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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_to_Italian_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Italian_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Return to Italian control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Italian_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Somali_Youth_League_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali_Youth_League_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Somali Youth League reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali_Youth_League_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_Trusteeship_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_Trusteeship_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Formation of Trusteeship administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_Trusteeship_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fornari_Administration_(1950–1953)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fornari_Administration_(1950–1953)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fornari Administration (1950–1953)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fornari_Administration_(1950–1953)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfer_to_Martino_Administration_(1953)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_to_Martino_Administration_(1953)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Transfer to Martino Administration (1953)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_to_Martino_Administration_(1953)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_elections_and_détente_(1954)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_elections_and_détente_(1954)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>First elections and détente (1954)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_elections_and_détente_(1954)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_elections_and_preparation_for_independence_(1949_-_1959)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_elections_and_preparation_for_independence_(1949_-_1959)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Parliamentary elections and preparation for independence (1949 - 1959)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_elections_and_preparation_for_independence_(1949_-_1959)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_of_Somali_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_Somali_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Formation of Somali Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_Somali_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_formation_of_the_Somali_Republic_(1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_formation_of_the_Somali_Republic_(1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Independence and formation of the Somali Republic (1960)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_formation_of_the_Somali_Republic_(1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achievements_and_Failures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achievements_and_Failures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Achievements and Failures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Achievements_and_Failures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Achievements and Failures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Achievements_and_Failures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_of_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_of_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>System of governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_of_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Economic Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthem,_flag_and_coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthem,_flag_and_coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Anthem, flag and coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthem,_flag_and_coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Somalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Somalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trust Territory of Somaliland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="إقليم الصومال الإيطالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إقليم الصومال الإيطالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A4%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سومالی ایتالیا گوون بؤلگه سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سومالی ایتالیا گوون بؤلگه سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Падапечная тэрыторыя Самалі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Падапечная тэрыторыя Самалі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienisches_Treuhandgebiet_Somalia" title="Italienisches Treuhandgebiet Somalia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Italienisches Treuhandgebiet Somalia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fideicomiso_de_Somalia" title="Fideicomiso de Somalia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fideicomiso de Somalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoire_sous_tutelle_de_la_Somalie" title="Territoire sous tutelle de la Somalie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Territoire sous tutelle de la Somalie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%8B%A0%ED%83%81%ED%86%B5%EC%B9%98%EB%A0%B9" title="소말리아 신탁통치령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소말리아 신탁통치령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सोमालीलैंड का ट्रस्ट क्षेत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोमालीलैंड का ट्रस्ट क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amministrazione_fiduciaria_italiana_della_Somalia" title="Amministrazione fiduciaria italiana della Somalia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amministrazione fiduciaria italiana della Somalia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalio_globojamoji_teritorija" title="Somalio globojamoji teritorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Somalio globojamoji teritorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustschap_Somali%C3%AB" title="Trustschap Somalië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trustschap Somalië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E4%BF%A1%E8%A8%97%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E9%A0%98%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="イタリア信託統治領ソマリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリア信託統治領ソマリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.I.S." title="A.F.I.S. – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="A.F.I.S." data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terytorium_powiernicze_Somalii" title="Terytorium powiernicze Somalii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Terytorium powiernicze Somalii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protetorado_da_Somalil%C3%A2ndia" title="Protetorado da Somalilândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protetorado da Somalilândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Подопечная территория Сомали – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подопечная территория Сомали" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhulka_Ilaalada_Somaliland" title="Dhulka Ilaalada Somaliland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhulka Ilaalada Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalimaan_huoltohallintoalue" title="Somalimaan huoltohallintoalue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Somalimaan huoltohallintoalue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ดินแดนในภาวะทรัสตีโซมาเลีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดินแดนในภาวะทรัสตีโซมาเลีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_%C4%B0talyan_Vesayet_B%C3%B6lgesi" title="Somali İtalyan Vesayet Bölgesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Somali İtalyan Vesayet Bölgesi" 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Amministrazione fiduciaria italiana della Somalia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)<br /><i>Dhulka Soomaaliyeed oo hoos yimaada Maamulka Talyaaniga</i> (<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>)<br />إقليم صوماليلاند تحت الوصاية للإدارة الإيطالية (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)<br />'<i>Iiqlim sumaliland taht al-wisayat lil'iidarat al'iitalia</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1950–1960</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1946%E2%80%932003).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Trust Territory of Somaliland"><img alt="Flag of Trust Territory of Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Italy_%281946%E2%80%932003%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Italy_%281946%E2%80%932003%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Italy_%281946%E2%80%932003%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Italy_%281946%E2%80%932003%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Italy_%281946%E2%80%932003%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Italy_%281946%E2%80%932003%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia" title="Flag of Somalia">Flag of Italy (top)<br />Flag of the UN (bottom)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Trust Territory of Somaliland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Trust Territory of Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Somaliland_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the Trust Territory of Somaliland."><img alt="Location of the Trust Territory of Somaliland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Italian_Somaliland_in_its_region.svg/250px-Italian_Somaliland_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Italian_Somaliland_in_its_region.svg/375px-Italian_Somaliland_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Italian_Somaliland_in_its_region.svg/500px-Italian_Somaliland_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="315" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of the Trust Territory of Somaliland.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territory">United Nations Trust Territory</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (official)  <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland" title="List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland">Administrator</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1950–1953 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Fornari" title="Giovanni Fornari">Giovanni Fornari</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1953–1957 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Martino_(administrator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrico Martino (administrator) (page does not exist)">Enrico Martino</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1957–1958 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Anzillotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrico Anzillotti (page does not exist)">Enrico Anzillotti</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1958–1960 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_di_Stefano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario di Stefano (page does not exist)">Mario di Stefano</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949–1960 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Issa" title="Abdullahi Issa">Abdullahi Issa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 1950</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1960</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland_somalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somaliland somalo">somalo</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Somaliland)" title="British Military Administration (Somaliland)">British Military Administration (Somaliland)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Somalia" title="Category:History of Somalia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">History of <span class="fn org label">Somalia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stefano_Bonsignori_-_Horn_of_Africa-_Ethiopia_and_Somalia_(Africa)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Stefano_Bonsignori_-_Horn_of_Africa-_Ethiopia_and_Somalia_%28Africa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/150px-Stefano_Bonsignori_-_Horn_of_Africa-_Ethiopia_and_Somalia_%28Africa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Stefano_Bonsignori_-_Horn_of_Africa-_Ethiopia_and_Somalia_%28Africa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/225px-Stefano_Bonsignori_-_Horn_of_Africa-_Ethiopia_and_Somalia_%28Africa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Stefano_Bonsignori_-_Horn_of_Africa-_Ethiopia_and_Somalia_%28Africa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Stefano_Bonsignori_-_Horn_of_Africa-_Ethiopia_and_Somalia_%28Africa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6619" data-file-height="6854" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia#Prehistory" title="History of Somalia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a> (3,500-2,500 BCE )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a> (2,500–1,500 BCE)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia#Ancient" title="History of Somalia">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrobians" title="Macrobians">Macrobians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Somali_City-States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Somali City-States">Ancient Somali City-States</a> (c. 1st century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania city-states</a></li></ul> (c. 1st century)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia#Medieval" title="History of Somalia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Sultanate of Ifat</a> (940–1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> (1415–1577)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Sultanate</a> (13th–17th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu" title="Sultanate of Mogadishu">Sultanate of Mogadishu</a> (13th–16th c.)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia#Early_modern" title="History of Somalia">Early modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi" title="Sultanate of the Geledi">Sultanate of the Geledi</a> (17th–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> (1750–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate" title="Habr Yunis Sultanate">Habr Yunis Sultanate</a> (1769–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiraab_Imamate" title="Hiraab Imamate">Hiraab Imamate</a> (17th–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate%27s_Somali_Coast" title="Khedivate's Somali Coast">Khedivate's Somali Coast</a> (1874–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate" title="Majeerteen Sultanate">Majeerteen Sultanate</a> (18th–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo" title="Sultanate of Hobyo">Sultanate of Hobyo</a> (1876–1926)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia#20th_century" title="History of Somalia">Colonial period<br />(1884–1960)</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> (1889–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> (1888–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Nugaal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dervish movement (Nugaal)">Dervish State</a> (1895–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Territory of Somalia">Trust Territory</a> (1941–1960)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia#Independence" title="History of Somalia">Modern Somalia<br />(since 1960)</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> (1960-1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Mohamed Siad Barre regime</a> (1969–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland independence</a> (1981–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Somalia" title="Interim Government of Somalia">Interim Government</a> (1991–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_National_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional National Government">Transitional National Government</a> (2000–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional Federal Government">Transitional Federal Government</a> (2004–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government</a> (2012–)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Somalia" title="Portal:Somalia">Somalia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Somalia" title="Template:History of Somalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Somalia" title="Template talk:History of Somalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Somalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Somalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Trust Territory of Somaliland</b>, officially the "<b>Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian administration</b>"<sup id="cite_ref-Qotfbttse_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qotfbttse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Amministrazione fiduciaria italiana della Somalia</i>), was a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territories">United Nations Trust Territory</a> from 1950 to 1960, following the dissolution of the former <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Somaliland)" title="British Military Administration (Somaliland)">British Military Administration</a>. It was administered by <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> before gaining <a href="/wiki/Somalia#Independence_(1960–1969)" title="Somalia">independence</a>. It covered most of present-day <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and its capital was <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1941, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> was occupied by British and South African troops as part of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The British continued to administer the area until 1 April 1950. On that date, former Italian Somaliland was made a <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Territory">Trust Territory</a>, as stipulated by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> General Assembly Resolution 289 of 21 November 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Italian_control">Return to Italian control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Return to Italian control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Somali_Youth_League" title="Somali Youth League">Somali Youth League</a> (the main force in the country driving for independence) fiercely opposed the transfer of Somalia back to Italian control and accused Britain of bartering with the country in order to appease Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1951323_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1951323-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201758_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein201758-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of all of Italy's demands to manage its former colonies under Trusteeships, only the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> was accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also the only case of a trusteeship being assigned to a defeated Second World War power.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advocating for the trusteeship on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a>, American ambassador <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jessup" title="Philip Jessup">Philip Jessup</a> argued that because the Somali were largely <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a>, "We can hardly expect these people to be in a position to determine for themselves what means might best assure their achievement of <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1951303-304_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1951303-304-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">anti-colonial</a> member states of the United Nations pushed back against the planned 10 years of trusteeship, with <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> proposing a reduction to 3 years and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> voting against the trusteeship entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201035_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201035-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussen2021148_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussen2021148-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision to put Somalia back under the control of its former colonial ruler was highly controversial as <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> widely felt that the Trust Territory was being established for Italian interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1951323_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1951323-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201045_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201045-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somali_Youth_League_reaction">Somali Youth League reaction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Somali Youth League reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the Italians returned to Somalia, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Youth_League" title="Somali Youth League">Somali Youth League</a> held a major summit in order to formulate a common policy and unified attitude toward the Trusteeship government. It was initially decided to launch an armed resistance, but after serious deliberation the league came to the conclusion that a more temperate course would be better for Somali citizens. Following the summits conclusion the SYL delivered a paper to the chief Italian administrator explaining its position. The League informed the administration that it would continue to agitate for <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> and expressed hope that the new government would not resist SYL efforts. It was made clear that the organization was willing to cooperate with the Trusteeship authorities if they reciprocated. The League demanded that <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> be made the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the Trusteeship instead of <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and further requested that Italian government not bring back officials from the fascist era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201779_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein201779-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_Trusteeship_administration">Formation of Trusteeship administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formation of Trusteeship administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italy did not possess the financial resources to administer the territory effectively as the Italian economy had largely collapsed in the wake of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a>. It was receiving aid from the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> itself and as a result formed the administration of the Trusteeship with an inadequate budget.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the Italian officials selected to run the administration were members of the old Ministry of Colonial Affairs, arousing resentment and alarm in Somalia and neighbouring Ethiopia. Most concerning to many people was the reappointment of former fascist Governor Copasso of Upper Jubba to the same position he had held in the colonial era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201778_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein201778-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Trust Territory was widely believed to have been a haven for fascists fleeing post war persecution in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt to mollify Somali fears, an advisory council was created composed of an Egyptian, Colombian and Filipino representative who would report to the Trusteeship Council of the United Nations on developments in the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002139_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002139-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201795-96_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein201795-96-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Somalis who lived through the UN mandate era believed the Colombian and Filipino representatives were going along or outright working with Italian interests. The Egyptian representative was by contrast viewed positively for clashing with his colleagues over the Trusteeships conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201038_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201038-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Currency">Currency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The currency of the Trusteeship was the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland_somalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somaliland somalo">Somalo</a>. It was coined by the <a href="/wiki/Banca_d%27Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Banca d'Italia">Bank of Italy</a> for the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassa_per_la_Circolazione_Monetaria_della_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassa per la Circolazione Monetaria della Somalia (page does not exist)">Cassa per la Circolazione Monetaria della Somalia</a></i> (the Trusteeship's central bank). The Somalo was replaced in 1962 with the <a href="/wiki/Somali_shilling" title="Somali shilling">Somali shilling</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language">Language</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> was chosen as the primary official language during the mandate, though <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> was also an official language. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> was also widely spoken. Somali was then written using an <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, not adopting the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> until 1972.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 April 1950, the <i>Amministrazione fiduciaria italiana della Somalia</i> (AFIS) began its rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A deployment of 6,500 troops landed in Somalia to assist the establishment of AFIS under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Fornari" title="Giovanni Fornari">Giovanni Fornari</a>. Fornari's three year tenure would mark the most difficult years of the Trusteeship.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Lewis" title="Ioan Lewis">I.M. Lewis</a> maintained that to Somalis, the large Italian army presence deployed at the start of the mandate, "...gave the handover much the character of a military occupation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002140_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fornari_Administration_(1950–1953)"><span id="Fornari_Administration_.281950.E2.80.931953.29"></span>Fornari Administration (1950–1953)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fornari Administration (1950–1953)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Italian journalist and historian <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Del_Boca" title="Angelo Del Boca">Angelo Del Boca</a> in report for <a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a>, almost all officials Italy had chosen to govern AFIS were from "colonial-fascist" backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199392_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199392-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giacomo Bona, the local secretary of the Christian Democrats in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, warned party headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> that there had been large resurgence in <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> in Somalia following the creation of the Trust Territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201036-37_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201036-37-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Somali_Youth_League" title="Somali Youth League">Somali Youth League</a> (SYL) publicly decried the Trusteeship government as being "infested with fascists" and further charged that AFIS was providing those fleeing <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> persecution with a veneer of legitimacy. The newly appointed Governor Copasso, a former fascist administrator in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliand</a>, actively sought to delegitimize and discredit the Somali Youth League in an attempt to extend Italian rule from 10 to 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201036-37_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201036-37-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large fascist presence in AFIS led to the government being popularly referred to as <i>Ancora Fascisti Italiani in Somalia</i> (Still Italian fascists in Somalia).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first half of AFIS's decade-long rule would be marked by animosity and conflict between the Italian authorities and the Somali Youth League. Numerous SYL officials who had gained positions of prominence during the era of <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Somaliland)" title="British Military Administration (Somaliland)">British Military Administration</a> were either demoted, removed from their positions or imprisoned by Italians officials. These attempts to marginalize the league would lead to demonstrations across the country which were strongly repressed by the government, who had at the time come to decision not cooperate or concede to the SYL's plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002140_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199392_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199392-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abdirizak_Haji_Hussein" title="Abdirizak Haji Hussein">Abdirazak Haji Hussein</a>, future prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>, would be severely beaten and arrested by Italian authorities in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201786-88_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein201786-88-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the heavy handed and militaristic conduct of AFIS, the SYL would widely come to regard the body as an occupying force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh202162_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh202162-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somali Youth League member <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Issa" title="Abdullahi Issa">Abdulahi Issa</a>, future prime minister of the territory, would argue that the presence of Somalia's former colonial ruler was one of the main obstacle to democratic and peaceful development.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Already underfunded, the AFIS budget was reduced by 25% in 1951. <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Fornari" title="Giovanni Fornari">Giovanni Fornari</a>, head of AFIS, would protest to Rome that the cut threatened AFIS's ability to function. Due to fiscal pressures, the size of the Italian military contingent deployed to Somalia was rapidly reduced in size in 1951 and 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Italian politician and journalist <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Rossi_(politician)" title="Ernesto Rossi (politician)">Ernesto Rossi</a>, the salaries and privileges afforded to fascist employees of the Trusteeship administration were exorbitantly high and consequently strongly effected the annual budget.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_to_Martino_Administration_(1953)"><span id="Transfer_to_Martino_Administration_.281953.29"></span>Transfer to Martino Administration (1953)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transfer to Martino Administration (1953)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in 1953 <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Fornari" title="Giovanni Fornari">Giovanni Fornari</a> left office and was replaced by Enirco Martino. Martino was given four directives to follow by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Italy)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>To prepare for independence by formulating a policy that would attract the cooperation of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Youth_League" title="Somali Youth League">Somali Youth League</a> with AFIS, as it was becoming clear that the organization was the most popular in the nation and marginalizing it was impossible. With the SYL now being the likeliest future government, severe friction with the party would threaten post-independence <a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Italy–Somalia relations">Italo-Somali relations</a>.</li> <li>Govern with the knowledge that the mandate deadline of 1960 was to be respected</li> <li>Ease tensions between Italian and Somali communities</li> <li>To improve the Somali economic situation</li></ol> <p>That year, Martino began preparing for the first democratic elections by ordering a census.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1953 report commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Italy)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy)">Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> would warn the AFIS was creating a precarious situation in Somalia by making the economy entirely reliant on <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a> exports. The exceptionally high profits from bananas would deter Italian authorities from the development of other crops.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, the Italian government established post-secondary institutions of law, economics, and social studies in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, the territory's capital. These institutions were satellites of the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">University of Rome</a>, which provided all the instruction material, faculty and administration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The advisory council setup by the UN would become the scene of an intense rivalry between the Italians and Egyptians. <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> considered Somalia as more rightfully in its sphere of influence compared to the Italians due to historical, cultural and geographic ties, a stance that would remain unchanged during the dramatic transition from the rule of <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">King Farouk</a> to the <a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Egyptian Revolution">1952 Egyptian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh202155_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh202155-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptian member of the council, Muhammad Kamal Addin Salah, was widely popular with Somalis for sharply criticizing AFIS policies. In 1957, he was assassinated by a Somali gunman, who was rumoured to have been later silenced by Italian authorities via lethal injection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201045_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201045-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_elections_and_détente_(1954)"><span id="First_elections_and_d.C3.A9tente_.281954.29"></span>First elections and détente (1954)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First elections and détente (1954)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1954_Italian_Somaliland_local_elections" title="1954 Italian Somaliland local elections">1954 Italian Somaliland local elections</a></div> <p>In 1954, the first municipal elections were held across the territory. The <a href="/wiki/Somali_Youth_League" title="Somali Youth League">Somali Youth League</a> would achieve a decisive victory, proving itself the most popular party across the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh202160-61_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh202160-61-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of the election both the Italian administration and the SYL had a change of attitude towards one another. AFIS had fully come to recognize that it needed the supported of the SYL to govern while the SYL recognized it needed to be on good terms with the international recognized administration to strengthen its position.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Florentine Enrico Anzilotti, an Italian diplomat with AFIS, has been credited with helping patch the divide between the SYL and the authorities during this period in order to prepare for independence. Though Anzilotti achieved much success during this period, he was constantly opposed by other Italian officials, particularly with the General Secretary of AFIS, Piero Franca. This was the first time the Somali nationalist movement was being offered a peaceful transfer of power, and consequently, Anzilotti's new approach would start a fierce debate within the league over how to deal with AFIS. The contention was centred around the "moderate" and "radical" wings of the SYL. The moderates believed that with only five years remaining until independence, it would make more sense for the SYL to take the opportunity to work with the Trust administration to build the foundations of the state. This was opposed by the radical faction who labelled supporters of the idea as Italian collaborators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh202160-61_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh202160-61-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Anzilotti was later forced to leave Somalia in 1958, his efforts have been credited by Somalis for creating the conditions necessary peaceful and democratic transfer of power. Consequently, he became the only Italian dignitary to receive the <i>Somali Star</i> (the nations highest award) following independence in 1960 and had a neighbourhood in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> named <i>Quartiere Anzilotti</i> in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh202160-61_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh202160-61-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde" title="Aden Adde">Aden Abdulle Osman</a>, head of the "moderate" faction, and the future first Somali president would be elected president of the SYL in 1954. During his leadership, an atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> was created between the League and the Italians. For the first time, a direct line of communication was established between the SYL and the administration. Following this development, both side became more conciliatory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201799-100_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein201799-100-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid 1950s, relations between the Somali Youth League and Italian authorities had significantly improved, though relations remained tense in the years following.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh202158_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh202158-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1955, halfway through the mandate, little meaningful progress had been achieved towards the goal of self governance and independence.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_elections_and_preparation_for_independence_(1949_-_1959)"><span id="Parliamentary_elections_and_preparation_for_independence_.281949_-_1959.29"></span>Parliamentary elections and preparation for independence (1949 - 1959)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parliamentary elections and preparation for independence (1949 - 1959)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1956_Italian_Somaliland_parliamentary_election" title="1956 Italian Somaliland parliamentary election">1956 Italian Somaliland parliamentary election</a></div> <p>1956 saw <i>"</i>Somalization", the process of replacing all Italian government officials with Somalis, went into full swing as senior administrators began to be replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201090_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201090-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This development saw the creation of the legislative body of 70 seats, 10 of which were reserved for ethnic minorities. The assembly was given full power in domestic affairs, but the head of the Trust Administration held the right of absolute veto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002145_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002145-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201043_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201043-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formation_of_Somali_Government">Formation of Somali Government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Formation of Somali Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1956, the <a href="/wiki/1956_Italian_Somaliland_parliamentary_election" title="1956 Italian Somaliland parliamentary election">first general election was held</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Youth_League" title="Somali Youth League">Somali Youth League</a> would decisively win. Following the victory, the SYL was called upon to form a government. <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Issa" title="Abdullahi Issa">Abdulahi Issa</a> would be selected as Somalia's first prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002146_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002146-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somali history textbooks note 1956 as the decisive year that Italian officials became interested in turning over governance to the Somali population.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of that year all districts and provinces in the mandate were under the direct authority of Somali administrators. Despite the lack of formal education, many Somali officials demonstrated a high standard of ability, particularly at the district level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-141_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-141-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddex_calan,_Mogadishu_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Saddex_calan%2C_Mogadishu_1959.jpg/220px-Saddex_calan%2C_Mogadishu_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Saddex_calan%2C_Mogadishu_1959.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Mogadishu 1959 government building with three flags: Somali flag, UN flag, Italian flag</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_and_formation_of_the_Somali_Republic_(1960)"><span id="Independence_and_formation_of_the_Somali_Republic_.281960.29"></span>Independence and formation of the Somali Republic (1960)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Independence and formation of the Somali Republic (1960)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a></div> <p>In 1960, the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>) became independent, following in the footsteps of the briefly extant <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>) which had gained independence five days earlier, with <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal">Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal</a> as Prime Minister on June 26, 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 1, 1960, the two territories <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">united</a> as planned to form the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fzsxrsd_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fzsxrsd-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new government was formed with <a href="/wiki/Haji_Bashir_Ismail_Yusuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf">Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf</a> as the first President of the Somali National Assembly, <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Issa" title="Abdullahi Issa">Abdullahi Issa</a> as Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Aden_Abdullah_Osman_Daar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aden Abdullah Osman Daar">Aden Abdullah Osman Daar</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Somalia">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdirashid_Ali_Shermarke" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdirashid Ali Shermarke">Abdirashid Ali Shermarke</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">Prime Minister</a>, later to become President (from 1967 to 1969).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was believed that the trusteeship would give the population of the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> the opportunity to gain more experience in political education and self-government in comparison to other African colonies. These were advantages that <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achievements_and_Failures">Achievements and Failures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Achievements and Failures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most significant achievement of the Trusteeship was in the field of education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-141_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-141-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Italian Colonial rule, the viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> had declared that Somali were not allowed to attend school past the third grade<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199391_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199391-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Somaliland)" title="British Military Administration (Somaliland)">British Military Administration</a> that had followed had made no real effort in the field of education. Thus at the start of the Trusteeship in 1950 merely 2,000 Somalis were enrolled in schools across the entire territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-141_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-141-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooperation between the Italian authorities, the Somali Youth League and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> had achieved significant progress in the field of education by replacing ex-colonial <a href="/wiki/Mission_school" title="Mission school">missionary schools</a> with state funded <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public education</a>. By 1957 over 30,000 Somalis were enrolled in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-141_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-141-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201042_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201042-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian effort primarily focused on elementary schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201795-96_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein201795-96-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competition with between <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in the field of education significantly aided this growth. Starting in 1950, the Egyptians had begun a serious effort by sending teachers and aiding the creation Arabic schools. Due to the rivalry the school system became divided, with families and clans of pro-Italian orientation usually going to the Public schools and while those pro-SYL ones went to the Arabic schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201795-96_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein201795-96-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To respond to the public demand for schooling in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, Italian authorities imported teachers from <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein2017117_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein2017117-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_of_governance">System of governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: System of governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Del_Boca" title="Angelo Del Boca">Angelo Del Boca</a> noted that the system Italy had imposed on the Trusteeship was detached from the reality of how Somalia functioned and ended up reproducing the same bureaucratic deficiencies as the Italian system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199392_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199392-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_Development">Economic Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economic Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Mohamed Siad Barre</a> would lament to Italian journalists soon after coming to power that Italy had not developed anything outside of Bananas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199392_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199392-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An Administrator, chosen from among career diplomats, represented the Italian Government. He, by decree of the Italian President, also held the functions of Commander of the Armed Forces in Somalia, made up of a Military Corps and a Police Corps: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=AFIS_Security_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AFIS Security Corps (page does not exist)">AFIS Security Corps</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Somalia_Carabinieri_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somalia Carabinieri Group (page does not exist)">Somalia Carabinieri Group</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1956 there was a reorganization, with the creation of the Somali Army and the Somali Police Forces, where the former Zaptié who had fought alongside the Italians were also admitted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthem,_flag_and_coat_of_arms"><span id="Anthem.2C_flag_and_coat_of_arms"></span>Anthem, flag and coat of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Anthem, flag and coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Somali national anthem from 1950 to 1960 was "<a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Il Canto degli Italiani</a>" ("The Song of the Italians"),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same as the Italian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metropole#Noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:metropole">metropole</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From 1 April 1950 to 21 October 1954, the Trusteeship used solely the flag of Italy. From 21 October until independence, the Italian flag was accompanied by that of the UN. On 1 July 1960, Independence Day of Somalia, the Italian and UN flags were lowered to the tune of <i>Il Canto degli Italiani</i> at the Governor's Palace in Mogadishu to symbolize the end of Italian control over the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Italian coat of arms was solely used until 21 October 1954, when both the Italian and Somali coat of arms were used jointly. After independence, the Italian coat of arms ceased its official status.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somalia">Somalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Somalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Somali diplomat and historian <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ali_Ismail" title="Ismail Ali Ismail">Ismail Ali Ismail</a> writes:</p><blockquote><p>"A strong, stable, and merit-based bureaucracy is the back bone of stable government. It is what enables a state to weather political storms; it is what keeps the ship of state afloat and prevents it from sinking when the sea of politics is rough. Italy itself woefully lacked such a bureaucracy. Its civil service was described as <i>"overstaffed, underpaid, inefficient, and insubordinate."</i> The Somalis say: <i>"Ninkaad kabo ka tolanaysid kabihiisaa la' eegaa,"</i> which means, <i>"Before you ask a cobbler to make you a pair of shoes, look at his own."</i> Clearly, if one were shopping in those days—or even now— for a good system of governance or administration, one would not have gone to Italy. Italy simply could not have bequeathed to its Somaliland what it did not itself have."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201035_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201035-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indro_Montanelli" title="Indro Montanelli">Indro Montanelli</a>, a defender of Italian colonial rule,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote in the late 1990s that the ten years of Italian Trusteeship were the <i>Golden age</i> of Somalia. He claimed that the population nearly doubled, illiteracy was reduced by 60%, malnutrition in the rural areas disappeared, the economy soared to the same level of the most developed African countries and there was complete integration in religious and social-political matters between all Somalia inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Rossi_(politician)" title="Ernesto Rossi (politician)">Ernesto Rossi</a>, an Italian politician and journalist would criticize the government of the defunct Trusteeship in a 1963 article writing, <i>"The cadres of AFIS were filled with officials and employees who represented the cream of the fascists administration. Worse teachers of democracy could not have been found."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Qotfbttse-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qotfbttse_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGARsn/1954/72.pdf">"(IX). Question of the frontier between the Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian administration and Ethiopia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UN General Assembly<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28IX%29.+Question+of+the+frontier+between+the+Trust+Territory+of+Somaliland+under+Italian+administration+and+Ethiopia&rft.pub=UN+General+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlii.org%2Fint%2Fother%2FUNGARsn%2F1954%2F72.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dadfeatured.blogspot.com/2018/05/italian-mogadishu.html">"Italian Mogadiscio"</a>. <i>Dadfeatured</i>. May 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dadfeatured&rft.atitle=Italian+Mogadiscio&rft.date=2018-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdadfeatured.blogspot.com%2F2018%2F05%2Fitalian-mogadishu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://it.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Questione_della_liquidazione_delle_ex_colonie_italiane_-_Risoluzione_289_(IV),_UNGA,_21_novembre_1949">"Question of the liquidation of the former Italian colonies - Resolution 289 (IV), UNGA, 21 November 1949"</a>. United Nations General Assembly<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Question+of+the+liquidation+of+the+former+Italian+colonies+-+Resolution+289+%28IV%29%2C+UNGA%2C+21+November+1949&rft.pub=United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fit.m.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FQuestione_della_liquidazione_delle_ex_colonie_italiane_-_Risoluzione_289_%28IV%29%2C_UNGA%2C_21_novembre_1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1951323-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1951323_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1951323_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPankhurst1951">Pankhurst 1951</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein201758-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201758_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussein2017">Hussein 2017</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripodi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Tripodi, Paolo (1999). "Back to the Horn: Italian Administration and Somalia's Troubled Independence". <i>The International Journal of African Historical Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (2–3): 359–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F220346">10.2307/220346</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/220346">220346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Back+to+the+Horn%3A+Italian+Administration+and+Somalia%27s+Troubled+Independence&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=359-380&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F220346&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F220346%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tripodi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederico_Senatore2016" class="citation book cs1">Federico Senatore (2016). <i>Dovunque mi trovi, parte del mondo. Storia di Augusto, da Montecassino al Protettorato somalo con Vademecum della Somalia</i> (Edizioni Efesto ed.). p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dovunque+mi+trovi%2C+parte+del+mondo.+Storia+di+Augusto%2C+da+Montecassino+al+Protettorato+somalo+con+Vademecum+della+Somalia&rft.pages=121&rft.edition=Edizioni+Efesto&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Federico+Senatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1951303-304-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1951303-304_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPankhurst1951">Pankhurst 1951</a>, p. 303-304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201035-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201035_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201035_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail2010">Ismail 2010</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussen2021148-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussen2021148_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussen2021">Hussen 2021</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail)2002" class="citation book cs1">Ismail), Samatar, Abdi (Abdi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/773806045"><i>Somalis as Africa's first democrats: Premier Abdirazak H. Hussein and President Aden A. Osman</i></a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773806045">773806045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalis+as+Africa%27s+first+democrats%3A+Premier+Abdirazak+H.+Hussein+and+President+Aden+A.+Osman&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F773806045&rft.aulast=Ismail%29&rft.aufirst=Samatar%2C+Abdi+%28Abdi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F773806045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201045-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201045_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201045_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail2010">Ismail 2010</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein201779-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201779_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussein2017">Hussein 2017</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein201778-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201778_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussein2017">Hussein 2017</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail_Ali_Ismail2010" class="citation book cs1">Ismail Ali Ismail (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/620115177"><i>Governance : the scourge and hope of Somalia</i></a>. [Bloomington, IN]: Trafford Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-1980-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-1980-0"><bdi>978-1-4269-1980-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/620115177">620115177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance+%3A+the+scourge+and+hope+of+Somalia&rft.place=%5BBloomington%2C+IN%5D&rft.pub=Trafford+Pub&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F620115177&rft.isbn=978-1-4269-1980-0&rft.au=Ismail+Ali+Ismail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F620115177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002139-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002139_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2002">Lewis 2002</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein201795-96-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201795-96_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201795-96_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201795-96_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussein2017">Hussein 2017</a>, p. 95-96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201038-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201038_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail2010">Ismail 2010</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002140_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002140_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2002">Lewis 2002</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199392-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199392_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199392_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199392_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199392_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrucci1993">Petrucci 1993</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201036-37-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201036-37_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201036-37_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail2010">Ismail 2010</a>, p. 36-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossi1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rossi, Ernesto (1963-06-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/Astrolabio-1963-07"><i>L'Astrolabio 1963 n° 07</i></a> (in Italian). pp. 15–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Astrolabio+1963+n%C2%B0+07&rft.pages=15-22&rft.date=1963-06-25&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAstrolabio-1963-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein201786-88-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201786-88_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussein2017">Hussein 2017</a>, p. 86-88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh202162-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh202162_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheikh2021">Sheikh 2021</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh202155-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh202155_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheikh2021">Sheikh 2021</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh202160-61-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh202160-61_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh202160-61_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh202160-61_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheikh2021">Sheikh 2021</a>, p. 60-61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein201799-100-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein201799-100_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussein2017">Hussein 2017</a>, p. 99-100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh202158-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh202158_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheikh2021">Sheikh 2021</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201090-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201090_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail2010">Ismail 2010</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002145-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002145_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2002">Lewis 2002</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201043-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201043_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail2010">Ismail 2010</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002146-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002146_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2002">Lewis 2002</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/4257/1/Buugga%20taariikhda%20ee%20dugsiyada%20hoose.pdf"><i>Buugga taariikhda ee dugsiyada hoose (History textbook for primary schools)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Somali). Somali Ministry of Education. 1972. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buugga+taariikhda+ee+dugsiyada+hoose+%28History+textbook+for+primary+schools%29&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Somali+Ministry+of+Education&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farcadia.sba.uniroma3.it%2Fbitstream%2F2307%2F4257%2F1%2FBuugga%2520taariikhda%2520ee%2520dugsiyada%2520hoose.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-141-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-141_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-141_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-141_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002140-141_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2002">Lewis 2002</a>, p. 140-141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica, <i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fzsxrsd-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fzsxrsd_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ea-bAAAAQBAJ"><i>Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</i></a>. Clarendon Press. 2008. p. 1783. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593394929" title="Special:BookSources/9781593394929"><bdi>9781593394929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1783&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781593394929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dea-bAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greystone Press Staff, <i>The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East</i>, (Greystone Press: 1967), p.338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm">Trusteeship and Protectorate: The Road to Independence of Somalia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199391-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci199391_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrucci1993">Petrucci 1993</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201042-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail201042_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail2010">Ismail 2010</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein2017117-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein2017117_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussein2017">Hussein 2017</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also called "Fratelli d'Italia" ("Brothers of Italy")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvaglianoPalmieri2013" class="citation book cs1">Avagliano, Mario; Palmieri, Marco (2013). <i>Di pura razza italiana. L'Italia "ariana" di fronte alle leggi razziali</i>. Milano: Baldini & Castoldi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788868656218" title="Special:BookSources/9788868656218"><bdi>9788868656218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Di+pura+razza+italiana.+L%27Italia+%22ariana%22+di+fronte+alle+leggi+razziali&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Baldini+%26+Castoldi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788868656218&rft.aulast=Avagliano&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Palmieri%2C+Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indro Montanelli. "La Stanza di Montanelli" ("Montanelli’s Room"). He was Chief letters editor of newspaper <a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I.M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/50747856"><i>A Modern History of the Somali: Revised, Updated & Expanded</i></a> (4th ed.). Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821414958" title="Special:BookSources/9780821414958"><bdi>9780821414958</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50747856">50747856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+the+Somali%3A+Revised%2C+Updated+%26+Expanded&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50747856&rft.isbn=9780821414958&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F50747856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussen2021" class="citation book cs1">Hussen, Abdulaziz M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/1302584499"><i>Denial of Independence: How the Four Powers and Italy Setup Somalia For Failure and Dismemberment</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798503523416" title="Special:BookSources/9798503523416"><bdi>9798503523416</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1302584499">1302584499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denial+of+Independence%3A+How+the+Four+Powers+and+Italy+Setup+Somalia+For+Failure+and+Dismemberment&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1302584499&rft.isbn=9798503523416&rft.aulast=Hussen&rft.aufirst=Abdulaziz+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F1302584499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail2010" class="citation book cs1">Ismail, Ismail Ali (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/620115177"><i>Governance: The Scourge and Hope of Somalia</i></a>. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426919800" title="Special:BookSources/9781426919800"><bdi>9781426919800</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/620115177">620115177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance%3A+The+Scourge+and+Hope+of+Somalia&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F620115177&rft.isbn=9781426919800&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=Ismail+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F620115177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1951" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, E. Slyvia (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/67336"><i>Ex-Italian Somaliland</i></a>. Philosophical Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806530543" title="Special:BookSources/9780806530543"><bdi>9780806530543</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67336">67336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ex-Italian+Somaliland&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67336&rft.isbn=9780806530543&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=E.+Slyvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F67336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamatar2016" class="citation book cs1">Samatar, Abdi Ali (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/952277337"><i>Africa's First Democrats: Somalia's Aden A. Osman and Abdirazak H. Hussen</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253022370" title="Special:BookSources/9780253022370"><bdi>9780253022370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+First+Democrats%3A+Somalia%27s+Aden+A.+Osman+and+Abdirazak+H.+Hussen&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780253022370&rft.aulast=Samatar&rft.aufirst=Abdi+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F952277337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripodi1999" class="citation book cs1">Tripodi, Paolo (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/41315365"><i>The Colonial Legacy in Somalia : Rome and Mogadishu : from Colonial Administration to Operation Restore Hope</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22393-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22393-9"><bdi>978-0-312-22393-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41315365">41315365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Legacy+in+Somalia+%3A+Rome+and+Mogadishu+%3A+from+Colonial+Administration+to+Operation+Restore+Hope&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41315365&rft.isbn=978-0-312-22393-9&rft.aulast=Tripodi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F41315365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussein2017" class="citation book cs1">Hussein, Abdirazak Haji (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/980302551"><i>Abdirazak Haji Hussein : My role in the foundation of the Somali nation-state, a political memoir</i></a>. African World Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781569025314" title="Special:BookSources/9781569025314"><bdi>9781569025314</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/980302551">980302551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abdirazak+Haji+Hussein+%3A+My+role+in+the+foundation+of+the+Somali+nation-state%2C+a+political+memoir&rft.pub=African+World+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F980302551&rft.isbn=9781569025314&rft.aulast=Hussein&rft.aufirst=Abdirazak+Haji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F980302551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheikh2021" class="citation book cs1">Sheikh, Mohamed Aden (2021). <i>Back to Mogadishu: Memoirs of a Somali herder</i>. Barkin Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798777822345" title="Special:BookSources/9798777822345"><bdi>9798777822345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Back+to+Mogadishu%3A+Memoirs+of+a+Somali+herder&rft.pub=Barkin+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9798777822345&rft.aulast=Sheikh&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Aden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrucci1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Petrucci, Pietro (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/title/797765340"><i>Mogadiscio</i></a> (in Italian). Nuova. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788839708342" title="Special:BookSources/9788839708342"><bdi>9788839708342</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/797765340">797765340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mogadiscio&rft.pub=Nuova&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797765340&rft.isbn=9788839708342&rft.aulast=Petrucci&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F797765340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrust+Territory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Reyner, Anthony S. "Somalia: The problems of independence." <i>Middle East Journal</i> 14.3 (1960): 247-255. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4323254">online</a></li> <li>Tripodi, Paolo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-jstor-org.chipublib.idm.oclc.org/stable/220346?searchText=Back+to+the+Horn+Italian+administration+and+Somalia%27s+troubled+independence&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DBack%2Bto%2Bthe%2BHorn%253A%2BItalian%2Badministration%2Band%2BSomalia%2527s%2Btroubled%2Bindependence&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A7847262d84b8789d5a62964381df6760">"Back to the Horn: Italian Administration and Somalia's Troubled Independence"</a> <i>The international journal of African historical studies</i> 32.2/3 (1999): 359-380.</li> <li>Rossi, Ernesto (1963-06-25). <a href="//archive.org/details/Astrolabio-1963-07" class="extiw" title="iarchive:Astrolabio-1963-07">L'Astrolabio 1963 n° 07</a> (in Italian). pp. 15–22.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vincenzo Meleca, <i>Il Corpo di Sicurezza della Somalia</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ilcornodafrica.it/st-melecacorposomalia.pdf">http://www.ilcornodafrica.it/st-melecacorposomalia.pdf</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722035714/http://www.insmli.it/pubblicazioni/1/ic_242_morone.pdf">"L'Onu e l'Amministrazione fiduciaria italiana in Somalia"</a> by Antonio Morone. <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W96tncBcItg">Video of the last day of Italian presence in Mogadishu, when was declared the Somali independence in July 1960 <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://senato.archivioluce.it/senato-luce/scheda/video/IL5000013562/2/Dalla-Somalia-Visita-del-sottosegretario-Brusasca.html">Video on June 1950 of Somalia's visit by an Italian representative of the Thusteeship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Italian Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">History of Somalia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Somalia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somalia_topics" title="Template:Somalia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somalia_topics" title="Template talk:Somalia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Somalia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Somalia-related_articles" title="Index of Somalia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walashma_dynasty" title="Walashma dynasty">Walashma dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi" title="Sultanate of the Geledi">Sultanate of the Geledi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate" title="Majeerteen Sultanate">Majeerteen Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo" title="Sultanate of Hobyo">Sultanate of Hobyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate" title="Warsangali Sultanate">Warsangali Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981–1991)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Rebellion <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986–1992)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia War (2006–2009)"><span style="font-size:85%;">Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–present)</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Somalia" title="Military history of Somalia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Somalia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Somalia">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia" title="Coat of arms of Somalia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia" title="Geography of Somalia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Somalia" title="List of cities in Somalia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Somalia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Somalia" title="Wildlife of Somalia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardafui_Channel" title="Guardafui Channel">Guardafui Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafun" title="Hafun">Hafun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Somalia" title="Category:Waterfalls of Somalia">Waterfalls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iskushuban" title="Iskushuban">Iskushuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamadaya" title="Lamadaya">Lamadaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Somalia" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Somalia">Mountain ranges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal_Madow" title="Cal Madow">Cal Madow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buur_Dhaab" title="Buur Dhaab">Buur Dhaab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Somalia" title="Category:Mountains of Somalia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bahaya" title="Mount Bahaya">Bahaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Somalia" title="Category:Islands of Somalia">Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_Islands" title="Bajuni Islands">Bajuni Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Somalia" title="Administrative divisions of Somalia">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakool" title="Bakool">Bakool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Banaadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari,_Somalia" title="Bari, Somalia">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay,_Somalia" title="Bay, Somalia">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galguduud" title="Galguduud">Galguduud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedo" title="Gedo">Gedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sool" title="Sool">Sool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiran,_Somalia" title="Hiran, Somalia">Hiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Juba" title="Middle Juba">Middle Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Juba" title="Lower Juba">Lower Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudug" title="Mudug">Mudug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nugal,_Somalia" title="Nugal, Somalia">Nugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Shebelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Shebelle">Middle Shebelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Shebelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Shebelle">Lower Shebelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woqooyi_Galbeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Woqooyi Galbeed">Woqooyi Galbeed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/States_and_regions_of_Somalia" title="States and regions of Somalia">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatumo" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatumo">Khatumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirshabelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirshabelle">Hirshabelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubaland" title="Jubaland">Jubaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_State_of_Somalia" title="South West State of Somalia">South West Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Somalia" title="Politics of Somalia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Somalia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Somalia" title="Constitution of Somalia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Somalia" title="Elections in Somalia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia" title="Foreign relations of Somalia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somalia" title="Human rights in Somalia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Somalia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Somalia" title="Judiciary of Somalia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Law <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Xeer</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Somalia" title="Political history of Somalia">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Somalia" title="List of political parties in Somalia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somalia" title="List of presidents of Somalia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somalia" title="Economy of Somalia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Somalia" title="Agriculture in Somalia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia" title="Central Bank of Somalia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Somalia" title="List of companies of Somalia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Somalia" title="Economic history of Somalia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Somalia" title="Exclusive economic zone of Somalia">EEZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Somalia" title="Mineral industry of Somalia">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration_in_Puntland" title="Oil exploration in Puntland">Oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_shilling" title="Somali shilling">Shilling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Somalia" title="Communications in Somalia">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Somalia" title="Tourism in Somalia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Somalia" title="Transport in Somalia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Somalia" title="Category:Society of Somalia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qolobaa_Calankeed" title="Qolobaa Calankeed">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Somalia" title="Child marriage in Somalia">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia" title="Coat of arms of Somalia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia" title="Demographics of Somalia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somalia" title="Education in Somalia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Somalia" title="Health in Somalia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Somalia" title="Mental health in Somalia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia" title="Flag of Somalia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Somalia" title="Polygamy in Somalia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Somalia" title="Public holidays in Somalia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia" title="Culture of Somalia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_art" title="Somali art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Somalia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Somalia" title="Sports in Somalia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia" title="Languages of Somalia">Languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Somalia" title="Category:Somalia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Somalia" title="Portal:Somalia">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italian_Somaliland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somalia_italiana_(Colonia)" title="Template:Somalia italiana (Colonia)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somalia_italiana_(Colonia)" title="Template talk:Somalia italiana (Colonia)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia_italiana_(Colonia)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia italiana (Colonia)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_Somaliland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">King & Emperor Vittorio Emanuele III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Prime Minister Benito Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Italian_East_Africa" title="List of governors-general of Italian East Africa">List of governors-general of Italian East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GrandeSomaliasettembre1940.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/GrandeSomaliasettembre1940.gif" decoding="async" width="416" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland" title="List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland">Italian Governors of Somalia</a></li> <li>Main Colonial governors: <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Filonardi" title="Vincenzo Filonardi">Vincenzo Filonardi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_De_Martino_(governor)" title="Giacomo De Martino (governor)">Giacomo De Martino</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Maria_De_Vecchi" title="Cesare Maria De Vecchi">Cesare Maria De Vecchi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Rava" title="Maurizio Rava">Maurizio Rava</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carlo_De_Simone" title="Carlo De Simone">Carlo De Simone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltre_Giuba" title="Oltre Giuba">Oltre Giuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia_Governorate" title="Somalia Governorate">Somalia Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Italian invasion of British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_French_Somaliland" class="extiw" title="simple:Italian invasion of French Somaliland">Italian tentative to occupy French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla war in A.O.I. (1941–1943)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Italy–Somalia relations">Italy–Somalia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu%E2%80%93Villabruzzi_Railway" title="Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway">Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Italian_Somaliland" title="Railway stations in Italian Somaliland">Railway stations in Italian Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Line" title="Imperial Line">Linea dell'Impero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrella_Airport" title="Petrella Airport">Petrella Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Somalia" title="Villa Somalia">Villa Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_of_Mogadishu" title="Governor's Palace of Mogadishu">Governor's Palace of Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mogadishu" title="Port of Mogadishu">Porto di Mogadiscio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Somalia" title="National Museum of Somalia">Museo della Garesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banadir_Stadium" title="Banadir Stadium">Stadio Coni Mogadiscio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafun_Salt_Factory" title="Hafun Salt Factory">Saline Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lido_Beach,_Mogadishu" title="Lido Beach, Mogadishu">Lido Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Italian Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Mogadiscio" class="extiw" title="simple:Italian Mogadiscio">Mogadishu under Italian rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villaggio_Duca_degli_Abruzzi" title="Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi">Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genale" title="Genale">Genale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_di_Africa" title="Vittorio di Africa">Vittorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Merca" title="Port of Merca">Port of Merca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganale_Doria" title="Ganale Doria">Dam of Genale Doria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Banaadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadiscio_circuit" title="Mogadiscio circuit">Mogadiscio circuit</a></li> <li><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Mogadiscio" class="extiw" title="simple:AC Mogadiscio">Associazione Calcio Mogadiscio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Guardafui" title="Cape Guardafui">Faro Guardafui/F. Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_fascism" title="Italian imperialism under fascism">Imperial Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_African_lira" title="Italian East African lira">Italian East African lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland_lira" title="Italian Somaliland lira">Italian Somaliland lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland_rupia" title="Italian Somaliland rupia">Italian Somaliland rupia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalo" title="Somalo">Somalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_per_l%27Africa_Orientale" title="Banca per l'Africa Orientale">Banca per l'Africa Orientale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Somalia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Somalia">Postage stamps and postal history of Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Eritrea" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Eritrea">Postage stamps and postal history of Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Oltre_Giuba" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba">Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Somalia" title="Catholic Church in Somalia">Catholic Church in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mogadishu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadishu">Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral" title="Mogadishu Cathedral">Mogadishu Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia#Italian" title="Languages of Somalia">Italian language in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinels_of_Bronze" title="Sentinels of Bronze">Sentinels of Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Banana_Monopoly" title="Royal Banana Monopoly">Royal Banana Monopoly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial troops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Colonial_Troops" title="Royal Corps of Colonial Troops">Royal Corps of Colonial Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Somali_Colonial_Troops" title="Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops">Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somali_Divisions_(101_and_102)" title="Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)">Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubat" title="Dubat">Dubats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_African_Police" title="Italian African Police">Italian African Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bands_(Italian_Army_irregulars)" title="Bands (Italian Army irregulars)">Bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapti%C3%A9" title="Zaptié">Zaptié</a></li></ul> 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