" title="Jump Jim Crow">Jump Jim Crow</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Rice" title="Thomas D. Rice">Thomas "Daddy" Rice</a>, which was first performed in 1832 and was a sensation in London when Rice performed it there in 1836. Rice used a dance that he copied from a stable boy with a tune adopted from an Irish <a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">jig</a>. Popular white performers of minstrel music included <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Dixon" title="George Washington Dixon">George Washington Dixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joel_Sweeney" title="Joel Sweeney">Joel Sweeney</a> whose tunes followed Scottish and Irish melodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Lornell2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lornell2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The African elements included the use of the <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>, believed to derive from West African string instruments, and accented and additive rhythms.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Clarke"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Clarke">[2]</a></sup> Beginning in 1843 the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Minstrels" title="Virginia Minstrels">Virginia Minstrels</a> became the first group to popularize the minstrel show format, and by 1850 minstrel shows had spread across the entire United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Lornell2012_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lornell2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Moreau_Gottschalk_(1829%E2%80%931869).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Louis_Moreau_Gottschalk_%281829%E2%80%931869%29.jpg/250px-Louis_Moreau_Gottschalk_%281829%E2%80%931869%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Louis_Moreau_Gottschalk_%281829%E2%80%931869%29.jpg/375px-Louis_Moreau_Gottschalk_%281829%E2%80%931869%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Louis_Moreau_Gottschalk_%281829%E2%80%931869%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Moreau_Gottschalk" title="Louis Moreau Gottschalk">Louis Moreau Gottschalk</a> was a pianist who made significant contributions to music during the mid-19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the songs of the minstrel shows are still remembered today, especially those by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Emmett" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Emmett">Daniel Emmett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a>, the latter being, according to David Ewen, "America's first major composer, and one of the world's outstanding writers of songs".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Fostergreat"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Fostergreat">[3]</a></sup> Foster's songs were typical of the minstrel era in their unabashed sentimentality, and in their acceptance of slavery. Nevertheless, Foster did more than most songwriters of the period to humanize the blacks he composed about, such as in "Nelly Was a Lady", a plaintive, melancholy song about a black man mourning the loss of his wife.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Nelly"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Nelly">[4]</a></sup> In 1851 Foster's song "<a href="/wiki/Old_Folks_at_Home" title="Old Folks at Home">Old Folks at Home</a>" would become a runaway national hit.<sup id="cite_ref-Wald2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wald2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The minstrel show marked the beginning of a long tradition of African-American music being appropriated for popular audiences, and was the first distinctly American form of music to find international acclaim, in the mid-19th century. As Donald Clarke has noted, minstrel shows contained "essentially black music, while the most successful acts were white, so that songs and dances of black origin were imitated by white performers and then taken up by black performers, who thus to some extent ended up imitating themselves". Clarke attributes the use of blackface to a desire for white Americans to glorify the brutal existence of both free and slave blacks by depicting them as happy and carefree individuals, best suited to plantation life and the performance of simple, joyous songs that easily appealed to white audiences.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Clarke"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Clarke">[5]</a></sup> It was only during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> that white audiences first began to be exposed to genuine African-American music, first with the slave <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spirituals</a> <a href="/wiki/Go_Down,_Moses" class="mw-redirect" title="Go Down, Moses">Go Down, Moses</a> in 1861 and then through spiritual performances by the <a href="/wiki/A_capella" class="mw-redirect" title="A capella">a capella</a> group, the <a href="/wiki/Fisk_Jubilee_Singers" title="Fisk Jubilee Singers">Fisk Jubilee Singers</a> in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-Birnbaum2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birnbaum2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Civil War minstrel shows performed by actual black troupes spread through the country and black composers such as <a href="/wiki/James_A._Bland" title="James A. Bland">James A. Bland</a> had national success in the 1870s with songs such as <a href="/wiki/Carry_Me_Back_to_Old_Virginny" title="Carry Me Back to Old Virginny">Carry Me Back to Old Virginny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oh,_Dem_Golden_Slippers" title="Oh, Dem Golden Slippers">Oh, Dem Golden Slippers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birnbaum2013_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birnbaum2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lornell2012_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lornell2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The post-Civil War period also saw the peak in popularity of professional band music, led by directors such as <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gilmore" title="Patrick Gilmore">Patrick Gilmore</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockrell1998161_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockrell1998161-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sousa, known for his composition of <a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">military marches</a>, achieved great fame in the United States and Europe with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Band" title="United States Marine Band">United States Marine Band</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockrell1998161_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockrell1998161-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1900sc_SM_Dixie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1900sc_SM_Dixie.jpg/220px-1900sc_SM_Dixie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1900sc_SM_Dixie.jpg/330px-1900sc_SM_Dixie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1900sc_SM_Dixie.jpg/440px-1900sc_SM_Dixie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Sheet music for "<a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Blackface minstrel shows remained popular throughout the last part of the 19th century, only gradually dying out near the beginning of the 20th century. During that time, a form of lavish and elaborate theater called the <a href="/wiki/Extravaganza" title="Extravaganza">extravaganza</a> arose, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Barras" title="Charles M. Barras">Charles M. Barras</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Crook" title="The Black Crook">The Black Crook</a></i>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Ewen"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Ewen">[6]</a></sup> Extravaganzas were criticized by the newspapers and churches of the day because the shows were considered sexually titillating, with women singing bawdy songs dressed in nearly transparent clothing. David Ewen described this as the beginning of the "long and active careers in sex exploitation" of American musical theater and popular song.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_sexexploitation"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_sexexploitation">[7]</a></sup> Later, extravaganzas took elements of <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a> performances, which were satiric and parodic productions that were very popular at the end of the 19th century.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Ewen"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Ewen">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>Like the extravaganza and the burlesque, the variety show was a comic and ribald production, popular from the middle to the end of the 19th century, at which time it had evolved into <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>. This form was innovated by producers like <a href="/wiki/Tony_Pastor" title="Tony Pastor">Tony Pastor</a> who tried to encourage women and children to attend his shows; they were hesitant because the theater had long been the domain of a rough and disorderly crowd.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Ewen"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Ewen">[9]</a></sup> By the early 20th century, vaudeville was a respected entertainment for women and children, and songwriters like <a href="/wiki/Gus_Edwards_(vaudeville)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gus Edwards (vaudeville)">Gus Edwards</a> wrote songs that were popular across the country.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Ewen"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Ewen">[10]</a></sup> The most popular vaudeville shows were, like the <i><a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies" title="Ziegfeld Follies">Ziegfeld Follies</a></i>, a series of songs and skits that had a profound effect on the subsequent development of <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> musical theater and the songs of <a href="/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley" title="Tin Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tin_Pan_Alley">Tin Pan Alley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tin Pan Alley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tinpanalley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tinpanalley.jpg/250px-Tinpanalley.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tinpanalley.jpg/375px-Tinpanalley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Tinpanalley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley" title="Tin Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a> on West 28th Street.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley" title="Tin Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a> was an area on and surrounding West 28th Street.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in New York City, which became the major center for music publishing by the mid-1890s. The songwriters of this era wrote formulaic songs, many of them sentimental ballads.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_formulaicandballads"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_formulaicandballads">[11]</a></sup> During this era, a sense of national consciousness was developing, as the United States became a formidable world power, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. The increased availability and efficiency of railroads and the postal service helped disseminate ideas, including popular songs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some of the most notable publishers of Tin Pan Alley included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willis_Woodward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willis Woodward (page does not exist)">Willis Woodward</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._Witmark_%26_Sons" title="M. Witmark & Sons">M. Witmark & Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Harris" title="Charles K. Harris">Charles K. Harris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward B. Marks">Edward B. Marks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Stern" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph W. Stern">Joseph W. Stern</a>. Stern and Marks were among the more well-known Tin Pan Alley songwriters; they began writing together as amateurs in 1894.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Ewen"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Ewen">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the popular, mainstream ballads and other clean-cut songs, some Tin Pan Alley publishers focused on rough and risqué. <a href="/wiki/Coon_song" title="Coon song">Coon songs</a> were another important part of Tin Pan Alley, derived from the watered-down songs of the minstrel show with the "verve and electricity" brought by the "assimilation of the ragtime rhythm".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_coonsong"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_coonsong">[13]</a></sup> The first popular coon songs were "The Dandy Coon's Parade" by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Skelly" title="Joseph P. Skelly">Joseph P. Skelly</a> in 1880 and "New Coon in Town", introduced in 1883 by J.S. Putnam, and these were followed by a wave of <i>coon shouters</i> like <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hogan" title="Ernest Hogan">Ernest Hogan</a> and <a href="/wiki/May_Irwin" title="May Irwin">May Irwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birnbaum2013_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birnbaum2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Allen"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Allen">[14]</a></sup> Famous black composers of coon songs included <a href="/wiki/Bert_Williams" title="Bert Williams">Bert Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Johnson_(singer)" title="George W. Johnson (singer)">George W. Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irving_Jones" title="Irving Jones">Irving Jones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jasen_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jasen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birnbaum2013_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birnbaum2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally the first time the word "<a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">rag</a>" appears in sheet music is in reference to the instrumental accompaniment in Ernest Hogan's 1896 song "All Coons Look Alike to Me", showing a connection between the two genres.<sup id="cite_ref-Birnbaum2013_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birnbaum2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadway">Broadway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Broadway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fannybricebain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fannybricebain.jpg/200px-Fannybricebain.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fannybricebain.jpg/300px-Fannybricebain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fannybricebain.jpg/400px-Fannybricebain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="2684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Brice" title="Fanny Brice">Fanny Brice</a> was a beloved Broadway star known for her comedic talents and expressive singing voice.</figcaption></figure> <p>The early 20th century also saw the growth of <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway theater">Broadway</a>, a group of theaters specializing in <a href="/wiki/Musical_(theater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical (theater)">musicals</a>. Broadway became one of the preeminent locations for musical theater in the world, and produced a body of songs that led Donald Clarke to call the era, the <i>golden age of songwriting</i>. The need to adapt enjoyable songs to the constraints of a theater and a plot enabled and encouraged growth in songwriting and the rise of composers like <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Youmans" title="Vincent Youmans">Vincent Youmans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kern" title="Jerome Kern">Jerome Kern</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_golden_age"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_golden_age">[15]</a></sup> These songwriters wrote songs that have remained popular and are today known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Songbook" title="Great American Songbook">Great American Songbook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bert_Gordon_Eddie_Cantor_NBC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bert_Gordon_Eddie_Cantor_NBC.JPG/150px-Bert_Gordon_Eddie_Cantor_NBC.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bert_Gordon_Eddie_Cantor_NBC.JPG/225px-Bert_Gordon_Eddie_Cantor_NBC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bert_Gordon_Eddie_Cantor_NBC.JPG/300px-Bert_Gordon_Eddie_Cantor_NBC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor">Eddie Cantor</a> (right) with <a href="/wiki/Bert_Gordon_(comedian)" title="Bert Gordon (comedian)">Bert Gordon</a>, AKA "the Mad Russian"</figcaption></figure> <p>Foreign operas were popular among the upper-class throughout the 19th century, while other styles of musical theater included <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">ballad operas</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_pouffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opera pouffe (page does not exist)">opera pouffe</a>. The English operettas of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> were particularly popular, while American compositions had trouble finding an audience. <a href="/wiki/George_M._Cohan" title="George M. Cohan">George M. Cohan</a> was the first notable American composer of musical theater, and the first to move away from the operetta, and is also notable for using the language of the vernacular in his work. By the beginning of the 20th century, however, black playwrights, composers and musicians were having a profound effect on musical theater, beginning with the works of <a href="/wiki/Will_Marion_Cook" title="Will Marion Cook">Will Marion Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Reese_Europe" title="James Reese Europe">James Reese Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_P._Johnson" title="James P. Johnson">James P. Johnson</a>; the first major hit black musical was <i><a href="/wiki/Shuffle_Along" title="Shuffle Along">Shuffle Along</a></i> in 1921.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Clarke"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Clarke">[16]</a></sup> </p><p>Imported operettas and domestic productions by both whites like Cohan and blacks like Cook, Europe and Johnson all had a formative influence on Broadway. Composers like Gershwin, Porter and Kern made comedic musical theater into a national pastime, with a feel that was distinctly American and not dependent on European models. Most of these individuals were Jewish, with <a href="/wiki/Cole_Porter" title="Cole Porter">Cole Porter</a> the only major exception; they were the descendants of 19th century immigrants fleeing persecution in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, settled most influentially in various neighborhoods in New York City.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Clarke"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Clarke">[17]</a></sup> Many of the early musicals were influenced by black music, showing elements of early jazz, such as <i><a href="/wiki/In_Dahomey" title="In Dahomey">In Dahomey</a></i>; the Jewish composers of these works may have seen connections between the traditional African-American <a href="/wiki/Blue_note" title="Blue note">blue notes</a> and their own folk <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Jewish music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broadway songs were recorded around the turn of the century, but did not become widely popular outside their theatrical context until much later. Jerome Kern's "<a href="/wiki/They_Didn%27t_Believe_Me" title="They Didn't Believe Me">They Didn't Believe Me</a>" was an early song that became popular nationwide. Kern's later innovations included a more believable plot than the rather shapeless stories built around songs of earlier works, beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Show Boat</a></i> in 1927. George Gershwin was perhaps the most influential composer on Broadway, beginning with "Swanee" in 1919 and later works for jazz and orchestras. His most enduring composition may be the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess" title="Porgy and Bess">Porgy and Bess</a></i>, a story about two blacks, which Gershwin intended as a sort of "folk opera", a creation of a new style of American musical theater based on American idioms.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Clarke"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Clarke">[18]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ragtime">Ragtime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ragtime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArthurCollins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ArthurCollins.jpg/150px-ArthurCollins.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ArthurCollins.jpg/225px-ArthurCollins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ArthurCollins.jpg/300px-ArthurCollins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Collins_(singer)" title="Arthur Collins (singer)">Arthur Collins</a> regarded in his day as "King of the Ragtime Singers".</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a> was a style of <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a> based around the piano, using syncopated rhythms and <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticisms</a>;<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_ragtime"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_ragtime">[19]</a></sup> the genre's most well-known performer and composer was undoubtedly <a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Scott Joplin</a>. Donald Clarke considers ragtime the culmination of <a href="/wiki/Coon_song" title="Coon song">coon songs</a>, used first in <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrel shows</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>, and the result of the rhythms of minstrelsy percolating into the mainstream; he also suggests that ragtime's distinctive sound may have come from an attempt to imitate the African-American banjo using the keyboard.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_banjoimitate"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_banjoimitate">[20]</a></sup> According to musical historian, <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wald" title="Elijah Wald">Elijah Wald</a>, ragtime constitutes the first true pop genre in America, as earlier American music such as minstrel show music was distinguished by its association with blackface and comedy, rather than by having any unique style or sound.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWald201125_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWald201125-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the essentially African-American nature of ragtime, it is most commonly considered the first style of American popular music to be truly black music; ragtime brought syncopation and a more authentic black sound to popular music. Popular ragtime songs were notated and sold as sheet music, but the general style was played more informally across the nation; these amateur performers played a more free-flowing form of ragtime that eventually became a major formative influence on <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Clarke"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Clarke">[21]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_recorded_popular_music">Early recorded popular music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early recorded popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Jolson_-_publicity.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Al_Jolson_-_publicity.JPG/200px-Al_Jolson_-_publicity.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Al_Jolson_-_publicity.JPG/300px-Al_Jolson_-_publicity.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Al_Jolson_-_publicity.JPG/400px-Al_Jolson_-_publicity.JPG 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a> was a highly influential figure in both vaudeville and early sound films.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>'s invention of the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">phonograph cylinder</a> kicked off the birth of recorded music. The first cylinder to be released was "<a href="/wiki/Semper_Fidelis_(march)" title="Semper Fidelis (march)">Semper Fidelis</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine Band">U.S. Marine Band</a>. At first, cylinders were released sparingly, but as their sales grew more profitable, distribution increased. These early recorded songs were a mix of vaudeville, <a href="/wiki/Barbershop_music" title="Barbershop music">barbershop</a> quartets, marches, opera, novelty songs, and other popular tunes. Many popular standards, such as "The Good Old Summertime", "<a href="/wiki/Shine_On_Harvest_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shine On Harvest Moon">Shine On Harvest Moon</a>", and "Over There" come from this time. There were also a few early hits in the field of jazz, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Original_Dixieland_Jazz_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Dixieland Jazz Band">Original Dixieland Jazz Band</a>'s 1917 recordings, followed by <a href="/wiki/King_Oliver%27s_Creole_Jazz_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band">King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band</a>, who played in a more authentic New Orleans jazz style.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Clarke"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Clarke">[22]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a> had been <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_blues" title="Origins of the blues">around a long time</a> before it became a part of the first explosion of recorded popular music in American history. This came in the 1920s, when <a href="/wiki/Classic_female_blues" title="Classic female blues">classic female blues</a> singers like <a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey" title="Ma Rainey">Ma Rainey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamie_Smith" title="Mamie Smith">Mamie Smith</a> grew very popular; the first hit of this field was Mamie Smith's "Crazy Blues". These urban blues singers changed the idea of <i>popular music</i> from being simple songs that could be easily performed by anyone to works primarily associated with an individual singer. Performers like <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Tucker" title="Sophie Tucker">Sophie Tucker</a>, known for "Some of These Days", became closely associated with their hits, making their individualized interpretations just as important as the song itself.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Clarke"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Clarke">[23]</a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, record companies such as <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Records" title="Paramount Records">Paramount Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/OKeh_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="OKeh Records">OKeh Records</a> launched the field of <i>race music</i>, which was mostly blues targeted at African-American audiences. The most famous of these acts went on to inspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including <a href="/wiki/Charley_Patton" title="Charley Patton">Charley Patton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Johnson_(musician)" title="Lonnie Johnson (musician)">Lonnie Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Johnson (musician)">Robert Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_jazz_(1920–1935)_and_swing_(1935–1947)"><span id="Popular_jazz_.281920.E2.80.931935.29_and_swing_.281935.E2.80.931947.29"></span>Popular jazz (1920–1935) and swing (1935–1947)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popular jazz (1920–1935) and swing (1935–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/American_popular_music" title="Special:EditPage/American popular music">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vallee,_Rudy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vallee%2C_Rudy.jpg/225px-Vallee%2C_Rudy.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vallee%2C_Rudy.jpg/338px-Vallee%2C_Rudy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vallee%2C_Rudy.jpg/450px-Vallee%2C_Rudy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Vall%C3%A9e" title="Rudy Vallée">Rudy Vallée</a>. An American singer, actor, and bandleader who rose to fame in the 1920s and 1930s.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> is a kind of music characterized by <a href="/wiki/Blue_note" title="Blue note">blue notes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swung_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Swung note">swing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call and response</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a>. Though originally a kind of <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a>, jazz has now been "long considered a kind of popular or <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">vernacular music</a> (and has also) become a sophisticated art form that has interacted in significant ways with the <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">music of the concert hall</a>".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_artjazz"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_artjazz">[24]</a></sup> Jazz's development occurred at around the same time as modern ragtime, blues, gospel and country music, all of which can be seen as part of a continuum with no clear demarcation between them; jazz specifically was most closely related to ragtime, with which it could be distinguished by the use of more intricate rhythmic improvisation, often placing notes far from the implied beat. The earliest jazz bands adopted much of the vocabulary of the blues, including bent and blue notes and instrumental "growls" and smears.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Vall%C3%A9e" title="Rudy Vallée">Rudy Vallée</a> became what was perhaps the first complete example of the 20th century mass media <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">pop star</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crooners_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooners-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vallée became the most prominent and, arguably, the first of a new style of popular singer, the <a href="/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner">crooner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crooners_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooners-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Whiteman" title="Paul Whiteman">Paul Whiteman</a> was the most popular bandleader of the 1920s, and claimed for himself the title "The King of Jazz." Despite his hiring many of the other best white jazz musicians of the era, later generations of jazz lovers have often judged Whiteman's music to have little to do with real jazz. Nonetheless, his notion of combining jazz with elaborate orchestrations has been returned to repeatedly by composers and arrangers of later decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_Ellington_-_publicity.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Duke_Ellington_-_publicity.JPG/220px-Duke_Ellington_-_publicity.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Duke_Ellington_-_publicity.JPG/330px-Duke_Ellington_-_publicity.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Duke_Ellington_-_publicity.JPG/440px-Duke_Ellington_-_publicity.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="1279" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> was a prolific composer, bandleader, and pianist who helped shape the sound of jazz during the 1920s and 1930s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Whiteman commissioned Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue", which was debuted by Whiteman's Orchestra. <a href="/wiki/Ted_Lewis_(musician)" title="Ted Lewis (musician)">Ted Lewis</a>'s band was second only to the Paul Whiteman in popularity during the 1920s, and arguably played more real jazz with less pretension than Whiteman, especially in his recordings of the late 1920s. Some of the other "jazz" bands of the decade included those of: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reser" title="Harry Reser">Harry Reser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Reisman" title="Leo Reisman">Leo Reisman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abe_Lyman" title="Abe Lyman">Abe Lyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nat_Shilkret" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Shilkret">Nat Shilkret</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Olsen" title="George Olsen">George Olsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernie" title="Ben Bernie">Ben Bernie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Haring" title="Bob Haring">Bob Haring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Selvin" title="Ben Selvin">Ben Selvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Burtnett" title="Earl Burtnett">Earl Burtnett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gus_Arnheim" title="Gus Arnheim">Gus Arnheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Vallee" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudy Vallee">Rudy Vallee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Goldkette" title="Jean Goldkette">Jean Goldkette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isham_Jones" title="Isham Jones">Isham Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolfe_Kahn" title="Roger Wolfe Kahn">Roger Wolfe Kahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Lanin" title="Sam Lanin">Sam Lanin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Lopez" title="Vincent Lopez">Vincent Lopez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Pollack" title="Ben Pollack">Ben Pollack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Waring" title="Fred Waring">Fred Waring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bing_Crosby_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bing_Crosby_1942.jpg/200px-Bing_Crosby_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bing_Crosby_1942.jpg/300px-Bing_Crosby_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bing_Crosby_1942.jpg/400px-Bing_Crosby_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> is best known for his smooth baritone voice, relaxed singing style, and numerous hit recordings.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1920s, the music performed by these artists was extremely popular with the public and was typically labeled as jazz. Today, however, this music is disparaged and labeled as "sweet music" by jazz purists. The music that people consider today as "jazz" tended to be played by minorities. In the 1920s and early 1930s, however, the majority of people listened to what we would call today "sweet music" and hardcore jazz was categorized as "hot music" or "race music."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lena_Horne,_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lena_Horne%2C_1946.jpg/200px-Lena_Horne%2C_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lena_Horne%2C_1946.jpg/300px-Lena_Horne%2C_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lena_Horne%2C_1946.jpg/400px-Lena_Horne%2C_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="2155" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a>, with her captivating beauty and distinctive voice, became a popular singer and actress during the Swing era.</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest and most influential recording label of the time, The Victor Talking Machine (RCA Victor after 1928) was a restraining influence on the development of "sweet jazz" until the departure of <a href="/wiki/Edward_T._King" title="Edward T. King">Eddie King</a> in October 1926. King was well known as an authoritarian who would not permit drinking on the job or severe departure from the written music, unless within solos acceptable by popular music standards of the time. This irritated many Victor jazz artists, including famed trumpeter Bix Beiderbecke. Sudhalter, in Lost Chords, cites an example of a 1927 recording by the Goldkette Orchestra in which musicians were allowed considerable freedom, and remarks "What, one wonders, would this performance have been if Eddie King had been in charge, and not the more liberal Nat Shilkret. Since the Victor ledgers show no less than five recording sessions in January and February 1926, when King actually conducted Goldkette's Orchestra, comparison between the approach of Goldkette and King is readily available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An early genre of American pop music was the <a href="/wiki/Swing_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (genre)">swing</a> craze, a popular dance style in the early part of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing music</a> became popular with the public and quickly replaced jazz as the most popular type of music (although there was some resistance to it at first). Swing music is characterized by a strong rhythm section, usually consisting of a double bass and drums, playing in a medium to fast <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a>, and rhythmic devices such as the <a href="/wiki/Swung_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Swung note">swung note</a>. Swing is primarily a kind of 1930s jazz fused with elements of the blues and the pop sensibility of Tin Pan Alley.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[25]</a></sup> Swing used <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">bigger bands</a> than other kinds of jazz had and was headed by bandleaders that tightly arranged the material, discouraging the improvisation that had been an integral part of jazz. David Clarke called swing the first "jazz-oriented style (to be) at the center of popular music ... as opposed to merely giving it backbone".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_swing"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_swing">[26]</a></sup> By the end of the 1930s, vocalists became more and more prominent, eventually taking center stage following the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">American Federation of Musicians</a> strike, which made recording with a large band prohibitively expensive.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[27]</a></sup> Swing came to be accompanied by a popular dance called the <a href="/wiki/Swing_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing dance">swing dance</a>, which was very popular across the United States, among both white and black audiences, especially youth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blues_diversification_and_popularization">Blues diversification and popularization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Blues diversification and popularization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leadbelly2byGottliebcropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Leadbelly2byGottliebcropped.jpg/200px-Leadbelly2byGottliebcropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Leadbelly2byGottliebcropped.jpg/300px-Leadbelly2byGottliebcropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Leadbelly2byGottliebcropped.jpg/400px-Leadbelly2byGottliebcropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Lead Belly</a>, also known as Huddie William Ledbetter, was a prolific blues musician whose career spanned several decades.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the popular jazz and swing music listened to by mainstream America, there were a number of other genres that were popular among certain groups of people—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> and the fusion of <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spirituals</a> with blues structures called <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a>. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> developed, eventually coming to dominate American popular music by the beginning of the 1960s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Country music is primarily a fusion of African-American blues and spirituals with <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachian folk music">Appalachian folk music</a>, adapted for pop audiences and popularized beginning in the 1920s. Of particular importance was Irish and Scottish tunes, dance music, balladry and vocal styles,<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Sawyers"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Sawyers">[28]</a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Native_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American music">Native American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexican</a> music. The instrumentation of early country revolved around the European-derived <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">fiddle</a> and the African-derived <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>, with the guitar added later. Country music instrumentation used African elements including a call-and-response format, improvised music and <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopated</a> rhythms. Later still, string instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">ukulele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar">steel guitar</a> became commonplace due to the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii" title="Music of Hawaii">Hawaiian music</a> in the early 20th century and the influence of musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Sol_Ho%CA%BBopi%CA%BBi" title="Sol Hoʻopiʻi">Sol Hoʻopiʻi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lani_McIntyre" title="Lani McIntyre">Lani McIntyre</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_ukulele"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_ukulele">[29]</a></sup> The roots of modern country music are generally traced to 1927, when music talent scout <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Peer" title="Ralph Peer">Ralph Peer</a> recorded <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Carter_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carter Family">The Carter Family</a>. Their recordings are considered the foundation for modern country music. There had been popular music prior to 1927 that could be considered country, but, as Ace Collins points out, these recordings had "only marginal and very inconsistent" effects on the national music markets, and were only superficially similar to what was then known as <i>hillbilly music</i>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_RodgersCarter"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_RodgersCarter">[30]</a></sup> In addition to Rodgers and the Carters, a musician named <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a> was an influential early performer known for a style called <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a>, which was very popular in the 1920s and 30s, and was responsible for bringing a prominent jazz influence to country music.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bessie_Smith_(1936)_by_Carl_Van_Vechten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bessie_Smith_%281936%29_by_Carl_Van_Vechten.jpg/200px-Bessie_Smith_%281936%29_by_Carl_Van_Vechten.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bessie_Smith_%281936%29_by_Carl_Van_Vechten.jpg/300px-Bessie_Smith_%281936%29_by_Carl_Van_Vechten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bessie_Smith_%281936%29_by_Carl_Van_Vechten.jpg/400px-Bessie_Smith_%281936%29_by_Carl_Van_Vechten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4338" data-file-height="5546" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a> remained a powerful presence in the blues scene in the early 1940s after her tragic death in 1937.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rhythm and blues (R&B) is a style that arose in the 1930s and 1940s, a rhythmic and uptempo form of blues with more complex instrumentation. Author Amiri Baraka described early R&B as "huge rhythm units smashing away behind screaming blues singers (who) had to shout to be heard above the clanging and strumming of the various electrified instruments and the churning rhythm sections.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Baraka"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Baraka">[31]</a></sup>. R&B was recorded during this period, but not extensively, and it was not widely promoted by record companies that felt it was not suited for most audiences, especially middle-class whites, because of the suggestive lyrics and driving rhythms.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[32]</a></sup> Bandleaders like <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a> innovated the sound of early R&B. Jordan's band featured a small horn section and prominent rhythm instrumentation and used songs with bluesy lyrical themes. By the end of the 1940s, he had produced nineteen major hits, and helped pave the way for contemporaries including <a href="/wiki/Wynonie_Harris" title="Wynonie Harris">Wynonie Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Milton" title="Roy Milton">Roy Milton</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Christian spirituals and rural blues music were the origin of what is now known as gospel music. Beginning in about the 1920s, African-American churches featured early gospel in the form of worshipers proclaiming their religious devotion (<i>testifying</i>) in an improvised, often musical manner. Modern gospel began with the work of composers, most importantly <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Dorsey" title="Thomas A. Dorsey">Thomas A. Dorsey</a>, who "(composed) songs based on familiar spirituals and hymns, fused to blues and jazz rhythms".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Dorsey"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Dorsey">[33]</a></sup> From these early 20th-century churches, gospel music spread across the country. It remained associated almost entirely with African-American churches, and usually featured a choir along with one or more virtuoso soloists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rock and roll is a kind of popular music, developed primarily out of country, blues and R&B. Easily the single most popular style of music worldwide, <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll" title="Origins of rock and roll">rock's exact origins and early development</a> have been hotly debated. Music historian Robert Palmer has noted that the style's influences are quite diverse, and include the <a href="/wiki/Afro-American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American music">Afro-Caribbean</a> "<a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a> beat", elements of "big band swing" and <a href="/wiki/Latin_music_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin music (genre)">Latin music</a> like the Cuban <a href="/wiki/Son_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Son (music)">son</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexican rhythms</a>".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Palmer"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Palmer">[34]</a></sup> Another author, George Lipsitz claims that rock arose in America's urban areas, where there formed a "polyglot, <a href="/wiki/Working-class_culture" title="Working-class culture">working-class culture</a> (where the) social meanings previously conveyed in isolation by blues, country, <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">zydeco</a> and Latin music found new expression as they blended in an urban environment".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Lipsitz"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Lipsitz">[35]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1950s_and_1960s">1950s and 1960s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1950s and 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/American_popular_music" title="Special:EditPage/American popular music">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Sinatra2,_Pal_Joey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Frank_Sinatra2%2C_Pal_Joey.jpg/200px-Frank_Sinatra2%2C_Pal_Joey.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Frank_Sinatra2%2C_Pal_Joey.jpg/300px-Frank_Sinatra2%2C_Pal_Joey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Frank_Sinatra2%2C_Pal_Joey.jpg/400px-Frank_Sinatra2%2C_Pal_Joey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> in the trailer for <a href="/wiki/Pal_Joey_(film)" title="Pal Joey (film)">Pal Joey</a> (1957).</figcaption></figure> <p>The middle of the 20th century saw a number of very important changes in American popular music. The field of pop music developed tremendously during this period, as the increasingly low price of recorded music stimulated demand and greater profits for the record industry. As a result, music marketing became more and more prominent, resulting in a number of mainstream pop stars whose popularity was previously unheard of. Many of the first such stars were Italian-American crooners like <a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Vallee" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudy Vallee">Rudy Vallee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Laine" title="Frankie Laine">Frankie Laine</a> and, most famously, the "first pop vocalist to engender hysteria among his fans" <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Sinatra"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Sinatra">[36]</a></sup> One of the most successful crooners was <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>. Crosby cited popular singer <a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a> as one of his main influences. Crosby was in turn cited by <a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pc3b_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc3b-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crosby also influenced this singing of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wf_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wf-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crosby and Sinatra sung together in the 1956 film <i><a href="/wiki/High_Society_(1956_film)" title="High Society (1956 film)">High Society</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_22_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_22-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patti_Page_1955.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Patti_Page_1955.JPG/200px-Patti_Page_1955.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Patti_Page_1955.JPG/300px-Patti_Page_1955.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Patti_Page_1955.JPG/400px-Patti_Page_1955.JPG 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patti_Page" title="Patti Page">Patti Page</a> was one of the best-selling female artists of the 1950s, known for her smooth vocals and versatile singing style.</figcaption></figure> <p>The era of the modern teen pop star, however, began in the 1960s. American pop musical examples from the 1960s include <a href="/wiki/The_Monkees" title="The Monkees">The Monkees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_44_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_44-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bubblegum_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubblegum pop">Bubblegum pop</a> groups like <a href="/wiki/The_Monkees" title="The Monkees">The Monkees</a> were chosen entirely for their appearance and ability to sell records, with less regard to musical ability. The same period, however, also saw the rise of new forms of pop music that achieved a more permanent presence in the field of American popular music, including rock, soul and pop-folk. By the end of the 1960s, two developments had completely changed popular music: the birth of a <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a>, which explicitly opposed mainstream music, often in tandem with political and social activism, and the shift from professional composers to performers who were both <a href="/wiki/Singer-songwriter" title="Singer-songwriter">singers and songwriters</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rock and roll first entered mainstream popular music through a style called <i><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a></i>, which fused the nascent rock sound with elements of country music. Black-performed rock and roll previously had limited mainstream success, and some observers at the time believed that a white performer who could credibly sing in an R&B and country style would be a success. <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sun_Records" title="Sun Records">Sun Records</a>, found such a performer in <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, who became one of the best-selling musicians in history, and brought rock and roll to audiences across the world.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[37]</a></sup> Presley's success was preceded by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Haley (musician)">Bill Haley</a>, a white performer whose "<a href="/wiki/Rock_Around_the_Clock" title="Rock Around the Clock">Rock Around the Clock</a>" is sometimes pointed to as the start of the rock era. However, Haley's music was "more arranged" and "more calculated" than the "looser rhythms" of rockabilly, which also, unlike Haley, did not use saxophones or chorus singing.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Gillett"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Gillett">[38]</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elvis_Presley_-_Modern_Screen,_June_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Elvis_Presley_-_Modern_Screen%2C_June_1958.jpg/225px-Elvis_Presley_-_Modern_Screen%2C_June_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Elvis_Presley_-_Modern_Screen%2C_June_1958.jpg/338px-Elvis_Presley_-_Modern_Screen%2C_June_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Elvis_Presley_-_Modern_Screen%2C_June_1958.jpg/450px-Elvis_Presley_-_Modern_Screen%2C_June_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2771" data-file-height="3700" /></a><figcaption>Often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll," <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> dominated the music charts in the 1960s with his charismatic stage presence and unique blend of rock, pop, and blues.</figcaption></figure> <p>R&B remained extremely popular during the 1950s among black audiences, but the style was not considered appropriate for whites, or respectable middle-class blacks, because of its suggestive nature. Many popular R&B songs instead were performed by white musicians like <a href="/wiki/Pat_Boone" title="Pat Boone">Pat Boone</a>, in a more palatable, mainstream style, and turned into pop hits.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_covers"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_covers">[39]</a></sup> By the end of the 1950s, however, there was a wave of popular black blues-rock and country-influenced R&B performers gaining unprecedented fame among white listeners; these included <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_DiddleyBerry"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_DiddleyBerry">[40]</a></sup> Over time, producers in the R&B field gradually turned to more rock-based acts like <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbra_Streisand_My_Name_is_Barbra_television_special_1965.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Barbra_Streisand_My_Name_is_Barbra_television_special_1965.JPG/220px-Barbra_Streisand_My_Name_is_Barbra_television_special_1965.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Barbra_Streisand_My_Name_is_Barbra_television_special_1965.JPG/330px-Barbra_Streisand_My_Name_is_Barbra_television_special_1965.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Barbra_Streisand_My_Name_is_Barbra_television_special_1965.JPG/440px-Barbra_Streisand_My_Name_is_Barbra_television_special_1965.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> became one of the most successful and acclaimed singers of the 1960s, known for her powerful voice and dramatic performances.</figcaption></figure> <p>Doo wop is a kind of vocal harmony music performed by groups who became popular in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_11,_track_5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_11,_track_5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though sometimes considered a kind of rock, doo wop is more precisely a fusion of vocal R&B, gospel and jazz with the blues and pop structures,<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[41]</a></sup> though until the 1960s, the lines separating rock from doo wop, R&B and other related styles were very blurry. Doo wop became the first style of R&B-derived music "to take shape, to define itself as something people recognized as new, different, strange, <i>theirs</i>" (emphasis in original).<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Marcus"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Marcus">[42]</a></sup> As doo wop grew more popular, more innovations were added, including the use of a bass lead vocalist, a practice that began with <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Ricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Ricks">Jimmy Ricks</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Ravens" title="The Ravens">The Ravens</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[43]</a></sup> Doo wop performers were originally almost all black, but a few white and integrated groups soon became popular. These included a number of Italian-American groups such as <a href="/wiki/Dion_%26_the_Belmonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Dion & the Belmonts">Dion & the Belmonts</a>, while others added female vocalists and even formed all-female groups in the nearly universally male field; these included <a href="/wiki/The_Mahotella_Queens" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mahotella Queens">The Queens</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Chantels" title="The Chantels">The Chantels</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[44]</a></sup> </p><p>The 1950s saw a number of brief fads that went on to have a great impact on future styles of music. Performers such as <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Weavers" title="The Weavers">The Weavers</a> popularized a form of <a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">old-time revival</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_music" title="Anglo-American music">Anglo-American music</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Gilliland"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Gilliland">[45]</a></sup> This field eventually became associated with the political left-wing and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, leading to a decline in acceptability as artists were increasingly <a href="/wiki/Blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacklist">blacklisted</a> and criticized. Nevertheless, this form of pop-folk exerted a profound influence in the form of 1950s <a href="/wiki/Folk-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk-rock">folk-rock</a> and related styles. Alongside the rather sporadic success of popularized Anglo folk music came a series of <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American music">Latin dance</a> fads, including <a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Rumba" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Rumba">rumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cha-cha-cha (music)">chachachá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boogaloo" title="Boogaloo">boogaloo</a>. Though their success was again sporadic and brief, Latin music continued to exert a continuous influence on rock, soul and other styles, as well as eventually evolving into <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa music</a> in the 1970s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country:_Nashville_Sound">Country: Nashville Sound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Country: Nashville Sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hank_Williams_Promotional_Photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hank_Williams_Promotional_Photo.jpg/250px-Hank_Williams_Promotional_Photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hank_Williams_Promotional_Photo.jpg/375px-Hank_Williams_Promotional_Photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hank_Williams_Promotional_Photo.jpg/500px-Hank_Williams_Promotional_Photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a>, often regarded as one of the greatest country music artists of all time, had a profound influence on the genre during the 1950s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the late 1920s, a distinctive style first called "old-timey" or "hillbilly" music began to be broadcast and recorded in the rural South and Midwest; early artists included the Carter Family, Charlie Poole and his North Carolina Ramblers, and Jimmie Rodgers. The performance and dissemination of this music was regional at first, but the population shifts caused by World War II spread it more widely. After the war, there was increased interest in specialty styles, including what had been known as <i>race</i> and <i>hillbilly</i> music; these styles were renamed to <i>rhythm and blues</i> and <i>country and western</i>, respectively.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[46]</a></sup> Major labels had some success promoting two kinds of country acts: Southern <a href="/wiki/Novelty_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelty music">novelty</a> performers like <a href="/wiki/Tex_Williams" title="Tex Williams">Tex Williams</a> and singers like <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Laine" title="Frankie Laine">Frankie Laine</a>, who mixed pop and country in a conventionally sentimental style.<sup id="cite_ref-popcountry_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popcountry-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period also saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_9_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_9-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a white country singer who had learned the blues from a black street musician named Tee-Tot, in northwest Alabama.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Werner"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Werner">[47]</a></sup> Before his death in 1953, Hank Williams recorded eleven singles that sold at least a million copies each and pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Nashville_sound" title="Nashville sound">Nashville sound</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patsy_Cline_1957--Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Patsy_Cline_1957--Front.jpg/200px-Patsy_Cline_1957--Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Patsy_Cline_1957--Front.jpg/300px-Patsy_Cline_1957--Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Patsy_Cline_1957--Front.jpg/400px-Patsy_Cline_1957--Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Cline" title="Patsy Cline">Patsy Cline</a> was one of the most iconic female country singers of the 1960s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nashville sound was a popular kind of country music that arose in the 1950s, a fusion of popular <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a> jazz and <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a> with the lyricism of honky-tonk country.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Roughstock"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Roughstock">[48]</a></sup> The popular success of Hank Williams' recordings had convinced record labels that country music could find mainstream audiences. Record companies then tried to strip the rough, honky-tonk elements from country music, removing the unapologetically rural sound that had made Williams famous. Nashville's industry was reacting to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a> performer Elvis Presley by marketing performers that crossed the divide between country and pop.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chet_Atkins" title="Chet Atkins">Chet Atkins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_10_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_10-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> head of <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>'s country music division, did the most to innovate the Nashville sound by abandoning the rougher elements of country, while <a href="/wiki/Owen_Bradley" title="Owen Bradley">Owen Bradley</a> used sophisticated production techniques and smooth instrumentation that eventually became standard in the Nashville Sound, which also grew to incorporate strings and vocal choirs.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early part of the 1960s, the Nashville sound was perceived as watered-down by many more traditionalist performers and fans, resulting in a number of local scenes like the <a href="/wiki/Lubbock_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubbock sound">Lubbock sound</a> and, most influentially, the <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield_sound" title="Bakersfield sound">Bakersfield sound</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1950s, the most popular kind of country music was the Nashville Sound, which was a slick and pop-oriented style. Many musicians preferred a rougher sound, leading to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Lubbock_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubbock Sound">Lubbock Sound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakersfield Sound">Bakersfield Sound</a>. The Bakersfield Sound was innovated in <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a> in the mid to late 1950s, by performers like <a href="/wiki/Wynn_Stewart" title="Wynn Stewart">Wynn Stewart</a>, who used elements of <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a> and rock, such as the <a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">breakbeat</a>, along with a honky tonk vocal style.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Collins"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Collins">[49]</a></sup> He was followed by a wave of performers, among them <a href="/wiki/Buck_Owens" title="Buck Owens">Buck Owens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a>, who popularized the style.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soul">Soul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Soul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Brown_Live_Hamburg_1973_1702730029.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/James_Brown_Live_Hamburg_1973_1702730029.jpg/200px-James_Brown_Live_Hamburg_1973_1702730029.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/James_Brown_Live_Hamburg_1973_1702730029.jpg/300px-James_Brown_Live_Hamburg_1973_1702730029.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/James_Brown_Live_Hamburg_1973_1702730029.jpg/400px-James_Brown_Live_Hamburg_1973_1702730029.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> is known as the "Godfather of Soul"</figcaption></figure> <p>Soul music is a combination of R&B and gospel that began in the late 1950s in the United States. Soul music is characterized by its use of gospel techniques with a greater emphasis on vocalists, and the use of secular themes. The 1950s recordings of <a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_15–17_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_15–17-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Brown (musician)">James Brown</a> are commonly considered the beginnings of soul music. <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Burke" title="Solomon Burke">Solomon Burke</a>'s early recordings for Atlantic Records codified the style, and as Peter Guralnick writes, "it was only with the coming together of Burke and Atlantic Records that you could see anything resembling a movement".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Guralnick"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Guralnick">[50]</a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Motown_Record_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown Record Corporation">Motown Record Corporation</a> in Detroit, Michigan became successful with a string of heavily pop-influenced soul records, which were palatable enough to white listeners so as to allow R&B and soul to crossover to mainstream audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_25–26_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_25–26-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important center of soul music recording was <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Alabama, where the <a href="/wiki/FAME_Studios" title="FAME Studios">FAME Studios</a> operated. <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Hughes_(singer)" title="Jimmy Hughes (singer)">Jimmy Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sledge" title="Percy Sledge">Percy Sledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Alexander" title="Arthur Alexander">Arthur Alexander</a> recorded at Fame; later in the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a> would also record in the area. Fame Studios, often referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Muscle_Shoals_Sound_Studio" title="Muscle Shoals Sound Studio">Muscle Shoals</a></i>, after a town neighboring Florence, enjoyed a close relationship with Stax, and many of the musicians and producers who worked in Memphis also contributed to recordings done in Alabama.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Memphis, <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a> produced recordings by soul pioneers <a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Pickett" title="Wilson Pickett">Wilson Pickett</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_51_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_51-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Don_Covay" title="Don Covay">Don Covay</a>. Other Stax artists such as <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Floyd" title="Eddie Floyd">Eddie Floyd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Taylor" title="Johnnie Taylor">Johnnie Taylor</a> also made significant contributions to soul music. By 1968, the soul music movement had begun to splinter, as James Brown and <a href="/wiki/Sly_%26_the_Family_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sly & the Family Stone">Sly & the Family Stone</a> began to expand upon and abstract both soul and rhythm and blues into other forms. Guralnick wrote that more "than anything else ... what seems to me to have brought the era of soul to a grinding, unsettling halt was the death of Martin Luther King in April 1968".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Guralnick"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Guralnick">[51]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s_rock">1960s rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1960s rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doors_electra_publicity_photo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Doors_electra_publicity_photo.JPG/250px-Doors_electra_publicity_photo.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Doors_electra_publicity_photo.JPG/375px-Doors_electra_publicity_photo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Doors_electra_publicity_photo.JPG/500px-Doors_electra_publicity_photo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1526" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a> blended rock, blues, and psychedelia to create a dark and hypnotic sound.</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the first of the major new rock genres of the 1960s was <a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">surf</a>, pioneered by Californian <a href="/wiki/Dick_Dale" title="Dick Dale">Dick Dale</a>. Surf was largely instrumental and guitar-based rock with a distorted and twanging sound, and was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">youth culture</a>. Dale had worked with <a href="/wiki/Leo_Fender" title="Leo Fender">Leo Fender</a>, developing the "<a href="/wiki/Fender_Showman" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Showman">Showman amplifier</a> and... the reverberation unit that would give surf music its distinctively fuzzy sound".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_surf"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_surf">[52]</a></sup> </p><p>Inspired by the lyrical focus of surf, if not the musical basis, <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a> began their career in 1961 with a string of hits like "<a href="/wiki/Surfin%27_U.S.A._(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfin' U.S.A. (song)">Surfin' U.S.A.</a>". Their sound was not instrumental, nor guitar-based, but was full of "rich, dense and unquestionably special" "floating vocals (with) <a href="/wiki/Four_Freshmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Freshmen">Four Freshman</a>-ish harmonies riding over a droned, propulsive burden".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_BeachBoys"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_BeachBoys">[53]</a></sup> The Beach Boys' songwriter <a href="/wiki/Brian_Wilson" title="Brian Wilson">Brian Wilson</a> grew gradually more eccentric, experimenting with new studio techniques as he became associated with the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_37_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_37-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The counterculture was a youth movement that included political activism, especially in opposition to the Vietnam War, and the promotion of various <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> ideals. The hippies were associated primarily with two kinds of music: the <a href="/wiki/Folk-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk-rock">folk-rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">country rock</a> of people like <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gram_Parsons" title="Gram Parsons">Gram Parsons</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> of bands like <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane" title="Jefferson Airplane">Jefferson Airplane</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_41–43_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_41–43-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This movement was very closely connected to the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a>, a wave of bands from the United Kingdom who became popular throughout much of the 1960s. The British Invasion initially included bands such as <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_27–30_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_27–30-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/The_Zombies" title="The Zombies">The Zombies</a> who were later joined by bands like the <a href="/wiki/Moody_Blues" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody Blues">Moody Blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_49_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_49-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sound of these bands was hard-edged rock, with the Beatles originally known for songs that resembled classic black rock songs by <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Shirelles" title="The Shirelles">The Shirelles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isley_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Isley Brothers">Isley Brothers</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Beatles"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Beatles">[54]</a></sup> Later, as the counterculture developed, The Beatles began using more advanced techniques and unusual instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a>, as well as more original lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_35,_39_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_35,_39-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_Baez_Bob_Dylan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Outdoors, Joan Baez is sitting next to Bob Dylan who is playing an acoustic guitar, ca 1960s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Joan_Baez_Bob_Dylan.jpg/200px-Joan_Baez_Bob_Dylan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Joan_Baez_Bob_Dylan.jpg/300px-Joan_Baez_Bob_Dylan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Joan_Baez_Bob_Dylan.jpg/400px-Joan_Baez_Bob_Dylan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="2049" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Folk-rock drew on the sporadic mainstream success of groups like the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Trio" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Trio">Kingston Trio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Almanac_Singers" class="mw-redirect" title="Almanac Singers">Almanac Singers</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a> helped to politically radicalize rural white folk music.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[55]</a></sup> The popular musician <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> rose to prominence in the middle of the 1960s, fusing folk with rock and making the nascent scene closely connected to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>. He was followed by a number of country-rock bands like <a href="/wiki/The_Byrds" title="The Byrds">The Byrds</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flying_Burrito_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying Burrito Brothers">Flying Burrito Brothers</a> and folk-oriented singer-songwriters like <a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a> and the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a>. However, by the end of the decade, there was little political or social awareness evident in the lyrics of pop-singer-songwriters like <a href="/wiki/James_Taylor" title="James Taylor">James Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a>, whose self-penned songs were deeply personal and emotional.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Psychedelic rock was a hard, driving kind of guitar-based rock, closely associated with the city of San Francisco, California. Though Jefferson Airplane was the only psychedelic San Francisco band to have a major national hit, with 1967's "Somebody to Love" and "White Rabbit", the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>, a folk, country and bluegrass-flavored <a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">jam band</a>, "embodied all the elements of the San Francisco scene and came... to represent the counterculture to the rest of the country"; the Grateful Dead also became known for introducing the counterculture, and the rest of the country, to the ideas of people like <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a>, especially the use of hallucinogenic drugs including <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> for spiritual and philosophical purposes.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_LSD"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_LSD">[56]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1970s_and_1980s">1970s and 1980s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1970s and 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramones_1983_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ramones_1983_b.jpg/220px-Ramones_1983_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ramones_1983_b.jpg/330px-Ramones_1983_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ramones_1983_b.jpg/440px-Ramones_1983_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Ramones" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ramones">The Ramones</a> originated in the 1970s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the turbulent political, social and musical changes of the 1960s and early 1970s, rock music diversified. What was formerly known as <i>rock and roll</i>, a reasonably discrete style of music, had evolved into a catchall category called simply <i>rock music</i>, an umbrella term which would eventually include diverse styles like <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> and, sometimes even <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a>. During the 1970s, however, most of these styles were not part of mainstream music, and were evolving in the underground music scene.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The early 1970s saw a wave of singer-songwriters who drew on the introspective, deeply emotional and personal lyrics of 1960s folk-rock. They included <a href="/wiki/James_Taylor" title="James Taylor">James Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a> and others, all known just as much for their lyric ability as for their performances. The same period saw the rise of bluesy <a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">country rock</a> groups like the <a href="/wiki/Allman_Brothers_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Allman Brothers Band">Allman Brothers Band</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd" title="Lynyrd Skynyrd">Lynyrd Skynyrd</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Szatmary"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Szatmary">[57]</a></sup> In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">soft rock</a> developed, a kind of simple, unobtrusive and mellow form of pop-rock, exemplified by a number of bands like <a href="/wiki/America_(band)" title="America (band)">America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bread_(band)" title="Bread (band)">Bread</a>, most of whom are little remembered today; many were <a href="/wiki/One-hit_wonder" title="One-hit wonder">one-hit wonders</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[58]</a></sup> In addition, harder <a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">arena rock</a> bands like <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Styx_(band)" title="Styx (band)">Styx</a> also saw some major success.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willie_Nelson_1996-05.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head shot of Willie Nelson, with gray beard and long red hair and wearing a beret, smiles while looking at the camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Willie_Nelson_1996-05.png/150px-Willie_Nelson_1996-05.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Willie_Nelson_1996-05.png 1.5x" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The early 1970s saw the rise of a new style of country music that was as rough and hard-edged, and which quickly became the most popular form of country. This was <a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">outlaw country</a>, a style that included such mainstream stars as <a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waylon_Jennings" title="Waylon Jennings">Waylon Jennings</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Clarke"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Clarke">[59]</a></sup> Outlaw country was very rock-oriented, and had lyrics that focused on the criminal, especially drug and alcohol-related, antics of its performers, who grew their hair long, wore denim and leather and looked like hippies in contrast to the clean-cut country singers that were pushing the Nashville sound.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[60]</a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1970s, <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, a form of dance music, was becoming popular, evolving from underground dance clubs to mainstream America. Disco reached its zenith following the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever" title="Saturday Night Fever">Saturday Night Fever</a></i> and the phenomenon surrounding the movie and the soundtrack by <a href="/wiki/The_Bee_Gees" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bee Gees">The Bee Gees</a>. Disco's time was short, however, and by 1980 was soon replaced with a number of genres that evolved out of the <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> scene, like <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> became a major star, first in the mid to late 1970s and then throughout the 1980s, with dense, inscrutable lyrics and anthemic songs that resonated with the middle and lower classes.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[61]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_funk_and_soul">1970s funk and soul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1970s funk and soul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaka_Khan_in_Chris_March_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chaka_Khan_in_Chris_March_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Chaka_Khan_in_Chris_March_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chaka_Khan_in_Chris_March_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Chaka_Khan_in_Chris_March_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chaka_Khan_in_Chris_March_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Chaka_Khan_in_Chris_March_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chaka_Khan" title="Chaka Khan">Chaka Khan</a> showcased her soulful vocals and helped solidify her status as the "Queen of Funk."</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1970s, soul music was influenced by psychedelic rock and other styles. The social and political ferment of the times inspired artists like <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a> to release album-length statements with hard-hitting social commentary. Artists like James Brown led soul towards more dance-oriented music, which eventually evolved into <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>. Funk was typified by 1970s bands like <a href="/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic" title="Parliament-Funkadelic">Parliament-Funkadelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Meters" title="The Meters">The Meters</a>, and James Brown himself, while more versatile groups like <a href="/wiki/War_(U.S._band)" class="mw-redirect" title="War (U.S. band)">War</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Commodores" class="mw-redirect" title="The Commodores">The Commodores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_and_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth, Wind and Fire">Earth, Wind and Fire</a> also became popular. During the 1970s, some highly slick and commercial <a href="/wiki/Blue-eyed_soul" title="Blue-eyed soul">blue-eyed soul</a> acts like Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Hall_%26_Oates" title="Hall & Oates">Hall & Oates</a> achieved mainstream success, as well as a new generation of street-corner harmony or city-soul groups like <a href="/wiki/The_Delfonics" title="The Delfonics">The Delfonics</a> and Howard University's <a href="/wiki/Unifics" class="mw-redirect" title="Unifics">Unifics</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the end of the 1970s, Philly soul, funk, rock and most other genres were dominated by disco-inflected tracks. During this period, funk bands like <a href="/wiki/The_O%27Jays" title="The O'Jays">The O'Jays</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Spinners_(soul_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spinners (soul music)">The Spinners</a> continued to turn out hits. After the death of disco in 1980, soul music survived for a short time before going through yet another metamorphosis. With the introduction of influences from <a href="/wiki/Electro_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro music">electro music</a> and funk, soul music became less raw and more slickly produced, resulting in a genre of music that was again called <i>R&B</i>, usually distinguished from the earlier rhythm and blues by identifying it as <i>contemporary R&B</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_pop">1980s pop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1980s pop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Michael_Jackson_1988.jpg/150px-Michael_Jackson_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Michael_Jackson_1988.jpg/225px-Michael_Jackson_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Michael_Jackson_1988.jpg/300px-Michael_Jackson_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> emerged as a cultural icon and one of the most influential figures in pop music history.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1960s, the term <i>rhythm and blues</i> had no longer been in wide use; instead, terms such as <i>soul music</i> were used to describe popular music by black artists. In the 1980s, however, <i>rhythm and blues</i> came back into use, most often in the form of <i>R&B</i>, a usage that has continued to the present. Contemporary R&B arose when sultry funk singers like <a href="/wiki/Prince_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince (artist)">Prince</a> became very popular, alongside dance-oriented pop stars like <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna (entertainer)">Madonna</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[62]</a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 1980s, pop-rock largely consisted of the radio-friendly <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">glam metal</a> bands, who used images derived from the British <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam</a> movement with macho lyrics and attitudes, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> music and heavy metal virtuosic soloing. Bands from this era included many British groups like <a href="/wiki/Def_Leppard" title="Def Leppard">Def Leppard</a>, as well as heavy metal-influenced American bands <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">Guns N' Roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Halen" title="Van Halen">Van Halen</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[63]</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_Rebel_Heart_Tour_2015_-_Stockholm_(23051472299)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Madonna_Rebel_Heart_Tour_2015_-_Stockholm_%2823051472299%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Madonna_Rebel_Heart_Tour_2015_-_Stockholm_%2823051472299%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Madonna_Rebel_Heart_Tour_2015_-_Stockholm_%2823051472299%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Madonna_Rebel_Heart_Tour_2015_-_Stockholm_%2823051472299%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Madonna_Rebel_Heart_Tour_2015_-_Stockholm_%2823051472299%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Madonna_Rebel_Heart_Tour_2015_-_Stockholm_%2823051472299%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2246" data-file-height="3294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a> reigned as the undisputed queen of Pop in the 1980.</figcaption></figure> <p>The mid-1980s also saw <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a> see its popularity peak. A new form of gospel had evolved, called <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Contemporary Christian music</a> (CCM). CCM had been around since the late 1960s, and consisted of a pop/rock sound with slight religious lyrics. CCM had become the most popular form of gospel by the mid-1980s, especially with artists like <a href="/wiki/Amy_Grant" title="Amy Grant">Amy Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Smith" title="Michael W. Smith">Michael W. Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Troccoli" title="Kathy Troccoli">Kathy Troccoli</a>. Amy Grant was the most popular CCM, and gospel, singer of the 1980s, and after experiencing unprecedented success in CCM, crossed over into mainstream pop in the 1980s and 1990s. Michael W. Smith also had considerable success in CCM before crossing over to a successful career in pop music as well. Grant would later produce CCM's first No. 1 pop hit ("Baby Baby"), and CCM's best-selling album (<i><a href="/wiki/Heart_in_Motion" title="Heart in Motion">Heart in Motion</a></i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, the country music charts were dominated by pop singers with only tangential influences from country music, a trend that has continued since. The 1980s saw a revival of honky-tonk-style country with the rise of people like <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Yoakam" title="Dwight Yoakam">Dwight Yoakam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_traditionalist" class="mw-redirect" title="New traditionalist">new traditionalists</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Skaggs" title="Ricky Skaggs">Ricky Skaggs</a>,<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[64]</a></sup> as well as the development of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_country" title="Alternative country">alternative country</a> performers like <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tupelo" title="Uncle Tupelo">Uncle Tupelo</a>. Later alternative country performers, like <a href="/wiki/Whiskeytown" title="Whiskeytown">Whiskeytown</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Adams" title="Ryan Adams">Ryan Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilco" title="Wilco">Wilco</a>, found some mainstream success.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_the_underground">Birth of the underground</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Birth of the underground"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LydiaLunch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/LydiaLunch.jpg/150px-LydiaLunch.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/LydiaLunch.jpg/225px-LydiaLunch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/LydiaLunch.jpg/300px-LydiaLunch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Artists like <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Lunch" title="Lydia Lunch">Lydia Lunch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a> experimented with avant-garde sounds, challenging the boundaries of what constituted music.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1970s, a number of diverse styles emerged in stark contrast to mainstream American popular music. Though these genres were not largely popular in the sense of selling many records to mainstream audiences, they were examples of <i>popular music</i>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> or <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a>. In the early 1970s, African Americans and Puerto Ricans in New York City developed <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop culture">hip hop culture</a>, which produced a style of music also called <i><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a></i>. At roughly the same time, Latinos, especially Cubans and Puerto Ricans, in New York also innovated <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa music</a>, which combined many forms of Latin music with R&B and rock. The genres of <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> were most closely associated with the United Kingdom in the 1970s, while various American derivatives evolved later in the decade and into the 1980s. Meanwhile, Detroit slowly evolved a series of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> genres like <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a> and <a href="/wiki/Techno_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno music">techno</a> that later became a major part of popular music worldwide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hip_hop">Hip hop</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hip hop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt-n-Pepa_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Salt-n-Pepa_%282%29.jpg/200px-Salt-n-Pepa_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Salt-n-Pepa_%282%29.jpg/300px-Salt-n-Pepa_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Salt-n-Pepa_%282%29.jpg/400px-Salt-n-Pepa_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2814" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salt-N-Pepa" title="Salt-N-Pepa">Salt-N-Pepa</a> became one of the most successful and influential female rap groups of all time.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop culture">Hip hop</a> is a cultural movement, of which music is a part, along with <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">breakdancing</a>. The music is composed of two parts, <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rapping</a>, the delivery of swift, highly rhythmic and lyrical vocals, and DJing, the production of instrumentation either through <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instrumentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">turntablism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">beatboxing</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[65]</a></sup> Hip hop arose in the early 1970s in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, New York City. Jamaican immigrant <a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a> is widely regarded as the progenitor of hip hop; he brought with him the practice of <a href="/wiki/Deejay_(Jamaican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deejay (Jamaican)">toasting</a> over the rhythms of popular songs. In New York, DJs like Kool Herc played records of popular funk, disco and rock songs. Emcees originally arose to introduce the songs and keep the crowd excited and dancing; over time, the DJs began isolating the percussion breaks (the rhythmic climax of songs), thus producing a repeated beat that the emcees rapped over.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rapping included greetings to friends and enemies, exhortations to dance and colorful, often humorous boasts. By the beginning of the 1980s, there had been popular hip-hop songs like "<a href="/wiki/Rappers_Delight" class="mw-redirect" title="Rappers Delight">Rappers Delight</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Sugarhill_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugarhill Gang">Sugarhill Gang</a> and a few major celebrities of the scene, such as <a href="/wiki/LL_Cool_J" title="LL Cool J">LL Cool J</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurtis_Blow" title="Kurtis Blow">Kurtis Blow</a>. Other performers experimented with politicized lyrics and social awareness, while others performed fusions with <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno music">techno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>. Hip hop began to diversify in the latter part of the 1980s. New styles appeared, like <a href="/wiki/Alternative_hip_hop" title="Alternative hip hop">alternative hip hop</a> and the closely related <a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">jazz rap</a> fusion, pioneered by such rappers as <a href="/wiki/De_La_Soul" title="De La Soul">De La Soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guru_(rapper)" title="Guru (rapper)">Guru</a>. The crews <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (band)">Public Enemy</a> and <a href="/wiki/N.W.A" title="N.W.A">N.W.A</a> did the most during this era to bring hip hop to national attention; the former did so with incendiary and politically charged lyrics, while the latter became the first prominent example of <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salsa">Salsa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Salsa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloria_Estefan_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gloria_Estefan_2009.jpg/150px-Gloria_Estefan_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gloria_Estefan_2009.jpg/225px-Gloria_Estefan_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gloria_Estefan_2009.jpg/300px-Gloria_Estefan_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Estefan" title="Gloria Estefan">Gloria Estefan</a>, along with her band <a href="/wiki/Miami_Sound_Machine" title="Miami Sound Machine">Miami Sound Machine</a>, became one of the most successful Latin acts of the 1980s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Salsa music is a diverse and predominantly <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> rhythm that is popular in many <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> countries. Salsa incorporates multiple styles and variations; the term can be used to describe most any form of the popular Cuban-derived <a href="/wiki/Musical_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical genre">musical genres</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cha-cha-cha (music)">chachachá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a>). Most specifically however, <i>salsa</i> refers to a particular style developed by mid-1970s groups of New York City-area Cuban and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> immigrants to the United States, and stylistic descendants like 1980s <a href="/wiki/Salsa_romantica" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsa romantica">salsa romantica</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Morales"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Morales">[66]</a></sup> </p><p>Salsa music always has a 4/4 <a href="/wiki/Meter_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (music)">meter</a>. The music is phrased in groups of two bars, using recurring rhythmic patterns, and the beginning of phrases in the song text and instruments. Typically, the rhythmic patterns played on the percussion are rather complicated, often with several different patterns played simultaneously. The <a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)" title="Clave (rhythm)">clave rhythm</a> is an important element that forms the basis of salsa. Apart from percussion, a variety of melodic instruments are commonly used as accompaniment, such as a guitar, trumpets, trombones, the piano, and many others, all depending on the performing artists. Bands are typically divided into horn and rhythm sections, led by one or more singers (<i>soneros</i> or <i>salseros</i>) .<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Roughguide"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Roughguide">[67]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punk_and_alternative_rock">Punk and alternative rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Punk and alternative rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Flag_(Ruhrpott_Rodeo_2013)_IMGP6148_smial_wp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Black_Flag_%28Ruhrpott_Rodeo_2013%29_IMGP6148_smial_wp.jpg/200px-Black_Flag_%28Ruhrpott_Rodeo_2013%29_IMGP6148_smial_wp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Black_Flag_%28Ruhrpott_Rodeo_2013%29_IMGP6148_smial_wp.jpg/300px-Black_Flag_%28Ruhrpott_Rodeo_2013%29_IMGP6148_smial_wp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Black_Flag_%28Ruhrpott_Rodeo_2013%29_IMGP6148_smial_wp.jpg/400px-Black_Flag_%28Ruhrpott_Rodeo_2013%29_IMGP6148_smial_wp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)" title="Black Flag (band)">Black Flag</a> emerged from DIY punk scenes, like other punk bands of the time.</figcaption></figure> <p>Punk was a kind of rebellious rock music that began in the 1970s as a reaction against the popular music of the day – especially <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, which was seen as insipid and uninspired. Punk drew on American bands including the <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">Velvet Underground</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stooges" title="The Stooges">The Stooges</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Dolls" title="New York Dolls">New York Dolls</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[68]</a></sup> Punk was loud, aggressive and usually very simple, requiring little musical training to play. Later in the decade, British bands including the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">The Clash</a> enjoyed substantial fame at home and, to a lesser degree, in the United States. American bands in the field included most famously <a href="/wiki/The_Ramones" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ramones">The Ramones</a>, as well as groups like <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a> that played a more artsy kind of music that was closely associated with punk before eventually evolving into pop-<a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[69]</a></sup> Other major acts include <a href="/wiki/Blondie_(band)" title="Blondie (band)">Blondie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_(band)" title="Television (band)">Television</a>. Most of these bands got their start at what is considered "ground zero"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of punk rock, a club named CBGB. The small club in New York threw a festival in 1975 that showed off the "top 40 unrecorded rock bands". Among these bands were the previously mentioned <a href="/wiki/The_Ramones" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ramones">The Ramones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blondie_(band)" title="Blondie (band)">Blondie</a> and the like.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Padova_REM_concert_July_22_2003_blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Padova_REM_concert_July_22_2003_blue.jpg/200px-Padova_REM_concert_July_22_2003_blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Padova_REM_concert_July_22_2003_blue.jpg/300px-Padova_REM_concert_July_22_2003_blue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Padova_REM_concert_July_22_2003_blue.jpg/400px-Padova_REM_concert_July_22_2003_blue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/R.E.M." title="R.E.M.">R.E.M.</a> became one of the pioneering bands of alternative rock in the 1980s.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a> was the response of American youths to the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> explosion of the late 1970s. Hardcore stripped punk rock and New Wave of its sometimes elitist and artsy tendencies, resulting in short, fast, and intense songs that spoke to disaffected youth. Hardcore exploded in the American metropolises of Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., New York and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and most American cities had their own local scenes by the end of the 1980s.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Blush"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Blush">[70]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a> is a diverse grouping of rock bands that in America developed largely from the hardcore scene in the 1980s in stark opposition to the mainstream music scene. Alternative rock subgenres that developed during the decade include <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">noise rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/College_rock" title="College rock">college rock</a>. Most alternative bands were unified by their collective debt to punk, which laid the groundwork for underground and alternative music in the 1970s. Though the genre is considered to be rock, some styles were influenced by American folk, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> and jazz. Like punk and hardcore, alternative rock had little mainstream success in America in the 1980s, but via the grassroots establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Indie_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie (music)">indie</a> scene through touring, <a href="/wiki/College_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="College radio">college radio</a>, fanzines, and word-of-mouth, alternative bands laid the groundwork for the breakthrough of the genre in the American public consciousness in the next decade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_metal">Heavy metal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Heavy metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megadeth1991AL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Megadeth1991AL.jpg/200px-Megadeth1991AL.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Megadeth1991AL.jpg/300px-Megadeth1991AL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Megadeth1991AL.jpg/400px-Megadeth1991AL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Megadeth" title="Megadeth">Megadeth</a> formed by former <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Dave_Mustaine" title="Dave Mustaine">Dave Mustaine</a>, Megadeth quickly established themselves as one of the leading forces in thrash metal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Heavy metal is a form of music characterized by aggressive, driving rhythms and highly amplified distorted guitars, generally with grandiose lyrics and virtuosic instrumentation. Heavy metal is a development of blues, <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a>, rock and prog rock. Its origins lie in the British hard rock bands who between 1967 and 1974 took blues and rock and created a hybrid with a heavy, guitar-and-drums-centered sound. Most of the pioneers in the field, like <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a>, were English, though many were inspired by American performers like <a href="/wiki/Blue_Cheer" title="Blue Cheer">Blue Cheer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early 1970s, the first major American bands began appearing, like <a href="/wiki/Blue_%C3%96yster_Cult" title="Blue Öyster Cult">Blue Öyster Cult</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerosmith" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a>, and musicians like <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Van_Halen" title="Eddie Van Halen">Eddie Van Halen</a> began their career. Heavy metal remained, however, a largely underground phenomenon. During the 1980s, a pop-based form of hard rock, with a party-hearty spirit and a glam-influenced visual aesthetic (sometimes referred to as "hair metal") dominated the music charts, led by superstars like <a href="/wiki/Poison_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison (American band)">Poison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ratt" title="Ratt">Ratt</a>. The 1987 debut of <a href="/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">Guns N' Roses</a>, a hard rock band whose image reflected the grittier underbelly of the Sunset Strip, was at least in part a reaction against the overly polished image of hair metal, but that band's wild success was in many ways the last gasp of the hard-rock and metal scene. By the mid-1980s, as the term "heavy metal" became the subject of much contestation, the style had branched out in so many different directions that new classifications were created by fans, record companies, and fanzines, although sometimes the differences between various subgenres were unclear, even to the artists purportedly belonging to a given style. The most notable of the 1980s metal subgenres in the United States was the swift and aggressive <a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a> style, pioneered by bands like <a href="/wiki/Anthrax_(American_band)" title="Anthrax (American band)">Anthrax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megadeth" title="Megadeth">Megadeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slayer" title="Slayer">Slayer</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990s">1990s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britney_Spears.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Britney_Spears.jpg/200px-Britney_Spears.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Britney_Spears.jpg/300px-Britney_Spears.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Britney_Spears.jpg/400px-Britney_Spears.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a>' impact on the music industry and popular culture of the late 1990s cannot be overstated. She played a pivotal role in shaping the sound and style of pop music during that era.</figcaption></figure> <p>Perhaps the most important change in the 1990s in American popular music was the rise of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> through the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a>. This was previously an explicitly anti-mainstream grouping of genres that rose to great fame beginning in the early 1990s. The genre in its early stages was largely situated on <a href="/wiki/Sub_Pop" title="Sub Pop">Sub Pop Records</a>, a company founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Pavitt_and_John_Poneman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Pavitt and John Poneman (page does not exist)">Bruce Pavitt and John Poneman</a>. Significant grunge bands signed to the label were <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(band)" title="Green River (band)">Green River</a> (half of the members from this band would later become founding members of <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a> (although not a grunge band they were influential on grunge bands and in fact it was upon the insistence of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Gordon" title="Kim Gordon">Kim Gordon</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Geffen_Records" title="Geffen Records">David Geffen Company</a> signed <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>) and Nirvana. Grunge is an alternative rock subgenre with a "dark, brooding guitar-based sludge" sound,<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_sludge"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_sludge">[71]</a></sup> drawing on heavy metal, punk, and elements of bands like Sonic Youth and their use of "unconventional tunings to bend otherwise standard pop songs completely out of shape."<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_SonicYouth"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_SonicYouth">[72]</a></sup> With the addition of a "melodic, Beatlesque element" to the sound of bands like Nirvana, grunge became wildly popular across the United States. </p><p><br /> <sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Beatlesque"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Beatlesque">[73]</a></sup> Grunge became commercially successful in the early 1990s, peaking between 1991 and 1994. Bands from cities in the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> especially <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington, were responsible for creating grunge and later made it popular with mainstream audiences. The supposed <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a>, who had just reached adulthood as grunge's popularity peaked, were closely associated with grunge, the sound which helped "define the desperation of (that) generation."<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_GenerationX"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_GenerationX">[74]</a></sup> Bands such as <a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters" title="Foo Fighters">Foo Fighters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creed_(band)" title="Creed (band)">Creed</a> became a form of alternative rock known as post-grunge, popular because it was radio friendly unlike the grunge bands by which they were musically influenced. <a href="/wiki/Pop_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop punk">Pop punk</a> bands like <a href="/wiki/Green_Day" title="Green Day">Green Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blink_182" class="mw-redirect" title="Blink 182">Blink 182</a> also gained popularity. In the second half of the 1990s <a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">nu metal</a> arose with bands such as <a href="/wiki/Linkin_Park" title="Linkin Park">Linkin Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korn" title="Korn">Korn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limp_Bizkit" title="Limp Bizkit">Limp Bizkit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slipknot_(band)" title="Slipknot (band)">Slipknot</a>. The independent culture slumbered in the underground scenes with new genres such as <a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">lo-fi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beck" title="Beck">Beck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparklehorse" title="Sparklehorse">Sparklehorse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guided_By_Voices" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided By Voices">Guided By Voices</a>), <a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">math rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slint" title="Slint">Slint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shellac_(band)" title="Shellac (band)">Shellac</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Explosions_in_the_Sky" title="Explosions in the Sky">Explosions in the Sky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tortoise_(band)" title="Tortoise (band)">Tortoise</a>). <a href="/wiki/Emocore" class="mw-redirect" title="Emocore">Emocore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a> became more known with bands such as <a href="/wiki/At_the_Drive-In" title="At the Drive-In">At the Drive-In</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fugazi" title="Fugazi">Fugazi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Gangsta rap</a> is a kind of hip hop, most importantly characterized by a lyrical focus on macho sexuality, physicality and a dangerous, criminal image. Though the origins of gangsta rap can be traced back to the mid-1980s raps of Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Schoolly_D" title="Schoolly D">Schoolly D</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ice-T" title="Ice-T">Ice-T</a>, the style is usually said to have begun in the Los Angeles and Oakland area, where <a href="/wiki/Too_Short" title="Too Short">Too Short</a>, <a href="/wiki/N.W.A" title="N.W.A">N.W.A</a> and others found their fame. This <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast rap">West Coast rap</a> scene spawned the early 1990s <a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a> sound, which paired gangsta rap lyrics with a thick and hazy tone, often relying on samples from 1970s <a href="/wiki/P-funk" class="mw-redirect" title="P-funk">P-funk</a>; the best-known proponents of this sound were the breakthrough rappers <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dre" title="Dr. Dre">Dr. Dre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2000s">2000s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katy_Perry_performing_Vegas_residency_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Katy_Perry_performing_Vegas_residency_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Katy_Perry_performing_Vegas_residency_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Katy_Perry_performing_Vegas_residency_%28cropped%29.png/300px-Katy_Perry_performing_Vegas_residency_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Katy_Perry_performing_Vegas_residency_%28cropped%29.png/400px-Katy_Perry_performing_Vegas_residency_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The 2000s marked <a href="/wiki/Katy_Perry" title="Katy Perry">Katy Perry</a>'s rise to prominence as a pop superstar.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 1990s and into the early 2000s pop music consisted mostly of a combination of pop-hip hop and R&B-tinged pop, including a number of boy bands. Notable female singers also cemented their status in American and worldwide popular music, such as <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a> (with her solo career and as lead singer of <a href="/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child" title="Destiny's Child">Destiny's Child</a>), <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christina_Aguilera" title="Christina Aguilera">Christina Aguilera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katy_Perry" title="Katy Perry">Katy Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>. Also notable was the influence of hip-hop producers on popular music in the mid-late 2000s, who made the sounds first heard on <a href="/wiki/Usher_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usher (entertainer)">Usher</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Usher_album)" title="Confessions (Usher album)">Confessions</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Furtado" title="Nelly Furtado">Nelly Furtado</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Loose_(Nelly_Furtado_album)" title="Loose (Nelly Furtado album)">Loose</a></i> imitated throughout popular radio with artists <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna (entertainer)">Madonna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akon" title="Akon">Akon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>. In the late 2000s into the early 2010s, pop music began to move towards being heavily influenced by the European <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> scene, taking root in the college crowd through producers like <a href="/wiki/David_Guetta" title="David Guetta">David Guetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Harris" title="Calvin Harris">Calvin Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_House_Mafia" title="Swedish House Mafia">Swedish House Mafia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skrillex" title="Skrillex">Skrillex</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hip hop/pop combination had also begun to dominate 2000s and early 2010s. In the early 2010s, prominent artists like <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Mars" title="Bruno Mars">Bruno Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drake_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drake (entertainer)">Drake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Wayne" title="Lil Wayne">Lil Wayne</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Chainz" title="2 Chainz">2 Chainz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar" title="Kendrick Lamar">Kendrick Lamar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_Gun_Kelly_(rapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine Gun Kelly (rapper)">Machine Gun Kelly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macklemore" title="Macklemore">Macklemore</a> began to dominate the mainstream music scene.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The predominant sound in 1990s country music was pop with only very limited elements of country. This includes many of the best-selling artists of the 1990s, like <a href="/wiki/Clint_Black" title="Clint Black">Clint Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shania_Twain" title="Shania Twain">Shania Twain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith_Hill" title="Faith Hill">Faith Hill</a> and the first of these crossover stars, <a href="/wiki/Garth_Brooks" title="Garth Brooks">Garth Brooks</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Garofalo"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Garofalo">[75]</a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand a guitar revival took place and raised a new generation of alternative guitar bands often described as <a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">post-punk revival</a> or <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Garage rock revival">garage rock revival</a>. Prominent US bands of this generation are <a href="/wiki/White_Stripes" class="mw-redirect" title="White Stripes">White Stripes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Strokes" title="The Strokes">The Strokes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Killers" title="The Killers">The Killers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_and_social_impact">International and social impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International and social impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_Gaga_in_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lady_Gaga_in_Rome.jpg/200px-Lady_Gaga_in_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lady_Gaga_in_Rome.jpg/300px-Lady_Gaga_in_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lady_Gaga_in_Rome.jpg/400px-Lady_Gaga_in_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>'s eccentric outfits, left a lasting mark on the fashion industry.</figcaption></figure> <p>American popular music has become extremely popular internationally. Rock, pop, hip hop, jazz, country and other styles have fans across the globe. The combination of parts of international and American popular music has been attempted between the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s. However, the results of synthesis were for the most part unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC Radio</a> DJ <a href="/wiki/Andy_Kershaw" title="Andy Kershaw">Andy Kershaw</a>, for example, has noted that country music is popular across virtually the entire world.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Kershaw"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Kershaw">[76]</a></sup> Indeed, out of "all the contributions made by Americans to world culture ... (American popular music) has been taken (most) to heart by the entire world".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Americanpop"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_Americanpop">[77]</a></sup> Other styles of American popular music have also had a formative effect internationally, including funk, the basis for West African <a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a>, R&B, a major source for Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, and rock, which has profoundly influenced most every genre of popular music worldwide. Rock, country, jazz and hip hop have become an entrenched part of many countries, leading to local varieties like <a href="/wiki/Australian_country_music" title="Australian country music">Australian country music</a>, Tanzanian <a href="/wiki/Bongo_Flava" title="Bongo Flava">Bongo Flava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian rock">Russian rock</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rock has had a formative influence on popular music, which had the effect of transforming "the very concept of what popular music" is.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_trasnformed"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_trasnformed">[78]</a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Gillett" title="Charlie Gillett">Charlie Gillett</a> has argued that rock and roll "was the first popular genre to incorporate the relentless pulse and sheer volume of urban life into the music itself".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_urbanrock"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music#endnote_urbanrock">[79]</a></sup> </p><p>The social impacts of American popular music have been felt both within the United States and abroad. Beginning as early as the <a href="/wiki/Extravaganza" title="Extravaganza">extravaganzas</a> of the late 19th century, American popular music has been criticized for being too sexually titillating and for encouraging violence, drug abuse and generally immoral behavior.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Idol" title="American Idol">American Idol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian pop culture">Christian pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_S._Levy_Collection_of_Sheet_Music" title="Lester S. Levy Collection of Sheet Music">Lester S. Levy Collection of Sheet Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_pop" title="Traditional pop">Traditional pop</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_starttinpanragtime"><b><a href="#ref_starttinpanragtime">^</a></b></span> Garofalo is an example of starting with Tin Pan Alley, in a chapter that also contains the coverage of ragtime</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Ewenslook"><b><a href="#ref_Ewenslook">^</a></b></span> Ewen is an example, covering <i>national ballads and patriotic songs</i>, <i>folk music</i>, <i>songs of the Negro</i>, <i>minstrel show and its songs</i> and <i>extravaganza to vaudeville</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Fostergreat"><b><a href="#ref_Fostergreat">^</a></b></span> Ewen, p. 69. Ewen claims Dan Emmett was a "popular-song composer", then goes on <i>another, and even more significant, was his contemporary, Stephen Foster—America's first major composer, and one of the world's outstanding writers of songs.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Nelly"><b><a href="#ref_Nelly">^</a></b></span> Clarke, pp. 28–29. Clarke notes the song "Massa's in the Cold Ground" as a clear attempt to sentimentalize slavery, though he notes that <i>many slaves must have loved their masters, on whom they depended for everything</i>. Clarke also notes that songs like "Nelly Was a Lady" describe the black experience as <i>ordinary human feelings; they are people as real as the characters in Shakespeare.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_sexexploitation"><b><a href="#ref_sexexploitation">^</a></b></span> Ewen, p. 81. <i>When <a href="/wiki/Millie_Cavendish" title="Millie Cavendish">Milly Cavendish</a> stepped lightly in front of the footlights, wagged a provocative finger at the men in her audience, and sang in her high-pitched baby voice, "You Naughty, Naughty Men" – by T. Kennick and G. Bicknell—the American musical theater and the American popular song both started their long and active careers in sex exploitation.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_formulaicandballads"><b><a href="#ref_formulaicandballads">^</a></b></span> Ewen, p. 94. Ewen claims New York was the music publishing center of the country by the 1890s, and says the ‘’publishers devised formulas by which songs could be produced with speed and dispatch... Songs were now to be produced from a serviceable matrix, and issued in large quantities: stereotypes for foreign songs, Negro songs, humorous ditties, and, most important of all, sentimental ballads.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_coonsong"><b><a href="#ref_coonsong">^</a></b></span> Ewen, p. 101. Ewen is the source for both "Drill Ye Tarriers" and the nature of coon songs</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Allen"><b><a href="#ref_Allen">^</a></b></span> Ewen, p. 101, and Clarke, p. 62. Ewen attributes "New Coon in Town" to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Allen_(songwriter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Allen (songwriter) (page does not exist)">Paul Allen</a>, though Clarke attributes it to <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._S._Putnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. S. Putnam (page does not exist)">J. S. Putnam</a> – both agree on the year, 1883</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_goldenage"><b><a href="#ref_goldenage">^</a></b></span> Clarke, pg. 95 Clarke dates the golden age as <i>c. 1914–50</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_banjoimitate"><b><a href="#ref_banjoimitate">^</a></b></span> Clarke, pp. 56–57. Coon songs came out of minstrelsy, and were already established in vaudeville, when all this culminated in ragtime... ragtime may have begun with attempts to imitate the banjo on the keyboard.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_artjazz"><b><a href="#ref_artjazz">^</a></b></span> Ferris, p. 228. <i>Conceived as dance music, and long considered a kind of popular or vernacular music, jazz has become a sophisticated art form that has interacted in significant ways with the music of the concert hall.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_swing"><b><a href="#ref_swing">^</a></b></span> Clarke, pp. 200–201. <i>From 1935 until after the Second World War a jazz-oriented style was at the centre of popular music for the first time (and the last, so far), as opposed to merely giving it backbone.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_ukulele"><b><a href="#ref_ukulele">^</a></b></span> Garofalo, p. 45. <i>The ukulele and steel guitar were introduced to this country by the Hawaiian string bands that toured the country after Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1900</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_RodgersCarter"><b><a href="#ref_RodgersCarter">^</a></b></span> Collins, p. 11. In addition, Collins notes that early pseudo-country musicians <i>like Vernon Dalhart who had made their name recording 'country music songs' were not from the hills and hollows or plains and valleys. These recording stars sang both rural music and city music, and most knew more about Broadway than they did about hillbillies. Their rural image was often manufactured for the moment and the dollar</i>. In contrast, Collins later explains, both the Carter Family and Rodgers had rural folk credibility that helped make Peer's recording session such an influential success; <i>it was the Carter Family that was Ralk Peer's tie to the hills and hollows, to lost loves and found faith, but it took Jimmie Rodgers to connect the publisher with some of country music's other beloved symbols—trains and saloons, jail and the blues</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Dorsey"><b><a href="#ref_Dorsey">^</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Viv_Broughton" title="Viv Broughton">Broughton, Viv</a>, and James Attlee. "Devil Stole the Beat" in the <i>Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 2</i>, p. 569: <i>Its seminal figure was a piano player and ex-blues musician by the name of <b>Thomas A. Dorsey</b> (1899–1993), who began composing songs based on familiar spirituals and hymns fused to blues and jazz rhythms.</i> (emphasis in original)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Sinatra"><b><a href="#ref_Sinatra">^</a></b></span> Garofalo, p. 72. <i>The first pop vocalist to engender hysteria among his fans (rather than simple admiration or adoration) was an Italian American who refused to anglicize his name—Frank Sinatra, the "Sultan of Swoon"</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_covers"><b><a href="#ref_covers">^</a></b></span> <i>Rolling Stone</i>, pp. 99–100. Ward, Stokes and Tucker call cover versions <i>the ants at the increasingly sumptuous rhythm-and-blues picnic</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_surf"><b><a href="#ref_surf">^</a></b></span> Szatmary, pp. 69–70. <i>Also a guitar enthusiast who had released a few undistinctive singles on his own label in 1960, Dale worked closely with Leo Fender, the manufacturer of the first mass-produced, solid-body electric guitar and the president of Fender Instruments, to improve the Showman amplifier and to develop the reverberation unit that would give surf music its distinctively fuzzy sound.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_BeachBoys"><b><a href="#ref_BeachBoys">^</a></b></span> <i>Rolling Stone</i>, p. 251. <i>Though the Beach Boys' instrumental sound was often painfully thin, the floating vocals, with the Four Freshman-ish harmonies riding over a droned, propulsive burden ("inside outside, U.S.A." in "Surfin' U.S.A."; "rah, rah, rah, rah, <a href="/wiki/Sis_boom_bah" title="Sis boom bah">sis boom bah</a>" in "<a href="/wiki/Be_True_to_Your_School" title="Be True to Your School">Be True to Your School</a>") were rich, dense and unquestionably special.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Beatles"><b><a href="#ref_Beatles">^</a></b></span> Garofalo, p. 201. Garofalo specifically lists "Roll Over Beethoven" by <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Long_Tall_Sally" title="Long Tall Sally">Long Tall Sally</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Twist_and_Shout" title="Twist and Shout">Twist and Shout</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Isley_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Isley Brothers">Isley Brothers</a>, "Money" by <a href="/wiki/Barrett_Strong" title="Barrett Strong">Barrett Strong</a>, "Boys" and "<a href="/wiki/Baby_It%27s_You" title="Baby It's You">Baby It's You</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Shirelles" title="The Shirelles">The Shirelles</a>, "<a href="/wiki/You%27ve_Really_Got_a_Hold_on_Me" title="You've Really Got a Hold on Me">You've Really Got a Hold on Me</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson_and_the_Miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Smokey Robinson and the Miracles">Smokey Robinson and the Miracles</a> and "Chains" by <a href="/wiki/The_Cookies" title="The Cookies">The Cookies</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_LSD"><b><a href="#ref_LSD">^</a></b></span> Garofalo, p. 218. The Grateful Dead combined <i>the anticommercial tendencies of white middle-class youth with the mind-altering properties of lyseric acid diethylamide</i> (LSD).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_sludge"><b><a href="#ref_sludge">^</a></b></span> Garofalo, p. 448. Garofalo describes a sampler called <i><a href="/wiki/Sub_Pop_200" title="Sub Pop 200">Sub Pop 200</a></i> as <i>an early anthology of the dark, brooding guitar-based sludge that came to be known as grunge.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_SonicYouth"><b><a href="#ref_SonicYouth">^</a></b></span> Garofalo, p. 451. <i>From (<a href="/wiki/Glenn_Branca" title="Glenn Branca">Glenn Branca</a>'s) group they learned to use unconventional tunings to bend otherwise standard pop songs completely out of shape, a trademark of Sonic Youth that, in Seattle, resonated as well as the dark side of their musical vision.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Beatlesque"><b><a href="#ref_Beatlesque">^</a></b></span> Szatmary, p. 285. <i>Recording the songs that would become </i>Nevermind<i>, Nirvana added a melodic, Beatlesque element, which had shaped Cobain, Novoselic, and new drummer Dave Grohl.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_GenerationX"><b><a href="#ref_GenerationX">^</a></b></span> Szatmary, p. 284. <i>Grunge, growing in the Seattle offices of the independent Sub Pop Records, combined hardcore and metal to top the charts and help define the desperation of a generation.</i>; in context, this presumably refers to <i>Generation X</i>, though that term is not specifically used.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Kershaw"><b><a href="#ref_Kershaw">^</a></b></span> Kershaw, p. 167, from the <i>Rough Guide to World Music, Part Two</i>, "Our Life Is Precisely a Song", p. 167. Kershaw specifically notes that North Korea was the only country in which he never heard country music</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Americanpop"><b><a href="#ref_Americanpop">^</a></b></span> Ewen, p. 3. <i>Of all the contributions made by Americans to world culture—automation and the assembly line, advertising, innumerable devices and gadgets, skyscrapers, supersalesmen, baseball, ketchup, mustard and hot dogs and hamburrgers—one, undeniably native has been taken to heart by the entire world. It is American popular music.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_trasnformed"><b><a href="#ref_trasnformed">^</a></b></span> Garofalo, p. 94. <i>Suffice it to say, lest we get lost in history, that the music that came to be called rock 'n' roll began in the 1950s as diverse and seldom heard segments of the population achieved a dominant voice in mainstream culture and transformed the very concept of what popular music was.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_urbanrock"><b><a href="#ref_urbanrock">^</a></b></span> Gillett, p. i, quote from Garofalo, p. 4. Garofalo quotes Gillett as <i>Rock and Roll (sic) was perhaps the first form of popular culture to celebrate without reservation characteristics of city life that had been among the most criticized.</i></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pc1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pc1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGilliland1969" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gilliland" title="John Gilliland">Gilliland, John</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=0">"Play A Simple Melody: American pop music in the early fifties"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(audio)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries" title="University of North Texas Libraries">University of North Texas Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pop+Chronicles&rft.atitle=Play+A+Simple+Melody%3A+American+pop+music+in+the+early+fifties&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gilliland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fsearch%2F%3Ffq%3Dstr_title_serial%253A%2522The%2BPop%2BChronicles%2B%2528John%2BGilliland%2BCollection%2529%2522%26sort%3Ddate_a%26start%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholls1998-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls1998_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockrell1998" class="citation book cs1">Cockrell, Dale (November 19, 1998). "Chapter 7: Nineteenth-century popular music". In Nicholls, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CeFAC5MdxwC"><i>The Cambridge History of American Music</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 158–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45429-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45429-2"><bdi>978-0-521-45429-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1023910337">1023910337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Nineteenth-century+popular+music&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+American+Music&rft.pages=158-159&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-11-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1023910337&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45429-2&rft.aulast=Cockrell&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CeFAC5MdxwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/foster-blackface-minstrelsy/">"Blackface Minstrelsy | American Experience | PBS"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212033649/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/foster-blackface-minstrelsy/">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Blackface+Minstrelsy+%7C+American+Experience+%7C+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Ffoster-blackface-minstrelsy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birnbaum2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birnbaum2013_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birnbaum2013_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birnbaum2013_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birnbaum2013_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birnbaum2013_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birnbaum2013_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Birnbaum2013" class="citation book cs1">Larry Birnbaum (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJes-jdk5kEC"><i>Before Elvis: The Prehistory of Rock 'n' Roll</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8638-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8638-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-8638-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058131066">1058131066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Elvis%3A+The+Prehistory+of+Rock+%27n%27+Roll&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1058131066&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8638-4&rft.au=Larry+Birnbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJes-jdk5kEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlin2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carlin2014_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Carlin2014" class="citation book cs1">Richard Carlin (February 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZjrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR9"><i>Country Music: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. Routledge. pp. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-36104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-36104-4"><bdi>978-1-135-36104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Music%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.isbn=978-1-135-36104-4&rft.au=Richard+Carlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ZjrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stott2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stott2014_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Stott2014" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Stott (June 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i8jpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116"><i>Comedy</i></a> (2 ed.). Routledge. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-45397-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-45397-9"><bdi>978-1-134-45397-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comedy&rft.pages=116&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft.isbn=978-1-134-45397-9&rft.au=Andrew+Stott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di8jpAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockrell1998179-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockrell1998179_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockrell1998179_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCockrell1998">Cockrell 1998</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abjorensen2017-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abjorensen2017_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Abjorensen2017" class="citation book cs1">Norman Abjorensen (May 25, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZyrDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA232"><i>Historical Dictionary of Popular Music</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0215-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0215-2"><bdi>978-1-5381-0215-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038448598">1038448598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Popular+Music&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1038448598&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-0215-2&rft.au=Norman+Abjorensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZyrDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockrell1998161-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockrell1998161_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockrell1998161_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockrell1998161_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCockrell1998">Cockrell 1998</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockrell1998180-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockrell1998180_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCockrell1998">Cockrell 1998</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lornell2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lornell2012_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lornell2012_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lornell2012_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKip_Lornell2012" class="citation book cs1">Kip Lornell (May 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJ5QM7o-qSgC&pg=PA45"><i>Exploring American Folk Music: Ethnic, Grassroots, and Regional Traditions in the United States</i></a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61703-264-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61703-264-6"><bdi>978-1-61703-264-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+American+Folk+Music%3A+Ethnic%2C+Grassroots%2C+and+Regional+Traditions+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft.isbn=978-1-61703-264-6&rft.au=Kip+Lornell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJ5QM7o-qSgC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wald2011-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wald2011_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWald2011" class="citation book cs1">Wald, Elijah (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jCQTPD747zEC"><i>How The Beatles Destroyed Rock 'n' Roll: An Alternative History of American Popular Music</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975697-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975697-1"><bdi>978-0-19-975697-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/751794817">751794817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+The+Beatles+Destroyed+Rock+%27n%27+Roll%3A+An+Alternative+History+of+American+Popular+Music&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F751794817&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975697-1&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Elijah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjCQTPD747zEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundamerican.org/issues/big-band/history-tin-pan-alley">"The History of Tin Pan Alley"</a>. <i>Sound American</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926183713/https://soundamerican.org/issues/big-band/history-tin-pan-alley">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sound+American&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Tin+Pan+Alley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundamerican.org%2Fissues%2Fbig-band%2Fhistory-tin-pan-alley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tinpanalley.nyc/">"American Music | Tin Pan Alley American Popular Music Project"</a>. <i>Tinpanalley.nyc</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130055329/https://www.tinpanalley.nyc/">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tinpanalley.nyc&rft.atitle=American+Music+%26%23124%3B+Tin+Pan+Alley+American+Popular+Music+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tinpanalley.nyc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jasen-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jasen_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasen" class="citation book cs1">Jasen, David A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXjhAQAAQBAJ&q=irving+jones+spreading+rhythm+around"><i>Spreadin' Rhythm Around: Black Popular Songwriters 1880-1930</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1895<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spreadin%27+Rhythm+Around%3A+Black+Popular+Songwriters+1880-1930&rft.pages=1895&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.aulast=Jasen&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXjhAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dirving%2Bjones%2Bspreading%2Brhythm%2Baround&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Great-American-Songbook">"The Great American Songbook | Songs, Composers, & Foundation | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726005509/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Great-American-Songbook">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=The+Great+American+Songbook+%7C+Songs%2C+Composers%2C+%26+Foundation+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-Great-American-Songbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/an-overview-of-jewish-music">"An Overview of Jewish Music"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110023618/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/an-overview-of-jewish-music">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+Jewish+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fan-overview-of-jewish-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWald201125-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWald201125_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWald2011">Wald 2011</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robertjohnsonbluesfoundation.org/">"Robert Johnson Blues Foundation"</a>. <i>Robert Johnson Blues Foundation</i>. May 8, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927185211/https://robertjohnsonbluesfoundation.org/">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Robert+Johnson+Blues+Foundation&rft.atitle=Robert+Johnson+Blues+Foundation&rft.date=2023-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertjohnsonbluesfoundation.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crooners-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crooners_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooners_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitcomb,_Ian" class="citation web cs1">Whitcomb, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shsu.edu/~lis_fwh/book/roots_of_rock/support/crooner/EarlyCroonersIntro2.htm">"The Coming of the Crooners"</a>. Sam Houston University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100607074153/http://www.shsu.edu/~lis_fwh/book/roots_of_rock/support/crooner/EarlyCroonersIntro2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Crooners&rft.pub=Sam+Houston+University&rft.au=Whitcomb%2C+Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shsu.edu%2F~lis_fwh%2Fbook%2Froots_of_rock%2Fsupport%2Fcrooner%2FEarlyCroonersIntro2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraries.psu.edu/about/collections/fred-warings-america/fred-waring-history">"Fred Waring History"</a>. <i>Penn State University Libraries</i>. September 28, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008020538/https://libraries.psu.edu/about/collections/fred-warings-america/fred-waring-history">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+State+University+Libraries&rft.atitle=Fred+Waring+History&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibraries.psu.edu%2Fabout%2Fcollections%2Ffred-warings-america%2Ffred-waring-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarofalo,_Reebee1997" class="citation book cs1">Garofalo, Reebee (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockinoutpopular00garo_0"><i>Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA</i></a></span>. Allyn & Bacon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-13703-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-13703-2"><bdi>0-205-13703-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rockin%27+Out%3A+Popular+Music+in+the+USA&rft.pub=Allyn+%26+Bacon&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-205-13703-2&rft.au=Garofalo%2C+Reebee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frockinoutpopular00garo_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pc3b-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pc3b_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliland1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gilliland" title="John Gilliland">Gilliland, John</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/partners/UNTML/browse/?start=5&fq=untl_collection%3AJGPC"><i>Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s</i></a> (audiobook). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55935-147-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55935-147-8"><bdi>978-1-55935-147-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31611854">31611854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pop+Chronicles+the+40s%3A+The+Lively+Story+of+Pop+Music+in+the+40s&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31611854&rft.isbn=978-1-55935-147-8&rft.aulast=Gilliland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fexplore%2Fpartners%2FUNTML%2Fbrowse%2F%3Fstart%3D5%26fq%3Duntl_collection%253AJGPC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span> Tape 3, side B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wf-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wf_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedwald2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Friedwald" title="Will Friedwald">Friedwald, Will</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BW9dtlqrg_0C&q=%22there%27s+only+one+singer%22&pg=PA116"><i>A Biographical Guide to the Great Jazz and Pop Singers</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307379894" title="Special:BookSources/9780307379894"><bdi>9780307379894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Guide+to+the+Great+Jazz+and+Pop+Singers&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780307379894&rft.aulast=Friedwald&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBW9dtlqrg_0C%26q%3D%2522there%2527s%2Bonly%2Bone%2Bsinger%2522%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_22-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_22_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_44-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_44_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_6-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_6_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_11,_track_5-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_11,_track_5_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 11, track 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popcountry-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popcountry_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillett, p. 9; cited in <a href="#CITEREFGarofalo1997">Garofalo 1997</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_9-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_9_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/williams_h.html">"Hank Williams"</a>. <i>PBS' American Masters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050526080359/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/williams_h.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS%27+American+Masters&rft.atitle=Hank+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Famericanmasters%2Fdatabase%2Fwilliams_h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_10-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_10_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusic-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110301034806/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2676">"Nashville sound/Countrypolitan"</a>. <i>Allmusic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2676">the original</a> on March 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allmusic&rft.atitle=Nashville+sound%2FCountrypolitan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd2676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_15–17-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_15–17_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, shows 15–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_25–26-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_25–26_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, shows 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_51-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_51_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_37-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_37_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_41–43-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_41–43_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, shows 41–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_27–30-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_27–30_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, shows 27–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_49-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_49_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_35,_39-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_35,_39_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, shows 35, 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehlEdwardsEliscuFricke2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Diehl, Matt; Edwards, Gavin; Eliscu, Jenny; Fricke, David; Cave, Damien (June 24, 2004). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Rolling Stone': The 50th Anniversary of Rock – The Moments: 1973/1975 – The Ramones Reign at CBGB". <i>Rolling Stone</i>. pp. 130–131. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1194587">1194587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=%27Rolling+Stone%27%3A+The+50th+Anniversary+of+Rock+%E2%80%93+The+Moments%3A+1973%2F1975+%E2%80%93+The+Ramones+Reign+at+CBGB&rft.pages=130-131&rft.date=2004-06-24&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Gavin&rft.au=Eliscu%2C+Jenny&rft.au=Fricke%2C+David&rft.au=Cave%2C+Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlasketes1995" class="citation book cs1">Plasketes, George (October 1995). <i>Cross Cultural Sessions: World Music Missionaries in American Popular Music</i>. Popular Culture Association in the South. pp. 49–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross+Cultural+Sessions%3A+World+Music+Missionaries+in+American+Popular+Music.&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Popular+Culture+Association+in+the+South&rft.date=1995-10&rft.aulast=Plasketes&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Baraka"><b><a href="#ref_Baraka">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaraka,_Amiri1963" class="citation book cs1">Baraka, Amiri (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bluespeoplenegroexp00bara"><i>Blues People: Negro Music in White America</i></a>. William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-18474-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-18474-X"><bdi>0-688-18474-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blues+People%3A+Negro+Music+in+White+America&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-688-18474-X&rft.au=Baraka%2C+Amiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbluespeoplenegroexp00bara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span>, cited in Garofalo, pg. 76</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Blush"><b><a href="#ref_Blush">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlush,_Steven2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Blush" title="Steven Blush">Blush, Steven</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/American_Hardcore:_A_Tribal_History" title="American Hardcore: A Tribal History"><i>American Hardcore: A Tribal History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Feral_House" title="Feral House">Feral House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-922915-71-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-922915-71-7"><bdi>0-922915-71-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Hardcore%3A+A+Tribal+History&rft.pub=Feral+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-922915-71-7&rft.au=Blush%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Clarke"><b><a href="#ref_Clarke">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke,_Donald1995" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Donald (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofpopula00clar"><i>The Rise and Fall of Popular Music</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-11573-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-11573-3"><bdi>0-312-11573-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Popular+Music&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-312-11573-3&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallofpopula00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Collins"><b><a href="#ref_Collins">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins,_Ace1996" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Ace (1996). <i>The Stories Behind Country Music's All-Time Greatest 100 Songs</i>. Boulevard Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57297-072-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57297-072-3"><bdi>1-57297-072-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stories+Behind+Country+Music%27s+All-Time+Greatest+100+Songs&rft.pub=Boulevard+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-57297-072-3&rft.au=Collins%2C+Ace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Ewen"><b><a href="#ref_Ewen">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwen,_David1957" class="citation book cs1">Ewen, David (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/panoramaofameric00ewen"><i>Panorama of American Popular Music</i></a></span>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-648360-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-648360-7"><bdi>0-13-648360-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panorama+of+American+Popular+Music&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=0-13-648360-7&rft.au=Ewen%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpanoramaofameric00ewen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Ferris"><b><a href="#ref_Ferris">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerris,_Jean1993" class="citation book cs1">Ferris, Jean (1993). <i>America's Musical Landscape</i>. Brown & Benchmark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-697-12516-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-697-12516-5"><bdi>0-697-12516-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Musical+Landscape&rft.pub=Brown+%26+Benchmark&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-697-12516-5&rft.au=Ferris%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Garofalo"><b><a href="#ref_Garofalo">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarofalo1997" class="citation book cs1">Garofalo, Reebee (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockinoutpopular00garo_0"><i>Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA</i></a>. Allyn & Bacon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-13703-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-13703-2"><bdi>0-205-13703-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rockin%27+Out%3A+Popular+Music+in+the+USA&rft.pub=Allyn+%26+Bacon&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-205-13703-2&rft.aulast=Garofalo&rft.aufirst=Reebee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frockinoutpopular00garo_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Gillett"><b><a href="#ref_Gillett">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillett,_Charlie1970" class="citation book cs1">Gillett, Charlie (1970). <i>The Sound of the City: The Rise of Rock and Roll</i>. Outerbridge and Dienstfrey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-285-62619-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-285-62619-1"><bdi>0-285-62619-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sound+of+the+City%3A+The+Rise+of+Rock+and+Roll&rft.pub=Outerbridge+and+Dienstfrey&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-285-62619-1&rft.au=Gillett%2C+Charlie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span>; cited in Garofalo</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Gilliland"><b><a href="#ref_Gilliland">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliland1969" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gilliland" title="John Gilliland">Gilliland, John</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=0">"Play A Simple Melody: American pop music in the early fifties"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(audio)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries" title="University of North Texas Libraries">University of North Texas Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pop+Chronicles&rft.atitle=Play+A+Simple+Melody%3A+American+pop+music+in+the+early+fifties&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gilliland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fsearch%2F%3Ffq%3Dstr_title_serial%253A%2522The%2BPop%2BChronicles%2B%2528John%2BGilliland%2BCollection%2529%2522%26sort%3Ddate_a%26start%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Kantonen"><b><a href="#ref_Kantonen">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_AlanJussi_Kantonen1999" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Alan; Jussi Kantonen (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saturdaynightfor0000jone"><i>Saturday Night Forever: The Story of Disco</i></a></span>. A Cappella Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55652-411-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55652-411-0"><bdi>1-55652-411-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saturday+Night+Forever%3A+The+Story+of+Disco&rft.pub=A+Cappella+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-55652-411-0&rft.au=Jones%2C+Alan&rft.au=Jussi+Kantonen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaturdaynightfor0000jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Lipsitz"><b><a href="#ref_Lipsitz">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipsitz,_George1982" class="citation book cs1">Lipsitz, George (1982). <i>Class and Culture in Cold War America</i>. J. F. Bergin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-059207-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-059207-0"><bdi>0-03-059207-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+and+Culture+in+Cold+War+America&rft.pub=J.+F.+Bergin&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-03-059207-0&rft.au=Lipsitz%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span>, cited in Garofalo, pg. 95</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Malone"><b><a href="#ref_Malone">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone,_Bill_C.1985" class="citation book cs1">Malone, Bill C. (1985). <i>Country Music USA: Revised Edition</i>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71096-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71096-8"><bdi>0-292-71096-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Music+USA%3A+Revised+Edition&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-292-71096-8&rft.au=Malone%2C+Bill+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span>; cited in Garofalo</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Marcus"><b><a href="#ref_Marcus">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus,_Greil1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Marcus, Greil (June 24, 1993). "Is This the Woman Who Invented Rock and Roll?: The Deborah Chessler Story". <i>Rolling Stone</i>. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Is+This+the+Woman+Who+Invented+Rock+and+Roll%3F%3A+The+Deborah+Chessler+Story&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1993-06-24&rft.au=Marcus%2C+Greil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span>; cited in Garofalo</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Morales"><b><a href="#ref_Morales">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorales,_Ed2003" class="citation book cs1">Morales, Ed (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinbeatrhythms00mora_0"><i>The Latin Beat</i></a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81018-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81018-2"><bdi>0-306-81018-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Beat&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-306-81018-2&rft.au=Morales%2C+Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatinbeatrhythms00mora_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Palmer"><b><a href="#ref_Palmer">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer,_Robert1990" class="citation magazine cs1">Palmer, Robert (April 19, 1990). "The Fifties". <i>Rolling Stone</i>. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+Fifties&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1990-04-19&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span>; cited in Garofalo, pg. 95</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Guralnick"><b><a href="#ref_Guralnick">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Jim1976" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Jim, ed. (1976). <i>The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll</i>. Rolling Stone Press/Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-73238-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-73238-3"><bdi>0-394-73238-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rolling+Stone+Illustrated+History+of+Rock+%26+Roll&rft.pub=Rolling+Stone+Press%2FRandom+House&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-394-73238-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span> (chapter on "Soul", by Guralnick, Peter, pgs. 194–197)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Rollingstone"><b><a href="#ref_Rollingstone">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard,_EdGeoffrey_StokesKen_Tucker1986" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Ed; Geoffrey Stokes; Ken Tucker (1986). <i>Rock of Ages: The </i>Rolling Stone<i> History of Rock and Roll</i>. Rolling Stone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-54438-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-54438-1"><bdi>0-671-54438-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+of+Ages%3A+The+Rolling+Stone+History+of+Rock+and+Roll&rft.pub=Rolling+Stone+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-671-54438-1&rft.au=Ward%2C+Ed&rft.au=Geoffrey+Stokes&rft.au=Ken+Tucker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Roughguide"><b><a href="#ref_Roughguide">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton,_SimonEllingham,_MarkMcConnachie,_JamesDuane,_Orla2000" class="citation book cs1">Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Duane, Orla, eds. (2000). <i>Rough Guide to World Music</i>. Rough Guides, Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0"><bdi>1-85828-636-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rough+Guide+to+World+Music&rft.pub=Rough+Guides%2C+Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85828-636-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Roughstock"><b><a href="#ref_Roughstock">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050403172705/http://roughstock.com/history/nashsound.html">"Nashville Sound"</a>. <i>Roughstock's History of Country Music</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roughstock.com/history/nashsound.html">the original</a> on April 3, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roughstock%27s+History+of+Country+Music&rft.atitle=Nashville+Sound&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roughstock.com%2Fhistory%2Fnashsound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Sawyers"><b><a href="#ref_Sawyers">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyers,_June_Skinner2000" class="citation book cs1">Sawyers, June Skinner (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticmusiccompl0000sawy"><i>Celtic Music: A Complete Guide</i></a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81007-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81007-7"><bdi>0-306-81007-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Music%3A+A+Complete+Guide&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-306-81007-7&rft.au=Sawyers%2C+June+Skinner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelticmusiccompl0000sawy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Schuller"><b><a href="#ref_Schuller">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuller,_Gunther1968" class="citation book cs1">Schuller, Gunther (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyjazzitsroot00schu"><i>Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504043-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504043-0"><bdi>0-19-504043-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Jazz%3A+Its+Roots+and+Musical+Development&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-19-504043-0&rft.au=Schuller%2C+Gunther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyjazzitsroot00schu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span>, cited in Garofalo, pg. 26</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Sudhalter"><b><a href="#ref_Sudhalter">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudhalter,_Richard_M.1999" class="citation book cs1">Sudhalter, Richard M. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostchordswhitem00sudh"><i>Lost Chords: White Musicians and Their Contribution to Jazz</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514838-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514838-X"><bdi>0-19-514838-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Chords%3A+White+Musicians+and+Their+Contribution+to+Jazz&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-514838-X&rft.au=Sudhalter%2C+Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostchordswhitem00sudh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Szatmary"><b><a href="#ref_Szatmary">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Szatmary2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Szatmary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Szatmary (page does not exist)">David Szatmary</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockinintimesoci00szat_2"><i>Rockin' in Time: A Social History of Rock-And-Roll</i></a></span>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-188790-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-188790-4"><bdi>0-13-188790-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rockin%27+in+Time%3A+A+Social+History+of+Rock-And-Roll&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-13-188790-4&rft.au=David+Szatmary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frockinintimesoci00szat_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Werner"><b><a href="#ref_Werner">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner,_Craig1998" class="citation book cs1">Werner, Craig (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changeisgonnacom00wern"><i>A Change Is Gonna Come: Music, Race and the Soul of America</i></a>. Plume. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-28065-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-28065-6"><bdi>0-452-28065-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Change+Is+Gonna+Come%3A+Music%2C+Race+and+the+Soul+of+America&rft.pub=Plume&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-452-28065-6&rft.au=Werner%2C+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangeisgonnacom00wern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayles,_Martha1994" class="citation book cs1">Bayles, Martha (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holeinoursoullos00bayl"><i>Hole in Our Soul: The Loss of Beauty and Meaning in American Popular Music</i></a>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-901962-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-901962-1"><bdi>0-02-901962-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hole+in+Our+Soul%3A+The+Loss+of+Beauty+and+Meaning+in+American+Popular+Music&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-02-901962-1&rft.au=Bayles%2C+Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholeinoursoullos00bayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth,_Mark_W.1983" class="citation book cs1">Booth, Mark W. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanpopularm00boot"><i>American Popular Music: A Reference Guide</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-21305-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-21305-4"><bdi>0-313-21305-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Popular+Music%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-313-21305-4&rft.au=Booth%2C+Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanpopularm00boot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnnis,_Phillip_H.1992" class="citation book cs1">Ennis, Phillip H. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seventhstreameme0000enni"><i>The Seventh Stream: The Emergence of Rocknroll in American Popular Music</i></a></span>. Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-6257-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-6257-2"><bdi>0-8195-6257-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seventh+Stream%3A+The+Emergence+of+Rocknroll+in+American+Popular+Music&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8195-6257-2&rft.au=Ennis%2C+Phillip+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseventhstreameme0000enni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamm,_Charles1979" class="citation book cs1">Hamm, Charles (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yesterdayspopula00hamm"><i>Yesterdays: Popular Song in America</i></a></span>. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01257-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01257-3"><bdi>0-393-01257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yesterdays%3A+Popular+Song+in+America&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-393-01257-3&rft.au=Hamm%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyesterdayspopula00hamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph,_Mark2003" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Mark (2003). <i>Faith, God, and Rock + Roll: From Bono to Jars of Clay: How People of Faith Are Transforming American Popular Music</i>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-6500-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-6500-3"><bdi>0-8010-6500-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith%2C+God%2C+and+Rock+%2B+Roll%3A+From+Bono+to+Jars+of+Clay%3A+How+People+of+Faith+Are+Transforming+American+Popular+Music&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8010-6500-3&rft.au=Joseph%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyner,_David_Lee2002" class="citation book cs1">Joyner, David Lee (2002). <i>American Popular Music</i>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-241424-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-241424-3"><bdi>0-07-241424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Popular+Music&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-07-241424-3&rft.au=Joyner%2C+David+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenney,_William_Howland2003" class="citation book cs1">Kenney, William Howland (2003). <i>Recorded Music in American Life: The Phonograph and Popular Memory, 1890–1945</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517177-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517177-2"><bdi>0-19-517177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recorded+Music+in+American+Life%3A+The+Phonograph+and+Popular+Memory%2C+1890%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-517177-2&rft.au=Kenney%2C+William+Howland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahar,_William_J.1998" class="citation book cs1">Mahar, William J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindburntcorkm00will"><i>Behind the Burnt Cork Mask: Early Blackface Minstrelsy and Antebellum American Popular Culture</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06696-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06696-0"><bdi>0-252-06696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Burnt+Cork+Mask%3A+Early+Blackface+Minstrelsy+and+Antebellum+American+Popular+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-252-06696-0&rft.au=Mahar%2C+William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehindburntcorkm00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt,_Ray1994" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Ray (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rhythmresistance0000prat_q6t0"><i>Rhythm and Resistance: The Political Uses of American Popular Music</i></a></span>. Smithsonian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-351-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56098-351-5"><bdi>1-56098-351-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhythm+and+Resistance%3A+The+Political+Uses+of+American+Popular+Music&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56098-351-5&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frhythmresistance0000prat_q6t0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin,_RachelJeffrey_Melnick2001" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Rachel; Jeffrey Melnick, eds. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanpopularm00rubi"><i>American Popular Music: New Approaches to the Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55849-268-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55849-268-2"><bdi>1-55849-268-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Popular+Music%3A+New+Approaches+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55849-268-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanpopularm00rubi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjek,_Russell1988" class="citation book cs1">Sanjek, Russell (1988). <i>American Popular Music and Its Business: The First Four Hundred Years: Volume III, from 1900 to 1984</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504311-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504311-1"><bdi>0-19-504311-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Popular+Music+and+Its+Business%3A+The+First+Four+Hundred+Years%3A+Volume+III%2C+from+1900+to+1984&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-504311-1&rft.au=Sanjek%2C+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheurer,_Timothy_E.1990" class="citation book cs1">Scheurer, Timothy E., ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3F6A-vmcBI0C"><i>American Popular Music: Readings from the Popular Press: The Nineteenth Century and Tin Pan Alley</i></a>. Bowling Green State University Popular Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-465-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-465-X"><bdi>0-87972-465-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Popular+Music%3A+Readings+from+the+Popular+Press%3A+The+Nineteenth+Century+and+Tin+Pan+Alley&rft.pub=Bowling+Green+State+University+Popular+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87972-465-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3F6A-vmcBI0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheurer,_Timothy_E.1990" class="citation book cs1">Scheurer, Timothy E., ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rBjdP_rGpacC"><i>American Popular Music Vol 2: The Age of Rock</i></a>. Bowling Green University Popular Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-468-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-468-4"><bdi>0-87972-468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Popular+Music+Vol+2%3A+The+Age+of+Rock&rft.pub=Bowling+Green+University+Popular+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87972-468-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrBjdP_rGpacC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr,_LarryChristopher_Alan_Waterman2002" class="citation book cs1">Starr, Larry; Christopher Alan Waterman (2002). <i>American Popular Music: From Minstrelsy to MTV</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510854-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510854-X"><bdi>0-19-510854-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Popular+Music%3A+From+Minstrelsy+to+MTV&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-510854-X&rft.au=Starr%2C+Larry&rft.au=Christopher+Alan+Waterman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVautier,_Dominic2000" class="citation book cs1">Vautier, Dominic (2000). <i>Sex, Music & Bloomers: A Social History of American Popular Music</i>. Abelard Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9677046-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9677046-3-4"><bdi>0-9677046-3-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex%2C+Music+%26+Bloomers%3A+A+Social+History+of+American+Popular+Music&rft.pub=Abelard+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9677046-3-4&rft.au=Vautier%2C+Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilder,_Alec1990" class="citation book cs1">Wilder, Alec (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanpopulars00alec"><i>American Popular Song: The Great Innovators, 1900–1950</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-501445-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-501445-6"><bdi>0-19-501445-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Popular+Song%3A+The+Great+Innovators%2C+1900%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-501445-6&rft.au=Wilder%2C+Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanpopulars00alec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+popular+music" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://popmusic.mtsu.edu/">Center for Popular Music</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_State_University" title="Middle Tennessee State University">Middle Tennessee State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contemplator.com/america/">Database of</a> popular songs in American history</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~amerimus/cam1.htm">Center for American Music</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanmusicpreservation.com/songs.htm">Popular Songs from the Civil War to the Cold War</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&oldid=1256472042">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&oldid=1256472042</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_popular_music" title="Category:American popular music">American popular music</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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