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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Colonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_rule_and_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_rule_and_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Australian rule and independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_rule_and_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bougainville" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bougainville"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Bougainville</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bougainville-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earthquakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Earthquakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime_and_human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime_and_human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Crime and human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime_and_human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_PNG_Constabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_PNG_Constabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Royal PNG Constabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_PNG_Constabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Land tenure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gold_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Gold discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urbanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Urbanisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>African</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>General information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Papua New Guinea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 231 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-231" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">231 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoea-Nieu-Guinee" title="Papoea-Nieu-Guinee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Papoea-Nieu-Guinee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Neuguinea" title="Papua-Neuguinea – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Papua-Neuguinea" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8D%91%E1%8B%8B_%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8C%8A%E1%8A%92" title="ፓፑዋ ኒው ጊኒ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓፑዋ ኒው ጊኒ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_U%C4%91%C4%91%C3%A2-Guinea" title="Papua Uđđâ-Guinea – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Papua Uđđâ-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पापुआ न्यू गीनिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पापुआ न्यू गीनिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_N%C4%ABwguineg" title="Papua Nīwguineg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Papua Nīwguineg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0-%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B0_%D2%BF%D1%8B%D1%86" title="Папуа-Гвинеиа ҿыц – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Папуа-Гвинеиа ҿыц" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="بابوا غينيا الجديدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بابوا غينيا الجديدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_y_Nueva_Guinea" title="Papua y Nueva Guinea – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Papua y Nueva Guinea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoasie-Nov%C3%A8la-Guin%C3%AA" title="Papoasie-Novèla-Guinê – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Papoasie-Novèla-Guinê" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%BAa_Nueva_Guinea" title="Papúa Nueva Guinea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Papúa Nueva Guinea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%BAa_Gin%C3%A9a_Pyahu" title="Papúa Ginéa Pyahu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Papúa Ginéa Pyahu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nu_Gini" title="Papua Nu Gini – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Papua Nu Gini" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Yeni_Qvineya" title="Papua-Yeni Qvineya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Papua-Yeni Qvineya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="پاپوا یئنی قینه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاپوا یئنی قینه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Papua Nugini" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="পাপুয়া নিউগিনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাপুয়া নিউগিনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Papua Nugini" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%AF%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Папуа — Яңы Гвинея – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Папуа — Яңы Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Папуа — Новая Гвінея – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Папуа — Новая Гвінея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Папуа-Новая Гвінэя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Папуа-Новая Гвінэя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Bagong_Guineya" title="Papua Bagong Guineya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Papua Bagong Guineya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Niugini" title="Papua Niugini – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Papua Niugini" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Папуа Нова Гвинея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Папуа Нова Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Neuguinea" title="Papua-Neuguinea – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Papua-Neuguinea" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="པ་པུ་འ་ནིའུ་གི་ནེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པ་པུ་འ་ནིའུ་གི་ནེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nova_Gvineja" title="Papua Nova Gvineja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Papua Nova Gvineja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoua_Ginea-Nevez" title="Papoua Ginea-Nevez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Papoua Ginea-Nevez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Папуа Шэнэ Гвиней – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Папуа Шэнэ Гвиней" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nova_Guinea" title="Papua Nova Guinea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Papua Nova Guinea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%C3%87%C4%95%D0%BD%C4%95_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Папуа — Çĕнĕ Гвиней – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Папуа — Çĕнĕ Гвиней" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nugini_sa_Papua" title="Nugini sa Papua – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nugini sa Papua" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nov%C3%A1_Guinea" title="Papua Nová Guinea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Papua Nová Guinea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nueva_Guinea" title="Papua Nueva Guinea – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Papua Nueva Guinea" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Gini_Newydd" title="Papua Gini Newydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Papua Gini Newydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Ny_Guinea" title="Papua Ny Guinea – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Papua Ny Guinea" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="پاپوا غينيا الجديدة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پاپوا غينيا الجديدة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_O%C4%91%C4%91a-Guinea" title="Papua Ođđa-Guinea – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Papua Ođđa-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Neuguinea" title="Papua-Neuguinea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Papua-Neuguinea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%A6%DE%95%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%A7_%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AA_%DE%8E%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A9" title="ޕަޕުއާ ނިއު ގިނީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕަޕުއާ ނިއު ގިނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chooy%C3%A9%C3%A9%C5%82_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Chooyééł Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chooyééł Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Neuguinea" title="Papua-Neuguinea – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Papua-Neuguinea" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पपुवा न्युगिनी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पपुवा न्युगिनी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paapua_Uus-Guinea" title="Paapua Uus-Guinea – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paapua Uus-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B1_%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B1" title="Παπούα Νέα Γουινέα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παπούα Νέα Γουινέα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%BAa_Nueva_Guinea" title="Papúa Nueva Guinea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papúa Nueva Guinea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuo-Nov-Gvineo" title="Papuo-Nov-Gvineo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Papuo-Nov-Gvineo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nueva_Guinea" title="Papua Nueva Guinea – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Papua Nueva Guinea" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Ginea_Berria" title="Papua Ginea Berria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Papua Ginea Berria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A2_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88" title="پاپوآ گینه نو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپوآ گینه نو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_N%C3%BDguinea" title="Papua Nýguinea – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Papua Nýguinea" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guin%C3%A9e" title="Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoea_Nij-Guine%C3%A4" title="Papoea Nij-Guineä – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Papoea Nij-Guineä" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nua-Ghuine_Phapua" title="Nua-Ghuine Phapua – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nua-Ghuine Phapua" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papooey_Guinea_Noa" title="Papooey Guinea Noa – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Papooey Guinea Noa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Eni_Gvineya" title="Papua Eni Gvineya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Papua Eni Gvineya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_Nuadh_Phaputhach" title="Gini Nuadh Phaputhach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gini Nuadh Phaputhach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%BAa_Nova_Guinea" title="Papúa Nova Guinea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Papúa Nova Guinea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%86_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%82_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80" title="પાપુઆ ન્યૂ ગિની – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પાપુઆ ન્યૂ ગિની" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पापुआ न्यू गिनी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पापुआ न्यू गिनी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%91%B8%EC%95%84%EB%89%B4%EA%B8%B0%EB%8B%88" title="파푸아뉴기니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파푸아뉴기니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabuwar_Gini_Papuwa" title="Sabuwar Gini Papuwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sabuwar Gini Papuwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81pua_N%C5%ABkini" title="Pāpua Nūkini – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pāpua Nūkini" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1_%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%B3%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1" title="Պապուա Նոր Գվինեա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պապուա Նոր Գվինեա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पापुआ न्यू गिनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पापुआ न्यू गिनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuwa-Nowa_Gineja" title="Papuwa-Nowa Gineja – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Papuwa-Nowa Gineja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nova_Gvineja" title="Papua Nova Gvineja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Papua Nova Gvineja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Nova-Guinea" title="Papua-Nova-Guinea – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papua-Nova-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Baro_a_Guinea" title="Papua Baro a Guinea – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papua Baro a Guinea" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="পাপুয়া নিউগিনি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পাপুয়া নিউগিনি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Papua Nugini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nove_Guinea" title="Papua Nove Guinea – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Papua Nove Guinea" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Nov_Guin%C3%A9a" title="Papua-Nov Guinéa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Papua-Nov Guinéa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B8%E1%90%B3%E1%90%8A_%E1%93%82%E1%90%85_%E1%92%8D%E1%90%83%E1%93%87" title="ᐸᐳᐊ ᓂᐅ ᒍᐃᓇ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐸᐳᐊ ᓂᐅ ᒍᐃᓇ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%C3%A6_%E2%80%94_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Папуæ — Ног Гвиней – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Папуæ — Ног Гвиней" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_eNtsha_yasePapuwa" title="Gini eNtsha yasePapuwa – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Gini eNtsha yasePapuwa" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Papua_Nyugini" title="I-Papua Nyugini – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Papua Nyugini" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%BAa_N%C3%BDja-G%C3%ADnea" title="Papúa Nýja-Gínea – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Papúa Nýja-Gínea" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nuova_Guinea" title="Papua Nuova Guinea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papua Nuova Guinea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%94" title="פפואה גינאה החדשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פפואה גינאה החדשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Niu_Guin%C3%A9a" title="Papua Niu Guinéa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Papua Niu Guinéa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuwazii_Kinee_K%C9%A9fal%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Papuwazii Kinee Kɩfalʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Papuwazii Kinee Kɩfalʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%85_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಾಪುಅ ನ್ಯೂ ಗಿನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾಪುಅ ನ್ಯೂ ಗಿನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Папуа — Джангы Гвинея – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Папуа — Джангы Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90-%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="პაპუა-ახალი გვინეა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პაპუა-ახალი გვინეა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Папуа — Жаңа Гвинея – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Папуа — Жаңа Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoua_Gyni_Nowydh" title="Papoua Gyni Nowydh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Papoua Gyni Nowydh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuwa_Nuveli_Gineya" title="Papuwa Nuveli Gineya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Papuwa Nuveli Gineya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Guinea_Mpya" title="Papua Guinea Mpya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papua Guinea Mpya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuaniuginia" title="Papuaniuginia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Papuaniuginia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papwazi-Nouv%C3%A8l-Gine" title="Papwazi-Nouvèl-Gine – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Papwazi-Nouvèl-Gine" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papouazi-Nouv%C3%A8l-Gin%C3%A9" title="Papouazi-Nouvèl-Giné – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Papouazi-Nouvèl-Giné" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_G%C3%AEneya_N%C3%BB" title="Papua Gîneya Nû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Papua Gîneya Nû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0-%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Папуа-Жаңы Гвинея – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Папуа-Жаңы Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%A3_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Папуа — У Гвиней – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Папуа — У Гвиней" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nueva_Guinea" title="Papua Nueva Guinea – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Papua Nueva Guinea" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດປາປົວນິວກີເນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດປາປົວນິວກີເນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nova_Guinea" title="Papua Nova Guinea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Papua Nova Guinea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Jaungvineja" title="Papua-Jaungvineja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Papua-Jaungvineja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Neiguinea" title="Papua-Neiguinea – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Papua-Neiguinea" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Naujoji_Gvin%C4%97ja" title="Papua Naujoji Gvinėja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Papua Naujoji Gvinėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Papua Nugini" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Neuva_Guinea" title="Papua Neuva Guinea – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Papua Neuva Guinea" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoea-Nui-Guinea" title="Papoea-Nui-Guinea – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Papoea-Nui-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papwa-Gin%C3%A9_ya_Sika" title="Papwa-Giné ya Sika – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Papwa-Giné ya Sika" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Gine_Nova" title="Papua Gine Nova – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Papua Gine Nova" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Uuzi_Guinea" title="Papua-Uuzi Guinea – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Papua-Uuzi Guinea" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_N%C3%B6va_Guinea" title="Papua Növa Guinea – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Papua Növa Guinea" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pua_%C3%9Aj-Guinea" title="Pápua Új-Guinea – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pápua Új-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Papua Nugini" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Папуа Нова Гвинеја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папуа Нова Гвинеја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoazia-Ginea-Vaovao" title="Papoazia-Ginea-Vaovao – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Papoazia-Ginea-Vaovao" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="പാപുവ ന്യൂ ഗിനിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാപുവ ന്യൂ ഗിനിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papwa_Gwinea_l-%C4%A0dida" title="Papwa Gwinea l-Ġdida – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Papwa Gwinea l-Ġdida" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_N%C5%ABkini" title="Papua Nūkini – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Papua Nūkini" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पापुआ न्यू गिनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पापुआ न्यू गिनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90-%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="პაპუა-ახალი გვინეა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პაპუა-ახალი გვინეა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بابوا نيو جينيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بابوا نيو جينيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A2_%D9%86%D9%88_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="پاپوآ نو گینه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پاپوآ نو گینه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8_%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯄꯥꯄꯨꯋꯥ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨ ꯒꯤꯅꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯥꯄꯨꯋꯥ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨ ꯒꯤꯅꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Papua Nugini" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Nuoba_Guin%C3%A9" title="Papua-Nuoba Guiné – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Papua-Nuoba Guiné" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Папуа Шинэ Гвиней – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Папуа Шинэ Гвиней" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပါပူအာနယူးဂီနီနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပါပူအာနယူးဂီနီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Niu_Gini" title="Papua Niu Gini – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Papua Niu Gini" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Niu_Kini" title="Papua Niu Kini – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Papua Niu Kini" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoea-Nieuw-Guinea" title="Papoea-Nieuw-Guinea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Papoea-Nieuw-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nyguinea" title="Papua Nyguinea – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Papua Nyguinea" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पपुवा न्युगिनी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पपुवा न्युगिनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पपुवा न्हु गिनिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पपुवा न्हु गिनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="パプアニューギニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パプアニューギニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Папуа — Керла Гвиней – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Папуа — Керла Гвиней" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Nei-Guinea" title="Papua-Nei-Guinea – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Papua-Nei-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nyuu_Gini" title="Papua Nyuu Gini – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Papua Nyuu Gini" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Ny-Guinea" title="Papua Ny-Guinea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Papua Ny-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Ny-Guinea" title="Papua Ny-Guinea – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Papua Ny-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoa-N%C3%B2va_Guin%C3%A8a" title="Papoa-Nòva Guinèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Papoa-Nòva Guinèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%86_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%89_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF" title="ପାପୁଆ ନିଉ ଗିନି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାପୁଆ ନିଉ ଗିନି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paappu%27aa_Niwuu_Giinii" title="Paappu'aa Niwuu Giinii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Paappu'aa Niwuu Giinii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Yangi_Gvineya" title="Papua Yangi Gvineya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Papua Yangi Gvineya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਪਾਪੂਆ ਨਿਊ ਗਿਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਪੂਆ ਨਿਊ ਗਿਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पपुवा न्यू गिनी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पपुवा न्यू गिनी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuwa_Niw_Kiniya" title="Papuwa Niw Kiniya – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Papuwa Niw Kiniya" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پاپوانیوگنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاپوانیوگنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Nieuw-Guinea" title="Papua-Nieuw-Guinea – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Papua-Nieuw-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%90_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87" title="نوې پاپواګينه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوې پاپواګينه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nyuu_Gini" title="Papua Nyuu Gini – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Papua Nyuu Gini" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%81" title="ប៉ាពួនូវែលគីនេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប៉ាពួនូវែលគីនេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Neuva_Guinea" title="Papua Neuva Guinea – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Papua Neuva Guinea" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Niugini" title="Papua Niugini – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Papua Niugini" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Niegguinea" title="Papua-Niegguinea – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Papua-Niegguinea" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Nowa_Gwinea" title="Papua-Nowa Gwinea – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Papua-Nowa Gwinea" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Nova_Guin%C3%A9" title="Papua-Nova Guiné – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papua-Nova Guiné" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Ja%C5%84a_Gvineya" title="Papua-Jańa Gvineya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Papua-Jańa Gvineya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Ya%C3%B1%C4%B1_Gvineya" title="Papua Yañı Gvineya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Papua Yañı Gvineya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81pua" title="Pāpua – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Pāpua" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Noua_Guinee" title="Papua Noua Guinee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papua Noua Guinee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papwa_%C3%91ukini" title="Papwa Ñukini – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Papwa Ñukini" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D2%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Папуа Нова Ґвінея – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Папуа Нова Ґвінея" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Папуа — Новая Гвинея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Папуа — Новая Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Папуа Саҥа Гвинея – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Папуа Саҥа Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Niu_Kini" title="Papua Niu Kini – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Papua Niu Kini" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पापुआ नवगिनी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पापुआ नवगिनी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%BB_Fin%C3%AE_Gin%C3%ABe" title="Papû Finî Ginëe – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Papû Finî Ginëe" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3_%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0pua_Noa_Guinea" title="Pàpua Noa Guinea – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pàpua Noa Guinea" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Guinea_e_Re" title="Papua Guinea e Re – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Papua Guinea e Re" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nova_Guinea" title="Papua Nova Guinea – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Papua Nova Guinea" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පැපුවා නවගිනියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පැපුවා නවගිනියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%8A" title="پاپوا نيو گني – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پاپوا نيو گني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Nov%C3%A1_Guinea" title="Papua-Nová Guinea – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Papua-Nová Guinea" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuanska_Nova_Gvineja" title="Papuanska Nova Gvineja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papuanska Nova Gvineja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B0_%C2%B7_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%94%EA%99%97" title="Папоуа · Нова Гвинєꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Папоуа · Нова Гвинєꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Nowo_Gwinyjo" title="Papua-Nowo Gwinyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Papua-Nowo Gwinyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A7_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8E%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8E" title="پاپوا گینێی نوێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاپوا گینێی نوێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Папуа Нова Гвинеја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папуа Нова Гвинеја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nova_Gvineja" title="Papua Nova Gvineja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Papua Nova Gvineja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Papua Nugini" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Uusi-Guinea" title="Papua-Uusi-Guinea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Papua-Uusi-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nya_Guinea" title="Papua Nya Guinea – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Papua Nya Guinea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nueva_Guinea" title="Papua Nueva Guinea – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papua Nueva Guinea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="பப்புவா நியூ கினி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பப்புவா நியூ கினி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Ginya_Tamaynut" title="Papua Ginya Tamaynut – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Papua Ginya Tamaynut" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%AF%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Папуа — Яңа Гвинея – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Папуа — Яңа Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%82%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းပႃးပႂႃႇၼိဝ်းၵီးၼီး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပႃးပႂႃႇၼိဝ်းၵီးၼီး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_new_guinea" title="Papua new guinea – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Papua new guinea" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80" title="ప్యాపువా న్యూ గినీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్యాపువా న్యూ గినీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศปาปัวนิวกินี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศปาปัวนิวกินี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Папуа Гвинеяи Нав – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Папуа Гвинеяи Нав" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81pua_Niu_Kini" title="Pāpua Niu Kini – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pāpua Niu Kini" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%87%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%A4%E1%8E%A9%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%82" title="ᏆᏇᎢᏤᎩᎢᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏆᏇᎢᏤᎩᎢᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Yeni_Gine" title="Papua Yeni Gine – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Papua Yeni Gine" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-T%C3%A4ze_Gwine%C3%BDa" title="Papua-Täze Gwineýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Papua-Täze Gwineýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papwa_Gini_A%CC%B1fai" title="Papwa Gini A̱fai – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Papwa Gini A̱fai" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Папуа — Выль Гвинея – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Папуа — Выль Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Папуа Нова Гвінея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Папуа Нова Гвінея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پاپوا نیو گنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاپوا نیو گنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%87%D8%A6%D8%A7_%D9%8A%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89_%DA%AF%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%86%DB%90%D9%8A%DB%95" title="پاپۇئا يېڭى گۋىنېيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پاپۇئا يېڭى گۋىنېيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nova_Guinea" title="Papua Nova Guinea – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Papua Nova Guinea" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_%E2%80%94_Uz%27_Gvinei" title="Papua — Uz' Gvinei – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Papua — Uz' Gvinei" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuve%C3%A4n_Nula-Giney%C3%A4n" title="Papuveän Nula-Gineyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Papuveän Nula-Gineyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paapua_Vahts%C3%B5n%C3%B5_Ginea" title="Paapua Vahtsõnõ Ginea – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Paapua Vahtsõnõ Ginea" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" title="巴布亞新幾內亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴布亞新幾內亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%BAa_Nueva_Guinea" title="Papúa Nueva Guinea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papúa Nueva Guinea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuwaasi-Gine-Gu-Bees" title="Papuwaasi-Gine-Gu-Bees – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Papuwaasi-Gine-Gu-Bees" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" title="巴布亞新幾內亞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴布亞新幾內亞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="פאפוא ניי גינע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאפוא ניי גינע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%B0%E7%95%BF%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" title="巴布亞新畿內亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴布亞新畿內亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Gineya_Newiye" title="Papua Gineya Newiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Papua Gineya Newiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoea_Nieuw-Hunea" title="Papoea Nieuw-Hunea – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Papoea Nieuw-Hunea" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Naujuoj%C4%97_Gv%C4%97niej%C4%97" title="Papua Naujuojė Gvėniejė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Papua Naujuojė Gvėniejė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B0%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A" title="巴布亚新几内亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴布亚新几内亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Papua Nugini" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Papua New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Papua Nugini" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C" title="ⴱⴰⴱⵡⴰ ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⴰⴱⵡⴰ ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q691#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Papua_New_Guinea&params=6_S_147_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°S</span> <span class="longitude">147°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6°S 147°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-6; 147</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until April 11, 2025 at 20:47 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Oceania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country in Oceania. For the island in general, see <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. For the Indonesian western half of the island, see <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Papua_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Papua (disambiguation)">Papua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Guinea (disambiguation)">Guinea (disambiguation)</a>. For the single by the Future Sound of London, see <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_(song)" title="Papua New Guinea (song)">Papua New Guinea (song)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Independent State of Papua New Guinea</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tok Pisin language">Tok Pisin</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Hiri Motu-language text"><i lang="ho">Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hiri_Motu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiri Motu language">Hiri Motu</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Papua New Guinea"><img alt="Flag of Papua New Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/125px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/188px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/250px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Flag of Papua New Guinea">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem of Papua New Guinea"><img alt="National emblem of Papua New Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/National_emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/130px-National_emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/National_emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/195px-National_emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/National_emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/260px-National_emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Emblem of Papua New Guinea">National emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: '</b><a href="/wiki/Unity_in_diversity" title="Unity in diversity">Unity in diversity</a>'<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<a href="/wiki/O_Arise,_All_You_Sons" title="O Arise, All You Sons">O Arise, All You Sons</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="58" data-mwtitle="O_Arise,_All_You_Sons_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/O_Arise%2C_All_You_Sons_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/O_Arise%2C_All_You_Sons_%28instrumental%29.ogg/O_Arise%2C_All_You_Sons_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AO_Arise%2C_All_You_Sons_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AO_Arise%2C_All_You_Sons_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AO_Arise%2C_All_You_Sons_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AO_Arise%2C_All_You_Sons_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=tpi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tpi" label="Tok Pisin ‪(tpi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AO_Arise%2C_All_You_Sons_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PNG_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Papua New Guinea (green)"><img alt="Location of Papua New Guinea (green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/PNG_orthographic.svg/250px-PNG_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/PNG_orthographic.svg/375px-PNG_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/PNG_orthographic.svg/500px-PNG_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Papua New Guinea (green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Papua_New_Guinea&params=09_28_44_S_147_08_58_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">09°28′44″S</span> <span class="longitude">147°08′58″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.47889°S 147.14944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-9.47889; 147.14944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages<sup id="cite_ref-cia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sign_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sign-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua New Guinean English">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiri_Motu" title="Hiri Motu">Hiri Motu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">PNG Sign Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-lang"><b>Indigenous languages</b></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">851 languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-2011_stat_report_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_stat_report-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>95.5% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>64.3% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>26.0% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li> <li>5.2% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">3.1% unspecified</li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.4% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">others</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">none</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Demographics of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinean</a> • Papuan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Politics of Papua New Guinea">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary constitutional monarchy">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Governor-General of Papua New Guinea">Governor-General</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dadae" title="Bob Dadae">Bob Dadae</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Marape" title="James Marape">James Marape</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Parliament_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="National Parliament of Papua New Guinea">National Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Independence <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Papua_and_New_Guinea_Act_1949" title="Papua and New Guinea Act 1949">Papua and New Guinea Act 1949</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Independence_Act_1975" title="Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975">Declared and recognised</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 September 1975</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Geography of Papua New Guinea">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">462,840 km<sup>2</sup> (178,700 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">54th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Demographics of Papua New Guinea">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 11,781,559<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">82nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2011 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,257,324<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">15/km<sup>2</sup> (38.8/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">201st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $41.785 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.PG_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">124th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $3,403<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.PG_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">145th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $31.692 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.PG_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">110th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $2,581<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.PG_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">129th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2009)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">41.9<sup id="cite_ref-gini_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gini-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#707070">medium inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.568<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">medium</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">154th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_kina" title="Papua New Guinean kina">Kina</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">PGK</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+10, +11</span> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Time in Papua New Guinea">PNGST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Telephone numbers in Papua New Guinea">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B675" class="mw-redirect" title="+675">+675</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:PG" title="ISO 3166-2:PG">PG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.pg" title=".pg">.pg</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Papua New Guinea</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Independent State of Papua New Guinea</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a country in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> that comprises the eastern half of the island of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and its offshore islands in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> (a region of the southwestern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>). It shares its <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_border" title="Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border">only land border</a> with <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> to the west and its other close neighbours are Australia to the south and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> to the east. Its capital, located on its southern coast, is <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a>. The country is the world's third largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_island_countries" title="List of island countries">island country</a>, with an area of 462,840 km<sup>2</sup> (178,700 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-world-atlas_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-atlas-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Split in the 1880s between <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a> in the North and the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">British Territory of Papua</a> in the South, all of present-day Papua New Guinea came under Australian control following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, with the legally distinct <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Territory of New Guinea</a> being established out of the former German colony as a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. The nation was the site of fierce fighting during the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Papua New Guinea became an independent <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a> in 1975 with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> as its Queen. Since <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II's death</a> in 2022, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> has been the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">King</a>. </p><p>There are 840 known <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">languages of Papua New Guinea</a> (including English), making it the most linguistically diverse country in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also one of the most rural countries, with only 13.25% of its population living in urban centres in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of its people live in <a href="/wiki/Customary_land" title="Customary land">customary communities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Hawaii_Press_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Hawaii_Press-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although government estimates reported the country's population to be 11.8 million,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was reported in December 2022 that its population was in fact closer to 17 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Lagan202212_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagan202212-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papua New Guinea is the most populous Pacific island country. </p><p>The country is believed to be the home of many undocumented species of plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Papua New Guinea is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Developing_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing economy">developing economy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nearly 40% of the population are <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence farmers</a>, living relatively independently of the cash economy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their traditional social groupings are explicitly acknowledged by the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Papua_New_Guinea#Constitution" title="Law of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea Constitution</a>, which expresses the wish for "traditional villages and communities to remain as viable units of Papua New Guinean society"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and protects their continuing importance to local and national community life. Papua New Guinea has been an observer state in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (<a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>) since 1976, and has filed its application for full membership status.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a full member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p><i>Papua</i> is derived from a local term of uncertain origin.<sup id="cite_ref-tides_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tides-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the islands of New Guinea, the Portuguese captain and geographer <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Galv%C3%A3o" title="António Galvão">António Galvão</a> wrote that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The people of all these islands are blacke, and have their haire frisled, whom the people of <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluco</a> do call Papuas.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>"New Guinea" (<i>Nueva Guinea</i>) was the name <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">coined</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B1igo_Ortiz_de_Retez" title="Yñigo Ortiz de Retez">Yñigo Ortiz de Retez</a>. In 1545, he noted the resemblance of the people to those he had earlier seen along the <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea</a> coast of Africa. Guinea, in its turn, is etymologically derived from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Guin%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:Guiné">Guiné</a></i>. The name is one of several <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponyms</a> sharing similar <a href="/wiki/Place_name_origins" title="Place name origins">etymologies</a>, ultimately meaning "land of the blacks" or similar meanings, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Dark_skin" title="Dark skin">dark skin</a> of the inhabitants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="History of Papua New Guinea">History of Papua New Guinea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picturesque_New_Guinea_Plate_XXXIII_-_Kerepunu_Women_at_the_Market_Place_of_Kalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Picturesque_New_Guinea_Plate_XXXIII_-_Kerepunu_Women_at_the_Market_Place_of_Kalo.jpg/220px-Picturesque_New_Guinea_Plate_XXXIII_-_Kerepunu_Women_at_the_Market_Place_of_Kalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Picturesque_New_Guinea_Plate_XXXIII_-_Kerepunu_Women_at_the_Market_Place_of_Kalo.jpg/330px-Picturesque_New_Guinea_Plate_XXXIII_-_Kerepunu_Women_at_the_Market_Place_of_Kalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Picturesque_New_Guinea_Plate_XXXIII_-_Kerepunu_Women_at_the_Market_Place_of_Kalo.jpg/440px-Picturesque_New_Guinea_Plate_XXXIII_-_Kerepunu_Women_at_the_Market_Place_of_Kalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="2116" /></a><figcaption>Kerepunu women at the marketplace of Kalo, British New Guinea, 1885</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_gable_image,_Sawos_people,_Papua_New_Guinea,_Bishop_Museum,_1989.400.358.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Female_gable_image%2C_Sawos_people%2C_Papua_New_Guinea%2C_Bishop_Museum%2C_1989.400.358.JPG/220px-Female_gable_image%2C_Sawos_people%2C_Papua_New_Guinea%2C_Bishop_Museum%2C_1989.400.358.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Female_gable_image%2C_Sawos_people%2C_Papua_New_Guinea%2C_Bishop_Museum%2C_1989.400.358.JPG/330px-Female_gable_image%2C_Sawos_people%2C_Papua_New_Guinea%2C_Bishop_Museum%2C_1989.400.358.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Female_gable_image%2C_Sawos_people%2C_Papua_New_Guinea%2C_Bishop_Museum%2C_1989.400.358.JPG/440px-Female_gable_image%2C_Sawos_people%2C_Papua_New_Guinea%2C_Bishop_Museum%2C_1989.400.358.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3175" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>Female gable image, Sawos people, Oceanic art in the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Museum" title="Bishop Museum">Bishop Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reading_the_proclamation_of_annexation,_Mr_Lawe%27s_house,_Port_Moresby,_New_Guinea,_November_1884_-_photographer_John_Paine_or_Augustine_E._Dyer_(5708761723).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Reading_the_proclamation_of_annexation%2C_Mr_Lawe%27s_house%2C_Port_Moresby%2C_New_Guinea%2C_November_1884_-_photographer_John_Paine_or_Augustine_E._Dyer_%285708761723%29.jpg/220px-Reading_the_proclamation_of_annexation%2C_Mr_Lawe%27s_house%2C_Port_Moresby%2C_New_Guinea%2C_November_1884_-_photographer_John_Paine_or_Augustine_E._Dyer_%285708761723%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Reading_the_proclamation_of_annexation%2C_Mr_Lawe%27s_house%2C_Port_Moresby%2C_New_Guinea%2C_November_1884_-_photographer_John_Paine_or_Augustine_E._Dyer_%285708761723%29.jpg/330px-Reading_the_proclamation_of_annexation%2C_Mr_Lawe%27s_house%2C_Port_Moresby%2C_New_Guinea%2C_November_1884_-_photographer_John_Paine_or_Augustine_E._Dyer_%285708761723%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Reading_the_proclamation_of_annexation%2C_Mr_Lawe%27s_house%2C_Port_Moresby%2C_New_Guinea%2C_November_1884_-_photographer_John_Paine_or_Augustine_E._Dyer_%285708761723%29.jpg/440px-Reading_the_proclamation_of_annexation%2C_Mr_Lawe%27s_house%2C_Port_Moresby%2C_New_Guinea%2C_November_1884_-_photographer_John_Paine_or_Augustine_E._Dyer_%285708761723%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="1710" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a> of southeast New Guinea in 1884</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological evidence indicates that humans first arrived in Papua New Guinea around 42,000 to 45,000 years ago. They were descendants of migrants out of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, in one of the early waves of human migration.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> by Christopher Klein et al. suggests that it was about 50,000 years ago that these peoples reached <a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a> (the paleocontinent consisting of present-day Australia and New Guinea). The <a href="/wiki/Past_sea_level" title="Past sea level">sea levels rose</a> and isolated New Guinea about 10,000 years ago, but Aboriginal Australians and Papuans diverged from each other genetically earlier, about 37,000 years BP.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evolutionary geneticist <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a> found that people of New Guinea share 4%–7% of their genome with the <a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a>, indicating that the ancestors of Papuans <a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">interbred</a> in Asia with these archaic hominins.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agriculture was independently developed in the New Guinea highlands around 7000 BC, making it one of the few areas in the world where people independently domesticated plants.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major migration of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian-speaking</a> peoples to coastal regions of New Guinea took place around 500 BC. This has been correlated with the introduction of pottery, pigs, and certain fishing techniques. </p><p>In the 18th century, traders brought the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a> to New Guinea, where it was adopted and became a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a>. <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese traders</a> had obtained it from South America and introduced it to the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The far higher crop yields from sweet potato radically transformed traditional agriculture and societies. Sweet potato largely supplanted the previous staple, <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, and resulted in a significant increase in population in the highlands. </p><p>Although by the late 20th century <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a> had been practically eradicated, in the past they were practised in many parts of the country as part of rituals related to <a href="/wiki/Ritual_warfare" title="Ritual warfare">warfare</a> and taking in enemy spirits or powers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1901, on <a href="/wiki/Goaribari_Island" title="Goaribari Island">Goaribari Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Papua" title="Gulf of Papua">Gulf of Papua</a>, missionary <a href="/wiki/Harry_Moore_Dauncey" title="Harry Moore Dauncey">Harry Dauncey</a> found 10,000 skulls in the island's long houses, a demonstration of past practices.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Marianna Torgovnick, writing in 1991, "The most fully documented instances of cannibalism as a social institution come from New Guinea, where head-hunting and ritual cannibalism survived, in certain isolated areas, into the Fifties, Sixties, and Seventies, and still leave traces within certain social groups."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_encounters">European encounters</h3></div> <p>Little was known in Europe about the island until the 19th century, although Portuguese and Spanish explorers, such as Dom <a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Menezes" title="Jorge de Menezes">Jorge de Menezes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B1igo_Ortiz_de_Retez" title="Yñigo Ortiz de Retez">Yñigo Ortiz de Retez</a>, had encountered it as early as the 16th century. Traders from Southeast Asia visited New Guinea beginning 5,000 years ago to collect <a href="/wiki/Bird-of-paradise" title="Bird-of-paradise">bird-of-paradise</a> plumes.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missionaries">Missionaries</h3></div> <p>Christianity was introduced to New Guinea on 15 September 1847 when a group of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)" title="Society of Mary (Marists)">Marist missionaries</a> came to <a href="/wiki/Woodlark_Island" title="Woodlark Island">Woodlark Island</a>. They established their first mission on <a href="/wiki/Umboi_Island" title="Umboi Island">Umboi Island</a>. Following that year, they were forced to withdraw their mission endeavour. Five years later on 8 October 1852, the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Institute_for_Foreign_Missions" title="Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions">Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions</a>, a pontifical institute, reestablished the mission on Woodlark Island, encountering sickness and resistance from local people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonialism">Colonialism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Guinea_(1884-1919).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/New_Guinea_%281884-1919%29.png/220px-New_Guinea_%281884-1919%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/New_Guinea_%281884-1919%29.png/330px-New_Guinea_%281884-1919%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/New_Guinea_%281884-1919%29.png/440px-New_Guinea_%281884-1919%29.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>New Guinea from 1884 to 1919. <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a> controlled the eastern half of New Guinea.</figcaption></figure> <p>The country's dual name results from its complex administrative history before independence. Beginning in 1884, the region was split between two colonial powers. <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> ruled the northern half of the country for several decades as a colony named <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a>, while the southern part of the country became a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>. </p><p>In 1888, the British protectorate, as well as some adjacent islands, were annexed by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> as British New Guinea. In 1902, Papua was effectively transferred to the authority of the new British <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. With the passage of the Papua Act 1905, the area was officially renamed the Territory of Papua, and the Australian administration became formal in 1906. </p><p>Following the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914, Australian forces <a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">captured German New Guinea</a> and occupied it throughout the war. After Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> were defeated in the war, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> authorised Australia to administer this area as a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a> territory, which became the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Territory of New Guinea</a>. </p><p>In contrast to establishing an Australian mandate in former German New Guinea, the League of Nations determined that Papua was an external territory of the Australian Commonwealth; as a matter of law it remained a British possession. The difference in legal status meant that until 1949, Papua (former British protectorate <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Territory of Papua</a>) and New Guinea (former German territory <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a>) had entirely separate administrations, both controlled by Australia. These conditions contributed to the complexity of organising the country's post-independence legal system. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands" title="New Guinea Highlands">highland valleys</a> were first explored by Australians in the 1930s and were found to be inhabited by over a million people.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_infantry_and_armour_at_Buna_(AWM_014008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Australian_infantry_and_armour_at_Buna_%28AWM_014008%29.jpg/220px-Australian_infantry_and_armour_at_Buna_%28AWM_014008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Australian_infantry_and_armour_at_Buna_%28AWM_014008%29.jpg/330px-Australian_infantry_and_armour_at_Buna_%28AWM_014008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Australian_infantry_and_armour_at_Buna_%28AWM_014008%29.jpg/440px-Australian_infantry_and_armour_at_Buna_%28AWM_014008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Australian forces attack Japanese positions during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buna%E2%80%93Gona" title="Battle of Buna–Gona">Battle of Buna–Gona</a>, 7 January 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a> (1942–1945) was one of the major military campaigns and conflicts between Japan and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. Approximately 216,000 Japanese, Australian, and U.S. servicemen died.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II and the victory of the Allies, the two territories were combined into the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Territory of Papua and New Guinea</a>. This was later referred to as "Papua New Guinea." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_rule_and_independence">Australian rule and independence</h3></div> <p>After World War II, Australia administered the two newly combined territories of Papua and New Guinea. By 1951, a 28-member <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea">Legislative Council</a> was instituted, although this was largely dominated by Australian administrative members, with only 3 seats allocated to Papua New Guineans. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cleland" title="Donald Cleland">Sir Donald Cleland</a>, an Australian soldier, became the first administrator of this new council. </p><p>In 1964, the Council was replaced by the 64-member <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea">House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea</a>, which for the first time had a majority of Papua New Guinean members. The Assembly increased to 84 members in 1967 and 100 by 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Debate began over Australian administration both in Papua New Guinea and Australia, with the Bougainville independence movement pushing for greater autonomy as Australian mining company <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a>'s exploitative practices became extremely controversial to the region's indigenous landowners, with demands for compensation being made.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian Opposition Leader <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> visited Papua New Guinea in 1970 and 1971, amid further calls for independence by the <a href="/wiki/Tolai_people" title="Tolai people">Tolai people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gazelle_Peninsula" title="Gazelle Peninsula">Gazelle Peninsula</a>. He called for self-governance for the Territory as early as 1972. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/1972_Papua_New_Guinean_general_election" title="1972 Papua New Guinean general election">1972 Papua New Guinean general election</a> in July, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare">Michael Somare</a> was elected as the first Papua New Guinean Chief Minister of the Territory. In December, Whitlam was elected as Prime Minister at the <a href="/wiki/1972_Australian_federal_election" title="1972 Australian federal election">1972 Australian federal election</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitlam Government">Whitlam Government</a> then instituted self-governance under the rule of Somare in late 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next two years, further arguments for independence were forwarded, culminating in the Whitlam Government passing the <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Independence_Act_1975" title="Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975">Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975</a> in September 1975, citing the 16th of September 1975 as the date of independence. </p><p>Whitlam and then-<a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Prince Charles</a> attended the independence ceremony, with Somare continuing as the country's first Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bougainville">Bougainville</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biami_people,_near_Nomad_patrol_post,_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Biami_people%2C_near_Nomad_patrol_post%2C_1964.jpg/220px-Biami_people%2C_near_Nomad_patrol_post%2C_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Biami_people%2C_near_Nomad_patrol_post%2C_1964.jpg/330px-Biami_people%2C_near_Nomad_patrol_post%2C_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Biami_people%2C_near_Nomad_patrol_post%2C_1964.jpg/440px-Biami_people%2C_near_Nomad_patrol_post%2C_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Australian <a href="/wiki/Kiap" title="Kiap">patrol officer</a> in 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>A secessionist revolt in 1975–76 on <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville Island</a> resulted in an eleventh-hour modification of the draft <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Law of Papua New Guinea">Constitution of Papua New Guinea</a> to allow for Bougainville and the other eighteen districts to have quasi-federal status as provinces. A renewed <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bougainville Civil War">uprising on Bougainville</a> started in 1988 and claimed 20,000 lives until it was resolved in 1997. Bougainville had been the primary mining region of the country, generating 40% of the national budget. The native peoples felt they were bearing the adverse environmental effects of the mining, which contaminated the land, water and air, without gaining a fair share of the profits.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government and rebels negotiated a peace agreement that established the Bougainville Autonomous District and Province. The autonomous Bougainville elected <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabui" title="Joseph Kabui">Joseph Kabui</a> as president in 2005, who served until he died in 2008. He was succeeded by his deputy <a href="/wiki/John_Tabinaman" title="John Tabinaman">John Tabinaman</a> as acting president while an election to fill the unexpired term was organised. <a href="/wiki/James_Tanis" title="James Tanis">James Tanis</a> won that election in December 2008 and served until the inauguration of John Momis, the winner of the 2010 elections. As part of the current peace settlement, a non-binding <a href="/wiki/2019_Bougainvillean_independence_referendum" title="2019 Bougainvillean independence referendum">independence referendum</a> was held, between 23 November and 7 December 2019. The referendum question was a choice between greater autonomy within Papua New Guinea and full independence for Bougainville, and voters voted overwhelmingly (98.31%) for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations between the Bougainville government and national Papua New Guinea on a path to Bougainville independence began after the referendum, and are ongoing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Geography of Papua New Guinea">Geography of Papua New Guinea</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Papua_New_Guinea_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Papua_New_Guinea_map.png" decoding="async" width="322" height="346" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Map of Papua New Guinea</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg/330px-Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg/495px-Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg/660px-Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Share of forest area in total land area, top countries (2021). Papua New Guinea has the eighth highest percentage of forest cover in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>At 462,840 km<sup>2</sup> (178,704 sq mi), Papua New Guinea is the world's 54th-largest country and the third-largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_island_countries" title="List of island countries">island country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-world-atlas_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-atlas-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papua New Guinea is part of the <a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian realm</a>, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indonesia" title="Eastern Indonesia">eastern Indonesia</a>, and several Pacific island groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>. Including all its islands, it lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">0°</a> and <a href="/wiki/12th_parallel_south" title="12th parallel south">12°S</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/140th_meridian_east" title="140th meridian east">140°</a> and <a href="/wiki/160th_meridian_east" title="160th meridian east">160°E</a>. It has an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> of 2,402,288 km<sup>2</sup> (927,529 sq mi). The mainland of the country is the eastern half of New Guinea island, where the largest towns are also located, including <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a> (capital) and <a href="/wiki/Lae" title="Lae">Lae</a>; other major islands within Papua New Guinea include <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)">New Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manus_Island" title="Manus Island">Manus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville</a>. </p><p>Located north of the Australian mainland, the country's geography is diverse and, in places, extremely rugged. A spine of mountains, the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands" title="New Guinea Highlands">New Guinea Highlands</a>, runs the length of the island of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, forming a populous <a href="/wiki/Highland" title="Highland">highlands</a> region mostly covered with <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>, and the long <a href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula" title="Papuan Peninsula">Papuan Peninsula</a>, known as the 'Bird's Tail'. Dense <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a> can be found in the lowland and coastal areas as well as very large <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> areas surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Sepik" title="Sepik">Sepik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fly_River" title="Fly River">Fly</a> rivers. This terrain has made it difficult for the country to develop transportation infrastructure. This has made it so that air travel is often the most efficient and reliable means of transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest peak is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilhelm" title="Mount Wilhelm">Mount Wilhelm</a> at 4,509 metres (14,793 ft). Papua New Guinea is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> which are under close watch, in the interests of preservation. <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="List of rivers of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea's largest rivers</a> are in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and include <a href="/wiki/Sepik" title="Sepik">Sepik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu">Ramu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markham_River" title="Markham River">Markham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musa_River" title="Musa River">Musa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purari_River" title="Purari River">Purari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kikori_River" title="Kikori River">Kikori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turama_River" title="Turama River">Turama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wawoi_River" title="Wawoi River">Wawoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fly_River" title="Fly River">Fly</a>. </p><p>The country is situated on the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>, at the point of collision of several <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plates</a>. Geologically, the island of New Guinea is a northern extension of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian tectonic plate</a>, forming part of a single land mass which is <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia-New Guinea</a> (also called <i>Sahul</i> or <i>Meganesia</i>). It is connected to the Australian segment by a shallow <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a>, which in former ages lay exposed as a <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a>, particularly during <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a> when sea levels were lower than at present. As the Indo-Australian Plate (which includes landmasses of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Australia, and the Indian Ocean floor in between) drifts north, it collides with the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>. The collision of the two plates pushed up the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, the Indonesian islands, and New Guinea's <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands" title="New Guinea Highlands">Central Range</a>. The Central Range is much younger and higher than the mountains of Australia, so high that it is home to rare equatorial <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>. </p><p>There are several active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, and eruptions are frequent. Earthquakes are relatively common, sometimes accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>. On 25 February 2018, an <a href="/wiki/2018_Papua_New_Guinea_earthquake" title="2018 Papua New Guinea earthquake">earthquake of magnitude 7.5</a> and depth of 35 kilometres struck the middle of Papua New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The worst of the damage was centred around the Southern Highlands region.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papua New Guinea is one of the few regions close to the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> that experience <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snowfall</a>, which occurs in the most elevated parts of the mainland. </p><p>The border between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia was confirmed by a treaty with Australia before independence in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-bordertreaty1974_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bordertreaty1974-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land border comprises a segment of the <a href="/wiki/141st_meridian_east" title="141st meridian east">141° E meridian</a> from the north coast southwards to where it meets the Fly River flowing east, then a short curve of the river's <a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">thalweg</a> to where it meets the 141°01'10" E meridian flowing west, then southwards to the south coast.<sup id="cite_ref-bordertreaty1974_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bordertreaty1974-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 141° E meridian formed the entire eastern boundary of Dutch New Guinea according to its 1828 annexation proclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-VanderVeur1966_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanderVeur1966-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1895)" title="Treaty of The Hague (1895)">Treaty of The Hague (1895)</a> the Dutch and British agreed to a territorial exchange, bringing the entire left bank of the Fly River into British New Guinea and moving the southern border east to the <a href="/wiki/Torasi_Estuary" title="Torasi Estuary">Torasi Estuary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VanderVeur1966_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanderVeur1966-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maritime boundary with Australia was confirmed by a treaty in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> it runs close to the mainland of New Guinea, keeping the adjacent North Western <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dauan_Island" title="Dauan Island">Dauan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boigu_Island_(Queensland)" title="Boigu Island (Queensland)">Boigu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saibai_Island" title="Saibai Island">Saibai</a>) under Australian sovereignty. Maritime boundaries with the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> were confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea%E2%80%93Solomon_Islands_Maritime_Boundary_Treaty" title="Papua New Guinea–Solomon Islands Maritime Boundary Treaty">a 1989 treaty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</h3></div> <p>Papua New Guinea is famous for its frequent seismic activity, being on the <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>. On 17 July 1998, a <a href="/wiki/1998_Papua_New_Guinea_earthquake" title="1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake">magnitude 7.0 earthquake</a> struck north of <a href="/wiki/Aitape" title="Aitape">Aitape</a>. It triggered a 50-foot-high tsunami, which killed over 2,180 people in one of the worst natural disasters in the country. </p><p>In September 2002, a <a href="/wiki/2002_Papua_New_Guinea_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Papua New Guinea earthquake">magnitude 7.6 earthquake</a> struck off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Wewak" title="Wewak">Wewak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandaun_Province" title="Sandaun Province">Sandaun Province</a>, killing six people.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From March to April 2018, <a href="/wiki/2018_Papua_New_Guinea_earthquake" title="2018 Papua New Guinea earthquake">a chain of earthquakes</a> hit <a href="/wiki/Hela_Province" title="Hela Province">Hela Province</a>, causing widespread landslides and the deaths of 200 people. Various nations from <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> immediately sent aid to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another severe <a href="/wiki/2022_Papua_New_Guinea_earthquake" title="2022 Papua New Guinea earthquake">earthquake</a> occurred on 11 September 2022, killing seven people and causing damaging shaking in some of the country's largest cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Lae" title="Lae">Lae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madang" title="Madang">Madang</a>, it was also felt in the capital <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNA1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNA1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 24, 2024, a <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a> hit the village of Kaokalam in <a href="/wiki/Enga_Province" title="Enga Province">Enga Province</a>, about 600 kilometers (372 miles) northwest of the capital, <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a>, at about 3 a.m. local time. The <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a> buried more than 2000 people alive, caused major destruction to buildings, and food gardens and caused major impact on the economic lifeline of the country. The casualty figure surpasses the <a href="/wiki/2006_Southern_Leyte_mudslide" title="2006 Southern Leyte mudslide">2006 Southern Leyte mudslide</a> tragedy where a total of 1,126 people lost their lives as the debris flow from a landslide followed 10 days of heavy rain. With over 2,000 reported dead by the Papua New Guinea government, this disaster has now emerged as the deadliest landslide of the 21st century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <p>The climate on the island is essentially tropical, but it varies by region. The maximum mean temperature in the lowlands is 30 to 32 °C, and the minimum 23–24 °C. In the highlands above 2100 metres, colder conditions prevail and night frosts are common there, while the daytime temperature exceeds 22 °C, regardless of the season.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Conservation in Papua New Guinea">Conservation in Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="List of protected areas of Papua New Guinea">List of protected areas of Papua New Guinea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_New_Guinea" title="Fauna of New Guinea">Fauna of New Guinea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papua_New_Guinea_(5986599443).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Papua_New_Guinea_%285986599443%29.jpg/220px-Papua_New_Guinea_%285986599443%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Papua_New_Guinea_%285986599443%29.jpg/330px-Papua_New_Guinea_%285986599443%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Papua_New_Guinea_%285986599443%29.jpg/440px-Papua_New_Guinea_%285986599443%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Papua New Guinea's highlands</figcaption></figure> <p>Many species of birds and mammals found on New Guinea have close genetic links with corresponding species found in Australia. One notable feature in common for the two landmasses is the existence of several species of <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupial</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, including some <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phalangeriformes" title="Phalangeriformes">possums</a>, which are not found elsewhere. Papua New Guinea is a <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse country</a>. </p><p>Many of the other islands within PNG territory, including New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands" title="Admiralty Islands">Admiralty Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trobriand_Islands" title="Trobriand Islands">Trobriand Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Louisiade_Archipelago" title="Louisiade Archipelago">Louisiade Archipelago</a>, were never linked to New Guinea by land bridges. As a consequence, they have their own flora and fauna; in particular, they lack many of the land mammals and flightless birds that are common to New Guinea and Australia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baby_tree_kangaroo_on_the_chiefs_wifes_shoulder_-Papua_New_Guinea-17Oct2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baby_tree_kangaroo_on_the_chiefs_wifes_shoulder_-Papua_New_Guinea-17Oct2008.jpg/220px-Baby_tree_kangaroo_on_the_chiefs_wifes_shoulder_-Papua_New_Guinea-17Oct2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baby_tree_kangaroo_on_the_chiefs_wifes_shoulder_-Papua_New_Guinea-17Oct2008.jpg/330px-Baby_tree_kangaroo_on_the_chiefs_wifes_shoulder_-Papua_New_Guinea-17Oct2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baby_tree_kangaroo_on_the_chiefs_wifes_shoulder_-Papua_New_Guinea-17Oct2008.jpg/440px-Baby_tree_kangaroo_on_the_chiefs_wifes_shoulder_-Papua_New_Guinea-17Oct2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tree-kangaroo" title="Tree-kangaroo">tree-kangaroo</a> in Papua New Guinea</figcaption></figure> <p>Australia and New Guinea are portions of the ancient supercontinent of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, which started to break into smaller continents in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period, 65–130 million years ago. Australia finally broke free from <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> about 45 million years ago. All the Australasian lands are home to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Antarctic flora</a>, descended from the flora of southern Gondwana, including the <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">coniferous</a> <a href="/wiki/Podocarpaceae" title="Podocarpaceae">podocarps</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a></i> pines, and the broad-leafed southern beech (<i><a href="/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">Nothofagus</a></i>). These plant families are still present in Papua New Guinea. New Guinea is part of the humid tropics, and many <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a> rainforest plants spread across the narrow straits from Asia, mixing with the old Australian and Antarctic floras. New Guinea has been identified as the world's most floristically diverse island in the world, with 13,634 known species of vascular plants.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Papua New Guinea includes several terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands" title="Admiralty Islands">Admiralty Islands</a> lowland rain forests – forested islands to the north of the mainland, home to a distinct flora.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands" title="New Guinea Highlands">Central Range montane rain forests</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PNG-climate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PNG-climate.png/220px-PNG-climate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PNG-climate.png/330px-PNG-climate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PNG-climate.png/440px-PNG-climate.png 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Green <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> of Papua New Guinea bears a sharp contrast to nearby <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> Australia.</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huon_Peninsula" title="Huon Peninsula">Huon Peninsula</a> montane rain forests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiade_Archipelago" title="Louisiade Archipelago">Louisiade Archipelago</a> rain forests</li> <li>New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests</li> <li>New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_mangroves" title="New Guinea mangroves">New Guinea mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_New_Guinea_lowland_rain_and_freshwater_swamp_forests" title="Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests">Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests</a></li> <li>Northern New Guinea montane rain forests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_rain_forests" title="Solomon Islands rain forests">Solomon Islands rain forests</a> (includes Bougainville Island and Buka)</li> <li>Southeastern Papuan rain forests</li> <li>Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests</li> <li>Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobriand_Islands_rain_forests" title="Trobriand Islands rain forests">Trobriand Islands rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_savanna_and_grasslands" title="Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands">Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands</a></li> <li>Central Range sub-alpine grasslands</li></ul> <p>Three new species of mammals were discovered in the forests of Papua New Guinea by an Australian-led expedition in the early 2010s. A small wallaby, a large-eared mouse and a shrew-like marsupial were discovered. The expedition was also successful in capturing photographs and video footage of some other rare animals such as the <a href="/wiki/Tenkile" title="Tenkile">Tenkile</a> tree kangaroo and the Weimang tree kangaroo.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly one-quarter of Papua New Guinea's rainforests were damaged or destroyed between 1972 and 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papua New Guinea had a <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 8.84/10, ranking it 17th globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mangrove swamps stretch along the coast, and in the inland it is inhabited by nipa palm (Nypa fruticans), and deeper in the inland the sago palm tree inhabits areas in the valleys of larger rivers. Trees such as oaks, red cedars, pines, and beeches are becoming predominant in the uplands above 3,300 feet. Papua New Guinea is rich in various species of reptiles, indigenous freshwater fish and birds, but it is almost devoid of large mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Politics of Papua New Guinea">Politics of Papua New Guinea</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:343px;max-width:343px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/110px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/165px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/220px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1025" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-right">The Head of State and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">King of Papua New Guinea</a>:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></b><br />since<br /><span class="nowrap">9 September 2022</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Bob_Dadae_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sir_Bob_Dadae_%28cropped%29.jpg/104px-Sir_Bob_Dadae_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sir_Bob_Dadae_%28cropped%29.jpg/156px-Sir_Bob_Dadae_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sir_Bob_Dadae_%28cropped%29.jpg/208px-Sir_Bob_Dadae_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-right">The <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Governor-General of Papua New Guinea">Governor-General of Papua New Guinea</a>:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dadae" title="Bob Dadae">Bob Dadae</a></b><br />since<br /><span class="nowrap">28 February 2017</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Marape,_February_2020_(GPO035)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/James_Marape%2C_February_2020_%28GPO035%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/117px-James_Marape%2C_February_2020_%28GPO035%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/James_Marape%2C_February_2020_%28GPO035%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/176px-James_Marape%2C_February_2020_%28GPO035%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/James_Marape%2C_February_2020_%28GPO035%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/234px-James_Marape%2C_February_2020_%28GPO035%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-right">The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea">Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea</a>:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/James_Marape" title="James Marape">James Marape</a></b><br />since<br /><span class="nowrap">30 May 2019</span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Papua New Guinea is a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a> with <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> as <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">King of Papua New Guinea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">constitutional convention</a>, which prepared the draft constitution, and Australia, the outgoing metropolitan power, had thought that Papua New Guinea would not remain a monarchy. The founders, however, considered that imperial honours had a cachet.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarch is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Governor-General of Papua New Guinea">Governor-General of Papua New Guinea</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dadae" title="Bob Dadae">Bob Dadae</a>. Papua New Guinea and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> are unusual among Commonwealth realms in that governors-general are appointed by the Sovereign, the Head of State, upon nomination by the National Parliament, which nomination the Head of State is not obliged to accept. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea">Prime Minister</a> heads the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Papua New Guinea">cabinet</a>, which consists of 31 members of Parliament from the ruling coalition, which makes up the government. The current prime minister is <a href="/wiki/James_Marape" title="James Marape">James Marape</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Parliament_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="National Parliament of Papua New Guinea">National Parliament</a> has 111 seats, of which 22 are occupied by the governors of the 22 provinces and the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_District_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)">National Capital District</a>. Candidates for members of parliament are voted upon when the prime minister asks the governor-general to call a national election, a maximum of five years after the previous national election. </p><p>In the early years of independence, the instability of the party system led to frequent <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">votes of no confidence</a> in parliament, with resulting changes of the government, but with referral to the electorate, through national elections only occurring every five years. In recent years, successive governments have passed legislation preventing such votes sooner than 18 months after a national election and within 12 months of the next election. In 2012, the first two (of three) readings were passed to prevent votes of no confidence occurring within the first 30 months. This restriction on votes of no confidence has arguably resulted in greater stability, although perhaps at the cost of reducing the accountability of the executive branch of government. </p><p>Elections in PNG attract numerous candidates. After independence in 1975, members were elected by the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> system, with winners frequently gaining less than 15% of the vote. Electoral reforms in 2001 introduced the Limited Preferential Vote system (LPV), a version of the <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">alternative vote</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2007_Papua_New_Guinean_general_election" title="2007 Papua New Guinean general election">2007 general election</a> was the first to be conducted using LPV. </p><p>Under a 2002 amendment, the leader of the party winning the largest number of seats in the election is invited by the governor-general to form the government, if they can muster the necessary majority in parliament. The process of forming such a coalition in PNG, where parties do not have much ideology, involves considerable "horse-trading" right up until the last moment. <a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Neill" title="Peter O'Neill">Peter O'Neill</a> emerged as Papua New Guinea's prime minister after the July 2012 election, and formed a government with <a href="/wiki/Leo_Dion" title="Leo Dion">Leo Dion</a>, the former Governor of East New Britain Province, as deputy prime minister. </p><p>In 2011 there was a <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Papua_New_Guinean_constitutional_crisis" title="2011–2012 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> between the parliament-elect Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Neill" title="Peter O'Neill">Peter O'Neill</a> (voted into office by a large majority of MPs), and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare">Sir Michael Somare</a>, who was deemed by the supreme court to retain office. The stand-off between parliament and the supreme court continued until the July 2012 national elections, with legislation passed effectively removing the chief justice and subjecting the supreme court members to greater control by the legislature, as well as a series of other laws passed, for example limiting the age for a prime minister. The confrontation reached a peak, with the deputy prime minister entering the supreme court during a hearing, escorted by police, ostensibly to arrest the chief justice. There was strong pressure among some MPs to defer the national elections for a further six months to one year, although their powers to do that were highly questionable. The parliament-elect prime minister and other cooler-headed MPs carried the votes for the writs for the new election to be issued, slightly late, but for the election itself to occur on time, thereby avoiding a continuation of the constitutional crisis. </p><p>During the 10th Parliament (2017–2022) there were no women Members, one of only 3 countries worldwide (4 since the Taliban regained control in Afghanistan). </p><p>In May 2019, O'Neill resigned as prime minister and was replaced through a vote of Parliament by <a href="/wiki/James_Marape" title="James Marape">James Marape</a>. Marape was a key minister in O'Neill's government and his defection from the government to the opposition camp had finally led to O'Neill's resignation from office.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Davis_Steven" title="Davis Steven">Davis Steven</a> was appointed deputy prime minister, justice Minister and Attorney General.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an election widely criticised by observers for its inadequate preparation (including failure to update the electoral roll), abuses and violence, in July 2022, Prime Minister James Marape's <a href="/wiki/Pangu_Pati" title="Pangu Pati">PANGU</a> Party secured the most seats of any party in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Papua_New_Guinean_general_election" title="2022 Papua New Guinean general election">election</a>, enabling James Marape to be invited to form a coalition government, which he succeeded in doing and he continued as PNG's Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2022 Election two women were elected into the eleventh Parliament, one, <a href="/wiki/Rufina_Peter" title="Rufina Peter">Rufina Peter</a>, also became Provincial governor of Central Province.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Regions of Papua New Guinea">Regions of Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Provinces of Papua New Guinea">Provinces of Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Districts of Papua New Guinea">Districts of Papua New Guinea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Local-level_governments_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Local-level governments of Papua New Guinea">Local-level governments of Papua New Guinea</a></div> <p>Papua New Guinea is divided into four <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Papua New Guinea">regions</a>, which are not the primary administrative divisions but are quite significant in many aspects of government, commercial, sporting and other activities. The nation has 22 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Provinces of Papua New Guinea">province</a>-level divisions: twenty provinces, the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Autonomous Region of Bougainville</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_District_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)">National Capital District</a>. Each province is divided into one or more <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Districts of Papua New Guinea">districts</a>, which in turn are divided into one or more <a href="/wiki/Local-level_governments_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Local-level governments of Papua New Guinea">Local-Level Government areas</a>. Provinces<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the primary administrative divisions of the country. Provincial governments are branches of the national government as Papua New Guinea is not a federation of provinces. The province-level divisions are as follows: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Province_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Central Province (Papua New Guinea)">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu_Province" title="Chimbu Province">Chimbu</a> (Simbu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highlands_Province" title="Eastern Highlands Province">Eastern Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_Province" title="East New Britain Province">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sepik_Province" title="East Sepik Province">East Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga_Province" title="Enga Province">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Province" title="Gulf Province">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madang_Province" title="Madang Province">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manus_Province" title="Manus Province">Manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milne_Bay_Province" title="Milne Bay Province">Milne Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morobe_Province" title="Morobe Province">Morobe</a></li></ol> </td> <td> <ol start="12"> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_Province" title="New Ireland Province">New Ireland</a></li> <li>Northern (<a href="/wiki/Oro_Province" title="Oro Province">Oro Province</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Bougainville (autonomous region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Highlands_Province" title="Southern Highlands Province">Southern Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Western Province (Papua New Guinea)">Western Province</a> (Fly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Highlands_Province" title="Western Highlands Province">Western Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_New_Britain_Province" title="West New Britain Province">West New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandaun_Province" title="Sandaun Province">West Sepik (Sandaun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_District_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)">National Capital District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hela_Province" title="Hela Province">Hela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiwaka_Province" title="Jiwaka Province">Jiwaka</a></li> </ol> </td> <td style="width:315px; vertical-align:middle;"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papua_new_guinea_provinces_(numbers)_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Papua_new_guinea_provinces_%28numbers%29_2012.png/400px-Papua_new_guinea_provinces_%28numbers%29_2012.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Papua_new_guinea_provinces_%28numbers%29_2012.png/600px-Papua_new_guinea_provinces_%28numbers%29_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Papua_new_guinea_provinces_%28numbers%29_2012.png/800px-Papua_new_guinea_provinces_%28numbers%29_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Provinces of Papua New Guinea</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2009, Parliament approved the creation of two additional provinces: <a href="/wiki/Hela_Province" title="Hela Province">Hela Province</a>, consisting of part of the existing <a href="/wiki/Southern_Highlands_Province" title="Southern Highlands Province">Southern Highlands Province</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jiwaka_Province" title="Jiwaka Province">Jiwaka Province</a>, formed by dividing <a href="/wiki/Western_Highlands_Province" title="Western Highlands Province">Western Highlands Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiwaka and Hela officially became separate provinces on 17 May 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The declaration of Hela and Jiwaka is a result of the largest <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> project in the country that is situated in both provinces. The government set 23 November 2019<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the voting date for a non-binding<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> independence referendum in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Bougainville autonomous region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2019, the autonomous region voted overwhelmingly for independence, with 97.7% voting in favour of obtaining full independence and around 1.7% voting in favour of greater autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea">Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:APEC_Leaders_Photo_-_Papua_New_Guinea_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/APEC_Leaders_Photo_-_Papua_New_Guinea_2018.jpg/220px-APEC_Leaders_Photo_-_Papua_New_Guinea_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/APEC_Leaders_Photo_-_Papua_New_Guinea_2018.jpg/330px-APEC_Leaders_Photo_-_Papua_New_Guinea_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/APEC_Leaders_Photo_-_Papua_New_Guinea_2018.jpg/440px-APEC_Leaders_Photo_-_Papua_New_Guinea_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>APEC 2018 in Papua New Guinea</figcaption></figure> <p>Papua New Guinea is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a>, Pacific Islands Forum, and the <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group</a> (MSG) of countries. It was accorded observer status within <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> in 1976, followed later by special observer status in 1981. It is also a member of <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_States" title="Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States">ACP</a> country, associated with the European Union. </p><p>Papua New Guinea has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Small_States" title="Forum of Small States">Forum of Small States</a> (FOSS) since the group's founding in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-singaporebook_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singaporebook-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Papua New Guinea supported Indonesia's control of Western New Guinea,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the focus of the <a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a> where numerous human rights violations have reportedly been committed by the Indonesian security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Defence_Force" title="Papua New Guinea Defence Force">Papua New Guinea Defence Force</a> is the military organisation responsible for the defence of Papua New Guinea. It consists of three wings.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Land Element has 7 units: the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Pacific_Islands_Regiment" title="Royal Pacific Islands Regiment">Royal Pacific Islands Regiment</a>, a special forces unit, a battalion of engineers, three other small units primarily dealing with signals and health, and a military academy. The Air Element consists of one aircraft squadron, which transports the other military wings. The Maritime Element consists of four <a href="/wiki/Pacific-class_patrol_boat" title="Pacific-class patrol boat">Pacific-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">patrol boats</a>, three ex-Australian <a href="/wiki/Balikpapan-class_landing_craft_heavy" title="Balikpapan-class landing craft heavy"><i>Balikpapan</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">landing craft</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Guardian-class_patrol_boat" title="Guardian-class patrol boat">Guardian-class</a> patrol boat. One of the landing craft is used as a training ship. Three more Guardian-class patrol boats are under construction in Australia, to replace the old Pacific-class vessels. The main tasks of the Maritime Element are to patrol inshore waters and to transport the Land Element. Papua New Guinea has a very large <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> because of its extensive coastline. The Maritime Element relies heavily on satellite imagery to surveil the country's waters. Patrolling is generally ineffective because underfunding often leaves the patrol boats unserviceable. This problem will be partially corrected when the larger Guardian-class patrol boats enter service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Law of Papua New Guinea">Law of Papua New Guinea</a></div> <p>The unicameral Parliament enacts legislation in the same manner as in other Commonwealth realms that use the Westminster system of government. The cabinet collectively agrees on government policy, and then the relevant minister introduces bills to Parliament, depending on which government department is responsible for the implementation of a particular law. Backbench members of parliament can also introduce bills. Parliament debates bills, and (section 110.1 of the Constitution) they become enacted laws when the Speaker certifies that Parliament has passed them. There is no Royal assent. </p><p>All ordinary statutes enacted by Parliament must be consistent with the Constitution. The courts have jurisdiction to rule on the constitutionality of statutes, both in disputes before them and on a reference where there is no dispute but only an abstract question of law. Unusually among developing countries, the judicial branch of government in Papua New Guinea has remained remarkably independent, and successive executive governments have continued to respect its authority. </p><p>The "underlying law" (Papua New Guinea's <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>) consists of principles and rules of common law and equity in English<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> common law as it stood on 16 September 1975 (the date of independence), and thereafter the decisions of PNG's own courts. The courts are directed by the Constitution and, latterly, the <i>Underlying Law Act</i>, to take note of the "custom" of traditional communities. They are to determine which customs are common to the whole country and may be declared also to be part of the underlying law. In practice, this has proved difficult and has been largely neglected. Statutes are largely adapted from overseas jurisdictions, primarily Australia and England. Advocacy in the courts follows the adversarial pattern of other common-law countries. This national court system, used in towns and cities, is supported by a village court system in the more remote areas. The law underpinning the village courts is 'customary law'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime_and_human_rights">Crime and human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human rights in Papua New Guinea">Human rights in Papua New Guinea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea">Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea">Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papua_New_Guinean_children,_men_and_women_show_their_support_for_putting_an_end_to_violence_against_women_during_a_White_Ribbon_Day_march_(21614943268).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Papua_New_Guinean_children%2C_men_and_women_show_their_support_for_putting_an_end_to_violence_against_women_during_a_White_Ribbon_Day_march_%2821614943268%29.jpg/220px-Papua_New_Guinean_children%2C_men_and_women_show_their_support_for_putting_an_end_to_violence_against_women_during_a_White_Ribbon_Day_march_%2821614943268%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Papua_New_Guinean_children%2C_men_and_women_show_their_support_for_putting_an_end_to_violence_against_women_during_a_White_Ribbon_Day_march_%2821614943268%29.jpg/330px-Papua_New_Guinean_children%2C_men_and_women_show_their_support_for_putting_an_end_to_violence_against_women_during_a_White_Ribbon_Day_march_%2821614943268%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Papua_New_Guinean_children%2C_men_and_women_show_their_support_for_putting_an_end_to_violence_against_women_during_a_White_Ribbon_Day_march_%2821614943268%29.jpg/440px-Papua_New_Guinean_children%2C_men_and_women_show_their_support_for_putting_an_end_to_violence_against_women_during_a_White_Ribbon_Day_march_%2821614943268%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5005" data-file-height="3337" /></a><figcaption>Papua New Guinean children, men and women show their support for putting an end to violence against women during a <a href="/wiki/White_Ribbon_Campaign" title="White Ribbon Campaign">White Ribbon Day</a> march.</figcaption></figure> <p>Papua New Guinea is often ranked as likely the worst place in the world for <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 study in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> found that 27% of men on Bougainville Island reported having raped a non-partner, while 14.1% reported having committed <a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">gang rape</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, nearly half of reported rape victims are under 15 years old, and 13% are under 7 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-UNICEF2_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNICEF2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report by <a href="/wiki/ChildFund" title="ChildFund">ChildFund</a> Australia, citing former Parliamentarian Dame <a href="/wiki/Carol_Kidu" title="Carol Kidu">Carol Kidu</a>, claimed 50% of those seeking medical help after rape are under 16, 25% are under 12, and 10% are under 8.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Dame Carol's term as Minister for Community Development, Parliament passed the Family Protection Act (2013) and the Lukautim Pikini Act (2015), although the Family Protection Regulation was not approved until 2017, delaying its application in the Courts.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1971 Sorcery Act imposed a penalty of up to 2 years in prison for the practice of <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">"black" magic</a>, until the act was repealed in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 50–150 alleged <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witches</a> are <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">killed</a> each year in Papua New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Sorcery and Witchcraft Accusation Related National Action Plan (SNAP) was approved by the Government in 2015, although funding and application has been deficient.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also no protections given to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Papua New Guinea">LGBT citizens in the country</a>. <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Papua New Guinea">Homosexual acts</a> are prohibited by law in Papua New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While tribal violence has long been a way of life in the highlands regions, an increase in firearms has led to greater loss of life. In the past, rival groups had been known to utilise axes, bush knives and traditional weapons, as well as respecting rules of engagement that prevented violence while hunting or at markets. These norms have been changing with a greater uptake of firearms. These are believed to be sourced from smuggling operations over the border into <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, as well as losses from government armouries. Only 1/5th of 5000 Australian-made <a href="/wiki/L1A1_Self-Loading_Rifle" title="L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle">Self Loading Rifles</a> and half of the 2000 <a href="/wiki/M16" class="mw-redirect" title="M16">M16s</a> delivered to the <a href="/wiki/PNGDF" class="mw-redirect" title="PNGDF">PNGDF</a> from the 1970s-1990s were found in government armouries during an audit in 2004 and 2005. The smuggling and theft of ammunition have also increased violence in these regions, leading to the police force and military finding it difficult to maintain control, often finding themselves outgunned and only able to retrieve bodies. Village massacres have increased with 69 villagers killed in a single attack in February 2024 in <a href="/wiki/Enga_Province" title="Enga Province">Enga Province</a>, the largest killings since the <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a> of the 1980s and 90s.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Papua New Guinea received a score of 5.6 out of 10 for safety from the state from the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Measurement_Initiative" title="Human Rights Measurement Initiative">Human Rights Measurement Initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_PNG_Constabulary">Royal PNG Constabulary</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Papua_New_Guinea_Constabulary" title="Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary">Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary</a> has been troubled in recent years by infighting, political interference and corruption. It was recognised from early after Independence (and hitherto) that a national police force alone could never have the capacity to administer law and order across the country, and that it would also require effective local-level systems of policing and enforcement, notably the village court magisterial service.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weaknesses of police capacity, poor working conditions and recommendations to address them were the subject of the 2004 Royal PNG Constabulary Administrative Review to the Minister for Internal Security.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Commissioner for Police Anthony Wagambie took the unusual step of asking the public to report police asking for payments for performing their duties.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2020, Minister for Police <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Jared_Kramer" title="Bryan Jared Kramer">Bryan Jared Kramer</a> launched a broadside on Facebook against his own police department,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was subsequently reported in the international media.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the post, Kramer accused the Royal PNG Constabulary of widespread corruption, claiming that "Senior officers based in Police Headquarters in Port Moresby were stealing from their own retired officers’ pension funds. They were implicated in organised crime, drug syndicates, smuggling firearms, stealing fuel, insurance scams, and even misusing police allowances. They misused tens of millions of kina allocated for police housing, resources, and welfare. We also uncovered many cases of senior officers facilitating the theft of Police land."<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commissioner for Police David Manning, in a separate statement, said that his force included "criminals in uniform."<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Economy of Papua New Guinea</a></div> <p>Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, including mineral and renewable resources, such as forests, marine resources (including a large portion of the world's major tuna stocks), and in some parts agriculture. The rugged terrain (including high mountain ranges and valleys, swamps and islands) and the high cost of developing infrastructure, combined with other factors (including law and order problems in some centres and the system of customary land title) make it difficult for outside developers. Local developers are hindered by years of deficient investment in education, health, and access to finance. Agriculture, for subsistence and cash crops, provides a livelihood for 85% of the population and continues to provide some 30% of GDP. Mineral deposits, including gold, oil, and copper, account for 72% of export earnings. <a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">Oil palm</a> production has grown steadily over recent years (largely from estates and with extensive outgrower output), with <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> now the main agricultural export. Coffee remains the major export crop (produced largely in the Highlands provinces); followed by <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a>/<a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> from the coastal areas, each largely produced by smallholders; tea, produced on estates; and rubber. The Iagifu/Hedinia Field was discovered in 1986 in the Papuan <a href="/wiki/Fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Fold and thrust belt">fold and thrust belt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matzke_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matzke-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 471">: 471 </span></sup> </p><p>Former Prime Minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Mekere_Morauta" title="Mekere Morauta">Mekere Morauta</a> tried to restore integrity to state institutions, stabilise the <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_kina" title="Papua New Guinean kina">kina</a>, restore stability to the national budget, privatise public enterprises where appropriate, and ensure ongoing peace on Bougainville following the 1997 agreement which ended Bougainville's secessionist unrest. The Morauta government had considerable success in attracting international support, specifically gaining the backing of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> in securing development assistance loans. </p><p>As of 2019, PNG's real GDP growth rate was 3.8%, with an inflation rate of 4.3%<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This economic growth has been primarily attributed to strong commodity prices, particularly mineral but also agricultural, with the high demand for mineral products largely sustained even during the crisis by the buoyant Asian markets, <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Mining in Papua New Guinea">a booming mining sector</a> and by a buoyant outlook and the construction phase for <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Natural gas in Papua New Guinea">natural gas exploration</a>, production, and exportation in liquefied form (liquefied natural gas or "LNG") by <a href="/wiki/LNG_carrier" title="LNG carrier">LNG tankers</a>, all of which will require multibillion-dollar investments (exploration, production wells, pipelines, storage, liquefaction plants, port terminals, LNG tanker ships). </p><p>The first major gas project was the PNG LNG joint venture. <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> is operator of the joint venture, also comprising PNG company <a href="/wiki/Oil_Search" title="Oil Search">Oil Search</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santos_Limited" title="Santos Limited">Santos</a>, Kumul Petroleum Holdings (Papua New Guinea's national oil and gas company), <a href="/wiki/JXTG_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="JXTG Holdings">JX Nippon Oil and Gas Exploration</a>, the PNG government's <a href="/wiki/Mineral_Resources_Development_Company" title="Mineral Resources Development Company">Mineral Resources Development Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petromin_Corporation" title="Petromin Corporation">Petromin PNG Holdings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Exxon_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exxon-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project is an integrated development that includes gas production and processing facilities in the <a href="/wiki/Hela_Province" title="Hela Province">Hela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Highlands_Province" title="Southern Highlands Province">Southern Highlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Western Province (Papua New Guinea)">Western</a> Provinces of Papua New Guinea, including liquefaction and storage facilities (located northwest of Port Moresby) with capacity of 6.9 million tonnes per year. There are over 700 kilometres (430 mi) of pipelines connecting the facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Exxon_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exxon-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the largest private-sector investment in the history of PNG.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second major project is based on initial rights held by the French oil and gas major <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a> and the U.S. company <a href="/wiki/InterOil" title="InterOil">InterOil</a> Corp. (IOC), which have partly combined their assets after TotalEnergies agreed in December 2013 to purchase 61.3% of IOC's Antelope and Elk gas field rights, with the plan to develop them starting in 2016, including the construction of a liquefaction plant to allow export of LNG. TotalEnergies has separately another joint operating agreement with <a href="/wiki/Oil_Search" title="Oil Search">Oil Search</a>. </p><p>Further gas and mineral projects are proposed (including the large Wafi-Golpu copper-gold mine), with extensive exploration ongoing across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PNG government's long-term Vision 2050 and shorter-term policy documents, including the 2013 Budget and the 2014 Responsible Sustainable Development Strategy, emphasise the need for a more diverse economy, based upon sustainable industries and avoiding the effects of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_disease" title="Dutch disease">Dutch disease</a> from major resource extraction projects undermining other industries. This occurred in many countries experiencing oil or other mineral booms, notably in Western Africa, undermining much of their agriculture sector, manufacturing and tourism, and with them broad-based employment prospects. Measures have been taken to mitigate these effects, including through the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth fund</a>, partly to stabilise revenue and expenditure flows, but much will depend upon the readiness to make real reforms to effective use of revenue, tackling rampant corruption and empowering households and businesses to access markets, services and develop a more buoyant economy, with lower costs, especially for small to medium-sized enterprises. One major project conducted through the PNG Department for Community Development suggested that other pathways to sustainable development should be considered.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_National_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of National Affairs (page does not exist)">Institute of National Affairs</a>, a PNG independent policy think tank, provides a report on the business and investment environment of Papua New Guinea every five years, based upon a survey of large and small, local and overseas companies, highlighting law and order problems and corruption, as the worst impediments, followed by the poor state of transport, power and communications infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_tenure">Land tenure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OkTediMine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/OkTediMine.jpg/220px-OkTediMine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/OkTediMine.jpg/330px-OkTediMine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/OkTediMine.jpg/440px-OkTediMine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ok_Tedi_Mine" title="Ok Tedi Mine">Ok Tedi Mine</a> in southwestern Papua New Guinea</figcaption></figure> <p>The PNG legislature has enacted laws in which a type of tenure called "<a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">customary land title</a>" is recognised, meaning that the traditional lands of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> have some legal basis for inalienable tenure. This customary land notionally covers most of the usable land in the country (some 97% of total land area);<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alienated_land" title="Alienated land">alienated land</a> is either held privately under state lease or is government land. Freehold title (also known as <a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">fee simple</a>) can only be held by Papua New Guinean citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only some 3% of the land of Papua New Guinea is in private hands; this is privately held under a 99-year state lease, or it is held by the State. There is virtually no freehold title; the few existing freeholds are automatically converted to state leases when they are transferred between vendor and purchaser. Unalienated land is owned under customary title by traditional landowners. The precise nature of the <a href="/wiki/Seisin" title="Seisin">seisin</a> varies from one culture to another. Many writers portray land as the communal ownership of traditional clans; however, closer studies usually show that the smallest portions of land whose ownership cannot be further divided are held by the individual heads of extended families and their descendants or their descendants alone if they have recently died.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This is a matter of vital importance because a problem of economic development is identifying the membership of customary landowning groups and the owners. Disputes between mining and forestry companies and landowner groups often devolve on the issue of whether the companies entered into contractual relations for the use of land with the true owners. Customary property—usually land—cannot be devised by will. It can only be inherited according to the custom of the deceased's people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Lands Act was amended in 2010 along with the Land Group Incorporation Act, intended to improve the management of state land, mechanisms for dispute resolution over land, and to enable customary landowners to be better able to access finance and possible partnerships over portions of their land if they seek to develop it for urban or rural economic activities. The Land Group Incorporation Act requires more specific identification of the customary landowners than hitherto and their more specific authorisation before any land arrangements are determined; (a major issue in recent years has been a land grab, using, or rather misusing, the Lease-Leaseback provision under the Land Act, notably using 'Special Agricultural and Business Leases' (SABLs) to acquire vast tracts of customary land, purportedly for agricultural projects, but in almost all cases as a back-door mechanism for securing tropical forest resources for logging—circumventing the more exacting requirements of the Forest Act, for securing Timber Permits (which must comply with sustainability requirements and be competitively secured, and with the customary landowners' approval). Following a national outcry, these SABLs have been subject to a Commission of Inquiry, established in mid-2011, for which the report is still awaited for initial presentation to the Prime Minister and Parliament.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2023)">as of?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold_discovery">Gold discovery</h3></div> <p>Traces of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> were first found in 1852, in pottery from <a href="/wiki/Redscar_Bay" title="Redscar Bay">Redscar Bay</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula" title="Papuan Peninsula">Papuan Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <p>Papua New Guinea's <i>National Vision 2050</i> was adopted in 2009. This has led to the establishment of the Research, Science and Technology Council. At its gathering in November 2014, the Council re-emphasised the need to focus on sustainable development through <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Pacific_Island_countries" title="Science and technology in Pacific Island countries">science and technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Vision 2050</i>'s medium-term priorities are:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>emerging industrial technology for downstream processing;</li> <li>infrastructure technology for the economic corridors;</li> <li>knowledge-based technology;</li> <li>science and engineering education; and</li> <li>to reach the target of investing 5% of GDP in research and development by 2050. (Papua New Guinea invested 0.03% of GDP in research and development in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul> <p>In 2016, women accounted for 33.2% of researchers in Papua New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Papua New Guinea had the largest number of publications (110) among Pacific Island states in 2014, followed by Fiji (106). Nine out of ten scientific publications from Papua New Guinea focused on immunology, genetics, biotechnology and microbiology. Nine out of ten were also co-authored by scientists from other countries, mainly Australia, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Spain and Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Papua New Guinea took second place among Pacific Island states with 253 publications, behind Fiji with 303 publications, in the Scopus (Elsevier) database of scientific publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Health sciences accounted for 49% of these publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021_116-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papua New Guinea's top scientific collaborators from 2017 to 2019 were Australia, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, France and India.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021_116-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forestry is an important economic resource for Papua New Guinea, but the industry uses low and semi-intensive technological inputs. As a result, product ranges are limited to sawed timber, veneer, plywood, block board, moulding, poles and posts and wood chips. Only a few limited finished products are exported. Lack of automated machinery, coupled with inadequately trained local technical personnel, are some of the obstacles to introducing automated machinery and design.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Renewable_energy"></span><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> sources represent two-thirds of the total electricity supply.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the Secretariat of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> observed that, 'while Fiji, Papua New Guinea, and Samoa are leading the way with large-scale hydropower projects, there is enormous potential to expand the deployment of other renewable energy options such as solar, wind, geothermal and ocean-based energy sources'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Union funded the Renewable Energy in Pacific Island Countries Developing Skills and Capacity programme (EPIC) over 2013 to 2017. The programme developed a master's programme in renewable energy management, accredited in 2016, at the University of Papua New Guinea and helped to establish a Centre of Renewable Energy at the same university.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021_116-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Papua New Guinea is one of the 15 beneficiaries of a programme on Adapting to Climate Change and Sustainable Energy worth €37.26 million. The programme resulted from the signing of an agreement in February 2014 between the European Union and the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat. The other beneficiaries are the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Transport in Papua New Guinea">Transport in Papua New Guinea</a></div> <p>The country's mountainous terrain impedes transport. Aeroplanes opened up the country during its colonial period and continue to be used for most travel and most high-density/value freight. The capital, Port Moresby, has no road links to any of PNG's other major towns. Similarly, many remote villages are reachable only by light aircraft or on foot. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacksons_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksons International Airport">Jacksons International Airport</a> is the major international airport in Papua New Guinea, located 8 kilometres (5 mi) from Port Moresby. In addition to two international airfields, Papua New Guinea has 578 airstrips, most of which are unpaved.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">national airline</a> is <a href="/wiki/Air_Niugini" title="Air Niugini">Air Niugini</a>, operating out of Jacksons International.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Demographics of Papua New Guinea">Demographics of Papua New Guinea</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;">Population<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#cfb;">Year </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Million </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">1950</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2021</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Papua New Guinea is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_and_heterogeneity" title="Homogeneity and heterogeneity">heterogeneous</a> nations in the world<sup id="cite_ref-fearon_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fearon-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an estimated 8.95 million inhabitants as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are hundreds of ethnic groups indigenous to Papua New Guinea, the majority being from the group known as <a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuans</a>, whose ancestors arrived in the New Guinea region tens of thousands of years ago. The other indigenous peoples are <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a>, their ancestors having arrived in the region less than four thousand years ago. </p><p>There are also numerous people from other parts of the world now resident, including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Chinese people in Papua New Guinea">Chinese</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europeans, Australians, Indonesians, Filipinos, Polynesians, and <a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesians</a> (the last four belonging to the Austronesian family). Around 50,000 expatriates, mostly from Australia and China, were living in Papua New Guinea in 1975, but most of these had moved by the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> indicates that about 0.3% of the Papua New Guinean population is made up of international migrants as of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the National Census deferred during 2020/2021, ostensibly on the grounds of the COVID-19 pandemic, an interim assessment was conducted using satellite imagery. In December 2022, a report by the UN, based upon a survey conducted with the University of Southampton using satellite imagery and ground-truthing, suggested a new population estimate of 17 million, nearly double the country's official estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-Lagan202212_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagan202212-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanisation">Urbanisation</h3></div> <p>According to the CIA World Factbook (2018),<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papua New Guinea has the second lowest urban population percentage in the world, with 13.2%, only behind <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Geography of Papua New Guinea">geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">economy</a> of Papua New Guinea are the main factors behind the low percentage. Papua New Guinea has an urbanisation rate of 2.51%, measured as the projected change in urban population from 2015 to 2020. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> </p> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities and towns in Papua New Guinea</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonames.org/PG/largest-cities-in-papua-new-guinea.html">www<wbr />.geonames<wbr />.org<wbr />/PG<wbr />/largest-cities-in-papua-new-guinea<wbr />.html</a></span></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Papua_New_Guinea_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Papua New Guinea by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Papua New Guinea">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Provinces of Papua New Guinea">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Papua_New_Guinea_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Papua New Guinea by population">Pop.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Port_Moresby.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Port Moresby"><img alt="Port Moresby" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Aerial_view_of_Port_Moresby.jpg/120px-Aerial_view_of_Port_Moresby.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Aerial_view_of_Port_Moresby.jpg/180px-Aerial_view_of_Port_Moresby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Aerial_view_of_Port_Moresby.jpg/240px-Aerial_view_of_Port_Moresby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LaeInternationalHotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lae"><img alt="Lae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/LaeInternationalHotel.jpg/120px-LaeInternationalHotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/LaeInternationalHotel.jpg/180px-LaeInternationalHotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/LaeInternationalHotel.jpg/240px-LaeInternationalHotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1877" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lae" title="Lae">Lae</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_District_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)">National capital district</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">513,918 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lae" title="Lae">Lae</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Morobe_Province" title="Morobe Province">Morobe</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">110,911 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hagen" title="Mount Hagen">Mount Hagen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Highlands_Province" title="Western Highlands Province">Western Highlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,064 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kokopo" title="Kokopo">Kokopo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="East New Britain">East New Britain</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">40,231 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Popondetta" title="Popondetta">Popondetta</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oro_Province" title="Oro Province">Oro Province (Northern province)</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">28,198 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madang" title="Madang">Madang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madang_Province" title="Madang Province">Madang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,419 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arawa,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawa, Papua New Guinea">Arawa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Bougainville</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,623 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mendi" title="Mendi">Mendi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Highlands_Province" title="Southern Highlands Province">Southern Highlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,252 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kimbe" title="Kimbe">Kimbe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_New_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="West New Britain">West New Britain</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,847 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goroka" title="Goroka">Goroka</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highlands_Province" title="Eastern Highlands Province">Eastern Highlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,503 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese">Chinese</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Chinese people in Papua New Guinea">Chinese people in Papua New Guinea</a></div> <p>Numerous Chinese have worked and lived in Papua New Guinea, establishing Chinese-majority communities. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Anti-Chinese</a> rioting involving tens of thousands of people broke out in May 2009. The initial spark was a fight between <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">ethnic Chinese</a> and indigenous workers at a <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> factory under construction by a Chinese company. Native resentment against Chinese ownership of numerous small businesses and their commercial monopoly in the islands led to the rioting.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African">African</h4></div> <p>There is an existing collaboration between Papua New Guinea and African countries. Papua New Guinea is part of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) forum.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a thriving community of Africans who live and work in the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Languages of Papua New Guinea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huli_wigman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Huli_wigman.jpg/170px-Huli_wigman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Huli_wigman.jpg/255px-Huli_wigman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Huli_wigman.jpg/340px-Huli_wigman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Huli_people" title="Huli people">Huli</a> wigman from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Highlands,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Highlands, Papua New Guinea">Southern Highlands</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_Papua_New_Guinea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Languages_Papua_New_Guinea.png/300px-Languages_Papua_New_Guinea.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Languages_Papua_New_Guinea.png/450px-Languages_Papua_New_Guinea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Languages_Papua_New_Guinea.png/600px-Languages_Papua_New_Guinea.png 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>The language families of Papua New Guinea, according to Timothy Usher</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TNG_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/TNG_map.svg/300px-TNG_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/TNG_map.svg/450px-TNG_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/TNG_map.svg/600px-TNG_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>The language families in Ross's conception of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-New Guinea">Trans-New Guinea</a> language family. The affiliation of some Eastern branches is not universally accepted.</figcaption></figure> <p>Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with over 820 indigenous languages, representing 12% of the world's total, but most have fewer than 1,000 speakers. With an average of only 7,000 speakers per language, Papua New Guinea has a greater density of languages than any other nation on earth except <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most widely spoken indigenous language is <a href="/wiki/Enga_language" title="Enga language">Enga</a>, with about 200,000 speakers, followed by <a href="/wiki/Melpa_language" title="Melpa language">Melpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huli_language" title="Huli language">Huli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous languages are classified into two large groups, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> and non-Austronesian, or <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan</a>, languages. There are four languages in Papua New Guinea with some statutory recognition: English, <a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiri_Motu" title="Hiri Motu">Hiri Motu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, since 2015, sign language (which in practice means <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean Sign Language</a>). </p><p>English is the language of government and the education system, but it is not spoken widely. The primary <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the country is Tok Pisin (commonly known in English as New Guinean Pidgin or Melanesian Pidgin), in which much of the debate in Parliament is conducted, many information campaigns and advertisements are presented, and a national weekly newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/Wantok_Niuspepa" title="Wantok Niuspepa">Wantok</a></i>, is published. The only area where Tok Pisin is not prevalent is the southern region of Papua, where people often use the third official language, Hiri Motu. Although it lies in the Papua region, Port Moresby has a highly diverse population that primarily uses Tok Pisin, and to a lesser extent English, with Motu spoken as the indigenous language in outlying villages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Religion in Papua New Guinea</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 352.45314152573px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 147.145531582px; border-left-color:Cyan"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Cyan"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Cyan"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 143.24005810711px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 135.83513899568px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 95.095678150107px; border-left-color:Violet"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Violet"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Violet"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 62.584050111868px; border-left-color:#a65628"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#a65628"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#a65628"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 19.076020221857px; border-left-color:#4daf4a"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#4daf4a"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#4daf4a"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:89.664103678524px 44.27582310389px 0 0; border-top-color:Cyan"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Cyan"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:44.27582310389px 89.664103678524px 0 0; border-top-color:#984ea3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#984ea3"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 272.37868371332px 100px 0; border-right-color:#377eb8"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#377eb8"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 6.291466725365px 100px 0; border-right-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Citizen population in Papua New Guinea by religion, based on the 2011 census<sup id="cite_ref-2011_stat_report_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_stat_report-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> (26%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#377eb8; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea</a> (18.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#984ea3; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</a> (12.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Cyan; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> (10.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4daf4a; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/United_Church_in_Papua_New_Guinea_and_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands">United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands</a> (10.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a65628; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Alliance" title="Evangelical Alliance">Evangelical Alliance</a> Papua New Guinea (5.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Violet; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea">Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea</a> (3.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> (2.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Cyan; color:black;"> </span> Kwato Church (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> Other Christian (5.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> Non-Christian (1.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Not stated (3.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The government and judiciary uphold the constitutional right to freedom of speech, thought, and belief, and no legislation to curb those rights has been adopted. The 2011 census found that 95.6% of citizens identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, 1.4% were not Christian, and 3.1% gave no answer. Virtually no respondent identified as being non-religious. <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a> is high, with many citizens combining their Christian faith with some traditional indigenous religious practices.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Christians in Papua New Guinea are <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, constituting roughly 70% of the total population. They are mostly represented by the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, diverse <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> denominations, the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_in_Papua_New_Guinea_and_Solomon_Islands" title="United Church in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands">United Church in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Alliance" title="Evangelical Alliance">Evangelical Alliance</a> Papua New Guinea, and the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea">Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea</a>. Apart from Protestants, there is a notable <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> minority with approximately 25% of the population. </p><p>There are approximately 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Islam in Papua New Guinea">Muslims in the country</a>. The majority belong to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> group. Non-traditional Christian churches and non-Christian religious groups are active throughout the country. The <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Council_of_Churches" title="Papua New Guinea Council of Churches">Papua New Guinea Council of Churches</a> has stated that both Muslim and Confucian missionaries are highly active.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional religions are often <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animist</a>. Some also tend to have elements of <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">veneration of the dead</a>, though generalisation is suspect given the extreme heterogeneity of Melanesian societies. Prevalent among traditional tribes is the belief in <i>masalai</i>, or evil spirits, which are blamed for "poisoning" people, causing calamity and death, and the practice of <i>puripuri</i> (<a href="/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">sorcery</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Bahá'í in PNG was Violete Hoenke who arrived at Admiralty Island, from Australia, in 1954. The PNG Bahá'í community grew so quickly that in 1969 a <a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="National Spiritual Assembly">National Spiritual Assembly</a> (administrative council) was elected. As of 2020 there are over 30,000 members of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a> in PNG. In 2012 the decision was made to erect the first <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_House_of_Worship" title="Baháʼí House of Worship">Bahá'í House of Worship</a> in PNG. Its design is that of a woven basket, a common feature of all groups and cultures in PNG. It is, therefore, hoped to be a symbol for the entire country. Its nine entrances are inspired by the design of Haus Tambaran (Spirit House). Construction began in Port Moresby in 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Education in Papua New Guinea">Education in Papua New Guinea</a></div> <p>A large proportion of the population is <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">illiterate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with women predominating in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the education in PNG is provided by church institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes 500 schools of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papua New Guinea has six universities as well as other tertiary institutions. The two founding universities are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="University of Papua New Guinea">University of Papua New Guinea</a>, based in the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_District_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)">National Capital District</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_University_of_Technology" title="Papua New Guinea University of Technology">Papua New Guinea University of Technology</a>, based outside of <a href="/wiki/Lae" title="Lae">Lae</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Morobe_Province" title="Morobe Province">Morobe Province</a>. </p><p>The four other universities were once colleges but have since been recognised by the government. These are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Goroka" title="University of Goroka">University of Goroka</a> in the Eastern Highlands province, <a href="/wiki/Divine_Word_University" title="Divine Word University">Divine Word University</a> (run by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Divine_Word" title="Society of the Divine Word">Divine Word Missionaries</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Madang_Province" title="Madang Province">Madang Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_University_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment" title="Papua New Guinea University of Natural Resources and Environment">Vudal University</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_Province" title="East New Britain Province">East New Britain Province</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Adventist_University" title="Pacific Adventist University">Pacific Adventist University</a> (run by the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>) in the National Capital District. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Measurement_Initiative" title="Human Rights Measurement Initiative">Human Rights Measurement Initiative</a> reports that Papua New Guinea is achieving 68.5% of what should be possible for the right to education, based on their level of income.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Health in Papua New Guinea">Health in Papua New Guinea</a></div> <p>As of 2019, life expectancy in Papua New Guinea at birth was 63 years for men and 67 for women.<sup id="cite_ref-who.int_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who.int-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government expenditure health in 2014 accounted for 9.5% of total government spending, with total health expenditure equating to 4.3% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-who.int_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who.int-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were five physicians per 100,000 people in the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Papua New Guinea was 250. This is compared with 311.9 in 2008 and 476.3 in 1990. The under-5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 69 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under-5s' mortality is 37. In Papua New Guinea, the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 1 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 94.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWMY_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWMY-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Measurement_Initiative" title="Human Rights Measurement Initiative">Human Rights Measurement Initiative</a> finds that Papua New Guinea is achieving 71.9% of what should be possible for the right to health, based on their level of income.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Culture of Papua New Guinea">Culture of Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Music of Papua New Guinea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PNG_Bilum_Bag_QM_r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PNG_Bilum_Bag_QM_r.jpg/220px-PNG_Bilum_Bag_QM_r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PNG_Bilum_Bag_QM_r.jpg/330px-PNG_Bilum_Bag_QM_r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PNG_Bilum_Bag_QM_r.jpg/440px-PNG_Bilum_Bag_QM_r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2337" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bilum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilum">Bilum</a> bag from <a href="/wiki/Goroka" title="Goroka">Goroka</a>, Eastern Highlands Province</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papua_New_Guinean.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Papua_New_Guinean.JPG/220px-Papua_New_Guinean.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Papua_New_Guinean.JPG/330px-Papua_New_Guinean.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Papua_New_Guinean.JPG/440px-Papua_New_Guinean.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A resident of Boga-Boga, a village on the southeast coast of mainland Papua New Guinea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thiafamous_4318b.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Thiafamous_4318b.JPG/220px-Thiafamous_4318b.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Thiafamous_4318b.JPG/330px-Thiafamous_4318b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Thiafamous_4318b.JPG/440px-Thiafamous_4318b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Asaro_Mudmen" title="Asaro Mudmen">Asaro Mudmen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abelam_wooden_ancestor_figure_2_CAC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Abelam_wooden_ancestor_figure_2_CAC.JPG/170px-Abelam_wooden_ancestor_figure_2_CAC.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Abelam_wooden_ancestor_figure_2_CAC.JPG/255px-Abelam_wooden_ancestor_figure_2_CAC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Abelam_wooden_ancestor_figure_2_CAC.JPG/340px-Abelam_wooden_ancestor_figure_2_CAC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>A 20th-century wooden <a href="/wiki/Abelam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelam">Abelam</a> ancestor figure (<i>nggwalndu</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>It is estimated that more than one thousand cultural groups exist in Papua New Guinea. Because of this diversity, many styles of cultural expression have emerged. Each group has created its own expressive forms in art, dance, weaponry, costumes, singing, music, architecture and much more. Most of these cultural groups have their own language. People typically live in villages that rely on subsistence farming. In some areas people hunt and collect wild plants (such as <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam roots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karuka" title="Karuka">karuka</a>) to supplement their diets. Those who become skilled at hunting, farming and fishing earn a great deal of respect. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Seashells</a> are no longer the currency of Papua New Guinea, as they were in some regions—sea shells were abolished as currency in 1933. This tradition is still present in local customs. In some cultures, to get a bride, a groom must bring a certain number of golden-edged clam shells<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a>. In other regions, the bride price is paid in lengths of <a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">shell money</a>, pigs, <a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">cassowaries</a> or cash. Elsewhere, it is brides who traditionally pay a <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>. </p><p>People of the highlands engage in colourful local rituals that are called "sing sings." They paint themselves and dress up with feathers, pearls and animal skins to represent birds, trees or mountain spirits. Sometimes an important event, such as a legendary battle, is enacted at such a musical festival. </p><p>The country possesses one <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kuk_Swamp" title="Kuk Swamp">Kuk Early Agricultural Site</a>, which was inscribed in 2008. The country, however, has no elements inscribed yet in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists</a>, despite having one of the widest arrays of intangible cultural heritage elements in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Corporation_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="National Broadcasting Corporation of Papua New Guinea">National Broadcasting Corporation of Papua New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="List of newspapers in Papua New Guinea">List of newspapers in Papua New Guinea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Sport in Papua New Guinea">Sport in Papua New Guinea</a></div> <p>Sport is an important part of Papua New Guinean culture, and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Rugby league in Papua New Guinea">rugby league</a> is by far the most popular sport.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a nation where communities are far apart and many people live at a minimal subsistence level, rugby league has been described as a replacement for tribal warfare as a way of explaining the local enthusiasm for the game. Many Papua New Guineans have become celebrities by representing their country or playing in an overseas professional league. Even Australian rugby league players who have played in the annual <a href="/wiki/State_of_Origin_series" title="State of Origin series">State of Origin series</a>, which is celebrated every year in PNG, are among the most well-known people throughout the nation. State of Origin is a highlight of the year for most Papua New Guineans, although the support is so passionate that many people have died over the years in violent clashes supporting their team.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_rugby_league_team" title="Papua New Guinea national rugby league team">Papua New Guinea national rugby league team</a> usually plays against the Australian Prime Minister's XIII (a selection of NRL players) each year, normally in Port Moresby. </p><p>Although not as popular, <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Australian rules football in Papua New Guinea">Australian rules football</a> is significant in another way, as <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_Australian_rules_football_team" title="Papua New Guinea national Australian rules football team">the national team</a> is ranked second, only after Australia. Other major sports that have a part in the Papua New Guinea sporting landscape are <a href="/wiki/Netball_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Netball in Papua New Guinea">netball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Football in Papua New Guinea">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Rugby union in Papua New Guinea">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> and, in eastern Papua, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/32px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/48px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/64px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="452" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Guinea" title="Portal:New Guinea">New Guinea portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/31px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/47px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/62px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Economy of Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Outline of Papua New Guinea">Outline of Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">abbreviated <b>PNG</b>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/u/: 'u' in 'influence'">u</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span> ...<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>-/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9c\/En-us-Papua_New_Guinea.ogg\/En-us-Papua_New_Guinea.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Papua New Guinea.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/En-us-Papua_New_Guinea.ogg/En-us-Papua_New_Guinea.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Papua_New_Guinea.ogg" title="File:En-us-Papua New Guinea.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;">also</span> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tok Pisin language">Tok Pisin</a>: <i lang="tpi">Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hiri_Motu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiri Motu language">Hiri Motu</a>: <i lang="ho">Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Constitution of Papua New Guinea sets out the names of the 19 provinces at the time of Independence. Several provinces have changed their names; such changes are not strictly speaking official without a formal constitutional amendment, though "Oro," for example, is universally used in reference to that province.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is no specific legislation proclaiming official languages in Papua New Guinea. In the constitution of Papua New Guinea, section 2(11) (literacy) of its preamble mentions '...all persons and governmental bodies to endeavour to achieve universal literacy in Pisin, Hiri Motu or English' as well as "tok ples" and "ita eda tano gado." In addition, section 67 (2)(c) mentions "speak and understand Pisin or Hiri Motu, or a vernacular of the country, sufficiently for normal conversational purposes" as a requirement for citizenship by nationalisation; this is again mentioned in section 68(2)(h).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSomare2004" class="citation web cs1">Somare, Michael (6 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060628014059/http://www.pm.gov.pg/PMsOffice/PMsoffice.nsf/pages/B6475E51C894229B4A256F6900141A4B?OpenDocument">"Stable Government, Investment Initiatives, and Economic Growth"</a>. <i>Keynote address to the 8th Papua New Guinea Mining and Petroleum Conference</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pm.gov.pg/PMsOffice/PMsoffice.nsf/pages/B6475E51C894229B4A256F6900141A4B?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 28 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Keynote+address+to+the+8th+Papua+New+Guinea+Mining+and+Petroleum+Conference&rft.atitle=Stable+Government%2C+Investment+Initiatives%2C+and+Economic+Growth&rft.date=2004-12-06&rft.aulast=Somare&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pm.gov.pg%2FPMsOffice%2FPMsoffice.nsf%2Fpages%2FB6475E51C894229B4A256F6900141A4B%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713212154/http://www.thenational.com.pg/020606/w5.htm">"Never more to rise"</a>. <i>The National</i>. 6 February 2006. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Never+more+to+rise&rft.date=2006-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.com.pg%2F020606%2Fw5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/papua-new-guinea/">"Papua New Guinea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. Langley, Virginia: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412232302/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/papua-new-guinea">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpapua-new-guinea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sign-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sign_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/274199/sign-language-becomes-an-official-language-in-png">"Sign language becomes an official language in PNG"</a>. Radio New Zealand. 21 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528060527/http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/274199/sign-language-becomes-an-official-language-in-png">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sign+language+becomes+an+official+language+in+PNG&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F274199%2Fsign-language-becomes-an-official-language-in-png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PG">Papua New Guinea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703201638/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PG">Archived</a> 3 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ethnologue</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011_stat_report-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011_stat_report_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_stat_report_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoloma._Kele" class="citation web cs1">Koloma. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GINI+index+%28World+Bank+estimate%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.atitle=HUMAN+DEVELOPMENT+REPORT+2023-24&rft.pages=274-277&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), <i>English Pronouncing Dictionary</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-12-539683-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-12-539683-8"><bdi>978-3-12-539683-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-12-539683-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Papua_New_Guinea_2016.pdf?lang=en">"Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225145945/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Papua_New_Guinea_2016.pdf?lang=en">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Independent+State+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FPapua_New_Guinea_2016.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world-atlas-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-world-atlas_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-world-atlas_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207094959/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-island-countries-of-the-world.html">"Island Countries of the World"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Urban+population+%28%25+of+total+population%29+%E2%80%93+Papua+New+Guinea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS%3Flocations%3DPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_Hawaii_Press-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Hawaii_Press_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesNadarajahHaiveStead2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3230875"><i>Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea+finds+real+population+is+almost+double+official+estimates&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Lagan&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fpapua-new-guinea-finds-real-population-is-almost-double-official-estimates-n86g6sdpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFildes2022" class="citation news cs1">Fildes, Nic (5 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/5a1a8d10-d2cd-4467-b877-06146cdb48e1">"Papua New Guinea's population size puzzles prime minister and experts"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205095257/https://www.ft.com/content/5a1a8d10-d2cd-4467-b877-06146cdb48e1">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea%27s+population+size+puzzles+prime+minister+and+experts&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft.aulast=Fildes&rft.aufirst=Nic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F5a1a8d10-d2cd-4467-b877-06146cdb48e1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelineau2009" class="citation news cs1">Gelineau, Kristen (26 March 2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/spiders-and-frogs-identified-among-50-new-species-1654296.html">"Spiders and frogs identified among 50 new species"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/spiders-and-frogs-identified-among-50-new-species-1654296.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Spiders+and+frogs+identified+among+50+new+species&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft.aulast=Gelineau&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fspiders-and-frogs-identified-among-50-new-species-1654296.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2014&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=16&pr1.y=7&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=">World Economic Outlook Database, October 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095349/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2014&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=16&pr1.y=7&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=">Archived</a> 1 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28">International Monetary Fund</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060214005019/http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28">Archived</a> 14 February 2006 at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a>. Database updated on 6 October 2015. Accessed on 6 October 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Bank. 2010. World Development Indicators. Washington DC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/cotisopng534/">"Constitution of Independent State of Papua New Guinea (consol. to amendment #22)"</a>. <i>Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120826115612/http://www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/cotisopng534/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Islands+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+Independent+State+of+Papua+New+Guinea+%28consol.+to+amendment+%2322%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paclii.org%2Fpg%2Flegis%2Fconsol_act%2Fcotisopng534%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307210721/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-asia/2015/08/05/papua-new-guinea-keen-join-asean">"Papua New Guinea keen to join ASEAN"</a>. <i>The Brunei Times</i>. 7 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bt.com.bn/news-asia/2015/08/05/papua-new-guinea-keen-join-asean">the original</a> on 7 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brunei+Times&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea+keen+to+join+ASEAN&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bt.com.bn%2Fnews-asia%2F2015%2F08%2F05%2Fpapua-new-guinea-keen-join-asean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1554175.stm">"Profile: The Commonwealth"</a>. 1 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309175345/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1554175.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2018</span> – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+The+Commonwealth&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1554175.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forumsec.org/about-us/">"About Us – Forum Sec"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181229134224/https://www.forumsec.org/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us+%E2%80%93+Forum+Sec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumsec.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tides-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tides_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickellMüller2002" class="citation book cs1">Pickell, David & Müller, Kal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUtz2hjvPvMC&pg=PA153"><i>Between the Tides: A Fascinating Journey among the Kamoro of New Guinea</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0072-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0072-3"><bdi>978-0-7946-0072-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407104414/https://books.google.com/books?id=WUtz2hjvPvMC&pg=PA153">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>. <q>Updated Aug 22, 2018</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=DNA+Study+Finds+Aboriginal+Australians+World%27s+Oldest+Civilization&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fdna-study-finds-aboriginal-australians-worlds-oldest-civilization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Zimmer2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zimmer" title="Carl Zimmer">Carl Zimmer</a> (22 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/science/23ancestor.html?hp">"Denisovans Were Neanderthals' Cousins, DNA Analysis Reveals"</a>. <i>NYTimes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101103527/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/science/23ancestor.html?hp">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NYTimes.com&rft.atitle=Denisovans+Were+Neanderthals%27+Cousins%2C+DNA+Analysis+Reveals&rft.date=2010-12-22&rft.au=Carl+Zimmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F23%2Fscience%2F23ancestor.html%3Fhp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamond, J. (March 1997). <i>Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies</i>. W.W. Norton & Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03891-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03891-2">0-393-03891-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Swadling">Swadling</a>, p. 282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knauft, Bruce M. (1999) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YM18gG16Z7YC&pg=PA103">From Primitive to Postcolonial in Melanesia and Anthropology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407104415/https://books.google.com/books?id=YM18gG16Z7YC&pg=PA103">Archived</a> 7 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 103. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06687-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06687-0">0-472-06687-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0410_030410_cannibal.html">Cannibalism Normal For Early Humans?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330150435/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0410_030410_cannibal.html">Archived</a> 30 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>National Geographic News</i>. 10 April 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman, Laurence (1999).<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QyiDClqjwSUC&pg=PA19">The Anthropology of Cannibalism</a></i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89789-596-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89789-596-7">0-89789-596-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Torgovnick, Marianna (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iShh79cUbJkC"><i>Gone Primitive: Savage Intellects, Modern Lives</i></a>, University of Chicago Press. p. 258 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-80832-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-80832-7">0-226-80832-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Swadling">Swadling</a>: "Such trade links and the nominal claim of the Sultan of Ceram over New Guinea constituted the legal basis for the Netherlands' claim over West New Guinea and ultimately that of Indonesia over what is now West Papua."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Papua-New-Guinea/The-colonial-period">"The colonial period"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240119233634/https://www.britannica.com/place/Papua-New-Guinea/The-colonial-period">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+colonial+period&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPapua-New-Guinea%2FThe-colonial-period&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenton, Damien. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705115116/http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/pages/NT000027A2">"How many died? (QnA)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/pages/NT000027A2">the original</a> on 5 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+many+died%3F+%28QnA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajrp.awm.gov.au%2Fajrp%2Fremember.nsf%2Fpages%2FNT000027A2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span>. Australian War Memorial.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pngattitude.com/2016/09/the-legislative-council-the-creation-of-the-state-of-png.html">"The Legislative Council & the creation of the state of PNG - Keith Jackson & Friends: PNG ATTITUDE"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240302044932/https://www.pngattitude.com/2016/09/the-legislative-council-the-creation-of-the-state-of-png.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legislative+Council+%26+the+creation+of+the+state+of+PNG+-+Keith+Jackson+%26+Friends%3A+PNG+ATTITUDE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pngattitude.com%2F2016%2F09%2Fthe-legislative-council-the-creation-of-the-state-of-png.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2004" class="citation book cs1">May, Ronald (2004). "13. The Bougainville Crisis". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p66801/html/frames.php"><i>State and society in Papua New Guinea: the first twenty-five years</i></a>. Melbourne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781863332040" title="Special:BookSources/9781863332040"><bdi>9781863332040</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240430075621/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p66801/html/frames.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13.+The+Bougainville+Crisis&rft.btitle=State+and+society+in+Papua+New+Guinea%3A+the+first+twenty-five+years&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781863332040&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp66801%2Fhtml%2Fframes.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorney2016" class="citation news cs1">Dorney, Sean (19 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/20/australias-ignorance-about-papua-new-guinea-is-a-loss-for-both-nations">"Australia's ignorance about Papua New Guinea is a loss for both nations"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+ignorance+about+Papua+New+Guinea+is+a+loss+for+both+nations&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.aulast=Dorney&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F20%2Faustralias-ignorance-about-papua-new-guinea-is-a-loss-for-both-nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-16/timeline-of-papua-new-guinea-road-to-independence/6748374">"Timeline of key events: Papua New Guinea's road to independence"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 15 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240302043429/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-16/timeline-of-papua-new-guinea-road-to-independence/6748374">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Timeline+of+key+events%3A+Papua+New+Guinea%27s+road+to+independence&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-09-16%2Ftimeline-of-papua-new-guinea-road-to-independence%2F6748374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/onairhighlights/428966">New report doubles death toll on Bougainville to 20,000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621042808/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/onairhighlights/428966">Archived</a> 21 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Radio Australia. 19 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2019" class="citation news cs1">Lyons, Kate (11 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/11/bougainville-referendum-region-votes-overwhelmingly-for-independence-from-papua-new-guinea">"Bougainville referendum: region votes overwhelmingly for independence from Papua New Guinea"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211163246/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/11/bougainville-referendum-region-votes-overwhelmingly-for-independence-from-papua-new-guinea">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bougainville+referendum%3A+region+votes+overwhelmingly+for+independence+from+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fdec%2F11%2Fbougainville-referendum-region-votes-overwhelmingly-for-independence-from-papua-new-guinea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriman2023" class="citation news cs1">Harriman, Bethanie (5 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/05/airlines-grounded-across-papua-new-guinea-due-to-fuel-shortage">"Airlines grounded across Papua New Guinea due to fuel shortage"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215065753/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/05/airlines-grounded-across-papua-new-guinea-due-to-fuel-shortage">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Airlines+grounded+across+Papua+New+Guinea+due+to+fuel+shortage&rft.date=2023-01-05&rft.aulast=Harriman&rft.aufirst=Bethanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fjan%2F05%2Fairlines-grounded-across-papua-new-guinea-due-to-fuel-shortage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/papua-new-guinea-earthquake-1.4551314">"Major earthquake strikes Papua New Guinea"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226083250/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/papua-new-guinea-earthquake-1.4551314">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Major+earthquake+strikes+Papua+New+Guinea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fpapua-new-guinea-earthquake-1.4551314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/state-of-emergency-declared-as-png-earthquake-toll-rises-to-31">"State of Emergency declared as PNG earthquake toll rises to 31"</a>. <i>SBS News</i>. Sydney, NSW. 1 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415234301/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/state-of-emergency-declared-as-png-earthquake-toll-rises-to-31">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=State+of+Emergency+declared+as+PNG+earthquake+toll+rises+to+31&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Fstate-of-emergency-declared-as-png-earthquake-toll-rises-to-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bordertreaty1974-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bordertreaty1974_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bordertreaty1974_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226194402/http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1974/26.html">"Agreement between Australia and Indonesia concerning Certain Boundaries between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia (1974) ATS 26"</a>. <i>www3.austlii.edu.au</i>. Austraasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1974/26.html">the original</a> on 26 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www3.austlii.edu.au&rft.atitle=Agreement+between+Australia+and+Indonesia+concerning+Certain+Boundaries+between+Papua+New+Guinea+and+Indonesia+%281974%29+ATS+26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fother%2Fdfat%2Ftreaties%2F1974%2F26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanderVeur1966-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VanderVeur1966_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanderVeur1966_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Veur2012" class="citation book cs1">Van der Veur, Paul W. (2012) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybLyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Documents and Correspondence on New Guinea's Boundaries</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. §§ A1, D1–D5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401537063" title="Special:BookSources/9789401537063"><bdi>9789401537063</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415210759/https://books.google.com/books?id=ybLyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smh.com.au&rft.atitle=Earthquake+leaves+3%2C000+homeless&rft.date=2002-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fearthquake-leaves-3000-homeless-20020910-gdfmeb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinge_Roy2018" class="citation news cs1">Ainge Roy, Eleanor (5 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/05/papua-new-guinea-earthquake-un-pulls-out-aid-workers-from-violence-hit-region">"Papua New Guinea earthquake: UN pulls out aid workers from violence-hit region"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619113041/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/05/papua-new-guinea-earthquake-un-pulls-out-aid-workers-from-violence-hit-region">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea+earthquake%3A+anger+grows+among+%27forgotten+victims%27&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft.aulast=Ainge+Roy&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fmar%2F08%2Fpapua-new-guinea-earthquake-anger-grows-among-forgotten-victims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNA1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNA1_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220913050241/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/papua-new-guinea-earthquake-volunteers-victims-2022-2934671">"Volunteers lead desperate bid to reach Papua New Guinea quake victims"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CNA_(TV_network)" title="CNA (TV network)">CNA</a>. 13 September 2022. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=West+Papua+independence+petition+is+rebuffed+at+UN&rft.date=2017-09-30&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Lamb%2C+Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fsep%2F30%2Fwest-papua-independence-petition-is-rebuffed-at-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawler2005" class="citation web cs1">Gawler, Virginia (19 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=651">"Report claims secret genocide in Indonesia"</a>. University of Sydney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602194143/http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=651">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+claims+secret+genocide+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=University+of+Sydney&rft.date=2005-08-19&rft.aulast=Gawler&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsydney.edu.au%2Fnews%2F84.html%3Fnewsstoryid%3D651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2013/01/201313018313632585.html">"Goodbye Indonesia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al-Jazeera</a></i>. 31 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730063457/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2013/01/201313018313632585.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Jazeera&rft.atitle=Goodbye+Indonesia&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogrammes%2Fpeopleandpower%2F2013%2F01%2F201313018313632585.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMench1975" class="citation book cs1">Mench, Paul (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdwIAQAAIAAJ&q=Papua+New+Guinea+Defence+Force"><i>The Role of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force</i></a>. Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-909150-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-909150-10-5"><bdi>978-0-909150-10-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407145129/https://books.google.com/books?id=mdwIAQAAIAAJ&q=Papua+New+Guinea+Defence+Force">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+the+Papua+New+Guinea+Defence+Force&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-909150-10-5&rft.aulast=Mench&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdwIAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DPapua%2BNew%2BGuinea%2BDefence%2BForce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Papua New Guinea Constitution Schedule 2.2.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson,_Helen2013" class="citation web cs1">Davidson, Helen (5 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/05/papua-new-guinea-abuse-clinic">"Médecins Sans Frontières opens Papua New Guinea clinic for abuse victims"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res+opens+Papua+New+Guinea+clinic+for+abuse+victims&rft.pub=Guardian+News+and+Media+Limited&rft.date=2013-07-05&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjul%2F05%2Fpapua-new-guinea-abuse-clinic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson,_Helen2013" class="citation web cs1">Davidson, Helen (19 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/19/papua-new-guinea-spiralling-violence">"Papua New Guinea: a country suffering spiralling violence"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChildFund&rft.atitle=Stop+Violence+Against+Women+and+Children+in+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2013-08&rft.au=Wiseman+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.childfund.org.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FStop%2520Violence%2520Against%2520Women%2520and%2520Children%2520in%2520PNG%25202013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.gov.pg/uploads/acts/15A-45.pdf">"No. 45 of 2015 Lukautim Pikinini Act 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Parliament of Papua New Guinea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814113548/http://www.parliament.gov.pg/uploads/acts/15A-45.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No.+45+of+2015+Lukautim+Pikinini+Act+2015&rft.pub=National+Parliament+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.gov.pg%2Fuploads%2Facts%2F15A-45.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.looppng.com/lifestyle/survivors-have-legal-rights-family-protection-act-92149">"Survivors have legal rights: Family Protection Act"</a>. <i>Loop PNG</i>. 14 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423030828/https://www.looppng.com/lifestyle/survivors-have-legal-rights-family-protection-act-92149">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PNG+repeals+sorcery+law+and+expands+death+penalty&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-22698668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakford2015" class="citation web cs1">Oakford, Samuel (6 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/article/papua-new-guineas-sorcery-refugees-women-accused-of-witchcraft-flee-homes-to-escape-violence">"Papua New Guinea's 'Sorcery Refugees': Women Accused of Witchcraft Flee Homes to Escape Violence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052432/https://news.vice.com/article/papua-new-guineas-sorcery-refugees-women-accused-of-witchcraft-flee-homes-to-escape-violence">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice+News&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea%27s+%27Sorcery+Refugees%27%3A+Women+Accused+of+Witchcraft+Flee+Homes+to+Escape+Violence&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft.aulast=Oakford&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vice.com%2Farticle%2Fpapua-new-guineas-sorcery-refugees-women-accused-of-witchcraft-flee-homes-to-escape-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuku2020" class="citation web cs1">Kuku, Rebecca (14 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/14/they-just-slaughter-them-how-sorcery-violence-spreads-fear-across-papua-new-guinea">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'They just slaughter them': how sorcery violence spreads fear across Papua New Guinea"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724214900/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/14/they-just-slaughter-them-how-sorcery-violence-spreads-fear-across-papua-new-guinea">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27They+just+slaughter+them%27%3A+how+sorcery+violence+spreads+fear+across+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft.aulast=Kuku&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fnov%2F14%2Fthey-just-slaughter-them-how-sorcery-violence-spreads-fear-across-papua-new-guinea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/gay-rights/">"The state of gay rights around the world"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 14 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128055714/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/gay-rights/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+state+of+gay+rights+around+the+world&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgraphics%2Fworld%2Fgay-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-03-01/png-weapons-aid-australia-united-states-used-in-tribal-fight/103505728">"Heavily armed highlands"</a>. <i>ABC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240302045824/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-03-01/png-weapons-aid-australia-united-states-used-in-tribal-fight/103505728">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=Heavily+armed+highlands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2024-03-01%2Fpng-weapons-aid-australia-united-states-used-in-tribal-fight%2F103505728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-03/tribal-fighting-png-election-massacre-tole-730/102210514">"Tribal fighting over PNG election leaves dozens dead and villages deserted"</a>. <i>ABC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227233731/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-03/tribal-fighting-png-election-massacre-tole-730/102210514">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=Tribal+fighting+over+PNG+election+leaves+dozens+dead+and+villages+deserted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2023-05-03%2Ftribal-fighting-png-election-massacre-tole-730%2F102210514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">[At least 49 killed in massacre in PNG highlands "At least 49 killed in massacre in PNG highlands"]. <i>ABC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=At+least+49+killed+in+massacre+in+PNG+highlands&rft_id=At+least+49+killed+in+massacre+in+PNG+highlands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rightstracker.org/en/country/PNG?subregion=pacific&tab=report-physint">"Papua New Guinea"</a>. <i>HRMI Rights Tracker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501202947/https://rightstracker.org/en/country/PNG?subregion=pacific&tab=report-physint">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HRMI+Rights+Tracker&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frightstracker.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2FPNG%3Fsubregion%3Dpacific%26tab%3Dreport-physint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliffordMorautaStuart1984" class="citation book cs1">Clifford, William; <a href="/wiki/Louise_Morauta" title="Louise Morauta">Morauta, Louise</a>; Stuart, Barry (September 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1496540"><i>Law and Order in Papua New Guinea</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Order+in+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.place=Port+Moresby%2C+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.pub=Institute+of+National+Affairs&rft.date=1984-09&rft.isbn=9980770023&rft.aulast=Clifford&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Morauta%2C+Louise&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.nla.gov.au%2FRecord%2F1496540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inapng.com/pdf_files/Police_Review_Report_final.pdf">"RPNGC Administrative Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RPNGC+Administrative+Review&rft.pub=Government+of+Papua+New+Guinea+and+the+Institute+of+National+Affairs&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inapng.com%2Fpdf_files%2FPolice_Review_Report_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2011" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Liam (18 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-07-18/png-bribery-police/2799424">"PNG top cop says no to bribe police"</a>. <i>ABC News (Australia)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416150934/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-07-18/png-bribery-police/2799424">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28Australia%29&rft.atitle=PNG+top+cop+says+no+to+bribe+police&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2011-07-18%2Fpng-bribery-police%2F2799424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/PNGACM/permalink/3679511375406298">"One year in – why so quiet?"</a>. <i>Facebook</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415212121/https://www.facebook.com/groups/PNGACM/permalink/3679511375406298">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=One+year+in+%E2%80%93+why+so+quiet%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2FPNGACM%2Fpermalink%2F3679511375406298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2020" class="citation web cs1">Doherty, Ben (18 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/18/papua-new-guinea-police-accused-of-gun-running-and-drug-smuggling-by-own-minister">"Papua New Guinea police accused of gun running and drug smuggling by own Minister"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927201157/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/18/papua-new-guinea-police-accused-of-gun-running-and-drug-smuggling-by-own-minister">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea+police+accused+of+gun+running+and+drug+smuggling+by+own+Minister&rft.date=2020-09-18&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fsep%2F18%2Fpapua-new-guinea-police-accused-of-gun-running-and-drug-smuggling-by-own-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matzke-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matzke_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matzke, R.H., Smith, J.G., and Foo, W.K., 1992, Iagifu/Hedinia Field, In Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89181-333-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89181-333-0">0-89181-333-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PNG/WEO">"Data"</a>. <i>International Monetary Fund</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013212137/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PNG/WEO">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2Fprofile%2FPNG%2FWEO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exxon-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Exxon_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exxon_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/company/worldwide-operations/locations/papua-new-guinea">"Papua New Guinea"</a>. <i>ExxonMobil</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041748/http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/company/worldwide-operations/locations/papua-new-guinea">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ExxonMobil&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorporate.exxonmobil.com%2Fen%2Fcompany%2Fworldwide-operations%2Flocations%2Fpapua-new-guinea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21724425-loyalty-clan-impedes-party-politics-voters-papua-new-guinea-head-polls">"Voters in Papua New Guinea head to the polls"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 29 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630005306/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21724425-loyalty-clan-impedes-party-politics-voters-papua-new-guinea-head-polls">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Voters+in+Papua+New+Guinea+head+to+the+polls&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2F21724425-loyalty-clan-impedes-party-politics-voters-papua-new-guinea-head-polls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150406051731/http://www.pnglng.com/project/index.htm">"Project Overview"</a>. pnglng.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnglng.com/project/index.htm">the original</a> on 6 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Overview&rft.pub=pnglng.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnglng.com%2Fproject%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, P.; Nadarajah, Y.; Haive, K. and Stead, V. (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-8630-9780824836405.aspx"><i>Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112085530/http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-8630-9780824836405.aspx">Archived</a> 12 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.inapng.com/pdf_files/Private%20Sector%20Report%20Final%2012Feb.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317000931/http://www.inapng.com/pdf_files/Private%20Sector%20Report%20Final%2012Feb.pdf">Archived</a> 17 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Institute of National Affairs (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://inapng.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Being-Heard.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231113621/http://inapng.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Being-Heard.pdf">Archived</a> 31 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Institute of National Affairs (2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmitage,_Lynne" class="citation web cs1">Armitage, Lynne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/4322696?versionId=5073451">"Customary Land Tenure in Papua New Guinea: Status and Prospects"</a>. Queensland University of Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021051000/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/4322696?versionId=5073451">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Customary+Land+Tenure+in+Papua+New+Guinea%3A+Status+and+Prospects&rft.pub=Queensland+University+of+Technology&rft.au=Armitage%2C+Lynne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F4322696%3FversionId%3D5073451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHBW_International_Inc.2003" class="citation web cs1">HBW International Inc. (10 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925201815/http://www.mj.gov.tl/dntp/rel/DATA/LLP%20I/ARD%20Reports%20and%20studies/Compartive%20Study/Comparative%20study%20by%20HBW%20Inc.pdf">"Facilitating Foreign Investment through Property Lease Options"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mj.gov.tl/dntp/rel/DATA/LLP%20I/ARD%20Reports%20and%20studies/Compartive%20Study/Comparative%20study%20by%20HBW%20Inc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facilitating+Foreign+Investment+through+Property+Lease+Options&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2003-09-10&rft.au=HBW+International+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mj.gov.tl%2Fdntp%2Frel%2FDATA%2FLLP%2520I%2FARD%2520Reports%2520and%2520studies%2FCompartive%2520Study%2FComparative%2520study%2520by%2520HBW%2520Inc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/papua-new-guinea-forty-years-independence/exploration-gold"><i>Exploration for gold / Papua New Guinea: forty years of independence</i></a>, State Library of NSW, Australia, 16 December 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620034857/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/papua-new-guinea-forty-years-independence/exploration-gold">archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2022</span>, <q>For thousands of years, the indigenous people of Papua New Guinea have mined and traded stone implements and ochre, and used clay to make pottery. Gold was first discovered in Papua New Guinea in 1852 as accidental traces in pottery from Redscar Bay on the Papuan Peninsula.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploration+for+gold+%2F+Papua+New+Guinea%3A+forty+years+of+independence&rft.pub=State+Library+of+NSW%2C+Australia&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sl.nsw.gov.au%2Fstories%2Fpapua-new-guinea-forty-years-independence%2Fexploration-gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span> The NSW library's article further references the following primary sources (publications): * Drew, Philip, Leaves of Iron Glen Murcutt: pioneer of Australian Architectural Form, Harper Collins, Sydney 1985 * Nelson, Hank, Taim Bilong Masta, The Australian involvement in Papua New Guinea, Australian Broadcasting Commission, Sydney 1982 * Levien, Cecil John (1874–1932), Australian Dictionary of Biography.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf"><i>UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Paris: UNESCO. 2015. pp. 693–731. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100129-1"><bdi>978-92-3-100129-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630025557/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Science+Report%3A+towards+2030&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=693-731&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100129-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0023%2F002354%2F235406e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021_116-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021_116-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021_116-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott-KemmisIntarakumnerdRasiahAmaradasa2021" class="citation book cs1">Scott-Kemmis; Intarakumnerd; Rasiah; Amaradasa (11 June 2021). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+and+Oceania.+In+UNESCO+Science+Report%3A+the+Race+Against+Time+for+Smarter+Development.&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=674-715&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100450-6&rft.au=Scott-Kemmis&rft.au=Intarakumnerd&rft.au=Rasiah&rft.au=Amaradasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000377433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spc.int/edd/fr/section-01/energy-overview/energy?start=12">"Pacific-first centre of excellence for renewable energy and energy efficiency takes shape"</a>. <i>Secretariat of Pacific Community press release</i>. 18 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318003633/http://www.spc.int/edd/fr/section-01/energy-overview/energy?start=12">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Kuk+Early+Agricultural+Site&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/papua-new-guinea-PG">"Papua New Guinea – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO"</a>. <i>ich.unesco.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703184006/https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/papua-new-guinea-PG">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea+%E2%80%93+intangible+heritage+%E2%80%93+Culture+Sector+%E2%80%93+UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstate%2Fpapua-new-guinea-PG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadfield1995" class="citation news cs1">Hadfield, Dave (8 October 1995). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/island-gods-high-in-a-dream-world-1576603.html">"Island gods high in a dream world"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/island-gods-high-in-a-dream-world-1576603.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Island+gods+high+in+a+dream+world&rft.date=1995-10-08&rft.aulast=Hadfield&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fisland-gods-high-in-a-dream-world-1576603.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/three-dead-in-png-after-state-of-origin-violence-20090626-cywd.html">"Three dead in PNG after State of Origin violence"</a>. BrisbaneTimes.com.au. 26 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513143005/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/three-dead-in-png-after-state-of-origin-violence-20090626-cywd.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+dead+in+PNG+after+State+of+Origin+violence&rft.pub=BrisbaneTimes.com.au&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbanetimes.com.au%2Fworld%2Fthree-dead-in-png-after-state-of-origin-violence-20090626-cywd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf"><i>UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030</i></a>, 535–555, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Biskup, Peter, B. Jinks and H. Nelson. <i>A Short History of New Guinea</i> (1970)</li> <li>Connell, John. <i>Papua New Guinea: The Struggle for Development</i> (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/109054904/papua-new-guinea-the-struggle-for-development">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708184025/https://www.questia.com/read/109054904/papua-new-guinea-the-struggle-for-development">Archived</a> 8 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Dorney, Sean. <i>Papua New Guinea: People, Politics and History since 1975</i> (1990)</li> <li>Dorney, Sean. <i>The Sandline Affair: Politics and Mercenaries and the Bougainville Crisis</i> (1998)</li> <li>Dorney, Sean. <i>The Embarrassed Colonialist</i> (2016)</li> <li>Gash, Noel. <i>A Pictorial History of New Guinea</i> (1975)</li> <li>Golson, Jack. <i>50,000 years of New Guinea history</i> (1966)</li> <li>Griffin, James. <i>Papua New Guinea: A political history</i> (1979)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesNadarajahHaiveStead2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3230875"><i>Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea</i></a>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809030423/https://www.academia.edu/3230875">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Communities%2C+Sustainable+Development%3A+Other+Paths+for+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Nadarajah%2C+Yaso&rft.au=Haive%2C+Karen&rft.au=Stead%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3230875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Institute of National Affairs. <i>PNG at 40 Symposium: Learning from the Past and Engaging with the Future</i> (2015)</li> <li>Knauft, Bruce M. <i>South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectic</i> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/South-Coast-New-Guinea-Cultures/dp/0521418828/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030144446/https://www.amazon.com/South-Coast-New-Guinea-Cultures/dp/0521418828">Archived</a> 30 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>McCosker, Anne. <i>Masked Eden: A History of the Australians in New Guinea</i> (1998)</li> <li>Mckinnon, Rowan, et al. <i>Papua New Guinea & Solomon Islands</i> (Country Travel Guide) (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Guinea-Solomon-Islands-Country-Travel/dp/1741045800/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426043630/https://www.amazon.com/Guinea-Solomon-Islands-Country-Travel/dp/1741045800">Archived</a> 26 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Rynkiewich, Michael and Roland Seib eds. <i>Politics in Papua New Guinea. Continuities, Changes and Challenges</i> (2000)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Swadling" class="citation book cs1">Swadling, Pamela (1996). <i>Plumes from Paradise</i>. Papua New Guinea National Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9980-85-103-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9980-85-103-1"><bdi>978-9980-85-103-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plumes+from+Paradise&rft.pub=Papua+New+Guinea+National+Museum&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-9980-85-103-1&rft.aulast=Swadling&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapua+New+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Waiko. John. <i>Short History of Papua New Guinea</i> (1993)</li> <li>Waiko, John Dademo. <i>Papua New Guinea: A History of Our Times</i> (2003)</li> <li>Zimmer-Tamakoshi, Laura. <i>Modern Papua New Guinea</i> (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/120184994/modern-papua-new-guinea">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708183322/https://www.questia.com/read/120184994/modern-papua-new-guinea">Archived</a> 8 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Jinks, Brian, ed. <i>Readings in New Guinea history</i> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Throwim_Way_Leg" title="Throwim Way Leg">Throwim' Way Leg: Tree-Kangaroos, Possums, and Penis Gourds</a></i> (2000) memoir <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Throwim-Way-Leg-Tree-Kangaroos-Possums/dp/0802136656">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313045817/http://www.amazon.com/Throwim-Way-Leg-Tree-Kangaroos-Possums/dp/0802136656">Archived</a> 13 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislaw_Malinowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronislaw Malinowski">Malinowski, Bronislaw.</a> <i>Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea</i> (2002) famous anthropological account of the Trobriand Islanders; based on fieldwork in the 1910s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/109062182/argonauts-of-the-western-pacific-an-account-of-native">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708181249/https://www.questia.com/read/109062182/argonauts-of-the-western-pacific-an-account-of-native">Archived</a> 8 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Visser, Leontine, ed. <i>Governing New Guinea: An Oral History of Papuan Administrators, 1950–1990</i> (2012)</li> <li>Whitaker, J.L. et al. eds. <i>Documents and readings in New Guinea history: Pre-history to 1889</i> (1975)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Papua New Guinea">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" class="extiw" title="c:Papua New Guinea">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" 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class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Papua_New_Guinea" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Papua New Guinea">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Papua_New_Guinea" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Papua New Guinea">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" class="extiw" title="voy:Papua New Guinea">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691" class="extiw" title="d:Q691">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pm.gov.pg/">Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011090909/http://www.pm.gov.pg/">Archived</a> 11 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.gov.pg/">National Parliament of Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nefc.gov.pg/links/png-government.html">National Economic & Fiscal Commission</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125051428/http://www.nefc.gov.pg/links/png-government.html">Archived</a> 25 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_information">General information</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/papua-new-guinea/">Papua New Guinea</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407224336/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/png.htm">Papua New Guinea</a> at <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i> (archived 7 April 2008)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Papua New Guinea">Wikimedia Atlas of Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/307866">Papua New Guinea</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Papua_New_Guinea_topics" title="Template:Papua New Guinea topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Papua_New_Guinea_topics" title="Template talk:Papua New Guinea topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Papua_New_Guinea_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Papua New Guinea topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Papua_New_Guinea_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papua New Guinea</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="History of Papua New Guinea">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="List of colonial governors of Papua New Guinea">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">British New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Solomon_Islands" title="North Solomon Islands">North Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_campaign" title="Bougainville campaign">Bougainville campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">Australian occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Australian mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Territorial merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bougainville" title="History of Bougainville">Bougainville history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Flag of Papua New Guinea"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/100px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/150px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/200px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Geography of Papua New Guinea">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_border" title="Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="List of cities and towns in Papua New Guinea">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Conservation in Papua New Guinea">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Deforestation in Papua New Guinea">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="List of earthquakes in Papua New Guinea">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuk_Swamp" title="Kuk Swamp">Kuk Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="List of lakes of Papua New Guinea">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilhelm" title="Mount Wilhelm">Mount Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Rivers of Papua New Guinea">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="List of volcanoes in Papua New Guinea">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_New_Guinea" title="Fauna of New Guinea">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Politics of Papua New Guinea">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Administrative divisions of Papua New Guinea">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Council_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="National Executive Council of Papua New Guinea">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Elections in Papua New Guinea">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Governor-General of Papua New Guinea">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human rights in Papua New Guinea">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Law of Papua New Guinea">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Papua_New_Guinea_Constabulary" title="Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Defence_Force" title="Papua New Guinea Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parliament_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="National Parliament of Papua New Guinea">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="List of political parties in Papua New Guinea">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Agriculture in Papua New Guinea">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Bank of Papua New Guinea">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_kina" title="Papua New Guinean kina">Kina <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Mining in Papua New Guinea">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby_Stock_Exchange" title="Port Moresby Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Communications in Papua New Guinea">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Tourism in Papua New Guinea">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Transport in Papua New Guinea">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Society of Papua New Guinea">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Demographics of Papua New Guinea">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Education in Papua New Guinea">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Papua New Guinea">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Health in Papua New Guinea">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Homelessness in Papua New Guinea">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Papua New Guinea">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_PNG" title="Post PNG">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Culture of Papua New Guinea">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Arise,_All_You_Sons" title="O Arise, All You Sons">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_films" title="List of Oceanian films">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Emblem of Papua New Guinea">National emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Flag of Papua New Guinea">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_literature" title="Papua New Guinean literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing-sing_(New_Guinea)" title="Sing-sing (New Guinea)">Sing-sing <span style="font-size:85%;">(gathering)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Sport in Papua New Guinea">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/16px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/24px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/32px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="452" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Guinea" title="Portal:New Guinea">New Guinea portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Outline of Papua New Guinea">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Papua New Guinea">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islands_of_Papua_New_Guinea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islands_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Template:Islands of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islands_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Template talk:Islands of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islands_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islands of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islands_of_Papua_New_Guinea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Islands of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papua New Guinea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Island" title="Ali Island">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumer_Islands" title="Brumer Islands">Brumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Entrecasteaux_Islands" title="D'Entrecasteaux Islands">D'Entrecasteaux Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobu_Island" title="Dobu Island">Dobu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergusson_Island" title="Fergusson Island">Fergusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodenough_Island" title="Goodenough Island">Goodenough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normanby_Island_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Normanby Island (Papua New Guinea)">Normanby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaroa_Island" title="Sanaroa Island">Sanaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagifa_Island" title="Wagifa Island">Wagifa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_Reefs" title="Dart Reefs">Dart Reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daru_Island" title="Daru Island">Daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaribari_Island" title="Goaribari Island">Goaribari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwai_Island" title="Kiwai Island">Kiwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailu_Island" title="Mailu Island">Mailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuakata_Island" title="Nuakata Island">Nuakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_Islands" title="Nukumanu Islands">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purutu_Island" title="Purutu Island">Purutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleo_Island" title="Seleo Island">Seleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobriand_Islands" title="Trobriand Islands">Trobriands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiriwina" title="Kiriwina">Kiriwina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumleo_Island" title="Tumleo Island">Tumleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitu_Islands" title="Vitu Islands">Vitu Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unea_Island" title="Unea Island">Unea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabuda_Island" title="Wabuda Island">Wabuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlark_Island" title="Woodlark Island">Woodlark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boagis_Island" title="Boagis Island">Boagis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madau" title="Madau">Madau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Bennett_Islands" title="Marshall Bennett Islands">Marshall Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubara" title="Nubara">Nubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusam" title="Nusam">Nusam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Island" title="Yule Island">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands" title="Admiralty Islands">Admiralty Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluan_Island" title="Baluan Island">Baluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ndrova_Island" title="Big Ndrova Island">Big Ndrova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipi_Island" title="Bipi Island">Bipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ndrova_Island" title="Little Ndrova Island">Little Ndrova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Negros_Island" title="Los Negros Island">Los Negros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Island" title="Lou Island">Lou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manus_Island" title="Manus Island">Manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Island" title="Pak Island">Pak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_Islands" title="Pam Islands">Pam Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityilu_Island" title="Pityilu Island">Pityilu Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponam_Island" title="Ponam Island">Ponam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdy_Islands" title="Purdy Islands">Purdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrews_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrews Islands">St. Andrews Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambutyo_Island" title="Rambutyo Island">Rambutyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Island,_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Tong Island, Papua New Guinea">Tong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudisson_Island" title="Baudisson Island">Baudisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagabag_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Bagabag (Papua New Guinea)">Bagabag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York_Islands" title="Duke of York Islands">Duke of York Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York_Island,_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Duke of York Island, Papua New Guinea">Duke of York Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabakon" title="Kabakon">Kabakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerawara" title="Kerawara">Kerawara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makada" title="Makada">Makada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mioko_Island" title="Mioko Island">Mioko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mualim_Island" title="Mualim Island">Mualim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_(Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu (Island)">Ulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyaul_Island" title="Dyaul Island">Dyaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feni_Islands" title="Feni Islands">Feni Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambitle" title="Ambitle">Ambitle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babase_Island" title="Babase Island">Babase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkar_Island" title="Karkar Island">Karkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihir_Group" title="Lihir Group">Lihir Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lihir_Island" title="Lihir Island">Lihir Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Long Island (Papua New Guinea)">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manam_Motu" title="Manam Motu">Manam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manne_Island" title="Manne Island">Manne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hanover_Island" title="New Hanover Island">New Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)">New Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patio_Island" title="Patio Island">Patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_Island" title="Ritter Island">Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthias_Islands" title="St Matthias Islands">St Matthias Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirau_Island" title="Emirau Island">Emirau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussau_Island" title="Mussau Island">Mussau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakar_Island" title="Sakar Island">Sakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schouten_Islands_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Schouten Islands (Papua New Guinea)">Schouten Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bam_Island_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Bam Island (Papua New Guinea)">Bam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blup_Blup" title="Blup Blup">Blup Blup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadovar" title="Kadovar">Kadovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blup_Blup" title="Blup Blup">Mut Mut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vial_Island" title="Vial Island">Vial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selapiu_Island" title="Selapiu Island">Selapiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabar_Group" title="Tabar Group">Tabar Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simberi_Island" title="Simberi Island">Simberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabar_Island" title="Tabar Island">Tabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatau_Island" title="Tatau Island">Tatau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_Islands" title="Tanga Islands">Tanga Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boang_Island" title="Boang Island">Boang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lif_Island" title="Lif Island">Lif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malendok_Island" title="Malendok Island">Malendok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefa_Island" title="Tefa Island">Tefa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolokiwa_Island" title="Tolokiwa Island">Tolokiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsoilaunung_Island" title="Tsoilaunung Island">Tsoilaunung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umboi_Island" title="Umboi Island">Umboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Islands,_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Western Islands, Papua New Guinea">Western Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aua_Island" title="Aua Island">Aua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit_Islands" title="Hermit Islands">Hermit Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaniet_Islands" title="Kaniet Islands">Kaniet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninigo_Islands" title="Ninigo Islands">Ninigo Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sae_Island" title="Sae Island">Sae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuvulu_Island" title="Wuvulu Island">Wuvulu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Louisiade_Archipelago" title="Louisiade Archipelago">Louisiade Archipelago</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonvouloir_Islands" title="Bonvouloir Islands">Bonvouloir Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Island,_Papua_New_Guinea" title="East Island, Papua New Guinea">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Island_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Hastings Island (Papua New Guinea)">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathord_Islands" title="Strathord Islands">Strathord Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados_Chain" title="Calvados Chain">Calvados Chain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagaman_Island" title="Bagaman Island">Bagaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulewa_Island" title="Gulewa Island">Gulewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemenahei_Island" title="Hemenahei Island">Hemenahei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwanak_Island" title="Kuwanak Island">Kuwanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorina_Island" title="Motorina Island">Motorina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_Wina_Island" title="Pana Wina Island">Pana Wina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_Island" title="Utian Island">Utian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_Group" title="Conflict Group">Conflict Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auriroa_Island" title="Auriroa Island">Auriroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunn_Island" title="Lunn Island">Lunn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daloloia_Group" title="Daloloia Group">Daloloia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deboyne_Islands" title="Deboyne Islands">Deboyne Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panaeati_Island" title="Panaeati Island">Panaeati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panapompom_Islands" title="Panapompom Islands">Panapompom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchateau_Islands" title="Duchateau Islands">Duchateau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumoulin_Islands_(Louisiade)" title="Dumoulin Islands (Louisiade)">Dumoulin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer_Islands" title="Engineer Islands">Engineer Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misima_Island" title="Misima Island">Misima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomard_Islands" title="Jomard Islands">Jomard Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panarairai_Island" title="Panarairai Island">Panarairai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_Tinani" title="Pana Tinani">Pana Tinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocklington_Reef" title="Pocklington Reef">Pocklington Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_Islands" title="Renard Islands">Renard Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island_(Yela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossel Island (Yela)">Rossel (Yela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarai_Islands" title="Samarai Islands">Samarai Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilaki_Island" title="Basilaki Island">Basilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonubalabala_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonubalabala Island">Gonubalabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_Island" title="Kui Island">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarai" title="Samarai">Samarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideia_Island" title="Sideia Island">Sideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanatinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanatinai">Vanatinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeina_Island" title="Yeina Island">Yeina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Solomon_Islands" title="North Solomon Islands">North Solomon Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buka_Island" title="Buka Island">Buka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carteret_Islands" title="Carteret Islands">Carteret Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Islands_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Green Islands (Papua New Guinea)">Green Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barahun_Island" title="Barahun Island">Barahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Island" title="Nissan Island">Nissan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinipel_Island" title="Pinipel Island">Pinipel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirot_Island" title="Sirot Island">Sirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_Atoll" title="Takuu Atoll">Takuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/16px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/24px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/32px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="452" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Guinea" title="Portal:New Guinea">New Guinea portal</a></b> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/16px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/24px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/32px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_(APEC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_(APEC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>¹</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papua New Guinea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Australia_1989" title="APEC Australia 1989">1989</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Singapore_1990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Singapore 1990 (page does not exist)">1990</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Republic_of_Korea_1991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Republic of Korea 1991 (page does not exist)">1991</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Thailand_1992&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Thailand 1992 (page does not exist)">1992</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_United_States_1993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC United States 1993 (page does not exist)">1993</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_1994" title="APEC Indonesia 1994">1994</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Japan_1995&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Japan 1995 (page does not exist)">1995</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Philippines_1996" title="APEC Philippines 1996">1996</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Canada_1997" title="APEC Canada 1997">1997</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Malaysia_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Malaysia 1998 (page does not exist)">1998</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_New_Zealand_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC New Zealand 1999 (page does not exist)">1999</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Brunei_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Brunei 2000 (page does not exist)">2000</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2001" title="APEC China 2001">2001</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Mexico_2002" title="APEC Mexico 2002">2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Thailand_2003" title="APEC Thailand 2003">2003</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Chile_2004" title="APEC Chile 2004">2004</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_South_Korea_2005" title="APEC South Korea 2005">2005</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Vietnam_2006" title="APEC Vietnam 2006">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007" title="APEC Australia 2007">2007</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2008" title="APEC Peru 2008">2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Singapore_2009" title="APEC Singapore 2009">2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Japan_2010" title="APEC Japan 2010">2010</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_United_States_2011" title="APEC United States 2011">2011</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Russia_2012" title="APEC Russia 2012">2012</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_2013" title="APEC Indonesia 2013">2013</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2014" title="APEC China 2014">2014</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Philippines_2015" title="APEC Philippines 2015">2015</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2016" title="APEC Peru 2016">2016</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Vietnam_2017" title="APEC Vietnam 2017">2017</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Papua_New_Guinea_2018" title="APEC Papua New Guinea 2018">2018</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Chile_2019" title="APEC Chile 2019">2019</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Malaysia_2020" title="APEC Malaysia 2020">2020</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_New_Zealand_2021" title="APEC New Zealand 2021">2021</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Thailand_2022" title="APEC Thailand 2022">2022</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_United_States_2023" title="APEC United States 2023">2023</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2024" title="APEC Peru 2024">2024</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Business_Travel_Card" title="APEC Business Travel Card">APEC Business Travel Card</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_blue" title="APEC blue">APEC blue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Climate_Center" title="APEC Climate Center">APEC Climate Center</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Sculpture_Garden" title="APEC Sculpture Garden">APEC Sculpture Garden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Youth_Science_Festival" title="APEC Youth Science Festival">APEC Youth Science Festival</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><small>1. A <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative region of China</a>, participates as "Hong Kong, China"</small></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template talk:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Charter" title="ASEAN Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#The_Common_Effective_Preferential_Tariff_(CEPT)_scheme" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">Customs union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">Founding document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisations_associated_with_the_ASEAN" title="Organisations associated with the ASEAN">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Cooperation_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia">Treaty of Amity and Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_ASEAN_members" title="Visa policy of ASEAN members">Visa policies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_ASEAN_Way" title="The ASEAN Way">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Song_of_Unity" title="ASEAN Song of Unity">Hymn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_ASEAN" title="Enlargement of ASEAN">Observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_East_Timor_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of East Timor to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papua New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Papua_New_Guinea_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of Papua New Guinea to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Summit" title="ASEAN Summit">ASEAN Summit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_ASEAN_Summits" title="2017 ASEAN Summits">2017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Republic_of_Korea_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#ASEAN_Plus_Three" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Plus Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Regional Forum">ASEAN Regional Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting" title="Asia–Europe Meeting">Asia–Europe Meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">SEA Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_University_Games" title="ASEAN University Games">University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_School_Games" title="ASEAN School Games">School Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Para_Games" title="ASEAN Para Games">Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Football_Federation" title="ASEAN Football Federation">Football Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFF_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="AFF Championship">Football Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Armies_Rifle_Meet" title="ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet">Armies Rifle Meet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Monetary_Unit" title="Asian Monetary Unit">Asian Monetary Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Initiative" title="Chiang Mai Initiative">Chiang Mai Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Area">ASEAN–China Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–India Free Trade Area">ASEAN–India Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Australia_Development_Cooperation_Program" title="ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program">ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Centre_for_Biodiversity" title="ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity">Centre for Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Asean_Regional_Forum_Disaster_Relief_Exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="The Asean Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise">Disaster Relief Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Smart_Cities_Network" title="ASEAN Smart Cities Network">Smart Cities Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Intergovernmental_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights">Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Human_Rights_Declaration" title="ASEAN Human Rights Declaration">ASEAN Human Rights Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Commission_on_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Women" title="ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women">Rights of Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Common_Time" title="ASEAN Common Time">Common Time</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Rise" title="ASEAN Rise">ASEAN Rise</a>'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="ASEAN–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Outstanding_Scientist_and_Technologist_Award" title="ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award">Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Southeast_Asia" title="List of the busiest airports in Southeast Asia">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_banks_in_ASEAN" title="List of largest banks in ASEAN">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ASEAN_by_population" title="List of cities in ASEAN by population">Cities by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN countries by GDP">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_HDI" title="List of ASEAN countries by HDI">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_and_subdivisions_by_minimum_wage" title="List of ASEAN countries and subdivisions by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Southeast_Asian_mountains" title="List of Southeast Asian mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Top_reviewed_places_in_ASEAN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Top reviewed places in ASEAN (page does not exist)">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_medal_count_at_International_Science_Olympiad" title="List of ASEAN countries by medal count at International Science Olympiad">Science Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_stock_exchanges_by_market_capitalization" title="List of ASEAN stock exchanges by market capitalization">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_country_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_ASEAN" title="Rankings of universities in ASEAN">Universities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template talk:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papua New Guinea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji" title="Dominion of Fiji">Fiji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">The Gambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi#Independence" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a><sup>2</sup></i> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd><sup>1</sup> <span class="wrap">Annexed by Canada in 1949</span></dd> <dd><sup>2</sup> <span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.</span></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">List of Oceanian countries by population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Territory#Overseas_territory" title="Territory">territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas collectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country of France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Australian Indian Ocean Territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Template:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Template talk:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a> (EAS)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Asia_Summit" title="First East Asia Summit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Asia_Summit" title="Second East Asia Summit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_East_Asia_Summit" title="Third East Asia Summit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourth East Asia Summit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifth East Asia Summit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixth East Asia Summit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Seventh East Asia Summit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighth East Asia Summit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Ninth East Asia Summit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Tenth East Asia Summit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eleventh East Asia Summit">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Twelfth East Asia Summit">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Thirteenth East Asia Summit">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourteenth East Asia Summit">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifteenth East Asia Summit">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixteenth East Asia Summit">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Seventeenth East Asia Summit">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighteenth East Asia Summit">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Nineteenth East Asia Summit">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding-left:0.3em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Melanesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Melanesia" title="Template:Melanesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Melanesia" title="Template talk:Melanesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Melanesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Melanesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Melanesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melanesia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Melanesia.png/100px-Melanesia.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Melanesia.png/150px-Melanesia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Melanesia.png/200px-Melanesia.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="298" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aru_Islands_Regency" title="Aru Islands Regency">Aru Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_languages" title="Melanesian languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Melanesia" title="List of universities in Melanesia">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiade_Archipelago" title="Louisiade Archipelago">Louisiade Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Santa Cruz Islands">Santa Cruz Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalty Islands">Loyalty Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Entrecasteaux_Islands" title="D'Entrecasteaux Islands">d'Entrecasteaux Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands" title="Raja Ampat Islands">Raja Ampat Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schouten_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Schouten Islands">Schouten Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobriand_Islands" title="Trobriand Islands">Trobriand Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlark_Island" title="Woodlark Island">Woodlark Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia_2000" title="Melanesia 2000">Melanesia 2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Melanesia_by_country" title="List of political parties in Melanesia by country">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanesia Cup">Melanesia Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Super_Cup" title="Melanesian Super Cup">Melanesian Super Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Melanesia" title="Category:Melanesia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-Aligned_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template talk:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-Aligned_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#Members,_observers_and_guests" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Members</a> and the NAM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Cyprus and the Non-Aligned Movement">Cyprus</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Ghana and the Non-Aligned Movement">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Malta and the Non-Aligned Movement">Malta</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Sri Lanka and the Non-Aligned Movement">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Tanzania and the Non-Aligned Movement">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">Yugoslavia</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bureau</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Bureau_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement">Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Centre_for_South-South_Technical_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation">Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Center for Human Rights and Cultural Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Youth_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Youth Organization">NAM Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAM_News_Network" title="NAM News Network">NAM News Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_News_Agencies_Pool" title="Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool">News Agencies Pool</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Josip_Broz_Tito%22_Art_Gallery_of_the_Nonaligned_Countries" title=""Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries">"Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement_Summits" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement Summits">Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Meeting" title="Brioni Meeting">Brioni Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="2nd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="4th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="5th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="6th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="9th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="19th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Non-Alignment" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno#Figurehead_president" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser#Adoption_of_neutralism" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene#Foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Houari Boumediene">Houari Boumediene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro#Foreign_wars_and_NAM_Presidency:_1975–1979" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#Foreign_affairs" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡ denotes a former member state of the Non-Aligned Movement</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template talk:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">ACP</a> Secretariat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_and_Central_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission" title="Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission">Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development partner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/45th_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="45th Pacific Islands Forum">45th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="51st Pacific Islands Forum">51st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a><br />(members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Trade_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template talk:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Trade_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Member states of the World Trade Organization">Accession and membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Timeline of the World Trade Organization">Chronology of key events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Criticism of the World Trade Organization">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Elimination" title="Quota Elimination">Quota Elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Clause" title="Peace Clause">Peace Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture" title="Agreement on Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Technical Barriers to Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Investment_Measures" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures">Trade-Related Investment Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">Trade in Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement" title="Agreement on Government Procurement">Government Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement" title="Information Technology Agreement">Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Marrakesh Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">Ministerial<br />Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996">1st (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">2nd (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">3rd (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">4th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">5th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">6th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009">7th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">8th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2013" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013">9th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2015" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015">10th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2017" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017">11th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2022" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022">12th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economy of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini" title="Economy of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seychelles" title="Economy of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Economy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname" title="Economy of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania" title="Economy of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga" title="Economy of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia" title="Economy of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="European_Union" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151781392">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212610/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxrW6PwDKMhdgFpg3XDbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044569-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81034915">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10133671v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10133671v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569039">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35408370">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Papua-Nová Guinea"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130367&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX454068">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000194639&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/f0ff1ebd-4bf7-46c5-80fe-c05bbfaa91a6">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/942121">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/4c2AcSbJ">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027350991">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045255">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Papua_New_Guinea&params=6_S_147_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°S</span> <span class="longitude">147°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6°S 147°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-6; 147</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    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