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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Menelik_ll's_invasions_and_Anglo-Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1897" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menelik_ll's_invasions_and_Anglo-Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1897"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Menelik ll's invasions and Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menelik_ll's_invasions_and_Anglo-Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1897-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Second Italo-Ethiopian War and World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ogaden_and_Haud_handovers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ogaden_and_Haud_handovers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ogaden and Haud handovers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ogaden_and_Haud_handovers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1963_Ogaden_uprising_and_First_Ethiopian-Somali_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1963_Ogaden_uprising_and_First_Ethiopian-Somali_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1963 Ogaden uprising and First Ethiopian-Somali War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1963_Ogaden_uprising_and_First_Ethiopian-Somali_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_Coup_and_Somali_Democratic_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_Coup_and_Somali_Democratic_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>October Coup and Somali Democratic Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_Coup_and_Somali_Democratic_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Somali_Liberation_Front_insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Somali_Liberation_Front_insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Western Somali Liberation Front insurgency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Somali_Liberation_Front_insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somali_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Somali strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somali_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Somali Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Derg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Ethiopian Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castro's_trip_to_Aden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castro's_trip_to_Aden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Castro's trip to Aden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castro's_trip_to_Aden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Course_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Course of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Course_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Somali_invasion_(July–August_1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali_invasion_(July–August_1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Somali invasion (July–August 1977)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali_invasion_(July–August_1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somali_victories_and_siege_of_Harar_(September–January)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali_victories_and_siege_of_Harar_(September–January)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Somali victories and siege of Harar (September–January)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali_victories_and_siege_of_Harar_(September–January)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopian-Cuban_counterattack_(February–March)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian-Cuban_counterattack_(February–March)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Ethiopian-Cuban counterattack (February–March)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian-Cuban_counterattack_(February–March)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_battle_of_Jigjiga_(March_1978)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_battle_of_Jigjiga_(March_1978)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Second battle of Jigjiga (March 1978)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_battle_of_Jigjiga_(March_1978)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somali_army_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali_army_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Somali army withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali_army_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refugee_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugee_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Refugee crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugee_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ogaden War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB_%E1%88%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%AB_%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="የኢትዮጵያ ሶማሊያ ጦርነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኢትዮጵያ ሶማሊያ ጦርነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حرب أوغادين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب أوغادين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27Ogaden" title="Guerra d'Ogaden – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra d'Ogaden" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqaden_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Oqaden müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oqaden müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="اوقادن ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوقادن ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E2%80%93%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="ইথিওপিয়া–সোমালিয়া যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইথিওপিয়া–সোমালিয়া যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD_(1977%E2%80%941978)" title="Вайна за Агадэн (1977—1978) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна за Агадэн (1977—1978)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Самалійска-этыёпская вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Самалійска-этыёпская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_guerra_et%C3%ADop-somali" title="Segona guerra etíop-somali – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona guerra etíop-somali" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopsko-som%C3%A1lsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Etiopsko-somálská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Etiopsko-somálská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogadenkrieg" title="Ogadenkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ogadenkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Ogad%C3%A9n" title="Guerra de Ogadén – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Ogadén" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86" title="جنگ اوگادن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ اوگادن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_l%27Ogaden" title="Guerre de l'Ogaden – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de l'Ogaden" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EA%B0%80%EB%8D%B4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="오가덴 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오가덴 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogadenski_rat" title="Ogadenski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ogadenski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Ogaden" title="Perang Ogaden – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Ogaden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogadenstr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Ogadenstríðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ogadenstríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_dell%27Ogaden" title="Guerra dell'Ogaden – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra dell'Ogaden" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9F" title="מלחמת אוגדן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת אוגדן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ოგადენის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოგადენის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogadenas_kar%C5%A1" title="Ogadenas karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ogadenas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogadeno_karas" title="Ogadeno karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ogadeno karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogadeni_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Ogadeni háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ogadeni háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden-oorlog" title="Ogaden-oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ogaden-oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="オガデン戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オガデン戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden-krigen" title="Ogaden-krigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ogaden-krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_d%27Ogaden" title="Guèrra d'Ogaden – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra d'Ogaden" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_w_Ogadenie" title="Wojna w Ogadenie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna w Ogadenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Ogad%C3%AAnia" title="Guerra de Ogadênia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra de Ogadênia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Ogaden" title="Războiul Ogaden – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Ogaden" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_(1977%E2%80%941978)" title="Война за Огаден (1977—1978) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война за Огаден (1977—1978)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogadenska_vojna" title="Ogadenska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogadenska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_xoraynta_ogaden" title="Dagaalkii xoraynta ogaden – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dagaalkii xoraynta ogaden" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Огаденски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Огаденски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogadenin_sota" title="Ogadenin sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ogadenin sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogadenkriget" title="Ogadenkriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ogadenkriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="สงครามโอกาเดน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามโอกาเดน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Ogaden Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ogaden Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Огаденська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Огаденська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Ogaden" title="Chiến tranh Ogaden – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Ogaden" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1977–1978 war between Ethiopia and Somalia over Ogaden region</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> or <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ogaden" title="Battle of the Ogaden">Battle of the Ogaden</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Ogaden War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG/300px-Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG/450px-Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="571" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Cuban artillerymen</a> prepare to fire at <a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Somali forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>13 July 1977<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 23 March 1978<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(8 months and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Ethiopian victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Somalia">Somalia</a> breaks all ties with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a> (except <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman1981208_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1981208-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a><sup id="cite_ref-Keesing_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keesing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Supported by:</b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-East-Germany-Ethiopia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East-Germany-Ethiopia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Western_Somali_Liberation_Front.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Western_Somali_Liberation_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Western_Somali_Liberation_Front.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Western_Somali_Liberation_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Western_Somali_Liberation_Front.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Western_Somali_Liberation_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">WSLF</a></li> <li><b>Supported by:</b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Egypt_%281972%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281972%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Egypt_%281972%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281972%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Egypt_%281972%E2%80%931984%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281972%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat#Domestic_policy_and_the_Infitah" title="History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat">Egypt</a><sup id="cite_ref-Teferi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teferi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nova_Publishers_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nova_Publishers-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000656_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000656-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nova_Publishers_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nova_Publishers-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tesfaye_Gebre_Kidan" title="Tesfaye Gebre Kidan">Tesfaye Gebre Kidan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Merid_Negussie" title="Merid Negussie">Merid Negussie</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Addis Tedla</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Ochoa" title="Arnaldo Ochoa">Arnaldo Ochoa</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000656_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000656-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Petrov_(marshal)" title="Vasily Petrov (marshal)">Vasily Petrov</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2009204–205_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2009204–205-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Samatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Samatar">Ali Samatar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Farrah_Aidid" title="Mohamed Farrah Aidid">Mohamed Farrah Aidid</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Ahmed_Irro" title="Abdullahi Ahmed Irro">Abdullahi Ahmed Irro</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdillahi_Askar" title="Abdillahi Askar">Abdillahi Askar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Western_Somali_Liberation_Front.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Western_Somali_Liberation_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Western_Somali_Liberation_Front.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Western_Somali_Liberation_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Western_Somali_Liberation_Front.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Western_Somali_Liberation_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Farah_Dalmar_Yusuf" title="Mohamed Farah Dalmar Yusuf">Mohamed Ali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <i>Beginning of war</i>:<br />35,000–47,000 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000638_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000638-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />37 aircraft, 62 tanks, 100 armored vehicles<sup id="cite_ref-Teferi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teferi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Later</i>:<br />64,500 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014105_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014105-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1,500 Soviet advisors<br />12,000–18,000 Cuban soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2,000 Yemeni soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <i>Beginning of war</i>:<br />31,000<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–39,000 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000640_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000640-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />53 aircraft, 250 tanks, 350 armored vehicles, and 600 artillery guns<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000663_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000663-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Later</i>:<br />45,000–63,000 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000640_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000640-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014105_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014105-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Ethiopia</b>:<br />6,133 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000665_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000665-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />8,207 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014123_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014123-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2,523 captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014123_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014123-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Equipment losses</i>:<br />23 aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000665_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000665-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />139 tanks<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000665_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000665-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />108 APCs<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000665_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000665-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1,399 vehicles<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000665_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000665-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Cuba</b>:<br />163 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014123_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014123-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urribarres_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urribarres-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />250 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Murakhovsky_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murakhovsky-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />6 tanks<sup id="cite_ref-Murakhovsky_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murakhovsky-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>South Yemen</b>:<br />90 killed<br />150 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Murakhovsky_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murakhovsky-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Soviet Union</b>:<br />33 advisors killed<sup id="cite_ref-UCA_1948_u482_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCA_1948_u482-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Somalia</b>:<br />6,453 killed<br />2,409 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000665_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000665-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />275 captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000665_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000665-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Equipment losses</i>:<br />34 aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014124_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014124-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />154 tanks<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014124_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014124-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />270 APCs<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014124_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014124-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />624 vehicles<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014124_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014124-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />295 artillery guns<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014124_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014124-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 25,000 civilians killed<sup id="cite_ref-Urribarres_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urribarres-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />500,000 Somali inhabitants of Ethiopia displaced<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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Jijiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harar" title="Battle of Harar">Harar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jijiga#Fall_of_Jijiga" title="Battle of Jijiga">2nd Jijiga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethiopian–Somali_conflict1147" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict"><span class="wrap">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</span></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_wars_and_conflicts" title="List of Ethiopian–Somali wars and conflicts">Timeline</a> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bale_revolt" title="Bale revolt">Bale revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Ogaden_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 Ogaden Rebellion">1963 Ogaden Rebellion</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/1964_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1964 border war</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ogaden War (1977–78)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 border war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia">2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-1960_conflictsin_the_Horn_of_Africa3407" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Horn_of_Africa" title="Template:Campaignbox Horn of Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Horn_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Horn of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Horn_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Horn of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-1960_conflictsin_the_Horn_of_Africa3407" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Post-1960 <a href="/wiki/Conflicts_in_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Conflicts in the Horn of Africa">conflicts<br />in the Horn of Africa</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean civil wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_revolt_in_Somalia" title="1961 revolt in Somalia">1961 revolt in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bale_revolt" title="Bale revolt">Bale revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict" title="Somali–Kenyan conflict">Somali–Kenyan conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamu_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhamu Incident">Rhamu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Ogaden_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 Ogaden Rebellion">1963 Ogaden Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1964</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia">2022 Al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">2006–09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">2009–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Ethiopian_crackdown_in_Ogaden" title="2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden">2007–08</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Second Afar insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedeo%E2%80%93Guji_clashes" title="Gedeo–Guji clashes">Gedeo–Guji clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">border conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa"><i>OEF – Horn of Africa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali</a></li> 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div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="border: 4px double #FE2E2E;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;"><table><tbody><tr> <td style="background:#FE2E2E; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Major_General_Siad_Barre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Official_portrait_of_Major_General_Siad_Barre.jpg/75px-Official_portrait_of_Major_General_Siad_Barre.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Official_portrait_of_Major_General_Siad_Barre.jpg/113px-Official_portrait_of_Major_General_Siad_Barre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Official_portrait_of_Major_General_Siad_Barre.jpg/150px-Official_portrait_of_Major_General_Siad_Barre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#FE2E2E; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px;"><span style="font-size:0.75em;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">This article is part of a series about</span></span><br /><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><span style="font-size:0.95em;"><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Siad Barre</span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Revolutionary_Socialist_Party" title="Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party">SRSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Somali_presidential_election" title="1986 Somali presidential election">1986</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>President of Somalia<br />(1969–1991)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1969_Somali_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Somali coup d'état">1969 Somali coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Revolutionary_Council_(Somalia)" title="Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)">Supreme Revolutionary Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Latin_alphabet" title="Somali Latin alphabet">Somali Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">Western Somali Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Somalia)" title="National Security Service (Somalia)">National Security Service</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Overthrow</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a></li></ul> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia#Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="History of Somalia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Siad_Barre_sidebar" title="Template:Siad Barre sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Siad_Barre_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Siad Barre sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Siad_Barre_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Siad Barre sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ogaden War</b>, also known as the <b>Ethio-Somali War</b> (<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Dagaalkii Xoraynta Soomaali Galbeed</i>, <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: <span lang="am">የኢትዮጵያ ሶማሊያ ጦርነት</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Amharic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Amharic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Amharic-language romanization"><i lang="am-Latn">ye’ītiyop’iya somalīya t’orinet</i></span>), was a military conflict fought between <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a> from July 1977 to March 1978 over the sovereignty of <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a>. <a href="/wiki/Somali_invasion_of_Ogaden" title="Somali invasion of Ogaden">Somalia's invasion of the region</a>, precursor to the wider war,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2009186_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2009186-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> met with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union's</a> disapproval, leading the superpower to end its support for Somalia and to fully support <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a> instead. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a> was saved from defeat and permanent loss of territory through a massive <a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">airlift</a> of military supplies worth $1 billion, the arrival of more than 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_military_internationalism" title="Cuban military internationalism">Cuban soldiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airman" title="Airman">airmen</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017557_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017557-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> advisors, led by General <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Petrov_(marshal)" title="Vasily Petrov (marshal)">Vasily Petrov</a>. On 23 January 1978, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">armored</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a> inflicted the worst losses the Somali forces had ever taken in a single action since the start of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollack_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollack-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ethiopian-Cuban force (equipped with 300 tanks, 156 artillery pieces and 46 combat aircraft)<sup id="cite_ref-Urribarres_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urribarres-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prevailed at <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jijiga" title="Jijiga">Jijiga</a>, and began to push the Somalis systematically out of the Ogaden. On 23 March 1978, the Ethiopian government declared that the last border post had been regained, thus ending the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000660_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000660-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost a third of the regular <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Army" title="Somali National Army">SNA</a> soldiers, three-eighths of the armored units and half of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Air_Force" title="Somali Air Force">Somali Air Force</a> had been lost during the war. The war left Somalia with a disorganized and demoralized army as well as a heavy disapproval from its population. These conditions led to a <a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">revolt in the army</a> which eventually spiraled into the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a></div> <p>The Ogaden is a vast plateau that is overwhelmingly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali people</a>. It represents the westernmost region inhabited by the Somalis in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, and is located to the south and southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:322_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:322-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the pre-colonial era the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> region was neither under Ethiopian rule, nor <i><a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">terra nullius</a></i>, as it was occupied by organized Somali communities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent historical accounts are unanimous that previous to the penetration into the region in the late 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Somali_clans" title="Somali clans">Somali clans</a> were free from the control of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzGibbon198529_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzGibbon198529-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menelik_ll's_invasions_and_Anglo-Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1897"><span id="Menelik_ll.27s_invasions_and_Anglo-Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1897"></span>Menelik ll's invasions and Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Menelik ll's invasions and Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II%27s_conquests" title="Menelik II's conquests">Menelik II's invasions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1897" title="Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897">Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897</a></div> <p>During the late 1880s, as European colonial powers advanced into the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a> launched invasions into Somali-inhabited territories as part of his efforts to expand the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>. These encroachments primarily affected the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> region. The Ethiopian Empire imported a significant amount of firearms from European powers in this period,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi202135–36_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi202135–36-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the large scale importation of European arms completely upset the balance of power between the Somalis and the Ethiopian Empire, as the colonial powers blocked Somalis from accessing firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control over the Ogaden was expressed through intermittent raids and expeditions that aimed to seize Somali livestock as tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exchange for commercial privileges for British merchants in Ethiopia and the neutrality of Menelik II in the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a>, the British signed the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1897" title="Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897">Anglo-Ethiopian treaty of 1897</a>. The agreement cededed large parts of Somali territory to Ethiopia, despite being a legal breach of the legal obligation made by the protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1983157–159_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1983157–159-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As indiscriminate raiding and attacks by imperial forces against the Somalis grew between 1890 and 1899, those residing in the plains around the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Jijiga" title="Jijiga">Jigjiga</a> were in particular targeted. The escalating frequency and violence of the raids resulted in Somalis consolidating behind the anti-colonial <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish Movement</a> under the lead of Sayyid <a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_%27Abdall%C4%81h_Hassan" title="Muḥammad ibn 'Abdallāh Hassan">Mohamed Abdullah Hassan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ethiopian hold on Ogaden at the start of the 20th century was tenuous, and administration in the region was "sketchy in the extreme". Sporadic tax raids into the region often failed and Ethiopian administrators and military personnel only resided in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jijiga" title="Jijiga">Jigjiga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts at taxation in the region were called off following the massacre of 150 Ethiopian troops in January 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196456_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196456-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War_and_World_War_II">Second Italo-Ethiopian War and World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Italo-Ethiopian War and World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1920s and 1930s, there were no permanent Ethiopian settlements or administration in the Ogaden or any Somali inhabited land, only military encampments.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> in 1935, the Ethiopian hold on the Ogaden remained tenuous.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to native hostility, the region had nearly no Ethiopian presence until the Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in 1934 and the <a href="/wiki/Wal_Wal_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal Wal incident">Wal Wal incident</a> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196456_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196456-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only during 1934, as the Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission attempted to demarcate the border, did Somalis who had been transferred to the Ethiopian Empire by the British during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1897" title="Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897">1897 Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty</a> realize that they had been placed under <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia" title="Abyssinia">Abyssinian</a> rule. In decades following the treaty, Somalis remained unaware about the transfer of their region due to the lack of 'any semblance' of effective administration of control being present over the Somalis to indicate that they were being annexed by the Ethiopian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1983157–159_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1983157–159-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> in 1937, and the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Ogaden was united under a single administration with the <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland's</a>. After the defeat of Italy, power transferred to the <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Somaliland)" title="British Military Administration (Somaliland)">British military administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Foreign Secretary proposed to keep the Somalis territories unified after the war, but was rejected by the Ethiopians and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (then controlling <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a>) who wanted a return to the pre-war status quo.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 January 1942, Ethiopia and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> signed the second "<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ethiopian_Agreement" title="Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement">Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement</a>", ending British military occupation in most of Ethiopia except Ogaden.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last remaining British controlled parts of the region were transferred to Ethiopia in 1955. The population of the Ogaden did not perceive themselves to be Ethiopians and were deeply tied to Somalis in neighboring states. Somalis widely considered Ethiopian rule in the Ogaden to be a case of African <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> subjugation.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Italy lost control of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, these regions came under British military administration. It was during this period that Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> expressed a keen interest in the territory, which his government deemed as a lost province of the empire. He laid claim to them openly, asserting that the ancient Somali coastal region of <a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Banaadir</a> (which encompasses <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>) as well as the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> coastline, rightfully belonged to Ethiopia based on 'historical grounds'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196465_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196465-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ogaden_and_Haud_handovers">Ogaden and Haud handovers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ogaden and Haud handovers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Haud" title="Haud">Haud</a></div> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Somali leaders in the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> repeatedly put forward demands for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, only to be ignored by both Ethiopia and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:37_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:37-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, Ethiopia submitted a memorandum to the UN, contending that prior to the era of European colonialism, the Ethiopian empire had encompassed the <a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Somalia" title="Coastline of Somalia">Indian Ocean coastline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196465_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196465-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali nationalists</a> unsuccessfully fought at the UN to prevent the establishment of Ethiopian administration in the Ogaden after WWII.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Somaliland)" title="British Military Administration (Somaliland)">British Military Administration</a>, which had been in control of the Ogaden since the defeat of Italy during WWII, commenced a withdrawal. This transition saw the replacement of British officials with Ethiopian counterparts between May and July of that year in a significant handover process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196470-71_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196470-71-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the handover, Ethiopian administration resumed in <a href="/wiki/Jijiga" title="Jijiga">Jigjiga</a> for the first time in 13 years. Then, on 23 September 1948, following the withdrawal of British forces and the appointment of Ethiopian district commissioners, vast areas of the Ogaden east of Jijiga were placed under Ethiopian governance for the first time in their history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196470-71_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196470-71-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under pressure from their <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">World War II allies</a> and to the dismay of the Somalis,<sup id="cite_ref-Federal_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Federal-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the British gave the <a href="/wiki/Haud" title="Haud">Haud</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> to Ethiopia, based on the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1897" title="Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897">Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1983157–159_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1983157–159-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain included the provision that the Somali residents would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Zolberg_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zolberg-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In attempt to fulfill the obligations of its original protection treaties it had signed with the Somalis, the British unsuccessfully bid in 1956 to buy back the lands it had unlawfully turned over.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1950s, Ethiopia for the first time controlled the Ogaden and began incorporating it into the empire. In the 25 years following the commencement of Ethiopian rule in this era, hardly a single paved road, electrical line, school or hospital was built. The Ethiopian presence in the region was always <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial</a> in nature, primarily consisting of soldiers and tax collectors. The Somalis were never treated as equals by the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> who had invaded the region during Menelik's expansions and were scarcely integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 1940s and 1950's, covert Somali organizations in the Ogaden formed with the aim of freeing the region from Ethiopian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi202175_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi202175-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1963_Ogaden_uprising_and_First_Ethiopian-Somali_War">1963 Ogaden uprising and First Ethiopian-Somali War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1963 Ogaden uprising and First Ethiopian-Somali War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1960's, the newly independent Somali Republic and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selasie</a> came on the verge of full scale war over the Ogaden issue, particularly during 1961 and 1964. In the years following there had been a number of reported and unreported skirmishes between Ethiopian and Somali troops.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, the <a href="/wiki/1963%E2%80%931965_Ogaden_rebellion" title="1963–1965 Ogaden rebellion">first major post-war rebellion</a> in the region broke out. Known as 'Nasrallah' or the Ogaden Liberation Front, the organization fought a guerrilla war for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. It began with 300 men and soon swelled to 3,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:44_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:44-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Imperial Army</a> launched a large scale <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> campaign during the summer and fall of 1963. The imperial governments reprisals during the counterinsurgency campaign, which consisted large scale artillery bombardments of Somali cities in the Ogaden, resulted in rapidly deteriorating relations between the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>, eventually resulting in the first interstate war <a href="/wiki/1964_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">between Ethiopia and Somalia in 1964</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-:44_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:44-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:03_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a bid to control the population of the region during the 1963 revolt, an <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Imperial Army</a> division based out of the city of <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> torched Somali villages and carried out mass killings of livestock. Watering holes were machine gunned by aircraft in order to control the <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> Somalis by denying them access to water. Thousands of residents were driven out from the Ogaden into Somalia as refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years following, insurgent activity continued but declined over the late 1960's due to pressures from both the Ethiopian and Somali governments. The Nasrallah insurgents formed the foundation of the future <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">Western Somali Liberation Front</a> (WSLF).<sup id="cite_ref-:32_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi202184_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi202184-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somali insurgents remained active in the Ogaden hinterlands until the first WSLF operations began operations in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October_Coup_and_Somali_Democratic_Republic">October Coup and Somali Democratic Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: October Coup and Somali Democratic Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Major_General_Siad_Barre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Official_portrait_of_Major_General_Siad_Barre.jpg/180px-Official_portrait_of_Major_General_Siad_Barre.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Official_portrait_of_Major_General_Siad_Barre.jpg/270px-Official_portrait_of_Major_General_Siad_Barre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Official_portrait_of_Major_General_Siad_Barre.jpg/360px-Official_portrait_of_Major_General_Siad_Barre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Somali Major General <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Siad_Barre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Siad Barre">Mohamed Siad Barre</a>, Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Revolutionary_Council_(Somalia)" title="Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)">Supreme Revolutionary Council</a></figcaption></figure><p>In October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of <a href="/wiki/Las_Anod" title="Las Anod">Las Anod</a>, Somali President <a href="/wiki/Abdirashid_Shermarke" title="Abdirashid Shermarke">Shermarke</a> was shot dead by one of his bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military <i><a href="/wiki/1969_Somali_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Somali coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> on 21 October (the day after his funeral), in which the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Somali Army</a> seized power without encountering armed opposition. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Mohamed Siad Barre</a>, who at the time commanded the army.<sup id="cite_ref-Myswenvwp_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myswenvwp-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside Barre, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Revolutionary_Council_(Somalia)" title="Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)">Supreme Revolutionary Council</a> (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Salaad_Gabeyre_Kediye" title="Salaad Gabeyre Kediye">Salaad Gabeyre Kediye</a> and Chief of Police <a href="/wiki/Jama_Ali_Korshel" title="Jama Ali Korshel">Jama Ali Korshel</a>. Kediye officially held the title of "Father of the Revolution", and Barre shortly afterwards became the head of the SRC.<sup id="cite_ref-Adam_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grolierenc_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grolierenc-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Pjdlfw_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pjdlfw-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> funding and arms support provided to Somalia, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> sent to the country millions of dollars' worth of arms shipments.<sup id="cite_ref-Teferi_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teferi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> had offered Somalia arms support prior to the 1977 invasion, the offer was withdrawn following the news of Somali troops operating in the Ogaden Region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrockatt1995283–285_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrockatt1995283–285-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Somali_Liberation_Front_insurgency">Western Somali Liberation Front insurgency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Western Somali Liberation Front insurgency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1970s, the rebel organization fighting for Ogaden's self-determination, Nasrallah, began to disintegrate. In response, veteran insurgents and young intelligentsia, displaced from the Ogaden in the 1960s and now part of Siad Barre's government, lobbied for renewed armed struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi202193-94_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi202193-94-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Haile Selassie’s regime was toppled by the Derg, conditions in the Ogaden worsened. A severe drought hit the region, causing mass suffering, while the Derg suppressed news and increased military oppression. By 1974-1975, intense pressure from Ogaden Somalis on Siad Barre's government rapidly grew.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1975, the Somali government had been convinced to aid the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi202193-94_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi202193-94-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to professor <a href="/wiki/Haggai_Erlich" title="Haggai Erlich">Haggai Erlich</a>, the war in Ogaden also had a religious dynamic as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">Western Somali Liberation Front</a> (WSLF) had established links with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_World_League" title="Muslim World League">Muslim World League</a> in 1976, later the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_Abo_Liberation_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somali Abo Liberation Front (page does not exist)">Somali Abo Liberation Front</a> (SALF) founded by <a href="/wiki/Waqo_Gutu" title="Waqo Gutu">Waqo Gutu</a> involved <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a> Muslim militias cooperating with the WSLF. Another squadron named after sixteenth century Islamic leader <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a>, a reminiscent of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guerrilla warfare began in both the northern and southern regions in early 1976 and spread to southeastern Bale and Sidamo by year's end. The terrain, a mix of arid scrubland, mountains, and woods, was familiar to the fighters, with friendly local inhabitants. Infiltrating from the Somali Republic, the guerrillas moved swiftly, dismantling state presence by destroying government offices and targeting police and civilian administration. The WSLF movement had four brigades, known in Somali as 'Afar Gaas.'.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of 1977, the WSLF began escalating it attacks against Ethiopian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman198159_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman198159-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During early 1977, with the exception of towns strategically positioned on vital routes and intersections, the WSLF effectively controlled most of the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> lowlands. The rebels employed hit-and-run tactics, targeting the Ethiopian army at its vulnerable points and then blending into a predominantly supportive local population. These tactics eroded the morale of the Ethiopian troops, compelling them to retreat to strongholds. The Ethiopian army found itself confined to garrison towns, many of which were besieged. While any WSLF attempt to storm these garrison towns invited devastating firepower from the Ethiopian defenders, travel between towns became perilous for the Ethiopian troops. Military and civilian vehicles required armed escorts, often falling into ambushes or encountering land mines.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somali_strategy">Somali strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Somali strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the leadership of General <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Samatar" title="Mohammad Ali Samatar">Mohammad Ali Samatar</a>, Irro and other senior Somali military officials were tasked in 1977 with formulating a national strategy in preparation for the war against Ethiopia to assist the Western Somali Liberation Front.<sup id="cite_ref-AhmedI_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhmedI-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Barre believed a Somali military intervention would allow the WSLF to press home their advantage and achieve total victory.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was part of a broader effort to unite all of the Somali-inhabited territories in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a> region into a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a> (<i>Soomaaliweyn</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Lewisofssn_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewisofssn-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A distinguished graduate of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Frunze_Military_Academy" title="Frunze Military Academy">Frunze Military Academy</a>, Samatar oversaw Somalia's military strategy. During the Ogaden War, Samatar was the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Force_(Somalia)" title="Chief of Defence Force (Somalia)">Commander-in-Chief of the Somali Armed Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AhmedI_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhmedI-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his frontline deputies faced off against their mentor and former Frunze alumnus, General <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Petrov_(marshal)" title="Vasily Petrov (marshal)">Vasily Petrov</a>, assigned by the USSR to advise the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopian Army</a>. A further 15,000 Cuban troops, led by General <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Ochoa" title="Arnaldo Ochoa">Arnaldo Ochoa</a>, also supported Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockyer_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockyer-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Payne_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Samatar was assisted in the offensive by several field commanders, most of whom were also Frunze graduates:<sup id="cite_ref-AhmedII_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhmedII-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yussuf_Salhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yussuf Salhan (page does not exist)">Yussuf Salhan</a> commanded the SNA on the <a href="/wiki/Jijiga" title="Jijiga">Jijiga</a> Front, assisted by Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Naji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Naji (page does not exist)">A. Naji</a>, capturing the area on August 30, 1977. (Salhan later became Minister of Tourism but was expelled from the Somali Socialist Party in 1985.)</li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed</a> commanded the SNA on the Negellie Front. (Ahmed later led the rebel SSDF group based in Ethiopia.)</li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Ahmed_Irro" title="Abdullahi Ahmed Irro">Abdullahi Ahmed Irro</a> commanded the SNA on the <a href="/wiki/Gode" title="Gode">Godey</a> Front.</li> <li>Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Hussein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Hussein (page does not exist)">Ali Hussein</a> commanded the SNA in two fronts, <a href="/wiki/Kebri_Dahar" title="Kebri Dahar">Qabri Dahare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>. (Hussein eventually joined the <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">Somali National Movement</a> in late 1988.)</li> <li>Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farah_Handulle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farah Handulle (page does not exist)">Farah Handulle</a> commanded the SNA on the <a href="/wiki/Werder,_Ethiopia" title="Werder, Ethiopia">Warder</a> Front. (He became a civilian administrator and Governor of <a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a>, and in 1987 was killed in Hargheisa one day before he took over governorship of the region.)</li> <li>General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Nur_Galaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed Nur Galaal (page does not exist)">Mohamed Nur Galaal</a>, assisted by Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamud_Sh._Abdullahi_Geelqaad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamud Sh. Abdullahi Geelqaad (page does not exist)">Mohamud Sh. Abdullahi Geelqaad</a>, commanded Dirir-Dewa, which the SNA retreated from. (Galaal later became Minister of Public Works and leading member of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Somali_Revolutionary_Socialist_Party" title="Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party">Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party</a>.)</li> <li>Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdulrahman_Aare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdulrahman Aare (page does not exist)">Abdulrahman Aare</a> and Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Ismail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Ismail (page does not exist)">Ali Ismail</a> co-commanded the Degeh-Bur Front. (Both officers were later chosen to reinforce the Harar campaign; Aare eventually became a <a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">military attaché</a> and retired as a private citizen after the SNA's collapse in 1990.)</li> <li>Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abukar_Liban_%27Aftooje%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abukar Liban 'Aftooje' (page does not exist)">Abukar Liban 'Aftooje'</a> initially served as acting logistics coordinator for the Southern Command and later commanded the SNA on the <a href="/wiki/Imi,_Ethiopia" title="Imi, Ethiopia">Iimeey</a> Front. (Aftoje became a general and military attaché to France.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somali_Air_Force">Somali Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Somali Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Somali_Air_Force" title="Somali Air Force">Somali Air Force</a> was primarily organized along Soviet lines, as its officer corps were trained in the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-Murakhovsky_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murakhovsky-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIGCooper-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Somali Air Force operational aircraft</b> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_Il-28_Beagle.JPEG" class="mw-file-description" title="Il-28, 3 units[88]"><img alt="Il-28, 3 units[88]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Egyptian_Il-28_Beagle.JPEG/200px-Egyptian_Il-28_Beagle.JPEG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Egyptian_Il-28_Beagle.JPEG/300px-Egyptian_Il-28_Beagle.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Egyptian_Il-28_Beagle.JPEG/400px-Egyptian_Il-28_Beagle.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-28" title="Ilyushin Il-28"><i>Il-28</i></a>, 3 units<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201531_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201531-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MiG-21PFM-Egypt-1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MiG-21, 30 units[87]"><img alt="MiG-21, 30 units[87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MiG-21PFM-Egypt-1982.jpg/200px-MiG-21PFM-Egypt-1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MiG-21PFM-Egypt-1982.jpg/300px-MiG-21PFM-Egypt-1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MiG-21PFM-Egypt-1982.jpg/400px-MiG-21PFM-Egypt-1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="571" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21"><i>MiG-21</i></a>, 30 units<sup id="cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIGCooper-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MiG-17_Takes_to_the_Sky_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MiG-17, 10 units[87]"><img alt="MiG-17, 10 units[87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MiG-17_Takes_to_the_Sky_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-MiG-17_Takes_to_the_Sky_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MiG-17_Takes_to_the_Sky_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-MiG-17_Takes_to_the_Sky_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MiG-17_Takes_to_the_Sky_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-MiG-17_Takes_to_the_Sky_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3223" data-file-height="2107" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17"><i>MiG-17</i></a>, 10 units<sup id="cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIGCooper-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derg">Derg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Derg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Derg-badge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Derg-badge.png/220px-Derg-badge.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Derg-badge.png/330px-Derg-badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Derg-badge.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>The party badge of the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> regime of Ethiopia (c. 1979).</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1974, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> had been overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> military council, marking a period of turmoil. The Derg quickly fell into internal conflict to determine who would have primacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, various anti-Derg groups as well as <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">separatist movements began emerging throughout the country</a>. </p><p>One of the separatist groups seeking to take advantage of the chaos was the pro-Somalia <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">Western Somali Liberation Front</a> (WSLF) operating in the Somali-inhabited Ogaden; by late 1975, the group had attacked numerous government outposts. WSLF controlled most of the Ogaden, the first time since World War II that all of Somalia had been united (with the exception of the Northern Frontier District in Kenya). The victory in Ogaden occurred primarily because of support from the <a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a> populace who had aligned with the WSLF.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1976 to 1977, Somalia supplied arms and other aid to the WSLF. </p><p>Opposition to the reign of the Derg was the main cause of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a>. This conflict began as extralegal violence between 1975 and 1977, known as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)" title="Red Terror (Ethiopia)">Red Terror</a>, when the Derg struggled for authority, first with various opposition groups within the country, then with a variety of groups jockeying for the role of <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a>. Though human rights violations were committed by all sides, the great majority of abuses against civilians as well as actions leading to devastating <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> were committed by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_RcVFXUwraxsC_iv]_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_RcVFXUwraxsC_iv]-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sign that order had been restored among Derg factions was the announcement on February 11, 1977, that <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> had become head of state. However, the country remained in chaos as the military attempted to suppress its civilian opponents in a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)" title="Red Terror (Ethiopia)">Red Terror</a> (<i>Qey Shibir</i> in <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>). Despite the violence, the Soviet Union, which had been closely observing developments, came to believe that Ethiopia was developing into a genuine <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> state and that it was in Soviet interests to aid the new regime. They therefore secretly approached Mengistu with offers of aid, which he accepted. Ethiopia closed the U.S. military mission and its communications center in April 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US_admits_helping_Mengistu_escape_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_admits_helping_Mengistu_escape-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1977, Mengistu accused Somalia of infiltrating SNA soldiers into the Somali area to fight alongside the WSLF. Despite considerable evidence to the contrary, Barre strongly denied this, saying SNA "volunteers" were being allowed to help the WSLF. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopian_Air_Force">Ethiopian Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ethiopian Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Ethiopian Air Force</a> (ETAP) was formed thanks to British and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> aid during the 1940s and 1950s, and started receiving significant US support in the 1960s. Despite its small size, the ETAP was an elite force, consisting of hand-picked officers and running an intensive training program for <a href="/wiki/Airman" title="Airman">airmen</a> at home and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-coopert_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coopert-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ethiopian Air Force benefited from a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">US Air Force</a> aid program. A team of US Air Force officers and <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">NCOs</a> assessed the force and provided recommendations as part of the Military Advisory and Assistance Group. The ETAP was restructured as a US-style organization. Emphasis was given to training institutions. Ethiopian personnel were sent to the US for training, including 25 Ethiopian pilots for jet training, and many more were trained locally by US Defense personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 1974, the Ethiopian Air Force mainly consisted of a dozen <a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">F-86 Sabres</a> and a dozen <a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5">F-5A Freedom Fighters</a>. In 1974, Ethiopia requested the delivery of <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom</a> fighters, but the US instead offered it 16 Northrop F-5E Tiger IIs, armed with <a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9 Sidewinder</a> air-to-air missiles, and two Westinghouse <a href="/wiki/AN/TPS-43" title="AN/TPS-43">AN/TPS-43D</a> mobile radars (one of which was later positioned in <a href="/wiki/Jijiga" title="Jijiga">Jijiga</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-scott_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to human rights violations in the country, only 8 F-5E Tiger IIs had been delivered by 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-coopert_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coopert-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Ethiopian Air Force operational aircraft</b> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F86F_Sabres_-_Chino_Airshow_2014_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="F-86 Sabre, 14 units[98]"><img alt="F-86 Sabre, 14 units[98]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/F86F_Sabres_-_Chino_Airshow_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/194px-F86F_Sabres_-_Chino_Airshow_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/F86F_Sabres_-_Chino_Airshow_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-F86F_Sabres_-_Chino_Airshow_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/F86F_Sabres_-_Chino_Airshow_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/387px-F86F_Sabres_-_Chino_Airshow_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre"><i>F-86 Sabre</i></a>, 14 units<sup id="cite_ref-scott_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IIAF_F-5A_3-417.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="F-5A/B, 15 units[98][87]"><img alt="F-5A/B, 15 units[98][87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IIAF_F-5A_3-417.jpg/200px-IIAF_F-5A_3-417.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IIAF_F-5A_3-417.jpg/300px-IIAF_F-5A_3-417.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IIAF_F-5A_3-417.jpg/400px-IIAF_F-5A_3-417.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5"><i>F-5A/B</i></a>, 15 units<sup id="cite_ref-scott_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIGCooper-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IRIAF_Northrop_F-5E_Tiger_II_Talebzadeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="F-5E Tiger IIs, 8 units[98][87]"><img alt="F-5E Tiger IIs, 8 units[98][87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/IRIAF_Northrop_F-5E_Tiger_II_Talebzadeh.jpg/200px-IRIAF_Northrop_F-5E_Tiger_II_Talebzadeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/IRIAF_Northrop_F-5E_Tiger_II_Talebzadeh.jpg/300px-IRIAF_Northrop_F-5E_Tiger_II_Talebzadeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/IRIAF_Northrop_F-5E_Tiger_II_Talebzadeh.jpg/400px-IRIAF_Northrop_F-5E_Tiger_II_Talebzadeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5"><i>F-5E Tiger IIs</i></a>, 8 units<sup id="cite_ref-scott_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIGCooper-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_T_4_MOD_45144929_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canberra B.Mk.2 bombers, 2 units[87]"><img alt="Canberra B.Mk.2 bombers, 2 units[87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canberra_T_4_MOD_45144929_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Canberra_T_4_MOD_45144929_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canberra_T_4_MOD_45144929_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Canberra_T_4_MOD_45144929_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canberra_T_4_MOD_45144929_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Canberra_T_4_MOD_45144929_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3741" data-file-height="2424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">Canberra B.Mk.2</a> bombers, 2 units<sup id="cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIGCooper-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T-28B_VT-2_over_NAS_Whiting_Field_c1973.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="T-28 Trojan, 8 units[87]"><img alt="T-28 Trojan, 8 units[87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/T-28B_VT-2_over_NAS_Whiting_Field_c1973.jpeg/195px-T-28B_VT-2_over_NAS_Whiting_Field_c1973.jpeg" decoding="async" width="195" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/T-28B_VT-2_over_NAS_Whiting_Field_c1973.jpeg/293px-T-28B_VT-2_over_NAS_Whiting_Field_c1973.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/T-28B_VT-2_over_NAS_Whiting_Field_c1973.jpeg/391px-T-28B_VT-2_over_NAS_Whiting_Field_c1973.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1975" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan"><i>T-28 Trojan</i></a>, 8 units<sup id="cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIGCooper-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SAAB_B17-20_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saab 17, 8 units[87]"><img alt="Saab 17, 8 units[87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SAAB_B17-20_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford.jpg/200px-SAAB_B17-20_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SAAB_B17-20_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford.jpg/300px-SAAB_B17-20_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SAAB_B17-20_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford.jpg/400px-SAAB_B17-20_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="1904" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">Saab 17</a></i>, 8 units<sup id="cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIGCooper-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T_33_Shooting_Star-IIAF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="T-33A, 8 units[87]"><img alt="T-33A, 8 units[87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/T_33_Shooting_Star-IIAF.jpg/200px-T_33_Shooting_Star-IIAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/T_33_Shooting_Star-IIAF.jpg/300px-T_33_Shooting_Star-IIAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/T_33_Shooting_Star-IIAF.jpg/400px-T_33_Shooting_Star-IIAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_T-33" title="Lockheed T-33"><i>T-33A</i></a>, 8 units<sup id="cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIGCooper-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_c47-a_skytrain_n1944a_cotswoldairshow_2010_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="C-47, 12 units[98]"><img alt="C-47, 12 units[98]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Douglas_c47-a_skytrain_n1944a_cotswoldairshow_2010_arp.jpg/192px-Douglas_c47-a_skytrain_n1944a_cotswoldairshow_2010_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Douglas_c47-a_skytrain_n1944a_cotswoldairshow_2010_arp.jpg/288px-Douglas_c47-a_skytrain_n1944a_cotswoldairshow_2010_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Douglas_c47-a_skytrain_n1944a_cotswoldairshow_2010_arp.jpg/384px-Douglas_c47-a_skytrain_n1944a_cotswoldairshow_2010_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain"><i>C-47</i></a>, 12 units<sup id="cite_ref-scott_98-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sud_SA_316B_Alouette_III_A-247_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aérospatiale SA.316 Alouette, 3 units[87]"><img alt="Aérospatiale SA.316 Alouette, 3 units[87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sud_SA_316B_Alouette_III_A-247_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Sud_SA_316B_Alouette_III_A-247_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sud_SA_316B_Alouette_III_A-247_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Sud_SA_316B_Alouette_III_A-247_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sud_SA_316B_Alouette_III_A-247_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Sud_SA_316B_Alouette_III_A-247_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="1527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_III" title="Aérospatiale Alouette III"><i>Aérospatiale SA.316 Alouette</i></a>, 3 units<sup id="cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIGCooper-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castro's_trip_to_Aden"><span id="Castro.27s_trip_to_Aden"></span>Castro's trip to Aden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Castro's trip to Aden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1977, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> brought together the leaders of Somalia, Ethiopia and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Yemen">Democratic Yemen</a> during a March meeting in <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, Democratic Yemen, where he suggested an Ethiopian-Somali-Yemeni Socialist Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021100–112_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021100–112-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Somali delegation were open to a 'loose-knit' federation<sup id="cite_ref-:0_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the basis that <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> be extended to the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> and that the Somali people be united.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had come to the conference believing that long awaited negotiations for a solution to the Ogaden problem had finally begun.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castro%27s_visit_to_aden_1977.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Castro%27s_visit_to_aden_1977.png/220px-Castro%27s_visit_to_aden_1977.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Castro%27s_visit_to_aden_1977.png/330px-Castro%27s_visit_to_aden_1977.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Castro%27s_visit_to_aden_1977.png/440px-Castro%27s_visit_to_aden_1977.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Fidel Castro meeting <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Yemen" title="President of South Yemen">Democratic Yemen's president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salim_Rubai_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Salim Rubai Ali">Salim Rubai Ali</a> during his visit to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>During the meeting, President Barre spoke extensively about the Ogaden's occupation and Somalia's struggle for self-determination. Ethiopian President <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu</a> spoke briefly, stating he had nothing to suggest since the Ogaden was an 'integral part' of Ethiopia. Mengistu warned Barre to accept the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>, but Barre stated the issue couldn't be side stepped. A Cuban delegate intervened, suggesting from a '<a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> perspective' that Somalia should accept the status quo, likening the Ogaden issue to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> reclaiming <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. Barre rejected this, stating he sought self-determination for Somalis under Ethiopian occupation, not annexation, and argued that a true socialist view should support self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mediators proposed making the Ogaden an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous zone</a>, which the Ethiopians found excessive and the Somalis saw as insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021100–112_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021100–112-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As talks broke down, Barre requested a private meeting with Mengistu but was rejected, and the discussions soon collapsed. The Somalis left the Aden meeting believing it was organized to pressure them on the Ogaden issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conference effectively called for Somalia to drop its support for self-determination, which Barre couldn’t accept, as he couldn't speak for the WSLF.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as May 1977, Cuban military personnel began arriving in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Somalia and Ethiopia each blamed the other for the failure of the Aden meeting, but Castro backed Mengistu, who emphasized his pro-Soviet credentials, while Barre focused on Somali self-determination and ending Ethiopian rule in Ogaden. Another round of talks, arranged by Moscow in July 1977 to prevent war, never occurred, as the Russians saw no room for compromise between the entrenched positions. These July talks were the last chance for a socialist framework settlement, but they too collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021100–112_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021100–112-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Course_of_the_war">Course of the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Course of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Somali_map.jpg/220px-Somali_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Somali_map.jpg/330px-Somali_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Somali_map.jpg/440px-Somali_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption>Approximate extent of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethio-Somali_War_Map_1977.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ethio-Somali_War_Map_1977.png/220px-Ethio-Somali_War_Map_1977.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ethio-Somali_War_Map_1977.png/330px-Ethio-Somali_War_Map_1977.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ethio-Somali_War_Map_1977.png/440px-Ethio-Somali_War_Map_1977.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2546" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian territory occupied by Somalia in 1977</figcaption></figure><p>For some time, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">Western Somali Liberation Front</a>, had been conducting guerilla operations in the Ogaden. By June 1977, it had succeeded in forcing the Ethiopian army out of much of the region and into fortified urban centers.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somali_invasion_(July–August_1977)"><span id="Somali_invasion_.28July.E2.80.93August_1977.29"></span>Somali invasion (July–August 1977)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Somali invasion (July–August 1977)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Army" title="Somali National Army">Somali National Army</a> (SNA) committed to <a href="/wiki/Somali_invasion_of_Ogaden" title="Somali invasion of Ogaden">invade the Ogaden</a> on July 12, 1977, according to Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Defense (Ethiopia)">Ministry of National Defense</a> documents (other sources state July 13 or 23).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000644_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000644-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014106_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014106-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Gebru Tareke, the invaders had 23 mechanized battalions, 9 armored battalions, 4 airborne battalions and 9 artillery battalions which numbered around 31,000 to 39,000 men, 53 fighter jets, 250 tanks, 350 <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armored personnel carriers</a> (APCs), and 600 artillery pieces. Arrayed against such a force were Ethiopia's 3 infantry brigades, a mechanized brigade, 2 tank and 2 artillery battalions, and 2 air defense batteries with a total of 35,000 to 47,000 regular troops and militiamen. Despite the clear disadvantage in fighting men, the Somalis held numerical superiority over the Ethiopians in terms of tanks, artillery, and armored personnel carriers (APCs). The Ethiopian army was thinly spread, as the army and militia units were scattered all over the vast plains of the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a>, its best units were engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> to the north. The 10th Mechanized Brigade was stationed at <a href="/wiki/Jijiga" title="Jijiga">Jijiga</a>, the 5th, 9th, and 11th Infantry Brigades were based at <a href="/wiki/Gode" title="Gode">Gode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebri_Dahar" title="Kebri Dahar">Kebri Dahar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Degehabur" title="Degehabur">Degehabur</a>. In addition, an infantry battalion was stationed at each frontier outpost, such as Aware, Warder, Galadin, and Mustahil. All these army units were placed under the 3rd Division, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000644_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000644-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With only infantry and anti-tank guns, Ethiopian troops found themselves in a precarious situation. Somali tanks swiftly advanced westward, penetrating 700 kilometers into Ethiopia and capturing 350,000 square kilometers. Their advantage stemmed from superior equipment and organization, particularly in tanks. They employed an offensive strategy centered on speed and quickly exploiting weaknesses. Their attack pattern involved massive infiltrations behind the front lines, intense artillery barrages, and coordinated mechanized bombing raids. A militia brigade from the 219th Battalion were deployed to <a href="/wiki/Gode" title="Gode">Gode</a> to support the 5th Infantry Brigade, which had endured relentless artillery bombardment since July 13. Despite their efforts, Gode was captured by the Somalis on July 25. Without artillery or air support to cover their retreat, the Ethiopian defenders were effectively annihilated, with only 489 out of the 2,350 militiamen managing to return to Harar, the rest presumed dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014105_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014105-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 9th brigade at <a href="/wiki/Kebri_Dahar" title="Kebri Dahar">Kebri Dahar</a> fought fiercely before retreating to Harar on July 31. The 11th Infantry Brigade stationed at Degehabur persisted in combat until the end of July when it received orders to withdraw to <a href="/wiki/Jijiga" title="Jijiga">Jijiga</a>. Soviet General Vasily Petrov had to report back to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> the "sorry state" of the Ethiopian Army. The 3rd and 4th Ethiopian Infantry Divisions that suffered the brunt of the Somali invasion had practically ceased to exist. Within less than a month of the invasion, 70% of the Ogaden had been taken by the SNA-WSLF force. Somalia easily overpowered Ethiopian military hardware and technology. The Soviet-made <a href="/wiki/T-54" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54">T-54</a> and <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a> main battle tanks had, in Gebru's words, "bigger guns, better armour, greater range and more maneuverability than Ethiopia's aging <a href="/wiki/M41_Walker_Bulldog" title="M41 Walker Bulldog">M-41</a> and <a href="/wiki/M47_Patton" title="M47 Patton">M-47</a> [American-made tanks]." Similarly, Ethiopia's American-made 155mm artillery pieces were outmaneuvered and outranged by Somalia’s Soviet- made 122mm D-30 field howitzer guns. Over the years, the Soviets had been arming Somalia’s military forces with the latest weapons. Somali commanders calculated that their stockpiles of Soviet arsenal would enable them to wage war for six months. They anticipated that once the Soviets learned of the invasion, they might terminate the flow of arms to Somalia. The Somali objective was thus to occupy the whole of the Ogaden and by December 1977, before the suspension of Soviet weapons shipments could have a serious impact on their offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014106_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014106-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Somali forces did suffer some early setbacks; as on July 16, just four days after the beginning of the invasion, the Somalis launched a surprise attack on <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a> with an infantry brigade, two artillery battalions, a tank battalion, a ballistic missile rocket battery, and three brigades of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">Western Somali Liberation Front</a> (WSLF) guerrillas. The Ethiopian defense—the 78th Brigade, the 7th Infantry Battalion, the 216th Battalion, and the 752nd Battalion—were enormously outnumbered and outgunned by the Somalis. The battle raged until 11:00 hours, and the Somalis pushed the defenders to the outskirts of the city; the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dire_Dawa" title="Battle of Dire Dawa">battle for the strategic city</a> would prove critical. Not only was Ethiopia's second largest <a href="/wiki/Air_base" title="Air base">air base</a> located there, but the city represented both its crossroads into the Ogaden and rail lifeline to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. At that critical moment, reinforcements arrived from Harar. With close air support, the troops from Harar helped the defenders drive the Somalis back twenty kilometers from the city. Around the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Ethiopian Air Force</a> (ETAP) also began to establish <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a> using its <a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5">Northrop F-5s</a>, despite initially being outnumbered by Somali <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">MiG-21s</a>. Even though the Somalis possessed more aircraft (53 to 36) during the initial months of the war, they were outmatched by the Ethiopian Air Force. The Ethiopians not only attained near-absolute control over their own skies but also managed to breach Somali airspace, reaching as far as the city of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> and destroying 9 <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17">MiG-17s</a> and 18 <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">MiG-21s</a> in the air and another 6 on the ground within Somali territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000645_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000645-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to a serious shortage spare parts, the Somali Air Force remained grounded throughout most the war and anti-aircraft equipment was in short supply.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the relatively easy capture of Delo, <a href="/wiki/Elekere" title="Elekere">Elekere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Filtu" title="Filtu">Filtu</a> by August 8, the Somalis seemed to be strategically positioned to attain their objective of liberating the Ogaden by December. Dire Dawa, an important industrial city of 70,000 inhabitants, was now in their sights. On August 17, the Somalis launched an assault against Dire Dawa. The Somalis advanced on the city with 2 motorized brigades, 1 tank battalion and 1 <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">BM-13</a> battery. Facing these were the Ethiopian 2nd Division, the 201st battalion, the 781st battalion, the 4th Mechanized Company, and a tank platoon with two tanks. On August 17 the Somalis advanced from <a href="/wiki/Harewa,_Ethiopia" title="Harewa, Ethiopia">Harewa</a> to the northeastern part of the city at night. Despite losing three tanks to landmines en route, they launched a ground assault the following day. The 781st battalion held out in <a href="/wiki/Shinile" title="Shinile">Shinile</a> for several hours before being forced to retreat to the city. As the Somalis closed in on the city they began shelling it with artillery. A Somali tank battalion managed to push through and temporarily made the country's second major airport non-operational; the air traffic control and as many as 9 aircraft on the ground were destroyed. For the next 20 hours, the Ethiopians and the Somalis engaged in a fierce battle until the Ethiopian air force began to relentlessly pound the enemy, destroying 16 <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55s</a>. The Somalis had exhausted their strength were forced to retreat, leaving behind a trail of abandoned equipment, including tanks, armored cars, artillery pieces, as well as hundreds of assault rifles and machine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000646_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000646-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, finding itself allied to both sides of the war, attempted to mediate a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a>. While the Ethiopians was fighting hard to stop the Somali advances, <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> kept on pressing the Soviets to deliver arms to Ethiopia. The Soviets responded in the affirmative: they supplied Ethiopia with substantial weapons such artillery and tanks in early September 1977. Two weeks later, the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> received other good news: the termination of Soviet arms delivery to Somalia. The Soviets were thus committed to helping Ethiopia. Beginning at the final week of September, the Soviets supplied Ethiopia with T-55 tanks, rocket launchers, and MiG-21 fighter planes, a Soviet military airlift with advisors for Ethiopia took place (second in magnitude only to the colossal October 1973 resupplying of Syrian forces during the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>), alongside 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> combat troops in a military role. <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a> sent in late September two armored battalions to Ethiopia. On November 13 Somalia ordered all Soviet advisers to leave the country within seven days, ended Soviet use of its strategic naval facilities and also broke diplomatic relations with Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMekonnen2013112–113_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMekonnen2013112–113-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014113_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014113-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet advisors fulfilled a number of roles for the Ethiopians from this point forward. While the majority included training and headquarters operations, some flew combat mission in MiGs and helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other communist countries like <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> offered Ethiopia military assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMekonnen2013112–113_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMekonnen2013112–113-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> offered training, engineering and support troops.<sup id="cite_ref-East-Germany-Ethiopia_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East-Germany-Ethiopia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel reportedly provided cluster bombs, napalm and were also allegedly flying combat aircraft for Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all communist states sided with Ethiopia. Because of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet rivalry</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> supported Somalia diplomatically and with token military aid.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1977_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1977-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cia_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a> had a habit of <a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="De-satellization of Communist Romania">breaking with Soviet policies</a> and also maintained good diplomatic relations with Barre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somali_victories_and_siege_of_Harar_(September–January)"><span id="Somali_victories_and_siege_of_Harar_.28September.E2.80.93January.29"></span>Somali victories and siege of Harar (September–January)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Somali victories and siege of Harar (September–January)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harar" title="Battle of Harar">Battle of Harar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jijiga" title="Battle of Jijiga">Battle of Jijiga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldati_cubani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soldati_cubani.jpg/220px-Soldati_cubani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soldati_cubani.jpg/330px-Soldati_cubani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Soldati_cubani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Cuban soldiers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damagedsomalitank.jgp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Damagedsomalitank.jgp.jpg/220px-Damagedsomalitank.jgp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Damagedsomalitank.jgp.jpg/330px-Damagedsomalitank.jgp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Damagedsomalitank.jgp.jpg/440px-Damagedsomalitank.jgp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>Damaged Somali National Army (SNA) <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> tank undergoing repairs</figcaption></figure> <p>The greatest single victory of the SNA-WSLF was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jijiga#First_Battle_of_Jijiga_(September_1977)" title="Battle of Jijiga">assault on Jijiga in mid-September 1977</a>. Undaunted by their setback at <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a>, the reinforced Somalis redirected their efforts towards the third-largest provincial town. On September 2, they launched a forceful attack, employing artillery, mortar, and tanks. A renewed and more resolute offensive took place on September 9, as the Somalis relentlessly bombarded Ethiopian positions with rockets and artillery shells. Adding to the challenges, Somali fire managed to destroy the radar atop Mount Karamara, diminishing the Ethiopian air force's ability to provide essential close air support. This event prompted a large-scale retreat to Adaw. As the Somalis intensified their artillery shelling on Adaw, the army conducted a full retreat to Kore. On September 12, 1977, Jijiga fell into the hands of the Somalis. Worse still, on September 13, Marda Pass on Mount Karamara, of huge strategic importance, fell into Somali hands, By September, Ethiopia was forced to admit that it controlled only about 10% of the Ogaden and that the Ethiopian defenders had been pushed back into the non-Somali areas of <a href="/wiki/Harerge" class="mw-redirect" title="Harerge">Harerge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bale_province_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bale province (Ethiopia)">Bale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sidamo_Province" title="Sidamo Province">Sidamo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014109_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014109-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The retreating Ethiopian forces eventually came to a halt at <a href="/wiki/Kore_(Aanaa)" title="Kore (Aanaa)">Kore</a>, positioned midway between Jijiga and Harar. Amidst the falling Somali artillery shells, panic once again gripped the soldiers at Kore. The 3rd Division, which had established its headquarters at Kore, responded to the retreat with harsh measures, ordering the air force to strike friendly forces if they retreated. These setbacks were promptly attributed to "fifth columnists," leading to the execution of several officers and NCOs for alleged conspiracy with "anarchists"—primarily leftist political organizations, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party</a> (EPRP). Despite this, it did not spare the commander of the 3rd Division from criticism from his superiors. <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> told him to redeem himself for the fall of Karamara by establishing a defensive line at Kore, and by eventually recapturing the Pass. At this point, the government called for a general mobilization. From September 14 to 21, Mengistu issued several directives for mobilization using the slogans "everything to the warfront" and "revolutionary motherland or death".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000648_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000648-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the capture of Jijiga and Karamara, a one-week pause in fighting ensued. During this period, Mengistu formulated a novel operational strategy named "Awroa" to the Eastern Command, which he subsequently reorganized into the Dire Dawa and Harar sectors. Operation Awrora aimed to thwart Somalia's strategic objectives by resolutely defending the cities of <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>. In the latter part of September, the Somali offensive experienced a rapid decline, attributed to adverse weather conditions, challenging terrain, and exhaustion among their forces. The initial Somali blitzkrieg concluded, marking the commencement of an attrition phase. Losing their momentum, the Somalis provided an opening for the Ethiopians to regroup their troops, introduce fresh units and additional weaponry, and construct bunkers on the hillsides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000648_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000648-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Somalis then launched an offensive, advancing towards the east toward <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>. Their primary aim was on penetrating the eastern front line, pushing forward from Karamara and <a href="/wiki/Fiq,_Ethiopia" title="Fiq, Ethiopia">Fik</a>. Despite the weak position of the Ethiopian defense line, it took the Somalis over seven weeks to breach it. Beginning at the end of September, the Soviets supplied Ethiopia with significant arms, such as aircraft and tanks. Additionally, as the Ethiopian army gained more combat experience, they became more experienced with their new Soviet weaponry. Although the Somalis enjoyed full support in the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a>, the highland population, vehemently opposed the Somalis and provided unwavering support to the Ethiopian army in various ways, ranging from scouting to guarding strategic crossroads. As the Somalis advanced further into hostile territories, their stretched lines became increasingly susceptible to disruption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000649_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000649-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over a span of four months, from the last week of September to the middle of December, the Somalis exerted considerable effort to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harar" title="Battle of Harar">seize Harar</a>. On two occasions, it appeared that the city, with its forty-eight thousand inhabitants and as the home of Ethiopia's foremost military academy, was on the brink of falling. However, <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> did not surrender, primarily due to the relatively slow and indecisive operational maneuvers of the Somalis and the arrival of Soviet weapons in late October. The Ethiopians were bolstered by deployment of 100,000 recently trained troops outfitted in new Soviet gear, around 30,000 of them, referred to as the "1st Revolutionary Liberation Army", were subsequently sent to the Somali front. By December, the exhausted Somali forces were forced to withdraw to <a href="/wiki/Fedis" title="Fedis">Fedis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaldessa" title="Jaldessa">Jaldessa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harewa,_Ethiopia" title="Harewa, Ethiopia">Harewa</a>, where they had to await the Ethiopian counterattack. At this point came the regular Cuban troops, with only a few hundred in December, they eventually grew to three thousand in January to 16,000 in February. They were armed with full Soviet gear, including <a href="/wiki/T-62" title="T-62">T-62</a> tanks, artillery, and APCs. The Somalis had gambled by cutting off the Russians and Cubans; now they stood virtually alone against an multinational colossus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailsethiopianrevolut0000gebrpagen229mode2upq_205]_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailsethiopianrevolut0000gebrpagen229mode2upq_205]-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017557_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017557-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopian-Cuban_counterattack_(February–March)"><span id="Ethiopian-Cuban_counterattack_.28February.E2.80.93March.29"></span>Ethiopian-Cuban counterattack (February–March)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ethiopian-Cuban counterattack (February–March)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> established the Supreme Military Strategic Committee (or SMSC), composing of Ethiopian, Soviet, and Cuban officers to plan and direct the counter-offensive. The Committee was led by General <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Petrov_(marshal)" title="Vasily Petrov (marshal)">Vasily Petrov</a>, the deputy commander of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Ground Forces</a>. The operation marked was painstakingly planned and well-directed. Its key elements included surprise artillery barrages, which were followed by subsequent mass infantry and mechanized assaults, drawing inspiration from Soviet assault tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000657_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000657-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petrov was unwilling to trust Ethiopian troops, instead opting to use a Cuban parachute regiment to spreadhead operations.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main force for the counter offensive consisted of three Cuban infantry regiments, their tank regiment, most of their artillery and two divisions of Ethiopian troops. The flanking force was composed of the Cuban paratroop regiment, several battalions of their artillery and one Ethiopian division. Heavy usage of <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> and air strikes were a hallmark of the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At their peak, 17,000 Cuban army troops took part in the offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The counter-offensive was preceded by an ambitious Somali attempt to capture Harar on January 22. The Somalis initiated their plan by launching mortar and rocket attacks on the town of <a href="/wiki/Babile_(town)" title="Babile (town)">Babile</a> from Hill 1692, with the apparent intention of diverting Ethiopian attention. At 15:30 hours, multiple Somali infantry brigades, supported by a substantial number of tanks advanced toward Harar from <a href="/wiki/Fedis" title="Fedis">Fedis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kombolcha_(Aanaa)" title="Kombolcha (Aanaa)">Kombolcha</a>. In a coordinated ground and air resistance involving Cuban soldiers for the first time, the Ethiopians engaged the Somalis a few miles from Harar; they launched a series of sharp thrusts against the attackers, pinning them down. While a ground battle with tanks unfolded, jet fighter-bombers attacked the enemy's rear and communication lines. The Somalis suffered a significant defeat, with casualties possibly reaching as high as 3,000—their most significant loss since the war began. Following this success, the Ethiopians shifted from a defensive to an offensive stance. From January 23 to 27, the Ethiopian 11th Division and the Cuban armored units were able to recapture all territory up to Fedis. In the process, they captured 15 tanks, numerous APCs, 48 artillery guns, 7 anti-aircraft guns, numerous infantry weapons, and various munitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000657_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000657-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ethiopian-Cuban counterattack began on February 1, the Ninth Division headed by Cuban shock troops attacked the Somalis in <a href="/wiki/Harewa,_Ethiopia" title="Harewa, Ethiopia">Harewa</a>, immediately forcing them to retreat, the attackers then moved north and captured <a href="/wiki/Jaldessa" title="Jaldessa">Jaldessa</a> on the 4th. By February 9th, the Somalis fled from the towns of <a href="/wiki/Chinaksen" title="Chinaksen">Chinaksen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ejersa_Goro" title="Ejersa Goro">Ejersa Goro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gursum,_Oromia_(Aanaa)" title="Gursum, Oromia (Aanaa)">Gursum</a>, leaving behind 42 tanks, numerous APCs, and over 50 artillery guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000659_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000659-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artillery, notably <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">BM-21</a> rocket launchers, along with close air support were crucial in winning the battle. As a result the Somalis decided to withdraw to their prepared defensive positions in the Kara Marda Pass.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A column of Ethiopian and Cuban troops then crossed northeast into the highlands between Jijiga and the border with Somalia, bypassing the SNA-WSLF force defending the Marda Pass. The responsibility for the task was assigned to the Tenth Division, which relied on a Cuban tank brigade with over 60 T-62 tanks. On February 15, they maneuvered around the impregnable Marda Pass, opting for a detour through Arabi and advancing towards the Shebele Pass, successfully capturing it on the 24th. Despite strong Somali resistance at Grikocher, the town was eventually secured on the 28th.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000659_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000659-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_battle_of_Jigjiga_(March_1978)"><span id="Second_battle_of_Jigjiga_.28March_1978.29"></span>Second battle of Jigjiga (March 1978)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Second battle of Jigjiga (March 1978)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jigjiga was a pivotal point in the Somali defensive line and had major political significance to Mengistu as it had represented the site of the Ethiopians greatest defeat the previous autumn. 8,000 Somali army troops, composed of one <a href="/wiki/T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-55 tank</a> battalion and one <a href="/wiki/122_mm_howitzer_2A18_(D-30)" title="122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)">122 mm artillery</a> battalion, were dug in around Jigjiga and the surrounding Kara Marda Pass. Fierce engagements in mid-February near <a href="/wiki/Babile_(town)" title="Babile (town)">Babile</a> in the mountains resulted in heavy Ethiopian casualties, and as a result Soviet General <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Petrov_(marshal)" title="Vasily Petrov (marshal)">Vasily Petrov</a> realized that a direct attack on the Somalis holding Jigjiga and the pass would be an highly costly operation. Petrov decided to get around the issue by deploying some of his forces via airlift in the plains behind Jigjiga. To this end, the Cubans formed their <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratroopers</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">special airmobile</a> units. 20 <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mil-8</a> and 10 <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-6" title="Mil Mi-6">Mil-6</a> helicopters, flow by Soviet pilots, were to be used in the operation to break the back of the Somali army.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conventional aircraft also assisted the airdrop operation as the helicopters prepared to deploy a battalion with armored vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From this point onward, the advance to <a href="/wiki/Jijiga" title="Jijiga">Jijiga</a> was led by the 69th Brigade, the forward units reached the western side of the mountains around Jijiga on February 28. The Somalis stationed at Jijiga attacked the Ethiopians on the mountain range, but were pinned down due to unremitting airstrikes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000659_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000659-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cuban air deployment behind the Somali forces at Jigjiga came in three waves of combined helicopter and <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a> operations beginning during the last few days of February 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_121-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethiopian 1st Paracommando Brigade also, participated and the operation laid the groundwork for the ultimate attack on the town. The 10th Division and its Cuban shock troops advanced towards <a href="/wiki/Jijiga" title="Jijiga">Jijiga</a>, while the Ethiopian 75th Infantry Brigade and the 1st Paracommando Brigade took a southerly route through the mountains to seize the Marda Pass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000659_123-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000659-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 March, a combine parachute/heliborne attack was made on the Somalis, who were driven back south. Around the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa%E2%80%93Djibouti_Railway" title="Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway">Djibouti-Addis railway</a> was cleared. Another major airmobile operation took place on 5 March 1978, providing the spearhead for the rear attack on Jigjiga. Around 100 <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-6" title="Mil Mi-6">Mil-6</a> helicopter sorties were made in this period to drop heavy equipment. From the landing zone, this task force drove onto Jigjiga and attacked the Somali troops defending Jigjiga from the rear. The rear attack by the Cubans coincided with a frontal assault by the main Ethiopian/Cuban force on Jigjiga.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_121-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the weight of the combined rear and frontal attack the Somali defence collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000659_123-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000659-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six Somali brigades in the garrison valiantly fought for three days against overwhelming odds. Hindered by the absence of air cover, dwindling supplies, and tank strength possibly below 50 percent, they were forced to retreat on March 5, narrowly avoiding an encirclement. The Somalis lost as many as 3,000 men, whereas Ethiopian and Cuban casualties were apparently very light.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000659_123-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000659-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethiopian troops conducted mop up operations, but the effective victors of the 2nd Battle of Jigjiga had been the Cubans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017557_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017557-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuban troops and aircraft had provided the main strength of the rear attack that had ultimately broken Somali resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somali_army_withdrawal">Somali army withdrawal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Somali army withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The war was effectively concluded with the recapture of Jijiga on March 5. <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a>, buoyed by the retaking of Karamara and Jijiga, had been deeply horrified by their capture six months prior. In a statement praising the Eastern Command for their efforts, he expressed, "This marks not just a victory for the Ethiopian people but also for the struggles of the workers of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefort1983260_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefort1983260-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognizing that his position was untenable, <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a> ordered the SNA to retreat into Somalia on 9 March 1978, although Rene LaFort claims that the Somalis, having foreseen the inevitable, had already withdrawn their heavy weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefort1983260_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefort1983260-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Somali army withdrew, the Ethiopians and the Cubans immediately began a general offensive. A column comprising the Ethiopian 3rd Division and the 3rd Cuban Tank Brigade effortlessly captured <a href="/wiki/Degehabur" title="Degehabur">Degehabur</a> on March 8. Meanwhile, to the west, Somali forces unexpectedly resisted the 8th Division's advance towards <a href="/wiki/Fiq,_Ethiopia" title="Fiq, Ethiopia">Fik</a>. During this engagement, the Ethiopian 94th Brigade suffered severe losses at Abusharif, leading its commander, Major Bekele Kassa, to take his own life rather than face capture. Despite this setback, the Division, reinforced by a Cuban battalion, pressed on and covered a distance of 150 kilometers to reach Fik on March 8.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefort1983260_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefort1983260-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fall of Jigjiga to the Ethiopian/Cuban forces was the culmination of the war, and it was followed by three weeks of frantic withdrawal by the Somali National Army. In one of the final actions of the war, American military historian <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_House" title="Jonathan House">Jonathan House</a> observes that the Somalis had "fought a brilliant delaying battle, mauling the Ethiopian 9th brigade."<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post_war">Post war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Post war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_-_Tiglachin_Monument_(1984)_(18085457261).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Statue_-_Tiglachin_Monument_%281984%29_%2818085457261%29.jpg/220px-Statue_-_Tiglachin_Monument_%281984%29_%2818085457261%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Statue_-_Tiglachin_Monument_%281984%29_%2818085457261%29.jpg/330px-Statue_-_Tiglachin_Monument_%281984%29_%2818085457261%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Statue_-_Tiglachin_Monument_%281984%29_%2818085457261%29.jpg/440px-Statue_-_Tiglachin_Monument_%281984%29_%2818085457261%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3439" data-file-height="5311" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tiglachin_Monument" title="Tiglachin Monument">Tiglachin Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> commemorates the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> over <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> in the Ogaden War</figcaption></figure> <p>Executions and <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">rape</a> of civilians and refugees by Ethiopian and Cuban troops were prevalent throughout the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Clapham_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clapham-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal199178–86_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal199178–86-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large Cuban contingent remained in Ethiopia after the war to protect the Ethiopian government.<sup id="cite_ref-Clapham_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clapham-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the late 1970s, internal unrest in the Ogaden region continued as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">Western Somali Liberation Front</a> (WSLF) waged a guerrilla war against the Ethiopian government. After the war, an estimated 800,000 people crossed the border into Somalia where they would be displaced as refugees for the next 15 years. The defeat of the WSLF and <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Army" title="Somali National Army">Somali National Army</a> in early 1978 did not result in the pacification of the Ogaden.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 1978 the first major outflow of refugees numbering in the hundreds of thousands headed for Somalia, and were bombed and strafed during the exodus by the Ethiopian military. During 1979, the Western Somali Liberation Front persisted in its resistance, regaining control of rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assisted by the Cuban contingent, the Ethiopian army launched a second offensive in December 1979 directed at the population's means of survival, including the <a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning" title="Well poisoning">poisoning</a> and destruction of wells and killing of cattle herds. Thousands of Somali civilians in the Ogaden were killed. Combined with the flight of several hundred thousand refugees into Somalia, this represented an attempt to pacify the region with brute force. Around half of the population in the Ogaden were displaced to Somalia, some diplomats referred to the depopulation in the Ogaden as a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal199178–86_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal199178–86-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethiopian forces also attacked <a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a> civilians in the neighboring regions claiming they were collaborators.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign correspondents who visited the Ogaden during the early 1980s noted widespread evidence of a 'dual society', with the Somali inhabitants of the region strongly identified as 'Western Somalis'. Artificial droughts and famine were induced by the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> regime to break down Somali opposition to Ethiopian rule in the Ogaden.<sup id="cite_ref-:73_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:73-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1980s the Ethiopian government rendered the region a vast military zone, engaging in indiscriminate aerial bombardments and forced resettlement programs.<sup id="cite_ref-:63_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1981 there were an estimated 70,000 Ethiopian troops in the Ogaden, supported by 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Cuban army</a> troops who garrisoned the regions towns.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 1980, the rebels, with the assistance of a small number of SNA soldiers who continued helping their guerrilla war, controlled a large part of the Ogaden region. It took a massive counter-insurgency campaign to clear the region of guerrillas by 1981, although the insurgency continued until the mid-1980s. The WSLF was practically defunct by the mid-1980s, and its splinter group, the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">Ogaden National Liberation Front</a> (ONLF), operated from headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. Even though elements of the ONLF would later manage to slip back into the Ogaden, their actions had little impact.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Barre regime, the invasion was perhaps the greatest strategic blunder since independence,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2009214_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2009214-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it greatly weakened the military. Almost one-third of regular SNA soldiers, three-eighths of its armored units, and half of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Air_Force" title="Somali Air Force">Somali Air Force</a> (SAF) were lost. The weakness of the Barre administration led it to effectively abandon the dream of a unified Greater Somalia. The failure of the war aggravated discontent with the Barre regime; the first organized opposition group, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Salvation_Democratic_Front" title="Somali Salvation Democratic Front">Somali Salvation Democratic Front</a> (SSDF), was formed by army officers in 1979. </p><p>The United States adopted Somalia as a Cold War ally from the late 1970s to 1988 in exchange for use of Somali bases it used for access to the Middle East, and as a way to exert influence in the Horn of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second armed clash in 1988 between Somalia and Ethiopia ended when the two countries agreed to withdraw their armed forces from the border. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refugee_crisis">Refugee crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Refugee crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Somalia's defeat in the war caused an influx of Ethiopian refugees (mostly ethnic Somalis as well as some <a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> across the border to Somalia. By 1979, official figures reported 1.3 million refugees in Somalia, more than half of them settled in the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> clan-family in the north. According to a 1979 report from <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> refugees were also held in southern Somalia which consisted of 200,000 Hararis and 100,000 Oromo.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the state became increasingly reliant on international aid, aid resources allocated for the refugees caused further resentment from local Isaaq residents, especially as they felt no effort was made on the government's part to compensate them for bearing the burden of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, Barre heavily favoured the Ogaden refugees, who belonged to the same clan (<a href="/wiki/Darod" title="Darod">Darod</a>) as him. Due to these ties, Ogaden refugees enjoyed preferential access to "social services, business licenses and even government posts."<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As expressed animosity and discontent in the north grew, Barre armed the Ogaden refugees, and in doing so created an irregular army operating inside Isaaq territories. The armed Ogaden refugees, together with members of the Marehan and Dhulbahanta soldiers (who were provoked and encouraged by the Barre regime) started a terror campaign against the local Isaaqs,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raping women, murdering unarmed civilians, and preventing families from conducting proper burials. </p><p>Barre ignored Isaaq complaints throughout the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, in addition to Barre's suppression of criticism or even discussion of widespread atrocities in the north,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had the effect of turning long-standing Isaaq disaffection into open opposition, with many Isaaq forming the <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">Somali National Movement</a>, leading to the ten-year <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">civil war</a> in northwestern Somalia (today the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">de facto state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union-Africa_relations#Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Union-Africa relations">Soviet Union-Africa relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUrban1983" class="citation journal cs1">Urban, Mark (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03071848308523524">"Soviet intervention and the Ogaden counter-offensive of 1978"</a>. <i>The RUSI Journal</i>. <b>128</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">42–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071848308523524">10.1080/03071848308523524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1847">0307-1847</a>. <q>Soviet advisers fulfilled a number of roles, although the majority were involved in training and headquarters duties. Others flew combat missions in the MiGs and helicopters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+RUSI+Journal&rft.atitle=Soviet+intervention+and+the+Ogaden+counter-offensive+of+1978&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071848308523524&rft.issn=0307-1847&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03071848308523524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keesing-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keesing_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630201854/https://www.essaydocs.org/keesings-record-of-world-events-formerly-keesings-contemporary.html">"Ogaden Area recaptured by Ethiopian Forces with Soviet and Cuban Support – International Ramifications of Ethiopian-Somali Conflict – Incipient Soviet and Cuban Involvement in Ethiopian Warfare against Eritrean Secessionists – Political Assassinations inside Ethiopia"</a>. <i>Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives)</i>. 1 May 1978. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://essaydocs.org/keesings-record-of-world-events-formerly-keesings-contemporary.html">the original</a> on 30 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Keesing%27s+Record+of+World+Events+%28formerly+Keesing%27s+Contemporary+Archives%29&rft.atitle=Ogaden+Area+recaptured+by+Ethiopian+Forces+with+Soviet+and+Cuban+Support+%E2%80%93+International+Ramifications+of+Ethiopian-Somali+Conflict+%E2%80%93+Incipient+Soviet+and+Cuban+Involvement+in+Ethiopian+Warfare+against+Eritrean+Secessionists+%E2%80%93+Political+Assassinations+inside+Ethiopia&rft.date=1978-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fessaydocs.org%2Fkeesings-record-of-world-events-formerly-keesings-contemporary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefebvre" class="citation book cs1">Lefebvre, Jeffrey Alan. <i>Arms for the horn : U.S. Security Policy in Ethiopia and Somalia</i>. University of Pitsburg Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1027491003">1027491003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+for+the+horn+%3A+U.S.+Security+Policy+in+Ethiopia+and+Somalia&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=University+of+Pitsburg+Press&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1027491003&rft.aulast=Lefebvre&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennon1978" class="citation news cs1">Lennon, David (7 February 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/FinancialTimes1978UKEnglish/Feb%2007%201978%2C%20Financial%20Times%2C%20%2327479%2C%20UK%20%28en%29/page/n29/mode/2up?q=%22Israel+sends+arms+for+Ethiopia%22">"Israel sends arms for Ethiopia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Israel+sends+arms+for+Ethiopia&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1978-02-07&rft.aulast=Lennon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FFinancialTimes1978UKEnglish%2FFeb%252007%25201978%252C%2520Financial%2520Times%252C%2520%252327479%252C%2520UK%2520%2528en%2529%2Fpage%2Fn29%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D%2522Israel%2Bsends%2Barms%2Bfor%2BEthiopia%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-East-Germany-Ethiopia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-East-Germany-Ethiopia_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East-Germany-Ethiopia_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041029175151/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+et0179%29">"Ethiopia: East Germany"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?rd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0179)">the original</a> on 2004-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%3A+East+Germany&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bet0179%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrentis_Woodroofe1994" class="citation journal cs1">Prentis Woodroofe, Louise (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2707/1/U615656.pdf">"Buried in the Sands of the Ogaden: The United States, The Horn of Africa and The Demise of Detente"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>London School of Economics and Political Science</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Buried+in+the+Sands+of+the+Ogaden%3A+The+United+States%2C+The+Horn+of+Africa+and+The+Demise+of+Detente&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Prentis+Woodroofe&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.lse.ac.uk%2F2707%2F1%2FU615656.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/north-koreas-military-partners-in-the-horn-of-africa/">"North Korea's Military Partners in the Horn"</a>. The Diplomat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea%27s+Military+Partners+in+the+Horn&rft.pub=The+Diplomat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2018%2F01%2Fnorth-koreas-military-partners-in-the-horn-of-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teferi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teferi_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teferi_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teferi_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMekonnen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mekonnen, Teferi (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2018_num_32_1_1657">"The Nile issue and the Somali-Ethiopian wars (1960s–78)"</a>. <i>Annales d'Éthiopie</i>. <b>32</b>: <span class="nowrap">271–</span>291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fethio.2018.1657">10.3406/ethio.2018.1657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+d%27%C3%89thiopie&rft.atitle=The+Nile+issue+and+the+Somali-Ethiopian+wars+%281960s%E2%80%9378%29&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fethio.2018.1657&rft.aulast=Mekonnen&rft.aufirst=Teferi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fethio_0066-2127_2018_num_32_1_1657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nova_Publishers-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nova_Publishers_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nova_Publishers_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2002" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Nina J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OneDq8BbtuUC"><i>Somalia; Issues, History, and Bibliography</i></a>. Nova Publishers. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590332658" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590332658"><bdi>978-1590332658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia%3B+Issues%2C+History%2C+and+Bibliography&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1590332658&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Nina+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOneDq8BbtuUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalovany2017" class="citation book cs1">Malovany, Pesach (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ow8oDwAAQBAJ&dq=iraq+somalia+1978&pg=PT634"><i>Wars of Modern Babylon</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813169453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813169453"><bdi>978-0813169453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+Modern+Babylon&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0813169453&rft.aulast=Malovany&rft.aufirst=Pesach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOw8oDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Diraq%2Bsomalia%2B1978%26pg%3DPT634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000656-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000656_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000656_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2000">Tareke 2000</a>, p. 656.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyele2014">Ayele 2014</a>, p. 106: "<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Ethiopia)" title="Ministry of Defense (Ethiopia)">MOND</a> classified documents reveal that the full-scale Somali invasion came on Tuesday, July 12, 1977. The date of the invasion was not, therefore, July 13 or July 23 as some authors have claimed."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2000">Tareke 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1981208-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman1981208_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGorman1981">Gorman 1981</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2009204–205-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2009204–205_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2009">Tareke 2009</a>, pp. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000638-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000638_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2000">Tareke 2000</a>, p. 638.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014105-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014105_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014105_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014105_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyele2014">Ayele 2014</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleijeses2013" class="citation book cs1">Gleijeses, Piero (2013). <i>Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976–1991</i>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-0968-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-0968-3"><bdi>978-1-4696-0968-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Freedom%3A+Havana%2C+Washington%2C+Pretoria+and+the+Struggle+for+Southern+Africa%2C+1976%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-0968-3&rft.aulast=Gleijeses&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1">White, Matthew (2011). <i>Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History</i>. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08330-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08330-9"><bdi>978-0-393-08330-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atrocities%3A+The+100+Deadliest+Episodes+in+Human+History&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08330-9&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nayhDwAAQBAJ"><i>South Yemen's Revolutionary Strategy, 1970–1985</i></a>. Routledge. 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1000312294" title="Special:BookSources/978-1000312294"><bdi>978-1000312294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Yemen%27s+Revolutionary+Strategy%2C+1970%E2%80%931985&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1000312294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnayhDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixonSarkees2015" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Jeffrey S.; Sarkees, Meredith Reid (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qM5DQAAQBAJ"><i>A Guide to Intra-state Wars</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872897755" title="Special:BookSources/978-0872897755"><bdi>978-0872897755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Intra-state+Wars&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0872897755&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rft.au=Sarkees%2C+Meredith+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_qM5DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000640-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000640_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000640_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2000">Tareke 2000</a>, p. 640.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000663-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000663_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2000">Tareke 2000</a>, p. 663.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuuse_Yuusuf2021" class="citation book cs1">Muuse Yuusuf (2021). <i>Genesis of the civil war in Somalia</i>. 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НЕДОКУМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ЗАПИСКИ: Война между Эфиопией и Сомали 1977–78 гг. Page 2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://otvaga2004.ru/voyny/wars-africa/wars-afr-horn/totalnaya-soc-vojna/2/">the original</a> on 2019-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Human Rights Watch. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1564320384" title="Special:BookSources/978-1564320384"><bdi>978-1564320384</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evil+days%3A+thirty+years+of+war+and+famine+in+Ethiopia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1564320384&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_RcVFXUwraxsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2009186-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2009186_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2009">Tareke 2009</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017557-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017557_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017557_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017557_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollack-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollack_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2019" class="citation book cs1">Pollack, Kenneth Michael (2019). <i>Armies of Sand: The Past, Present, and Future of Arab Military Effectiveness</i>. 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R. Collings. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86036-209-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86036-209-8"><bdi>978-0-86036-209-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evaded+Duty&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=R.+Collings&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-86036-209-8&rft.aulast=FitzGibbon&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4eJyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzGibbon198529-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzGibbon198529_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzGibbon1985">FitzGibbon 1985</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi202135–36-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi202135–36_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdi2021">Abdi 2021</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardForsyth1994" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Peter; Forsyth, Murray (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/conflictpeaceinh00pete"><i>Conflict and peace in the Horn of Africa : federalism and its alternatives</i></a>. Dartmouth: Aldershot. pp. <span class="nowrap">105–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85521-486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85521-486-6"><bdi>978-1-85521-486-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+peace+in+the+Horn+of+Africa+%3A+federalism+and+its+alternatives&rft.place=Dartmouth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Aldershot&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85521-486-6&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Forsyth%2C+Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconflictpeaceinh00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrons2013" class="citation book cs1">Irons, Roy (2013-11-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t9MVBAAAQBAJ"><i>Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921</i></a>. Pen and Sword. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-380-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-380-0"><bdi>978-1-78346-380-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill+and+the+Mad+Mullah+of+Somaliland%3A+Betrayal+and+Redemption+1899-1921&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft.isbn=978-1-78346-380-0&rft.aulast=Irons&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt9MVBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeshekter1979" class="citation journal cs1">Geshekter, Charles L. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=190107421">"Socio-Economic Developments in Somalia"</a>. <i>Horn of Africa</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horn+of+Africa&rft.atitle=Socio-Economic+Developments+in+Somalia&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Geshekter&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3D190107421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1983157–159-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1983157–159_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1983157–159_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1983157–159_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1983">Lewis 1983</a>, p. 157–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitinSamatar1987" class="citation book cs1">Laitin, David D.; Samatar, Said S. (1987). <i>Somalia: Nation In Search Of A State</i>. Avalon Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86531-555-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86531-555-6"><bdi>978-0-86531-555-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia%3A+Nation+In+Search+Of+A+State&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Avalon+Publishing&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-86531-555-6&rft.aulast=Laitin&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft.au=Samatar%2C+Said+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardForsyth1994" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Peter; Forsyth, Murray (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/conflictpeaceinh00pete"><i>Conflict and peace in the Horn of Africa : federalism and its alternatives</i></a>. Dartmouth: Aldershot. pp. <span class="nowrap">105–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85521-486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85521-486-6"><bdi>978-1-85521-486-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+peace+in+the+Horn+of+Africa+%3A+federalism+and+its+alternatives&rft.place=Dartmouth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Aldershot&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85521-486-6&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Forsyth%2C+Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconflictpeaceinh00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196456-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196456_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196456_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrysdale1964">Drysdale 1964</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield1979" class="citation journal cs1">Greenfield, Richard (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=184654769">"An Historical Introduction to Refugee Problems in the Horn"</a>. <i>Horn of Africa</i>. <b>2</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horn+of+Africa&rft.atitle=An+Historical+Introduction+to+Refugee+Problems+in+the+Horn&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3D184654769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:23_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardForsyth1994" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Peter; Forsyth, Murray (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/conflictpeaceinh00pete"><i>Conflict and peace in the Horn of Africa : federalism and its alternatives</i></a>. Dartmouth: Aldershot. pp. <span class="nowrap">105–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85521-486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85521-486-6"><bdi>978-1-85521-486-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+peace+in+the+Horn+of+Africa+%3A+federalism+and+its+alternatives&rft.place=Dartmouth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Aldershot&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85521-486-6&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Forsyth%2C+Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconflictpeaceinh00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdi1978" class="citation journal cs1">Abdi, Said Y. (January–March 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=P00000145">"Self-Determination for Ogaden Somalis"</a>. <i>Horn of Africa</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horn+of+Africa&rft.atitle=Self-Determination+for+Ogaden+Somalis&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1978-01%2F1978-03&rft.aulast=Abdi&rft.aufirst=Said+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3DP00000145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauldie1987" class="citation book cs1">Sauldie, Madan (1987). <i>Super powers in the Horn of Africa</i>. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Super+powers+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Sauldie&rft.aufirst=Madan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:43-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:43_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeshekter1979" class="citation journal cs1">Geshekter, Charles L. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=190107421">"Socio-Economic Developments in Somalia"</a>. <i>Horn of Africa</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horn+of+Africa&rft.atitle=Socio-Economic+Developments+in+Somalia&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Geshekter&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3D190107421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196465-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196465_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196465_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrysdale1964">Drysdale 1964</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:37-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:37_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavids1965" class="citation book cs1">Davids, Jules (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/unitedstatesinwo0000unse_n1j4"><i>The United States in world affairs, 1964</i></a>. New York : Published for the Council on Foreign Relations by Harper & Row. pp. <span class="nowrap">284–</span>286 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+in+world+affairs%2C+1964&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E286&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Published+for+the+Council+on+Foreign+Relations+by+Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Davids&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatesinwo0000unse_n1j4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196470-71-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196470-71_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrysdale196470-71_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrysdale1964">Drysdale 1964</a>, p. 70-71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Federal-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Federal_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Federal Research Division, <i>Somalia: A Country Study</i>, (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2004), p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zolberg-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zolberg_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZolberg1992" class="citation book cs1">Zolberg, Aristide R.; et al. (1992). <i>Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escape+from+Violence%3A+Conflict+and+the+Refugee+Crisis+in+the+Developing+World&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Zolberg&rft.aufirst=Aristide+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdi1978" class="citation journal cs1">Abdi, Said Y. (January–March 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=P00000145">"Self-Determination for Ogaden Somalis"</a>. <i>Horn of Africa</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horn+of+Africa&rft.atitle=Self-Determination+for+Ogaden+Somalis&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1978-01%2F1978-03&rft.aulast=Abdi&rft.aufirst=Said+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3DP00000145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeshekter1979" class="citation journal cs1">Geshekter, Charles L. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=190107421">"Socio-Economic Developments in Somalia"</a>. <i>Horn of Africa</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horn+of+Africa&rft.atitle=Socio-Economic+Developments+in+Somalia&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Geshekter&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3D190107421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"The 1963 Rebellion in the Ogaden". <i>Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Somali Studies. Vol. II: Archaeology and History</i>. Helmut Buske Verlag. 1984. pp. <span class="nowrap">291–</span>307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87118-692-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-87118-692-9"><bdi>3-87118-692-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1963+Rebellion+in+the+Ogaden&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Second+International+Congress+of+Somali+Studies.+Vol.+II%3A+Archaeology+and+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.pub=Helmut+Buske+Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=3-87118-692-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi202175-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi202175_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdi2021">Abdi 2021</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagmann2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hagmann, Tobias (2014-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2014.946238">"Punishing the periphery: legacies of state repression in the Ethiopian Ogaden"</a>. <i>Journal of Eastern African Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">725–</span>739. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17531055.2014.946238">10.1080/17531055.2014.946238</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-1055">1753-1055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eastern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Punishing+the+periphery%3A+legacies+of+state+repression+in+the+Ethiopian+Ogaden&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E725-%3C%2Fspan%3E739&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17531055.2014.946238&rft.issn=1753-1055&rft.aulast=Hagmann&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F17531055.2014.946238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:44-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:44_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:44_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa: The Struggles of Emerging States</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. 2017. pp. <span class="nowrap">191–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317539520" title="Special:BookSources/9781317539520"><bdi>9781317539520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Violence+in+Eastern+Africa%3A+The+Struggles+of+Emerging+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317539520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:52_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield1979" class="citation journal cs1">Greenfield, Richard (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=184654769">"An Historical Introduction to Refugee Problems in the Horn"</a>. <i>Horn of Africa</i>. <b>2</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horn+of+Africa&rft.atitle=An+Historical+Introduction+to+Refugee+Problems+in+the+Horn&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3D184654769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenzeCorporation1986" class="citation book cs1">Henze, Paul B.; Corporation, Rand (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PBMOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Rebels and Separatists in Ethiopia: Regional Resistance to a Marxist Regime</i></a>. Rand. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-0696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-0696-7"><bdi>978-0-8330-0696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels+and+Separatists+in+Ethiopia%3A+Regional+Resistance+to+a+Marxist+Regime&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Rand&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-0696-7&rft.aulast=Henze&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rft.au=Corporation%2C+Rand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPBMOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi202184-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi202184_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdi2021">Abdi 2021</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Somali Support for Ogadenis Wanes". <i><a href="/wiki/Africa_Confidential" title="Africa Confidential">Africa Confidential</a></i>. <b>25</b>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>7. 17 October 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Confidential&rft.atitle=Somali+Support+for+Ogadenis+Wanes&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1984-10-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myswenvwp-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Myswenvwp_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moshe Y. Sachs, <i>Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations</i>, Volume 2, (Worldmark Press: 1988), p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adam-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adam_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamFord1997" class="citation book cs1">Adam, Hussein Mohamed; Ford, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0m9yAAAAMAAJ"><i>Mending rips in the sky: options for Somali communities in the 21st century</i></a>. Red Sea Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-073-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56902-073-6"><bdi>1-56902-073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mending+rips+in+the+sky%3A+options+for+Somali+communities+in+the+21st+century&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56902-073-6&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Hussein+Mohamed&rft.au=Ford%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0m9yAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, <i>The Cambridge history of Africa</i>, Volume 8, (Cambridge University Press: 1985), p. 478. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grolierenc-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grolierenc_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac</i>, Volume 25, (Grolier: 1995), p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pjdlfw-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pjdlfw_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiles1982" class="citation book cs1">Wiles, Peter John de la Fosse (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgMOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279"><i>The New Communist Third World: An Essay in Political Economy</i></a>. Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-2709-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-2709-9"><bdi>978-0-7099-2709-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Communist+Third+World%3A+An+Essay+in+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-2709-9&rft.aulast=Wiles&rft.aufirst=Peter+John+de+la+Fosse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlgMOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrockatt1995283–285-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrockatt1995283–285_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrockatt1995">Crockatt 1995</a>, pp. 283–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi202193-94-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi202193-94_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi202193-94_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdi2021">Abdi 2021</a>, p. 93-94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgibbon1982" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgibbon, Louis (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/10430207"><i>The Betrayal of the Somalis</i></a>. R. Collings. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860361947" title="Special:BookSources/9780860361947"><bdi>9780860361947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Betrayal+of+the+Somalis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=R.+Collings&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780860361947&rft.aulast=Fitzgibbon&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F10430207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlich2010" class="citation book cs1">Erlich, Haggai (March 2010). "6 Nationalism and Conflict: Ethiopia and Somalia, 1943–1991". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781588269874-007/pdf?licenseType=restricted"><i>Islam and Christianity in the Horn of Africa</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781588269874-007">10.1515/9781588269874-007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-987-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-987-4"><bdi>978-1-58826-987-4</bdi></a>. <q>On 15 January 1976, supported and inspired by the Saudi Muslim World League, the WSLF was reorganized. Some of its Oromo members, headed by the veteran leader of the 1965–1970 Oromo rebellion in the Bale region, Wako Guto, declared the establishment of a sister movement called the Somali Abbo Liberation Front (SALF). Under the guise of a Somali identity (Wako Guto's father was an Oromo and his mother a Somali), it was an overtly Oromo-Islamic movement which extended its operations to the provinces of Bale, Arusi, and Sidamo. For all intents and purposes, the Oromos, whether Christian or Muslim, never intended to become Somalis. Oromos and Somalis are not natural allies and have in fact been rivals over most of modern history because Oromos in the south and east of Ethiopia gradually moved toward Somali-dominated areas. However, what was now in the making was an all-Islamic movement, complete with the participation of Harari Islamic activists of Adari origin, already associated with the WSLF and trained in the Arab Middle East, with Somali and Saudi help. They now joined forces with the WSLF and the SALF and all coordinated their anti-Ethiopian guerrilla activities from late 1976. The Harari-Adari fighters called themselves the "Ahmad Gragn Forces," and indeed, nothing could have been more similar to Ahmad Gragn's movement to unite Muslims in all of southeastern Ethiopia through an Islamic holy war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6+Nationalism+and+Conflict%3A+Ethiopia+and+Somalia%2C+1943%E2%80%931991&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Christianity+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781588269874-007&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-987-4&rft.aulast=Erlich&rft.aufirst=Haggai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9781588269874-007%2Fpdf%3FlicenseType%3Drestricted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:24_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoldemariam2018" class="citation book cs1">Woldemariam, Michael (2018). <i>Insurgent Fragmentation in the Horn of Africa</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insurgent+Fragmentation+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Woldemariam&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman198159-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman198159_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGorman1981">Gorman 1981</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTareke2016" class="citation book cs1">Tareke, Gebru (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/973809792"><i>The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa</i></a>. Eclipse Printing Press. p. 642. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99944-951-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-99944-951-2-2"><bdi>978-99944-951-2-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/973809792">973809792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Revolution%3A+War+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=642&rft.pub=Eclipse+Printing+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973809792&rft.isbn=978-99944-951-2-2&rft.aulast=Tareke&rft.aufirst=Gebru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F973809792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AhmedI-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AhmedI_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AhmedI_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed_III2011" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed III, Abdul (29 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503221634/http://www.wardheernews.com/Articles_2011/Oct/29_Brothers_in_Army_abdul.pdf">"Brothers in Arms Part I"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wardheernews.com/Articles_2011/Oct/29_Brothers_in_Army_abdul.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brothers+in+Arms+Part+I&rft.date=2011-10-29&rft.aulast=Ahmed+III&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wardheernews.com%2FArticles_2011%2FOct%2F29_Brothers_in_Army_abdul.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban1983" class="citation journal cs1">Urban, Mark (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03071848308523524">"Soviet intervention and the Ogaden counter-offensive of 1978"</a>. <i>The RUSI Journal</i>. <b>128</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">42–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071848308523524">10.1080/03071848308523524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1847">0307-1847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+RUSI+Journal&rft.atitle=Soviet+intervention+and+the+Ogaden+counter-offensive+of+1978&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071848308523524&rft.issn=0307-1847&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03071848308523524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewisofssn-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewisofssn_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisThe_Royal_African_Society1989" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, I.M.; The Royal African Society (October 1989). "The Ogaden and the Fragility of Somali Segmentary Nationalism". <i>African Affairs</i>. <b>88</b> (353): <span class="nowrap">573–</span>579. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a098217">10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098217</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/723037">723037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Ogaden+and+the+Fragility+of+Somali+Segmentary+Nationalism&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=353&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E573-%3C%2Fspan%3E579&rft.date=1989-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a098217&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F723037%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.M.&rft.au=The+Royal+African+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lockyer-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lockyer_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockyer" class="citation web cs1">Lockyer, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203040124/http://info.newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Economics%20Politics%20and%20Tourism/APSA%202006/INTLREL/Lockyer,%20Adam.pdf">"Opposing Foreign Intervention's Impact on the Course of Civil Wars: The Ethiopian-Ogaden Civil War, 1976–1980"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Economics%20Politics%20and%20Tourism/APSA%202006/INTLREL/Lockyer,%20Adam.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opposing+Foreign+Intervention%27s+Impact+on+the+Course+of+Civil+Wars%3A+The+Ethiopian-Ogaden+Civil+War%2C+1976%E2%80%931980&rft.aulast=Lockyer&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.newcastle.edu.au%2FResources%2FSchools%2FEconomics%2520Politics%2520and%2520Tourism%2FAPSA%25202006%2FINTLREL%2FLockyer%2C%2520Adam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Payne_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1988" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Richard J. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHk5Gg15UKkC"><i>Opportunities and Dangers of Soviet-Cuban Expansion: Toward a Pragmatic U.S. Policy</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887067969" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887067969"><bdi>978-0887067969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opportunities+and+Dangers+of+Soviet-Cuban+Expansion%3A+Toward+a+Pragmatic+U.S.+Policy&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0887067969&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHk5Gg15UKkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AhmedII-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AhmedII_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed_III" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed III, Abdul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000547/http://wardheernews.com/Articles_2011/Nov/Brothers_%20Part_II_Abdul.pdf">"Brothers in Arms Part II"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. WardheerNews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wardheernews.com/Articles_2011/Nov/Brothers_%20Part_II_Abdul.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brothers+in+Arms+Part+II&rft.pub=WardheerNews&rft.aulast=Ahmed+III&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwardheernews.com%2FArticles_2011%2FNov%2FBrothers_%2520Part_II_Abdul.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACIGCooper-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIGCooper_87-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107093450/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_188.shtml">"Ogaden War, 1977–1978"</a>. 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(August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/letterfromjeddah.pdf"><i>Letter from Jeddah: An interview with the WSLF</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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The University of Edinburgh. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157882043">157882043</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpanet.org/content/genocides-politicides-and-other-mass-murder-1945-stages-2008">the original</a> on 19 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Prevention+Advisory+Network&rft.atitle=Genocides%2C+Politicides%2C+and+Other+Mass+Murder+Since+1945%2C+With+Stages+in+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpanet.org%2Fcontent%2Fgenocides-politicides-and-other-mass-murder-1945-stages-2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coopert-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coopert_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coopert_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/war-is-boring/which-is-better-the-f-5e-tiger-ii-or-the-mig-21-e92e5c5a1ef3">"Which is Better, the F-5E Tiger II or the MiG-21?"</a>. <i>War is boring</i>. 8 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+is+boring&rft.atitle=Which+is+Better%2C+the+F-5E+Tiger+II+or+the+MiG-21%3F&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fwar-is-boring%2Fwhich-is-better-the-f-5e-tiger-ii-or-the-mig-21-e92e5c5a1ef3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mekonnen Beri, <i>Aviation in Ethiopia</i> (Addis Ababa: Nigid Printing Press, 2002), p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scott-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scott_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_98-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_98-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer" class="citation web cs1">Schaefer, Scoot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0045070/00001">"Ethiopian Airpower:From Inception to Victory in the Ogaden War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopian+Airpower%3AFrom+Inception+to+Victory+in+the+Ogaden+War&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Scoot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FUFE0045070%2F00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021100–112-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021100–112_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021100–112_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021100–112_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdi2021">Abdi 2021</a>, pp. 100–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaruf2016" class="citation web cs1">Maruf, Harun (26 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/fidel-castro-left-mark-on-somalia-horn-africa/3612803.html">"Fidel Castro Left Mark on Somalia, Horn of Africa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Fidel+Castro+Left+Mark+on+Somalia%2C+Horn+of+Africa&rft.date=2016-11-26&rft.aulast=Maruf&rft.aufirst=Harun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Ffidel-castro-left-mark-on-somalia-horn-africa%2F3612803.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheikh2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sheikh, Mohamed Aden (2010). Petrucci, Pietro (ed.). <i>La Somalia non è un'isola dei Caraibi : Memorie di un pastore somalo in Italia</i> [<i>Somalia is not a Caribbean Island: Memoirs of a Somali Shepherd in Italy</i>] (in Italian). Diabasis. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788881037063" title="Special:BookSources/9788881037063"><bdi>9788881037063</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/662402642">662402642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Somalia+non+%C3%A8+un%27isola+dei+Caraibi+%3A+Memorie+di+un+pastore+somalo+in+Italia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=Diabasis&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F662402642&rft.isbn=9788881037063&rft.aulast=Sheikh&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Aden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdi1978" class="citation journal cs1">Abdi, Said Y. (January–March 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=P00000145">"Self-Determination for Ogaden Somalis"</a>. <i>Horn of Africa</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>25. <q>But the so called conciliation, more of a soviet imposed solution, essentially involved Somalia giving up the Ogaden. Siad turned this down since he could not speak for the WSLF.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horn+of+Africa&rft.atitle=Self-Determination+for+Ogaden+Somalis&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1978-01%2F1978-03&rft.aulast=Abdi&rft.aufirst=Said+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3DP00000145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban1983" class="citation journal cs1">Urban, Mark (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03071848308523524">"Soviet intervention and the Ogaden counter-offensive of 1978"</a>. <i>The RUSI Journal</i>. <b>128</b> (2): 43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071848308523524">10.1080/03071848308523524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1847">0307-1847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+RUSI+Journal&rft.atitle=Soviet+intervention+and+the+Ogaden+counter-offensive+of+1978&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071848308523524&rft.issn=0307-1847&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03071848308523524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000644-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000644_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000644_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2000">Tareke 2000</a>, p. 644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014106-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014106_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014106_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyele2014">Ayele 2014</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000645-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000645_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2000">Tareke 2000</a>, p. 645.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000646-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000646_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2000">Tareke 2000</a>, p. 646.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMekonnen2013112–113-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMekonnen2013112–113_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMekonnen2013112–113_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMekonnen2013"> & Mekonnen 2013</a>, pp. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014113-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014113_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyele2014">Ayele 2014</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban1983" class="citation journal cs1">Urban, Mark (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03071848308523524">"Soviet intervention and the Ogaden counter-offensive of 1978"</a>. <i>The RUSI Journal</i>. <b>128</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">42–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071848308523524">10.1080/03071848308523524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1847">0307-1847</a>. <q>Soviet advisers fulfilled a number of roles, although the majority were involved in training and headquarters duties. Others flew combat missions in the MiGs and helicopters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+RUSI+Journal&rft.atitle=Soviet+intervention+and+the+Ogaden+counter-offensive+of+1978&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071848308523524&rft.issn=0307-1847&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03071848308523524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefebvre1991" class="citation book cs1">Lefebvre, Jeffrey Alan (1991). <i>Arms for the horn : U.S. Security Policy in Ethiopia and Somalia, 1953–1991</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-8533-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-8533-0"><bdi>0-8229-8533-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1027491003">1027491003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+for+the+horn+%3A+U.S.+Security+Policy+in+Ethiopia+and+Somalia%2C+1953%E2%80%931991&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1027491003&rft.isbn=0-8229-8533-0&rft.aulast=Lefebvre&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1977" class="citation news cs1">Mann, Roger (1977-08-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/08/12/arms-and-rumors-from-east-west-sweep-ethiopia/e7c0facc-5cf6-4829-a793-57c160e8e299/">"Arms and Rumors From East, West Sweep Ethiopia"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Arms+and+Rumors+From+East%2C+West+Sweep+Ethiopia&rft.date=1977-08-12&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1977%2F08%2F12%2Farms-and-rumors-from-east-west-sweep-ethiopia%2Fe7c0facc-5cf6-4829-a793-57c160e8e299%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1977-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt1977_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/16/archives/russians-in-somalia-foothold-in-africa-suddenly-shaky.html">"Russians in Somalia: Foothold in Africa Suddenly Shaky"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. 1977-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russians+in+Somalia%3A+Foothold+in+Africa+Suddenly+Shaky&rft.date=1977-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F09%2F16%2Farchives%2Frussians-in-somalia-foothold-in-africa-suddenly-shaky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cia_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123141050/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP97S00289R000100190006-3.pdf">"the ogaden situation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP97S00289R000100190006-3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+ogaden+situation&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP97S00289R000100190006-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyele2014109-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyele2014109_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyele2014">Ayele 2014</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000648-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000648_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000648_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2000">Tareke 2000</a>, p. 648.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000649-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000649_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2000">Tareke 2000</a>, p. 649.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailsethiopianrevolut0000gebrpagen229mode2upq_205]-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailsethiopianrevolut0000gebrpagen229mode2upq_205]_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2009">Tareke 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethiopianrevolut0000gebr/page/n229/mode/2up?q=">205</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000657-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000657_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000657_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2000">Tareke 2000</a>, p. 657.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrett2020" class="citation book cs1">Perrett, Bryan (2020-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MszUDwAAQBAJ"><i>Seize and Hold</i></a>. Orion. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4746-1916-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4746-1916-5"><bdi>978-1-4746-1916-5</bdi></a>. <q>After the northern end of the Somali line had been unhinged by a series of parachute and air-landing operations involving twenty Mil-8 and ten Mil-6 helicopters flown by Soviet pilots, Petrov decided to break the back of the enemy's resistance by capturing the stronghold of Jigjiga, using the same means.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seize+and+Hold&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4746-1916-5&rft.aulast=Perrett&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMszUDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_121-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_121-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_121-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban1983" class="citation journal cs1">Urban, Mark (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03071848308523524">"Soviet intervention and the Ogaden counter-offensive of 1978"</a>. <i>The RUSI Journal</i>. <b>128</b> (2): 45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071848308523524">10.1080/03071848308523524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1847">0307-1847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+RUSI+Journal&rft.atitle=Soviet+intervention+and+the+Ogaden+counter-offensive+of+1978&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071848308523524&rft.issn=0307-1847&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03071848308523524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban1983" class="citation journal cs1">Urban, Mark (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03071848308523524">"Soviet intervention and the Ogaden counter-offensive of 1978"</a>. <i>The RUSI Journal</i>. <b>128</b> (2): 44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071848308523524">10.1080/03071848308523524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1847">0307-1847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+RUSI+Journal&rft.atitle=Soviet+intervention+and+the+Ogaden+counter-offensive+of+1978&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071848308523524&rft.issn=0307-1847&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03071848308523524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2000659-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000659_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000659_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000659_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000659_123-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000659_123-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2000659_123-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2000">Tareke 2000</a>, p. 659.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1986" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Bruce D. (1986-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S9NKCCXbzbQC"><i>The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945-1980</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31064-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31064-2"><bdi>978-0-521-31064-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+USSR+in+Third+World+Conflicts%3A+Soviet+Arms+and+Diplomacy+in+Local+Wars+1945-1980&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31064-2&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Bruce+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS9NKCCXbzbQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELefort1983260-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefort1983260_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefort1983260_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefort1983260_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLefort1983">Lefort 1983</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse2020" class="citation book cs1">House, Jonathan M. 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University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-6774-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-6774-9"><bdi>978-0-8061-6774-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+the+Cold+War%2C+1962%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-6774-9&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clapham-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clapham_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clapham_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClapham1990" class="citation book cs1">Clapham, Christopher (1990). <i>Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia</i>. CUP Archive. p. 235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformation+and+Continuity+in+Revolutionary+Ethiopia&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Clapham&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal199178–86-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal199178–86_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal199178–86_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Waal1991">De Waal 1991</a>, pp. 78–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:62_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagmannKhalif2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hagmann, T.; Khalif, Mohamud H. 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"State and Politics in Ethiopia's Somali Region since 1991". <i>Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54051295">54051295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bildhaan%3A+An+International+Journal+of+Somali+Studies&rft.atitle=State+and+Politics+in+Ethiopia%27s+Somali+Region+since+1991&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54051295%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hagmann&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Khalif%2C+Mohamud+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:72_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=P00004137">"Ogaden: The Land But Not the People"</a>. <i>Horn of Africa</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">42–</span>45. 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horn+of+Africa&rft.atitle=Ogaden%3A+The+Land+But+Not+the+People&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3DP00004137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelassie1980" class="citation book cs1">Selassie, Bereket (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXQCzAEACAAJ"><i>Conflict and Intervention in the Horn of Africa</i></a>. Monthly Review Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-539-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-539-4"><bdi>978-0-85345-539-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Intervention+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-85345-539-4&rft.aulast=Selassie&rft.aufirst=Bereket&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXQCzAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:73-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:73_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=P00004137">"Ogaden: The Land But Not the People"</a>. <i>Horn of Africa</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">42–</span>45. 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horn+of+Africa&rft.atitle=Ogaden%3A+The+Land+But+Not+the+People&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3DP00004137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:63-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:63_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagmannKhalif2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hagmann, T.; Khalif, Mohamud H. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=P00004130">"Ethiopia: Conquest and Terror"</a>. <i>Horn of Africa</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">8–</span>19. 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horn+of+Africa&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%3A+Conquest+and+Terror&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3DP00004130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYihun2014" class="citation journal cs1">Yihun, Belete Belachew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samaynta.com/index.php/2017/02/13/ethiopian-professor-writes-about-ethiopian-policy-of-destabilizing-somalia/">"Ethiopian foreign policy and the Ogaden War: the shift from "containment" to "destabilization," 1977–1991"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Eastern_African_Studies" title="Journal of Eastern African Studies">Journal of Eastern African Studies</a></i>. <b>8</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">677–</span>691. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17531055.2014.947469">10.1080/17531055.2014.947469</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145481251">145481251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eastern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+foreign+policy+and+the+Ogaden+War%3A+the+shift+from+%22containment%22+to+%22destabilization%2C%22+1977%E2%80%931991&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E677-%3C%2Fspan%3E691&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17531055.2014.947469&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145481251%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yihun&rft.aufirst=Belete+Belachew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamaynta.com%2Findex.php%2F2017%2F02%2F13%2Fethiopian-professor-writes-about-ethiopian-policy-of-destabilizing-somalia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span> The version at samaynta.com lacks references.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2009214-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2009214_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2009">Tareke 2009</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberdorfer1968" class="citation news cs1">Oberdorfer, Don (5 March 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/03/05/the-superpowers-and-the-ogaden-war/00f60ef2-01b4-4cd3-8c5f-e545df388def/">"The Superpowers and the Ogaden War"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Superpowers+and+the+Ogaden+War&rft.date=1968-03-05&rft.aulast=Oberdorfer&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1978%2F03%2F05%2Fthe-superpowers-and-the-ogaden-war%2F00f60ef2-01b4-4cd3-8c5f-e545df388def%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamoud2006" class="citation book cs1">Mohamoud, Abdullah A. (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ahHabajshuwC&pg=PA123"><i>State Collapse and Post-conflict Development in Africa: The Case of Somalia (1960–2001)</i></a>. Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-413-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-413-2"><bdi>978-1-55753-413-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Collapse+and+Post-conflict+Development+in+Africa%3A+The+Case+of+Somalia+%281960%E2%80%932001%29&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-413-2&rft.aulast=Mohamoud&rft.aufirst=Abdullah+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DahHabajshuwC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaynes1979" class="citation news cs1">Jaynes, Gregory (19 November 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/19/archives/ogaden-refugees-overwhelming-somali-resources-bombing-increases-the.html">"Ogaden Refugees Overwhelming Somali Resources"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. NY times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ogaden+Refugees+Overwhelming+Somali+Resources&rft.date=1979-11-19&rft.aulast=Jaynes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F11%2F19%2Farchives%2Fogaden-refugees-overwhelming-somali-resources-bombing-increases-the.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2016" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Rebecca (24 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vz6gCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90"><i>Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-00466-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-00466-0"><bdi>978-1-317-00466-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Statebuilding%3A+Traditional+Governance+and+the+Modern+State+in+Somaliland&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1-317-00466-0&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvz6gCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanzenVitzthum2001" class="citation book cs1">Janzen, Jörg; Vitzthum, Stella von (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZJPm2j2iz4C&pg=PA41"><i>What are Somalia's Development Perspectives?: Science Between Resignation and Hope?</i></a>. Proceedings of the 6th SSIA Congress, Berlin 6–9 December 1996. Verlag Hans Schiler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86093-230-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86093-230-8"><bdi>978-3-86093-230-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+are+Somalia%27s+Development+Perspectives%3F%3A+Science+Between+Resignation+and+Hope%3F&rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+6th+SSIA+Congress%2C+Berlin+6%E2%80%939+December+1996&rft.pub=Verlag+Hans+Schiler&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-86093-230-8&rft.aulast=Janzen&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Vitzthum%2C+Stella+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZJPm2j2iz4C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2013" class="citation book cs1">Law, Ian (2013-09-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cfq3AAAAQBAJ"><i>Racism and Ethnicity: Global Debates, Dilemmas, Directions</i></a>. Routledge. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86434-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86434-9"><bdi>978-1-317-86434-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism+and+Ethnicity%3A+Global+Debates%2C+Dilemmas%2C+Directions&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86434-9&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcfq3AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyele2014" class="citation book cs1">Ayele, Fantahun (2014). <i>The Ethiopian Army: From Victory to Collapse, 1977–1991</i>. Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810130111" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810130111"><bdi>978-0810130111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Army%3A+From+Victory+to+Collapse%2C+1977%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0810130111&rft.aulast=Ayele&rft.aufirst=Fantahun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, M. (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i> (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786474707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786474707"><bdi>978-0786474707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0786474707&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2015" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Tom (2015). <i>Wings over Ogaden: The Ethiopian-Somali War (1978–1979)</i>. Africa @ War. Solihull: Helion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909982383" title="Special:BookSources/978-1909982383"><bdi>978-1909982383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wings+over+Ogaden%3A+The+Ethiopian-Somali+War+%281978%E2%80%931979%29&rft.place=Solihull&rft.series=Africa+%40+War&rft.pub=Helion&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1909982383&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrockatt1995" class="citation book cs1">Crockatt, Richard (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearswaruni0000croc"><i>The Fifty Years War: The United States and the Soviet Union in World Politics</i></a></span>. London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10471-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10471-5"><bdi>978-0-415-10471-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123491949">123491949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fifty+Years+War%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Soviet+Union+in+World+Politics&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123491949&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10471-5&rft.aulast=Crockatt&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffiftyyearswaruni0000croc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Waal1991" class="citation book cs1">De Waal, Alexander (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RcVFXUwraxsC"><i>Evil days: thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia</i></a>. New York: Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-038-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56432-038-3"><bdi>1-56432-038-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24504262">24504262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evil+days%3A+thirty+years+of+war+and+famine+in+Ethiopia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24504262&rft.isbn=1-56432-038-3&rft.aulast=De+Waal&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_RcVFXUwraxsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman1981" class="citation book cs1">Gorman, Robert F. (1981). <i>Political Conflict on the Horn of Africa</i>. Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishers">Praeger</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-030-59471-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-030-59471-7"><bdi>978-0-030-59471-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Conflict+on+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-030-59471-7&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefort1983" class="citation book cs1">Lefort, René (1983). <i>Ethiopia: An Heretical Revolution?</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-862-32154-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-862-32154-3"><bdi>978-0-862-32154-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%3A+An+Heretical+Revolution%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Zed+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-862-32154-3&rft.aulast=Lefort&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMekonnen2013" class="citation book cs1">Mekonnen, Yohannes K. (2013). <i>Ethiopia: The Land, Its People, History and Culture</i>. New Africa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9987160242" title="Special:BookSources/978-9987160242"><bdi>978-9987160242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%3A+The+Land%2C+Its+People%2C+History+and+Culture&rft.pub=New+Africa+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9987160242&rft.aulast=Mekonnen&rft.aufirst=Yohannes+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTareke2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tareke, Gebru (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/hi277/programme/t2w13/hi277_tareke.pdf">"The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_African_Historical_Studies" title="International Journal of African Historical Studies">International Journal of African Historical Studies</a></i>. <b>33</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">635–</span>667. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3097438">10.2307/3097438</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3097438">3097438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159829531">159829531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ethiopia-Somalia+War+of+1977+Revisited&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E667&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159829531%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3097438%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3097438&rft.aulast=Tareke&rft.aufirst=Gebru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarwick.ac.uk%2Ffac%2Farts%2Fhistory%2Fstudents%2Fmodules%2Fhi277%2Fprogramme%2Ft2w13%2Fhi277_tareke.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTareke2009" class="citation book cs1">——— (2009). <i>The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa</i>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14163-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14163-4"><bdi>978-0-300-14163-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Revolution%3A+War+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14163-4&rft.aulast=Tareke&rft.aufirst=Gebru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1983" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, ed. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDdyAAAAMAAJ"><i>Nationalism & Self Determination in the Horn of Africa</i></a> (I.M. ed.). Ithaca Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903729-93-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903729-93-2"><bdi>978-0-903729-93-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+%26+Self+Determination+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.edition=I.M.&rft.pub=Ithaca+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-903729-93-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDdyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrysdale1964" class="citation book cs1">Drysdale, John (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/467147"><i>The Somali Dispute</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Praeger_(publisher)" title="Frederick A. Praeger (publisher)">Frederick A. Praeger</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/467147">467147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Somali+Dispute&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F467147&rft.aulast=Drysdale&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F467147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdi2021" class="citation book cs1">Abdi, Mohamed Mohamud (2021). <i>A History of the Ogaden (Western Somali) Struggle for Self-Determination: Part I (1300–2007)</i> (2nd ed.). UK: Safis Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906342-39-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906342-39-5"><bdi>978-1-906342-39-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ogaden+%28Western+Somali%29+Struggle+for+Self-Determination%3A+Part+I+%281300%E2%80%932007%29&rft.place=UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Safis+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-906342-39-5&rft.aulast=Abdi&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Mohamud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallidayMolyneux1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Halliday, Fred</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Molyneux" title="Maxine Molyneux">Molyneux, Maxine</a> (1982). "Ethiopia's Revolution from Above". <i><a href="/wiki/MERIP_Reports" class="mw-redirect" title="MERIP Reports">MERIP Reports</a></i> (106): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3011492">10.2307/3011492</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3011492">3011492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MERIP+Reports&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%27s+Revolution+from+Above&rft.issue=106&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3011492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3011492%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Molyneux%2C+Maxine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitin1977" class="citation book cs1">Laitin, David D. (1977). <i>Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46791-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46791-7"><bdi>978-0-226-46791-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Language%2C+and+Thought%3A+The+Somali+Experience&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46791-7&rft.aulast=Laitin&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2016" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Nancy (2016). <i>Jimmy Carter in Africa: Race and the Cold War</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804793858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804793858"><bdi>978-0804793858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jimmy+Carter+in+Africa%3A+Race+and+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0804793858&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgaden+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogaden_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/oscar/ogaden1976.htm">Ogaden War 1976–1978 at OnWar.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urrib2000.narod.ru/Etiopia-e.html">Cuban Aviation at the Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203040124/http://info.newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Economics%20Politics%20and%20Tourism/APSA%202006/INTLREL/Lockyer,%20Adam.pdf">Adam Lockyer, Opposing Foreign Intervention’s Impact on the Course of Civil Wars: the Ethiopian-Ogaden Civil War, 1976–1980</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethiopia_articles555" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethiopia_topics" title="Template:Ethiopia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethiopia_topics" title="Template talk:Ethiopia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethiopia_articles555" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ethiopia-related_articles" title="Index of Ethiopia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ethiopia" title="Prehistoric Ethiopia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Kingdom of Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wolaita" title="Kingdom of Wolaita">Kingdom of Wolaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia" title="List of emperors of Ethiopia">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_lists_of_Ethiopia" title="Regnal lists of Ethiopia">regnal lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kingdom of Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelik%27s_Expansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik's Expansions">Menelik's Expansions</a></li> <li>Italo-Ethiopian wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">1887–89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_World_War_I" title="Ethiopia in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution" title="Ethiopian Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">1974 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Federal Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Eritrea%E2%80%93Ethiopia_summit" title="2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit">2018 peace summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Ethiopia" title="Territorial evolution of Ethiopia">Territorial evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Ethiopia" title="Geology of Ethiopia">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ethiopia" title="List of mountains in Ethiopia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia" title="List of rivers of Ethiopia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Ethiopia" title="List of lakes of Ethiopia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Ethiopia" title="List of volcanoes in Ethiopia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Ethiopia" title="List of earthquakes in Ethiopia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:Flora of Ethiopia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ethiopia" title="Wildlife of Ethiopia">Fauna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Ethiopia" title="Subdivisions of Ethiopia">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Regions_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of the Regions of Ethiopia">Governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia" title="List of zones of Ethiopia">Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia" title="Districts of Ethiopia">Woredas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Ethiopia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Ethiopia" title="Wards of Ethiopia">Kebele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ethiopia" title="Politics of Ethiopia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1995 Constitution of Ethiopia">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_Ethiopia" title="Constitutions of Ethiopia">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Government of Ethiopia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ethiopia" title="President of Ethiopia">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Ethiopia" title="List of presidents of Ethiopia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Ethiopia" title="List of heads of government of Ethiopia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Ethiopia)" title="Council of Ministers (Ethiopia)">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Federal Parliamentary Assembly">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ethiopia" title="List of political parties in Ethiopia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ethiopia" title="Elections in Ethiopia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ethiopia" title="Foreign relations of Ethiopia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Ethiopia" title="Foreign aid to Ethiopia">Foreign aid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Ethiopia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">National Defense Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Ground_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Military history of Ethiopia">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Army of the Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Navy" title="Ethiopian Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ethiopia" title="Economy of Ethiopia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ethiopia" title="Agriculture in Ethiopia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Ethiopia" title="List of banks in Ethiopia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Birr <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Ethiopia" title="List of companies of Ethiopia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Energy in Ethiopia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Ethiopia" title="Foreign aid to Ethiopia">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_development_policy_of_Ethiopia" title="Industrial development policy of Ethiopia">Industrial development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Ethiopia" title="Land reform in Ethiopia">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Ethiopia" title="Manufacturing in Ethiopia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Ethiopia" title="Taxation in Ethiopia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ethiopia" title="Telecommunications in Ethiopia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ethiopia" title="Tourism in Ethiopia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ethiopia" title="Trade unions in Ethiopia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ethiopia" title="Transport in Ethiopia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:Society of Ethiopia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ethiopia" title="Architecture of Ethiopia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Ethiopia" title="Child marriage in Ethiopia">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia" title="Demographics of Ethiopia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Ethiopia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famines_in_Ethiopia" title="Famines in Ethiopia">Famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia" title="Flag of Ethiopia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ethiopia" title="Health in Ethiopia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Ethiopia" title="Healthcare in Ethiopia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Maternal health in Ethiopia">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Women's health in Ethiopia">Women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ethiopia" title="Human rights in Ethiopia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ethiopia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ethiopia" title="Human trafficking in Ethiopia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ethiopia" title="Law enforcement in Ethiopia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians" title="Ethiopians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Ethiopia" title="Polygamy in Ethiopia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ethiopia" title="Public holidays in Ethiopia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ethiopia" title="Women in Ethiopia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ethiopia" title="Culture of Ethiopia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_literature" title="Ethiopian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Ethiopia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ethiopia" title="Sport in Ethiopia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ethiopia" title="Outline of Ethiopia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ethiopia-related_articles" title="Index of Ethiopia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethiopia" title="Category:Ethiopia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Somalia_articles436" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somalia_topics" title="Template:Somalia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somalia_topics" title="Template talk:Somalia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Somalia_articles436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Somalia-related_articles" title="Index of Somalia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walashma_dynasty" title="Walashma dynasty">Walashma dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi" title="Sultanate of the Geledi">Sultanate of the Geledi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate" title="Majeerteen Sultanate">Majeerteen Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo" title="Sultanate of Hobyo">Sultanate of Hobyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate" title="Warsangali Sultanate">Warsangali Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland" title="List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland" title="List of colonial governors of British Somaliland">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981–1991)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Rebellion <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986–1992)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia War (2006–2009)"><span style="font-size:85%;">Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–present)</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Somalia" title="Military history of Somalia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Somalia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Somalia">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia" title="Coat of arms of Somalia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia" title="Geography of Somalia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Somalia" title="List of cities in Somalia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Somalia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Somalia" title="Wildlife of Somalia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardafui_Channel" title="Guardafui Channel">Guardafui Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafun" title="Hafun">Hafun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Somalia" title="Category:Waterfalls of Somalia">Waterfalls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iskushuban" title="Iskushuban">Iskushuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamadaya" title="Lamadaya">Lamadaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Somalia" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Somalia">Mountain ranges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal_Madow" title="Cal Madow">Cal Madow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buur_Dhaab" title="Buur Dhaab">Buur Dhaab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Somalia" title="Category:Mountains of Somalia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bahaya" title="Mount Bahaya">Bahaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Somalia" title="Category:Islands of Somalia">Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_Islands" title="Bajuni Islands">Bajuni Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Somalia" title="Administrative divisions of Somalia">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakool" title="Bakool">Bakool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Banaadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari,_Somalia" title="Bari, Somalia">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay,_Somalia" title="Bay, Somalia">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galguduud" title="Galguduud">Galguduud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedo" title="Gedo">Gedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sool" title="Sool">Sool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiran,_Somalia" title="Hiran, Somalia">Hiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Juba" title="Middle Juba">Middle Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Juba" title="Lower Juba">Lower Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudug" title="Mudug">Mudug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nugal,_Somalia" title="Nugal, Somalia">Nugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Shebelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Shebelle">Middle Shebelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Shebelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Shebelle">Lower Shebelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woqooyi_Galbeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Woqooyi Galbeed">Woqooyi Galbeed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/States_and_regions_of_Somalia" title="States and regions of Somalia">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatumo" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatumo">Khatumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirshabelle" title="Hirshabelle">Hirshabelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubaland" title="Jubaland">Jubaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_State_of_Somalia" title="South West State of Somalia">South West Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Somalia" title="Politics of Somalia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Somalia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Somalia" title="Constitution of Somalia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Somalia" title="Elections in Somalia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia" title="Foreign relations of Somalia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somalia" title="Human rights in Somalia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Somalia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Somalia" title="Judiciary of Somalia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Law <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Xeer</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Somalia" title="Political history of Somalia">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Somalia" title="List of political parties in Somalia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somalia" title="List of presidents of Somalia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somalia" title="Economy of Somalia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Somalia" title="Agriculture in Somalia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia" title="Central Bank of Somalia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Somalia" title="List of companies of Somalia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Somalia" title="Economic history of Somalia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Somalia" title="Exclusive economic zone of Somalia">EEZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Somalia" title="Mineral industry of Somalia">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration_in_Puntland" title="Oil exploration in Puntland">Oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_shilling" title="Somali shilling">Shilling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Somalia" title="Communications in Somalia">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Somalia" title="Tourism in Somalia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Somalia" title="Transport in Somalia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Somalia" title="Category:Society of Somalia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qolobaa_Calankeed" title="Qolobaa Calankeed">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Somalia" title="Child marriage in Somalia">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia" title="Coat of arms of Somalia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia" title="Demographics of Somalia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somalia" title="Education in Somalia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Somalia" title="Health in Somalia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Somalia" title="Mental health in Somalia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia" title="Flag of Somalia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Somalia" title="Polygamy in Somalia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Somalia" title="Public holidays in Somalia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia" title="Culture of Somalia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_art" title="Somali art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Somalia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Somalia" title="Sports in Somalia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia" title="Languages of Somalia">Languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Somalia" title="Category:Somalia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Somalia" title="Portal:Somalia">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War16183" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War16183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Cuban_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1952 Cuban coup d'état">1952 Cuban coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escambray_rebellion" title="Escambray rebellion">Escambray rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91ancahuaz%C3%BA_Guerrilla" title="Ñancahuazú Guerrilla">Ñancahuazú Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethio-Somali_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethio-Somali War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cuba" title="Military history of Cuba">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_Cuba" title="Foreign interventions by Cuba">Foreign interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_military_internationalism" title="Cuban military internationalism">Military internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">FAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_(Cuba)" title="Ministry of the Revolutionary Armed Forces (Cuba)">MINFAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSR_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSR conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Soviet_Union46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi movement</a> (1917–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict</a> (1925–1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Chinese conflict</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Japanese border conflicts</a> (1932–1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a> (1931–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang rebellion</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a> (1944–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Polish anti-communist insurrection</a> (1944–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Baltic guerrilla war</a> (1944–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_resistance_by_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian guerrilla war</a> (1944–1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indochina_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina Wars">Indochina Wars</a> (1946–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Slav_ethnic_clashes_(1958%E2%80%931965)" title="Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes (1958–1965)">Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes</a> (1958–1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a> (1966–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> (1967–1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia invasion</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Chinese border conflict</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> (1974–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ogaden War</a> (1977–1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghan War</a> (1979–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> (1988–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Lithuanian OMON assaults</a> (1990–1991)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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