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<li id="toc-Predecessors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Predecessors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_electric_organs_(1897–1930s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_electric_organs_(1897–1930s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><span><span>Early electric organs</span></span> (1897–1930s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_electric_organs_(1897–1930s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonewheel_organs_(1930s–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonewheel_organs_(1930s–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span><span><span>Tonewheel organs</span></span> (1930s–1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonewheel_organs_(1930s–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrostatic_reed_organs_(1934–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrostatic_reed_organs_(1934–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span><span><span>Electrostatic reed organs</span></span> (1934–1964)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrostatic_reed_organs_(1934–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_organs_(1930s–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_organs_(1930s–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span><span><span>Electronic organs</span></span> (1930s–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_organs_(1930s–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency_divider_organs_(1930s–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_divider_organs_(1930s–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span><span><span>Frequency divider organs</span></span> (1930s–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency_divider_organs_(1930s–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Console_organs_(1930s–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Console_organs_(1930s–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span><span><span>Console organs</span></span> (1930s–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Console_organs_(1930s–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_organs_(1940s–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_organs_(1940s–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span><span><span>Home organs</span></span> (1940s–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_organs_(1940s–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spinet_organs_(1949–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spinet_organs_(1949–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span><span><span>Spinet organs</span></span> (1949–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spinet_organs_(1949–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chord_organs_(1950–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chord_organs_(1950–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span><span><span>Chord organs</span></span> (1950–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chord_organs_(1950–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transistor_organs_(1957–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transistor_organs_(1957–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span><span><span>Transistor organs</span></span> (1957–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transistor_organs_(1957–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combo_organs_(1950s–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combo_organs_(1950s–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span><span><span>Combo organs</span></span> (1950s–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combo_organs_(1950s–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesizer_organs_(1970s–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesizer_organs_(1970s–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span><span><span>Synthesizer organs</span></span> (1970s–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesizer_organs_(1970s–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_organs_(1971–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_organs_(1971–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span><span><span>Digital organs</span></span> (1971–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_organs_(1971–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_digital_organs_(1980s–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_digital_organs_(1980s–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span><span><span>Modern digital organs</span></span> (1980s–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_digital_organs_(1980s–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_organs_(1990s–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_organs_(1990s–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16</span> <span><span><span>Software organs</span></span> (1990s–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_organs_(1990s–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In churches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_churches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In churches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pipe-electronic_hybrid_organs_(1930s–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipe-electronic_hybrid_organs_(1930s–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pipe-electronic hybrid organs (1930s–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipe-electronic_hybrid_organs_(1930s–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_church_organs_(1939–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_church_organs_(1939–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Electronic church organs (1939–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_church_organs_(1939–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_church_organs_(1971–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_church_organs_(1971–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Digital church organs (1971–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_church_organs_(1971–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_organ&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic organ">Electronic organ</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electronic keyboard instrument</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the organ found in electric fish, see <a href="/wiki/Electric_organ_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric organ (biology)">Electric organ (biology)</a>. For pipe organs activated by electricity, see <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ#Action" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organ § Action</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Electric_organ" title="Special:EditPage/Electric organ">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Electric+organ%22">"Electric organ"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Electric+organ%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Electric+organ%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Electric+organ%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Electric+organ%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Electric+organ%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_GX-1_(clip)_@_Yamaha_Design_Masterworks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Yamaha_GX-1_%28clip%29_%40_Yamaha_Design_Masterworks.png/193px-Yamaha_GX-1_%28clip%29_%40_Yamaha_Design_Masterworks.png" decoding="async" width="193" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Yamaha_GX-1_%28clip%29_%40_Yamaha_Design_Masterworks.png/290px-Yamaha_GX-1_%28clip%29_%40_Yamaha_Design_Masterworks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Yamaha_GX-1_%28clip%29_%40_Yamaha_Design_Masterworks.png/386px-Yamaha_GX-1_%28clip%29_%40_Yamaha_Design_Masterworks.png 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="1316" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_GX-1" title="Yamaha GX-1">Yamaha GX-1</a>, an early <a href="/wiki/Polyphonic_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic synthesizer">polyphonic synthesizer</a> organ in the 1970s</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wersi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wersi.jpg/191px-Wersi.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wersi.jpg/287px-Wersi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wersi.jpg/382px-Wersi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Wersi" title="Wersi">WERSI</a> Scala, an <a href="/wiki/Open-Architecture-System" title="Open-Architecture-System">open architecture</a> software organ platform in 2002</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:390px;max-width:390px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:291px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:967_at_Asbury.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/967_at_Asbury.JPG/388px-967_at_Asbury.JPG" decoding="async" width="388" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/967_at_Asbury.JPG/582px-967_at_Asbury.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/967_at_Asbury.JPG/776px-967_at_Asbury.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rodgers_Instruments" title="Rodgers Instruments">Rodgers</a> Trillium organ custom three-manual console on a church.<br /><b>right top</b>: a <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">sound module</a> for extra pipe and orchestral sounds.<br /><b>left top</b>: a laptop PC for <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer#Software_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencing the organ</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>An <b>electric organ</b>, also known as <b>electronic organ</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">electronic keyboard</a> instrument which was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">theatre organ</a>. Originally designed to imitate their sound, or orchestral sounds, it has since developed into several types of instruments: </p> <ul><li><a href="#Tonewheel_organs">Hammond-style organs</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>;</li> <li><a href="#Digital_church_organs">digital church organs</a>, which imitate pipe organs and are used primarily in churches;</li> <li>other types including <a href="#Combo_organs">combo organs</a>, <a href="#Home_organs">home organs</a>, and <a href="#Software_organs">software organs</a>.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Harmonium</dt></dl> <p>The immediate predecessor of the electronic organ was the <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Reed_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed organ">reed organ</a>, an instrument that was common in homes and small churches in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In a fashion not totally unlike that of pipe organs, reed organs generate sound by forcing air over a set of reeds by means of a bellows, usually operated by constantly pumping a set of pedals. The Harmonium used pressure, and the American reed organ or pump organ used suction. While reed organs have limited tonal quality, they are small, inexpensive, self-powered, transportable and self-contained. (Large models were made with multiple manuals, or even pedal boards; in the latter case, the bellows were operated by a leaver or crank on the side by an assistant, or in some late models an electric pump.) The reed organ is thus able to bring an organ sound to venues that are incapable of housing or affording pipe organs. This concept played an important role in the development of the electric organ. </p> <dl><dt>Pipe organ</dt></dl> <p>In the 1930s, several manufacturers developed electronic organs designed to imitate the function and sound of pipe organs. At the time, some manufacturers thought that emulation of the pipe organ was the most promising route to take in the development of an electronic organ. Not all agreed, however. Various types of electronic organs have been brought to market over the years, with some establishing solid reputations in their own niche markets. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Electric_organs"></span><span class="anchor" id="Early_electric_organs"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_electric_organs_(1897–1930s)"><span id="Early_electric_organs_.281897.E2.80.931930s.29"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Early_electric_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Early electric organs</span></span> (1897–1930s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early electric organs (1897–1930s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Telharmonium</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teleharmonium1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Teleharmonium1897.jpg/228px-Teleharmonium1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Teleharmonium1897.jpg/342px-Teleharmonium1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Teleharmonium1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Telharmonium" title="Telharmonium">Telharmonium</a> console by <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Cahill" title="Thaddeus Cahill">Thaddeus Cahill</a>, 1897.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US580035A_Thaddeus_Cahill,_Telharmonium_patent_p.04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US580035A_Thaddeus_Cahill%2C_Telharmonium_patent_p.04.jpg/106px-US580035A_Thaddeus_Cahill%2C_Telharmonium_patent_p.04.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US580035A_Thaddeus_Cahill%2C_Telharmonium_patent_p.04.jpg/159px-US580035A_Thaddeus_Cahill%2C_Telharmonium_patent_p.04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US580035A_Thaddeus_Cahill%2C_Telharmonium_patent_p.04.jpg/212px-US580035A_Thaddeus_Cahill%2C_Telharmonium_patent_p.04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="3315" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tonewheels</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The use of electricity in organs emerged in the first decades of the 20th century, but it was slow to have a major impact. Electrically powered reed organs appeared during the first decades of electricity, but their tonal qualities remained much the same as the older, foot-pumped models. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Cahill" title="Thaddeus Cahill">Thaddeus Cahill</a>'s gargantuan and controversial instrument, the <a href="/wiki/Telharmonium" title="Telharmonium">Telharmonium</a>, which began piping music to New York City establishments over the telephone system in 1897, predated the advent of <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, yet was the first instrument to demonstrate the use of the combination of many different pure electrical <a href="/wiki/Waveforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Waveforms">waveforms</a> to synthesize real-world instrument sounds. Cahill's techniques were later used by <a href="/wiki/Laurens_Hammond" title="Laurens Hammond">Laurens Hammond</a> in his organ design, and the 200-ton Telharmonium served as the world's first demonstration of electrically produced music on a grand scale. </p><p>Meanwhile, some further experimentation with producing sound by electric impulses was taking place, especially in France. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Tonewheel_organs"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonewheel_organs_(1930s–1975)"><span id="Tonewheel_organs_.281930s.E2.80.931975.29"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Tonewheel_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Tonewheel organs</span></span> (1930s–1975)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tonewheel organs (1930s–1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Robb Wave Organ</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robb_Wave_Organ_console_(1937),_National_Music_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Robb_Wave_Organ_console_%281937%29%2C_National_Music_Centre.jpg/108px-Robb_Wave_Organ_console_%281937%29%2C_National_Music_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Robb_Wave_Organ_console_%281937%29%2C_National_Music_Centre.jpg/162px-Robb_Wave_Organ_console_%281937%29%2C_National_Music_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Robb_Wave_Organ_console_%281937%29%2C_National_Music_Centre.jpg/216px-Robb_Wave_Organ_console_%281937%29%2C_National_Music_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Console</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robb_Wave_Organ_Tone_Wheel_Closeup,_Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Robb_Wave_Organ_Tone_Wheel_Closeup%2C_Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum.jpg/108px-Robb_Wave_Organ_Tone_Wheel_Closeup%2C_Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Robb_Wave_Organ_Tone_Wheel_Closeup%2C_Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum.jpg/162px-Robb_Wave_Organ_Tone_Wheel_Closeup%2C_Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Robb_Wave_Organ_Tone_Wheel_Closeup%2C_Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum.jpg/216px-Robb_Wave_Organ_Tone_Wheel_Closeup%2C_Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tonewheels</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Welte-Mignon" title="Welte-Mignon">Welte</a> Lichtton Orgel</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Welte-Lichtton-Orgel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Welte-Lichtton-Orgel.png/120px-Welte-Lichtton-Orgel.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Welte-Lichtton-Orgel.png/180px-Welte-Lichtton-Orgel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Welte-Lichtton-Orgel.png/240px-Welte-Lichtton-Orgel.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="927" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Console</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DisquesOptiques.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DisquesOptiques.jpg/95px-DisquesOptiques.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DisquesOptiques.jpg/143px-DisquesOptiques.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DisquesOptiques.jpg/190px-DisquesOptiques.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Optical-tonewheels</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tonewheel" title="Tonewheel">Tonewheel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></div> <p>After the failure of the Telharmonium business, similar designs called <i><a href="/wiki/Tonewheel" title="Tonewheel">tonewheel</a> organs</i> were continuously developed; For example: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Robb_Wave_Organ" title="Robb Wave Organ">Robb Wave Organ</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Morse_Robb" title="Morse Robb">Morse Robb</a> (Canada) — developed since c.1923, marketed 1936–1941<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MurphyCotter2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MurphyCotter2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Rangertone</i> by Richard Ranger (United States) — marketed c.1932<sup id="cite_ref-PopularMechanics1931_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopularMechanics1931-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Laurens_Hammond" title="Laurens Hammond">Laurens Hammond</a> and John M. Hanert<sup id="cite_ref-BushKassel2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BushKassel2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (United States) — invented in 1934,<sup id="cite_ref-USpatent1956350_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USpatent1956350-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marketed 1935<sup id="cite_ref-Corbin2006p151_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbin2006p151-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1975 (as the tonewheel organs)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lichtton_Orgel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lichtton Orgel (page does not exist)">Lichtton Orgel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichttonorgel" class="extiw" title="de:Lichttonorgel">de</a>]</span></i> by Edwin <a href="/wiki/Welte-Mignon" title="Welte-Mignon">Welte</a>, <i>et al.</i> (Germany) — <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical</a>-tonewheel <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> organ, marketed 1935–1940s<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>One of the earlier electric tonewheel organs was conceived and manufactured by Morse Robb, of the Robb Wave Organ Company. Built in Belleville, Ontario, the Robb Wave Organ predates its much more successful competitor <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond</a> by patent and manufacture, but shut down its operations in 1938 due to lack of funding.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown1967_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown1967-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammond_b3_con_leslie_122.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammond_b3_con_leslie_122.jpg/220px-Hammond_b3_con_leslie_122.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammond_b3_con_leslie_122.jpg/330px-Hammond_b3_con_leslie_122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammond_b3_con_leslie_122.jpg/440px-Hammond_b3_con_leslie_122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A typical tonewheel organ, <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond B3</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Hammond organ</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonewheel-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tonewheel-p.svg/218px-Tonewheel-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tonewheel-p.svg/327px-Tonewheel-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tonewheel-p.svg/436px-Tonewheel-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tonewheel (right) rotates beneath <br />electro-magnetic pickup (left)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammond-drawbars-plain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hammond-drawbars-plain.svg/218px-Hammond-drawbars-plain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hammond-drawbars-plain.svg/327px-Hammond-drawbars-plain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hammond-drawbars-plain.svg/436px-Hammond-drawbars-plain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hammond <a href="/wiki/Drawbars" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawbars">drawbars</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The first widespread success in this field was a product of the Hammond Clock Company in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a> quickly became the successor of the reed organ, displacing it almost completely. </p><p>From the start, tonewheel organs operated on a radically different principle from all previous organs. In place of reeds and pipes, Robb and Hammond introduced a set of rapidly spinning magnetic wheels, called <a href="/wiki/Tonewheel" title="Tonewheel">tonewheels</a>, which excite <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducers</a> that generate electrical signals of various frequencies that are mixed and fed through an <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a>. The organ is electrically powered, replacing the reed organ's twin bellows pedals with a single <a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">swell (or "expression") pedal</a> more like that of a pipe organ. Instead of having to pump at a constant rate, as had been the case with the reed organ, the organist simply varies the position of this pedal to change the volume as desired. Unlike reed organs, this gives great control over the music's dynamic range, while at the same time freeing one or both of the player's feet to play on a <a href="/wiki/Pedal_clavier" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedal clavier">pedalboard</a>, which, unlike most reed organs, electronic organs incorporate. From the beginning, the electronic organ has had a second <a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">manual</a>, also rare among reed organs. While these features mean that the electric organ requires greater musical skills of the organist than the reed organ has, the second manual and the pedalboard along with the expression pedal greatly enhanced playing, far-surpassing the capabilities of the typical reed organ. </p><p>The most revolutionary difference in the Hammond, however, is its huge number of tonewheel settings, achieved by manipulating a system of <a href="/wiki/Drawbar_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawbar organ">drawbars</a> located near the manuals. By using the drawbars, the organist can combine a variety of electrical tones and <a href="/wiki/Harmonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonics">harmonics</a> in varying proportions, thus giving the Hammond vast registration. In all, the Hammond is capable of producing more than 250 million tones. This feature, combined with the three-keyboard layout (i.e., manuals and pedalboard), the freedom of electrical power, and a wide, easily controllable range of volume, made the first electronic organs more flexible than any reed organ, or indeed any previous musical instrument except, perhaps, the pipe organ itself. </p><p>The classic Hammond sound benefits from the use of free-standing loudspeakers called tone cabinets. The sound is often further enhanced by rotating speaker units, usually manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie</a>. </p><p> The Hammond Organ was widely adopted in popular genres such as <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>. It was utilized by bands such as <a href="/wiki/Emerson,_Lake,_and_Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerson, Lake, and Palmer">Emerson, Lake, and Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s" title="Booker T. & the M.G.'s">Booker T. & the M.G.'s</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a>, among others. Occasionally the legs would be cut off these instruments to make them easier to transport from show to show. The most popular and emulated organ in the Hammond line is the B3. Although portable "<a href="/wiki/Clonewheel_organ" title="Clonewheel organ">clonewheel organs</a>" started to synthesize and displace the original Hammond tonewheel design in the 1970s, it is still very much in demand by professional organists. The industry continues to see a lively trade in refurbished Hammond instruments, even as technological advances allow new organs to perform at levels unimaginable only two or three decades ago.</p><div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Electrostatic_organs"></span><span class="anchor" id="Electrostatic_reed_organs"></span><span class="anchor" id="Orgatron"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrostatic_reed_organs_(1934–1964)"><span id="Electrostatic_reed_organs_.281934.E2.80.931964.29"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Electrostatic_reed_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Electrostatic reed organs</span></span> (1934–1964)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electrostatic reed organs (1934–1964)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the wake of Hammond's 1934 invention of the tonewheel organ, competitors explored other possibilities of electric/electronic organ design. Other than the variations of tonewheel organ design, for example, a purely electronic interpretation of the pipe organ (based on "<a href="/wiki/Additive_synthesis" title="Additive synthesis">additive synthesis</a>" design) seemed a promising approach. However, it requires a huge number of oscillators, and these circuit scales and complexities were considered a technical bottleneck, as <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> circuits of those days are bulky and unstable. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Miessner" title="Benjamin Miessner">Benjamin Miessner</a> realized that a hybrid approach, using acoustic tone generators along with electronic circuits, could be a reasonable design for commercial products. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurlitzer_Model_44_Electrostatic_Reed_Organ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Wurlitzer_Model_44_Electrostatic_Reed_Organ.png/101px-Wurlitzer_Model_44_Electrostatic_Reed_Organ.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Wurlitzer_Model_44_Electrostatic_Reed_Organ.png/152px-Wurlitzer_Model_44_Electrostatic_Reed_Organ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Wurlitzer_Model_44_Electrostatic_Reed_Organ.png/202px-Wurlitzer_Model_44_Electrostatic_Reed_Organ.png 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="1940" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Munich_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_07-9584.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Munich_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_07-9584.jpg/183px-Munich_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_07-9584.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Munich_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_07-9584.jpg/275px-Munich_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_07-9584.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Munich_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_07-9584.jpg/366px-Munich_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_07-9584.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><b>left</b>: <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a> Model 44 Electrostatic Organ (1953–1964)<sup id="cite_ref-Pugno_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugno-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>right</b>: <a href="/wiki/Hohner" title="Hohner">Hohner</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hohnerola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hohnerola (page does not exist)">Hohnerola</a> (1955), highly expanded by <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Synthesizer" title="Siemens Synthesizer">Siemens Studio for Electronic Music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-subharchord_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subharchord-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Orgatron</b> was developed in 1934 by Frederick Albert Hoschke, after a Miessner patent.<sup id="cite_ref-AmericanOrganist2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmericanOrganist2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RichardKassel_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RichardKassel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miessner1936_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miessner1936-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fan blows air over a set of <a href="/wiki/Free_reed" class="mw-redirect" title="Free reed">free reeds</a>, causing them to vibrate. These vibrations are detected by a number of <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_pickup" title="Electrostatic pickup">capacitive pickups</a>, then the resulting electric signals are processed and amplified to create musical tones.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orgatron was manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Everett_Piano_Company" title="Everett Piano Company">Everett Piano Company</a> from 1935 to 1941. Following World War II and a business transfer, production resumed in 1945 by the <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Wurlitzer_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Wurlitzer Company">Rudolph Wurlitzer Company</a> and continued into the early 1960s, including some models retaining the Everett name from 1945 to 1947. </p><p>In 1955, the German company <a href="/wiki/Hohner" title="Hohner">Hohner</a> also released two electrostatic reed organs: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hohnerola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hohnerola (page does not exist)">Hohnerola</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minetta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minetta (page does not exist)">Minetta</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Zacharias" title="Ernst Zacharias">Ernst Zacharias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_Magna_Organ_(1935)_Console.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yamaha_Magna_Organ_%281935%29_Console.jpg/114px-Yamaha_Magna_Organ_%281935%29_Console.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yamaha_Magna_Organ_%281935%29_Console.jpg/171px-Yamaha_Magna_Organ_%281935%29_Console.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yamaha_Magna_Organ_%281935%29_Console.jpg/228px-Yamaha_Magna_Organ_%281935%29_Console.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_Magna_Organ_(1935)_Tone_Cabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Yamaha_Magna_Organ_%281935%29_Tone_Cabinet.jpg/102px-Yamaha_Magna_Organ_%281935%29_Tone_Cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Yamaha_Magna_Organ_%281935%29_Tone_Cabinet.jpg/153px-Yamaha_Magna_Organ_%281935%29_Tone_Cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Yamaha_Magna_Organ_%281935%29_Tone_Cabinet.jpg/204px-Yamaha_Magna_Organ_%281935%29_Tone_Cabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="835" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Magna_Organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaha Magna Organ">Yamaha Magna Organ</a> & Tone Cabinet (1935)</div></div></div></div> <p>In the same decades, similar <i>electro-acoustic</i> instruments — <i>i.e.</i> electric-fan driven free reed organs with additional electronic circuits — were developed also in Japan. <a href="/wiki/Magna_Organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Organ">Magna Organ</a> invented in 1934 by a <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> engineer, Sei-ichi Yamashita, was a multi-timbral keyboard instrument<sup id="cite_ref-yomiuri1935_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yomiuri1935-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-magnaorgan1935_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnaorgan1935-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to the Hoschke's instrument developed in the same year, although it utilized the <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphones</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">soundproof</a> box instead of the electrostatic pickups. Initially the Magna Organ was designed as a kind of the <a href="/wiki/Additive_synthesis" title="Additive synthesis">additive-synthesizer</a> that summing-up the <a href="/wiki/Partial_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial (music)">partials</a> generated by the <a href="/wiki/Frequency_multiplier" title="Frequency multiplier">frequency-multipliers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fujino2020a_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fujino2020a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JP108664C_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP108664C-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it seems difficult to achieve <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> without <a href="/wiki/Intermodulation_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermodulation distortion">intermodulation distortions</a> with the technology of the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-fujino2020b_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fujino2020b-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the additional patents<sup id="cite_ref-JP110068C_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP110068C-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JP111216C_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP111216C-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the reviews at that time, its later implemented design, seems to had shifted to a sound-colorization system using the (various) combinations of reed sets, microphones and loudspeakers.<sup id="cite_ref-fujino2020b_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fujino2020b-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This type of instrument was later re-commercialized: In 1959, Japanese organ builder, Ichirō Kuroda, built his first Croda Organ with each pair of constantly oscillating free reed and a microphone in the soundproof box, and installed at Nishi-Chiba Church in Chiba Prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-crodaorgan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crodaorgan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Electronic_organs"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_organs_(1930s–)"><span id="Electronic_organs_.281930s.E2.80.93.29"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Electronic_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Electronic organs</span></span> (1930s–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electronic organs (1930s–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novachord_frontS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Novachord_frontS.jpg/220px-Novachord_frontS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Novachord_frontS.jpg/330px-Novachord_frontS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Novachord_frontS.jpg/440px-Novachord_frontS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond</a> <a href="/wiki/Novachord" title="Novachord">Novachord</a> (1939)</figcaption></figure> <p>On the other hand, the Hammond <a href="/wiki/Novachord" title="Novachord">Novachord</a> (1939) and other competitors selected the <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_synthesis" title="Subtractive synthesis">subtractive synthesis</a> design using various combinations of <a href="/wiki/Oscillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillator">oscillators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_filter" title="Audio filter">filters</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Frequency_divider_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency divider organ">frequency dividers</a>, to reduce the huge number of oscillators, which was the bottleneck of the additive synthesis design. The heat generated by early models with vacuum tube tone generators and amplifiers led to the somewhat derogatory nickname "toaster". Today's solid-state instruments do not suffer from the problem, nor do they require the several minutes that vacuum tube organs need to bring the filament heaters up to temperature. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baldwin_Electronic_Organ_-_model_unknown_(clipped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Baldwin_Electronic_Organ_-_model_unknown_%28clipped%29.png/130px-Baldwin_Electronic_Organ_-_model_unknown_%28clipped%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Baldwin_Electronic_Organ_-_model_unknown_%28clipped%29.png/195px-Baldwin_Electronic_Organ_-_model_unknown_%28clipped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Baldwin_Electronic_Organ_-_model_unknown_%28clipped%29.png/260px-Baldwin_Electronic_Organ_-_model_unknown_%28clipped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1542" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Piano_Company" title="Baldwin Piano Company">Baldwin</a> Electronic Organ, designed by <a href="/wiki/Winston_E._Kock" title="Winston E. Kock">Winston E. Kock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Braun1982_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braun1982-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Electronic organs were once popular home instruments, comparable in price to pianos and frequently sold in department stores. After their début in the 1930s, they captured the public imagination through the recordings of musicians such as Milt Herth (the first performer to record the Hammond Electric Organ) as well as recordings and film performances of <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Smith_(organist)" title="Ethel Smith (organist)">Ethel Smith</a>. Nevertheless, they were promoted primarily as church / institutional instruments during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> and through World War II. After the war, they became more widespread; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Piano_Company" title="Baldwin Piano Company">Baldwin Piano Company</a> introduced its first in 1946 (with 37 vacuum tubes).<sup id="cite_ref-Braun1982_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braun1982-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the adaptation of solid-state electronics to organs in the late 1950s, the market for electronic organs began a fundamental change. Portable electronic keyboards became a regular feature of rock-and-roll music during the 1960s. They are also more convenient to move and store than are the large one-piece organs that had previously defined the market. By the late 1960s, the home organ market was dying while the portable keyboard market was thriving. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Frequency_divider_organs"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequency_divider_organs_(1930s–)"><span id="Frequency_divider_organs_.281930s.E2.80.93.29"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Frequency_divider_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Frequency divider organs</span></span> (1930s–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Frequency divider organs (1930s–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SchemaOrgueElectronique.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/SchemaOrgueElectronique.png/220px-SchemaOrgueElectronique.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/SchemaOrgueElectronique.png/330px-SchemaOrgueElectronique.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/SchemaOrgueElectronique.png/440px-SchemaOrgueElectronique.png 2x" data-file-width="2357" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>Generalized schematic of frequency divider organs with <i>transformer-dividers</i> (in French)</figcaption></figure> <p>Early electronic organ products released in the 1930s and 1940s were already implemented on frequency divider technology using vacuum tubes or transformer-dividers. </p><p> With the development of the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>, electronic organs that use no mechanical parts to generate the waveforms became practical. The first of these was the frequency divider organ, the first of which uses twelve <a href="/wiki/Oscillators" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillators">oscillators</a> to produce one octave of chromatic scale, and <a href="/wiki/Frequency_divider" title="Frequency divider">frequency dividers</a> to produce other notes. These were even cheaper and more portable than the Hammond. Later developments made it possible to run an organ from a single <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> oscillator. Frequency divider organs were built by many companies, and were offered in kit form to be built by hobbyists. A few of these have seen notable use, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lowrey_organ" title="Lowrey organ">Lowrey</a> played by <a href="/wiki/Garth_Hudson" title="Garth Hudson">Garth Hudson</a>. The design of the Lowrey's electronics made it easy to include a pitch-bend feature that is unavailable for the Hammond, and Hudson built a musical style around its use.</p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Console_organs"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Console_organs_(1930s–)"><span id="Console_organs_.281930s.E2.80.93.29"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Console_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Console organs</span></span> (1930s–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Console organs (1930s–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SWEELINCK_35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SWEELINCK_35.jpg/160px-SWEELINCK_35.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SWEELINCK_35.jpg/240px-SWEELINCK_35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/SWEELINCK_35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A typical modern console organ <span style="font-size:95%;">(<a href="/wiki/Johannus_Orgelbouw" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannus Orgelbouw">Johannus</a> Sweelinck 35)</span></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><p> Console organs, large and expensive electronic organ models, resemble pipe organ consoles. These instruments have a more traditional configuration, including full-range manuals, a wider variety of stops, and a two-octave (or occasionally even a full 32-note) pedalboard easily playable by both feet in standard toe-and-heel fashion. (Console organs having 32-note pedalboards are sometimes known as "concert organs".) Console models, like spinet and chord organs, have internal speakers mounted above the pedals. With their more traditional configuration, greater capabilities, and better performance compared to spinets, console organs are especially suitable for use in small churches, public performance, and even organ instruction. The home musician or student who first learned to play on a console model often found that he or she could later make the transition to a pipe organ in a church setting with relative ease. College music departments made console organs available as practice instruments for students, and church musicians would not uncommonly have them at home.</p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Home_organs"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_organs_(1940s–)"><span id="Home_organs_.281940s.E2.80.93.29"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Home_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Home organs</span></span> (1940s–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Home organs (1940s–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chord_organ" title="Chord organ">Chord organ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pergamon1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pergamon1984.jpg/183px-Pergamon1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pergamon1984.jpg/275px-Pergamon1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pergamon1984.jpg/366px-Pergamon1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A full-featured home organ in 1981 (<a href="/wiki/Farfisa" title="Farfisa">Farfisa</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farfisa_Pergamon" class="extiw" title="de:Farfisa Pergamon">Pergamon</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lowrey_organ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lowrey_organ.jpg/101px-Lowrey_organ.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lowrey_organ.jpg/152px-Lowrey_organ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lowrey_organ.jpg/202px-Lowrey_organ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Lowrey_organ" title="Lowrey organ">Lowrey organ</a> (high-end model)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>During the period from the 1940s through approximately the 1970s, a variety of more modest self-contained electronic home organs from a variety of manufacturers were popular forms of home entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-1966book_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1966book-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These instruments were much influenced by <a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">theatre organs</a>' sounds and playing style, and often the stops contained imitative voicings such as "trumpet" and "marimba". In the 1950s–1970s, as technology progressed, they increasingly included automated features such as: </p> <ul><li><i>Repeat percussion</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Organ_Company#Features" title="Thomas Organ Company">Thomas Organ</a>)</li> <li><i>Sustain</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gulbransen" title="Gulbransen">Gulbransen</a><sup id="cite_ref-gulbransen_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulbransen-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i>Glide</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lowrey_organ" title="Lowrey organ">Lowrey organ</a> in 1956)<sup id="cite_ref-PugnoCurry2005_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PugnoCurry2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — <span style="font-size:85%;">a foot-operated switch temporarily lowers the pitch by about a semitone, to simulate a slide on Hawaiian guitar or trombone.</span><sup id="cite_ref-PugnoCurry2005_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PugnoCurry2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-video_Glide_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-video_Glide-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Chimes stop / Piano stop</i> (Gulbransen<sup id="cite_ref-gulbransen_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulbransen-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i>Vocal chorus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Farfisa" title="Farfisa">Farfisa</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farfisa_Pergamon" class="extiw" title="de:Farfisa Pergamon">Pergamon</a> in 1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Electronic rhythm</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a> <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine#History" title="Drum machine">Sideman</a> in 1959, <a href="/wiki/Seeburg_Corporation" title="Seeburg Corporation">Seeburg</a> & <a href="/wiki/Gulbransen" title="Gulbransen">Gulbransen</a> in 1964<sup id="cite_ref-gulbransen_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulbransen-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chord_organ" title="Chord organ">One-touch chords</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hammond_organs#Vacuum_tube_musical_instruments" title="List of Hammond organs">Hammond S-6</a> Chord Organ in 1950)</li> <li><i>Automatic Orchestra Control</i> (Lowrey organ in 1963)<sup id="cite_ref-PugnoCurry2005_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PugnoCurry2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — <span style="font-size:85%;">turns a single note (on upper manual) into a full chord (designated on lower manual).</span><sup id="cite_ref-video_AOC_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-video_AOC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Autochord</i> (Hammond Piper in 1970, Lowrey Magic Genie in c.1975)</li> <li><i>Automatic <a href="/wiki/Walking_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking bass">walking bass</a></i> (Gulbransen<sup id="cite_ref-gulbransen_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulbransen-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arpeggiator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpeggiator">Arpeggiator</a></i> (Hammond organ,<sup id="cite_ref-USPAT3358070_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPAT3358070-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc.)</li> <li><i>Built-in <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a></i> / <i>Rotary speaker</i> (Gulbransen,<sup id="cite_ref-gulbransen_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulbransen-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lowrey Holiday Deluxe LSL in 1961,<sup id="cite_ref-PugnoCurry2005_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PugnoCurry2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc.)</li></ul> <p>and even built-in <i><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">tape recorders</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PugnoCurry2005_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PugnoCurry2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These features made it easier to play complete, layered "<a href="/wiki/One_man_band" class="mw-redirect" title="One man band">one-man band</a>" arrangements, especially for people who had not trained as organists. The <a href="/wiki/Lowrey_organ" title="Lowrey organ">Lowrey</a> line of home organs is the epitome of this type of instrument. </p><p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">While a few such instruments</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> are still sold today, <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">their popularity has waned greatly</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and many of their functions have been incorporated into more modern and inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">portable keyboards</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Typical features on Home organs</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_(inside)_front_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="an earliest external Rhythm machine, Wurlitzer Sideman (1957, inside)"><img alt="an earliest external Rhythm machine, Wurlitzer Sideman (1957, inside)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29_front_view.jpg/97px-Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29_front_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29_front_view.jpg/146px-Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29_front_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29_front_view.jpg/195px-Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29_front_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4488" data-file-height="5526" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">an earliest <i>external</i> <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Rhythm machine</a>, Wurlitzer Sideman (1957, inside) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhythm_selector_on_an_electronic_organ_-_DISCO_ROCK_(2010-01-16_13.57.24_by_Kevin_Simpson).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="built-in Rhythm selector"><img alt="built-in Rhythm selector" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rhythm_selector_on_an_electronic_organ_-_DISCO_ROCK_%282010-01-16_13.57.24_by_Kevin_Simpson%29.jpg/120px-Rhythm_selector_on_an_electronic_organ_-_DISCO_ROCK_%282010-01-16_13.57.24_by_Kevin_Simpson%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rhythm_selector_on_an_electronic_organ_-_DISCO_ROCK_%282010-01-16_13.57.24_by_Kevin_Simpson%29.jpg/180px-Rhythm_selector_on_an_electronic_organ_-_DISCO_ROCK_%282010-01-16_13.57.24_by_Kevin_Simpson%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rhythm_selector_on_an_electronic_organ_-_DISCO_ROCK_%282010-01-16_13.57.24_by_Kevin_Simpson%29.jpg/240px-Rhythm_selector_on_an_electronic_organ_-_DISCO_ROCK_%282010-01-16_13.57.24_by_Kevin_Simpson%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>built-in</i> Rhythm selector</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lowrey_Magic_Genie_Organ_-_Bass,_Lower,_Magic_Genie_tongues.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Automatic accompani-ment (bass & chord) on Lowrey Magic Genie"><img alt="Automatic accompani-ment (bass & chord) on Lowrey Magic Genie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lowrey_Magic_Genie_Organ_-_Bass%2C_Lower%2C_Magic_Genie_tongues.jpg/120px-Lowrey_Magic_Genie_Organ_-_Bass%2C_Lower%2C_Magic_Genie_tongues.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lowrey_Magic_Genie_Organ_-_Bass%2C_Lower%2C_Magic_Genie_tongues.jpg/180px-Lowrey_Magic_Genie_Organ_-_Bass%2C_Lower%2C_Magic_Genie_tongues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lowrey_Magic_Genie_Organ_-_Bass%2C_Lower%2C_Magic_Genie_tongues.jpg/240px-Lowrey_Magic_Genie_Organ_-_Bass%2C_Lower%2C_Magic_Genie_tongues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Automatic accompani-ment (bass & chord) on Lowrey Magic Genie</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammond_Colonnade_-_manual_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arpeggiator buttons (in red, bottom-right) on Hammond Colonnade"><img alt="Arpeggiator buttons (in red, bottom-right) on Hammond Colonnade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hammond_Colonnade_-_manual_1.jpg/120px-Hammond_Colonnade_-_manual_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hammond_Colonnade_-_manual_1.jpg/180px-Hammond_Colonnade_-_manual_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hammond_Colonnade_-_manual_1.jpg/240px-Hammond_Colonnade_-_manual_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4042" data-file-height="2684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arpeggiator buttons (in red, bottom-right) on <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hammond_organs#Transistor_organs" title="List of Hammond organs">Hammond Colonnade</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Go_Ahead_Girl,_Putcha_Diapason.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="built-in Leslie & Chorus controller"><img alt="built-in Leslie & Chorus controller" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Go_Ahead_Girl%2C_Putcha_Diapason.jpg/120px-Go_Ahead_Girl%2C_Putcha_Diapason.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Go_Ahead_Girl%2C_Putcha_Diapason.jpg/180px-Go_Ahead_Girl%2C_Putcha_Diapason.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Go_Ahead_Girl%2C_Putcha_Diapason.jpg/240px-Go_Ahead_Girl%2C_Putcha_Diapason.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>built-in</i> Leslie & Chorus controller</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurlitzer_Model_4100_BW_Rotating_spectra_tone_speaker.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="built-in Rotary speaker on Wurlitzer 4100BW"><img alt="built-in Rotary speaker on Wurlitzer 4100BW" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Wurlitzer_Model_4100_BW_Rotating_spectra_tone_speaker.jpg/120px-Wurlitzer_Model_4100_BW_Rotating_spectra_tone_speaker.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Wurlitzer_Model_4100_BW_Rotating_spectra_tone_speaker.jpg/180px-Wurlitzer_Model_4100_BW_Rotating_spectra_tone_speaker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Wurlitzer_Model_4100_BW_Rotating_spectra_tone_speaker.jpg/240px-Wurlitzer_Model_4100_BW_Rotating_spectra_tone_speaker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>built-in</i> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Rotary speaker</a> on Wurlitzer 4100BW</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurlitzer_4022D_Electronic_Chord_Organ_-_cassette_recorder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="built-in Tape recorders on Wurlitzer 4022D"><img alt="built-in Tape recorders on Wurlitzer 4022D" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wurlitzer_4022D_Electronic_Chord_Organ_-_cassette_recorder.jpg/120px-Wurlitzer_4022D_Electronic_Chord_Organ_-_cassette_recorder.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wurlitzer_4022D_Electronic_Chord_Organ_-_cassette_recorder.jpg/180px-Wurlitzer_4022D_Electronic_Chord_Organ_-_cassette_recorder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wurlitzer_4022D_Electronic_Chord_Organ_-_cassette_recorder.jpg/240px-Wurlitzer_4022D_Electronic_Chord_Organ_-_cassette_recorder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>built-in</i> <a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Tape recorders</a> on Wurlitzer 4022D</div> </li> </ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Spinet_organs"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spinet_organs_(1949–)"><span id="Spinet_organs_.281949.E2.80.93.29"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Spinet_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Spinet organs</span></span> (1949–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spinet organs (1949–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammond_TR200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hammond_TR200.jpg/220px-Hammond_TR200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hammond_TR200.jpg/330px-Hammond_TR200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hammond_TR200.jpg/440px-Hammond_TR200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="306" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Typical Spinet organ (<a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ#T_series" title="Hammond organ">Hammond TR-200</a>) <br /> has two short manuals arranged with offset. Spinet organ's pedalboard spanned only a single octave.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YAMAHA_Electone_D-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/YAMAHA_Electone_D-1.jpg/220px-YAMAHA_Electone_D-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/YAMAHA_Electone_D-1.jpg/330px-YAMAHA_Electone_D-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/YAMAHA_Electone_D-1.jpg/440px-YAMAHA_Electone_D-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Yamaha's first Electone organ, D-1 (1959), were based on a spinet model.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Following World War II, most electronic home organs were built in a configuration usually called a spinet organ, which first appeared in 1949. These compact and relatively inexpensive instruments became the natural successors to <a href="/wiki/Reed_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed organ">reed organs</a>. They were marketed as competitors of home <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">pianos</a> and often aimed at would-be home organists who were already pianists (hence the name "<a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">spinet</a>", in the sense of a small upright piano). The instrument's design reflected this concept: the spinet organ physically resembled a piano, and it presented simplified controls and functions that were both less expensive to produce and less intimidating to learn. One feature of the spinet is automatic chord generation; with many models, the organist can produce an entire chord to accompany the melody merely by playing the tonic note, i.e., a single key, on a special section of the manual. </p><p>On spinet organs, the keyboards are typically at least an octave shorter than is normal for organs, with the upper manual (typically 44 notes, F3–C7 in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">scientific pitch notation</a>) omitting the bass, and the lower manual (typically F2–C6) omitting the treble. The manuals are usually offset, inviting but not requiring the new organist to dedicate the right hand to the upper manual and the left to the lower, rather than using both hands on a single manual. The stops on the upper manual were often 'voiced' somewhat louder or brighter, and user guides encouraged playing the melody on the upper manual and the harmony on the lower. This seemed designed in part to encourage the pianist, who was accustomed to a single keyboard, to make use of both manuals. Stops on such instruments, relatively limited in number, are frequently named after orchestral instruments that they can, at best, only roughly approximate, and are often brightly colored (even more so than those of <a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">theatre organs</a>). The spinet organ's loudspeakers, unlike the original Hammond models of the 1930s and 1940s, are housed within the main instrument (behind the kickboard), which saved even more space, although they produce a sound inferior to that of free-standing speakers; some models had jacks for installing external speakers, if desired. </p><p>The spinet organ's <a href="/wiki/Pedal_clavier" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedal clavier">pedalboard</a> normally spans only a single octave, is often incapable of playing more than one note at a time, and is effectively playable only with the left foot (and on some models only with the left toes). These limitations, combined with the shortened manuals, make the spinet organ all but useless for performing or practicing classical organ music; but at the same time, it allows the novice home organist to explore the challenge and flexibility of simultaneously playing three keyboards (two hands and one foot). User guides suggest playing the root note of the chord on the pedal. The expression pedal is located to the right and either partly or fully recessed within the kickboard, thus conveniently reachable only with the right foot. This arrangement spawned a style of casual organist who would naturally rest the right foot on the expression pedal the entire time, unlike classically trained organists or performers on the earlier Hammonds. This position, in turn, instinctively encouraged pumping of the expression pedal while playing, especially if already accustomed to using a piano's <a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">sustain pedal</a> to shape the music. Expressive pumping added a strong dynamic element to home organ music that much classical literature and hymnody lacked, and would help influence a new generation of popular keyboard artists. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Chord_organ"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chord_organs_(1950–)"><span id="Chord_organs_.281950.E2.80.93.29"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Chord_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Chord organs</span></span> (1950–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chord organs (1950–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammond_S-6_Chord_Organ,_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hammond_S-6_Chord_Organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg/220px-Hammond_S-6_Chord_Organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hammond_S-6_Chord_Organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg/330px-Hammond_S-6_Chord_Organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hammond_S-6_Chord_Organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg/440px-Hammond_S-6_Chord_Organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The first chord organ (1950 <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond</a> S-6). Array of buttons on left side are used to play chords.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chord_organ" title="Chord organ">Chord organ</a></div> <p>Shortly after the debut of the spinet, the <a href="/wiki/Chord_organ" title="Chord organ">chord organ</a> appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an even simpler instrument designed for those who wanted to produce an organ sound in the home without having to learn much organ (or even piano) playing technique. The typical chord organ has only a single manual that is usually an octave shorter than its already-abbreviated spinet counterpart. It also possesses scaled-down registration and no pedalboard. The left hand operates not a keyboard but an array of chord buttons adapted from those of an <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a>. </p><p>The original Hammond Chord Organs in 1950 are electronic instruments using vacuum-tube technology. In 1958 <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Organ_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus Organ Corporation">Magnus Organ Corporation</a> introduced chord organs similar to an electrically blown reed organ or harmonium.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Transistor_organs"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transistor_organs_(1957–)"><span id="Transistor_organs_.281957.E2.80.93.29"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Transistor_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Transistor organs</span></span> (1957–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transistor organs (1957–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulbransen" title="Gulbransen">Gulbransen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_Instruments" title="Rodgers Instruments">Rodgers Instruments</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulbransen_Organ,_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gulbransen_Organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg/160px-Gulbransen_Organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gulbransen_Organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg/240px-Gulbransen_Organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gulbransen_Organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg/320px-Gulbransen_Organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Early transistor organ (<a href="/wiki/Gulbransen" title="Gulbransen">Gulbransen</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Electronic organs before the mid-1950s had used <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a> which tended to be bulky and unstable. This restricted attempts to extend features and spread their use into homes. <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistors</a>, invented at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> in 1947, went into practical production in the 1950s, and their small size and stability led to major changes in the production of electronics equipment, in what has been termed the "transistor revolution". </p><p>In 1957, a home organ manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/Gulbransen" title="Gulbransen">Gulbransen</a>, introduced the world's first transistor organ, <i>Model B</i> (Model 1100). Although it uses transistors for tone generation, vacuum tubes are still used for amplification.<sup id="cite_ref-gulbransen_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulbransen-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in 1958, <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_Instruments" title="Rodgers Instruments">Rodgers</a> built the first fully solid-state transistorized organ for church, called <i>Opus 1</i> (Model 38).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other manufacturers followed. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Combo_organs"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combo_organs_(1950s–)"><span id="Combo_organs_.281950s.E2.80.93.29"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Combo_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Combo organs</span></span> (1950s–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Combo organs (1950s–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voxcontinental.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Voxcontinental.jpg/220px-Voxcontinental.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Voxcontinental.jpg/330px-Voxcontinental.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Voxcontinental.jpg/440px-Voxcontinental.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>A combo organ (<a href="/wiki/Vox_Continental" title="Vox Continental">Vox Continental</a>) using <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>. It's light, compact and portable.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Combo_organ" title="Combo organ">Combo organ</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bode#Tuttivox" title="Harald Bode">Harald Bode § Tuttivox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clonewheel_organ" title="Clonewheel organ">Clonewheel organ</a></div> <p>By the 1960s, electronic organs were ubiquitous in all genres of popular music, from <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Welk" title="Lawrence Welk">Lawrence Welk</a> to <a href="/wiki/Acid_rock" title="Acid rock">acid rock</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">the Doors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Butterfly" title="Iron Butterfly">Iron Butterfly</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> album <i><a href="/wiki/Blonde_on_Blonde" title="Blonde on Blonde">Blonde on Blonde</a></i>. In some cases, <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammonds</a> were used, while others featured very small all-electronic instruments, only slightly larger than a modern <a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">digital keyboard</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Combo_organ" title="Combo organ">combo organs</a>. (Various portable organs made by <a href="/wiki/Farfisa" title="Farfisa">Farfisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vox_(musical_equipment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vox (musical equipment)">Vox</a> were especially popular, and remain so among retro-minded rock combos.) The 1970s, 1980s and 1990s saw increasing specialization: both the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> scenes continued to make heavy use of Hammonds, while various styles of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> began to take advantage of increasingly complex electronic keyboard instruments, as <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit#LSI" title="Integrated circuit">large-scale integration</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> technology began to enter the mainstream. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Synthesizer_organs"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesizer_organs_(1970s–)"><span id="Synthesizer_organs_.281970s.E2.80.93.29"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Synthesizer_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Synthesizer organs</span></span> (1970s–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Synthesizer organs (1970s–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Synthesizer_organs"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Eminent_BV" title="Eminent BV">Eminent</a> 310 organ was prominently featured on <a href="/wiki/Jean_Michel_Jarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Michel Jarre">Jean Michel Jarre</a>'s albums <i><a href="/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne" title="Oxygène">Oxygène</a></i> (1977) and <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89quinoxe" title="Équinoxe">Équinoxe</a></i> (1978). The <a href="/wiki/ARP_String_Ensemble" title="ARP String Ensemble">Solina String Ensemble</a> was used extensively by pop, rock, jazz, and disco artists, including <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Carpenters" title="The Carpenters">The Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eumir_Deodato" title="Eumir Deodato">Eumir Deodato</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Buggles" title="The Buggles">The Buggles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_James" title="Rick James">Rick James</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Bee_Gees" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bee Gees">The Bee Gees</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Various synthesizer organs</dt></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eminent_310U_Overview_Upper.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Eminent 310U (1972) with String Ensemble section"><img alt="Eminent 310U (1972) with String Ensemble section" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Eminent_310U_Overview_Upper.JPG/120px-Eminent_310U_Overview_Upper.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Eminent_310U_Overview_Upper.JPG/180px-Eminent_310U_Overview_Upper.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Eminent_310U_Overview_Upper.JPG/240px-Eminent_310U_Overview_Upper.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Eminent_BV" title="Eminent BV">Eminent</a> 310U (1972) <span style="font-size:85%;">with <a href="/wiki/ARP_String_Ensemble" title="ARP String Ensemble">String Ensemble section</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eminent_Solina_C112s_home_organ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eminent Solina C112s (c. 1974) with built-in ARP Explorer I synthesizer[35]"><img alt="Eminent Solina C112s (c. 1974) with built-in ARP Explorer I synthesizer[35]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Eminent_Solina_C112s_home_organ.jpg/90px-Eminent_Solina_C112s_home_organ.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Eminent_Solina_C112s_home_organ.jpg/135px-Eminent_Solina_C112s_home_organ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Eminent_Solina_C112s_home_organ.jpg/180px-Eminent_Solina_C112s_home_organ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Eminent Solina C112s (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1974</span>) <span style="font-size:85%;">with built-in <a href="/wiki/ARP_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="ARP Explorer">ARP Explorer</a> I synthesizer</span><sup id="cite_ref-SolinaExplorerIparts_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SolinaExplorerIparts-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moog_Cordovox_CDX-0652_in_Utrecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="CMI Cordovox CDX-0652 (c.1974) with built-in Moog Satellite synthesizer"><img alt="CMI Cordovox CDX-0652 (c.1974) with built-in Moog Satellite synthesizer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Moog_Cordovox_CDX-0652_in_Utrecht.jpg/120px-Moog_Cordovox_CDX-0652_in_Utrecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Moog_Cordovox_CDX-0652_in_Utrecht.jpg/180px-Moog_Cordovox_CDX-0652_in_Utrecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Moog_Cordovox_CDX-0652_in_Utrecht.jpg/240px-Moog_Cordovox_CDX-0652_in_Utrecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> CMI Cordovox <span style="font-size:95%;">CDX-0652</span> (c.1974) <span style="font-size:85%;">with built-in <a href="/wiki/Moog_synthesizer" title="Moog synthesizer">Moog Satellite</a> synthesizer</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_GX-1_(clip)_@_Yamaha_Design_Masterworks.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Yamaha GX-1 (c.1975), an earliest polyphonic synthesizer."><img alt="Yamaha GX-1 (c.1975), an earliest polyphonic synthesizer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Yamaha_GX-1_%28clip%29_%40_Yamaha_Design_Masterworks.png/120px-Yamaha_GX-1_%28clip%29_%40_Yamaha_Design_Masterworks.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Yamaha_GX-1_%28clip%29_%40_Yamaha_Design_Masterworks.png/180px-Yamaha_GX-1_%28clip%29_%40_Yamaha_Design_Masterworks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Yamaha_GX-1_%28clip%29_%40_Yamaha_Design_Masterworks.png/240px-Yamaha_GX-1_%28clip%29_%40_Yamaha_Design_Masterworks.png 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="1316" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_GX-1" title="Yamaha GX-1">Yamaha GX-1</a> (c.1975), an earliest <a href="/wiki/Polyphonic_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic synthesizer">polyphonic synthesizer</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Don_Lewis%27_LEO_(Live_Electronic_Orchestra)_synthesizer_organ,_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Don Lewis' LEO: (Live Electronic Orchestra)[36] (1977) using an earliest polyphonic keyboard by Armand Pascetta.[37]"><img alt="Don Lewis' LEO: (Live Electronic Orchestra)[36] (1977) using an earliest polyphonic keyboard by Armand Pascetta.[37]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Don_Lewis%27_LEO_%28Live_Electronic_Orchestra%29_synthesizer_organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg/120px-Don_Lewis%27_LEO_%28Live_Electronic_Orchestra%29_synthesizer_organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Don_Lewis%27_LEO_%28Live_Electronic_Orchestra%29_synthesizer_organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg/180px-Don_Lewis%27_LEO_%28Live_Electronic_Orchestra%29_synthesizer_organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Don_Lewis%27_LEO_%28Live_Electronic_Orchestra%29_synthesizer_organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg/240px-Don_Lewis%27_LEO_%28Live_Electronic_Orchestra%29_synthesizer_organ%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Don Lewis' LEO: <span style="font-size:85%;">(Live Electronic Orchestra)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Keyboard_LEO_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keyboard_LEO-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977) using an earliest polyphonic keyboard by Armand Pascetta.</span><sup id="cite_ref-KeyboardMay2006_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KeyboardMay2006-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <dl><dt>Typical features on Synthesizer organs</dt></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eminent_310U_Right_Panels_and_Manuals_-_Strings_Ensemble.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="built-in String Ensemble section on Eminent 310U"><img alt="built-in String Ensemble section on Eminent 310U" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Eminent_310U_Right_Panels_and_Manuals_-_Strings_Ensemble.jpg/120px-Eminent_310U_Right_Panels_and_Manuals_-_Strings_Ensemble.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Eminent_310U_Right_Panels_and_Manuals_-_Strings_Ensemble.jpg/180px-Eminent_310U_Right_Panels_and_Manuals_-_Strings_Ensemble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Eminent_310U_Right_Panels_and_Manuals_-_Strings_Ensemble.jpg/240px-Eminent_310U_Right_Panels_and_Manuals_-_Strings_Ensemble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="1202" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>built-in</i> <a href="/wiki/ARP_String_Ensemble" title="ARP String Ensemble">String Ensemble</a> section on Eminent 310U</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurlitzer_Model_805_Centura_Professional_(1974)_with_Orbit_III_Monophonic_Synthesizer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="built-in Monophonic Synthesizer Orbit III (entire second row with mini-keys) on Wurlitzer 805 (1974)"><img alt="built-in Monophonic Synthesizer Orbit III (entire second row with mini-keys) on Wurlitzer 805 (1974)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wurlitzer_Model_805_Centura_Professional_%281974%29_with_Orbit_III_Monophonic_Synthesizer.jpg/120px-Wurlitzer_Model_805_Centura_Professional_%281974%29_with_Orbit_III_Monophonic_Synthesizer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wurlitzer_Model_805_Centura_Professional_%281974%29_with_Orbit_III_Monophonic_Synthesizer.jpg/180px-Wurlitzer_Model_805_Centura_Professional_%281974%29_with_Orbit_III_Monophonic_Synthesizer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wurlitzer_Model_805_Centura_Professional_%281974%29_with_Orbit_III_Monophonic_Synthesizer.jpg/240px-Wurlitzer_Model_805_Centura_Professional_%281974%29_with_Orbit_III_Monophonic_Synthesizer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7620" data-file-height="5240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>built-in</i> <a href="/wiki/Monophonic_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophonic synthesizer">Monophonic Synthesizer</a> Orbit III (entire second row with mini-keys) on <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a> 805 (1974)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_2001_organ_-_angled_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas 2001 (1976)"><img alt="Thomas 2001 (1976)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Thomas_2001_organ_-_angled_view.jpg/120px-Thomas_2001_organ_-_angled_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Thomas_2001_organ_-_angled_view.jpg/180px-Thomas_2001_organ_-_angled_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Thomas_2001_organ_-_angled_view.jpg/240px-Thomas_2001_organ_-_angled_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Organ_Company" title="Thomas Organ Company">Thomas 2001</a> (1976)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_2001_organ_-_Band_Master_Polyphonic_Synthesizer_(1976).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="optional Polyphonic Synthesizer Band Master on Thomas 2001"><img alt="optional Polyphonic Synthesizer Band Master on Thomas 2001" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Thomas_2001_organ_-_Band_Master_Polyphonic_Synthesizer_%281976%29.jpg/120px-Thomas_2001_organ_-_Band_Master_Polyphonic_Synthesizer_%281976%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Thomas_2001_organ_-_Band_Master_Polyphonic_Synthesizer_%281976%29.jpg/180px-Thomas_2001_organ_-_Band_Master_Polyphonic_Synthesizer_%281976%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Thomas_2001_organ_-_Band_Master_Polyphonic_Synthesizer_%281976%29.jpg/240px-Thomas_2001_organ_-_Band_Master_Polyphonic_Synthesizer_%281976%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>optional</i> <a href="/wiki/Polyphonic_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic synthesizer">Polyphonic Synthesizer</a> Band Master on Thomas 2001</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farfisa_pergamon_chor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="built-in Vocal Chorus Synthesizer on Farfisa Pergamon (1981)"><img alt="built-in Vocal Chorus Synthesizer on Farfisa Pergamon (1981)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Farfisa_pergamon_chor.jpg/120px-Farfisa_pergamon_chor.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Farfisa_pergamon_chor.jpg/180px-Farfisa_pergamon_chor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Farfisa_pergamon_chor.jpg/240px-Farfisa_pergamon_chor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>built-in</i> <a href="/wiki/Vox_Humana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vox Humana">Vocal Chorus</a> Synthesizer on <a href="/wiki/Farfisa" title="Farfisa">Farfisa</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farfisa_Pergamon" class="extiw" title="de:Farfisa Pergamon">Pergamon</a> (1981)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_organs_(1971–)"><span id="Digital_organs_.281971.E2.80.93.29"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Digital_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Digital organs</span></span> (1971–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Digital organs (1971–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">Digital synthesizer</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_DCO_Markenschild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Allen_DCO_Markenschild.jpg/218px-Allen_DCO_Markenschild.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Allen_DCO_Markenschild.jpg/327px-Allen_DCO_Markenschild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Allen_DCO_Markenschild.jpg/436px-Allen_DCO_Markenschild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3866" data-file-height="1402" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_Organ_Company_Instrument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Allen_Organ_Company_Instrument.jpg/218px-Allen_Organ_Company_Instrument.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Allen_Organ_Company_Instrument.jpg/327px-Allen_Organ_Company_Instrument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Allen_Organ_Company_Instrument.jpg/436px-Allen_Organ_Company_Instrument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5016" data-file-height="3922" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Allen Digital Computer Organ</div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Allen_Organ_Company" title="Allen Organ Company">Allen</a> introduced the world's first digital organ (and first digital <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> commercial product) in 1971: the Allen Digital Computer Organ.<sup id="cite_ref-fundinguniverse_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundinguniverse-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1stDigital_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1stDigital-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1stSampler_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1stSampler-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new technology was developed for use in home organs by <a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Rockwell">North American Rockwell</a> (project leader Ralph Deutsch) and licensed to Allen, which began using it for church organs. Allen later sued Rockwell and Deutsch, and gained sole rights to the digital computer organ technology.<sup id="cite_ref-fundinguniverse_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundinguniverse-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, Rodgers introduced the first church organs controlled by <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>, partially based on research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bradford" title="University of Bradford">University of Bradford</a>. The university's "Bradford Computing Organ" has technological descendants in some European digital organs using synthesis technology today. </p><p>This style of instrument has also been popular with some classically trained concert organists preferring to avoid learning an unfamiliar pipe organ for every concert location, and wishing to perform in venues without pipe organs. <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Fox" title="Virgil Fox">Virgil Fox</a> utilized a large Rodgers organ dubbed "Black Beauty" during his Heavy Organ tour during the early 1970s. From 1977 until his death in 1980, he used a custom Allen electronic organ. <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Curley" title="Carlo Curley">Carlo Curley</a> toured with a substantial Allen Organ in the US and with an Allen in the UK. Organist <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_Instruments#Touring_organs" title="Rodgers Instruments">Hector Olivera</a> has toured with a custom Rodgers instrument named "The King," and <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Carpenter" title="Cameron Carpenter">Cameron Carpenter</a> has recently begun touring with a custom 5-manual digital organ by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_%26_Ogletree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshall & Ogletree (page does not exist)">Marshall & Ogletree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Modern_digital_organs"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_digital_organs_(1980s–)"><span id="Modern_digital_organs_.281980s.E2.80.93.29"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Modern_digital_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Modern digital organs</span></span> (1980s–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern digital organs (1980s–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ELS-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/ELS-01.jpg/220px-ELS-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/ELS-01.jpg/330px-ELS-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/ELS-01.jpg/440px-ELS-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A modern electronic organ (<a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> <a href="/wiki/Electone" title="Electone">Electone</a> STAGEA ELS-01). Though it resembles a 1950s spinet organ in appearance, its digital tone generators and synthesis modules can imitate hundreds of instruments.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nord_Electro2_61keys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nord_Electro2_61keys.jpg/220px-Nord_Electro2_61keys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nord_Electro2_61keys.jpg/330px-Nord_Electro2_61keys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nord_Electro2_61keys.jpg/440px-Nord_Electro2_61keys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>A modern digital combo organ using DSP technology (<a href="/wiki/Nord_Electro" title="Nord Electro">Nord Electro</a> 2).</figcaption></figure> <p>Electronic organs are still made for the home market, but they have been largely replaced by the digital keyboard or <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> which is smaller and cheaper than typical electronic organs or traditional pianos. Modern digital organs offer features not found in traditional pipe organs, such as orchestral and percussion sounds, a choice of historical <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)#History_of_pitch_standards_in_Western_music" title="Pitch (music)">pitch standards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_temperament" title="Musical temperament">temperaments</a>, and advanced console aids. </p><p>Digital organs incorporate real-time tone generation based on sampling or synthesis technologies, and may include <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> connectivity for downloading music data and instructional materials to <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Media_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Media card">media card</a> storage. While much more complex than their predecessors, their basic appearance makes them instantly recognizable. </p><p>The best digital organs of the 2000s incorporate these technical features: </p> <dl><dt>DSP technology</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_modelling_synthesis" title="Physical modelling synthesis">Physical modelling synthesis</a></div> <p>In 1990, Rodgers introduced <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>-based digital church organs with technology which connected multiple <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital Signal Processors</a> (DSP) in parallel to generate pipe organ sound with <a href="/wiki/Stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereo">stereo</a> imaging. Sounds in other digital organs are derived from DSPs in either a sampled or synthesis type generation system. <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampled</a> technologies use sounds recorded from various ranks of pipe organs. In <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer#Sound_synthesis" title="Synthesizer">synthesis</a> systems, the wave shape is created by <a href="/wiki/Tone_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone generator">tone generators</a> instead of using a sound sample. Both systems generate organ tones, sometimes in stereo in better systems, rather than simply playing recorded tones as a simple digital keyboard sampler might do. Marketed by <a href="/wiki/Eminent_BV" title="Eminent BV">Eminent</a>, Wyvern, Copeman Hart, Cantor, and Van der Pole in Europe, synthesis organs may use circuitry purchased from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musicom_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musicom Ltd (page does not exist)">Musicom</a>, an English supply company. In the digital organ category, synthesis-based systems are rarely seen outside of Europe. </p> <dl><dt>Sampling</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannus_Vivaldi_370_circuitry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Johannus_Vivaldi_370_circuitry.jpg/212px-Johannus_Vivaldi_370_circuitry.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Johannus_Vivaldi_370_circuitry.jpg/318px-Johannus_Vivaldi_370_circuitry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Johannus_Vivaldi_370_circuitry.jpg/424px-Johannus_Vivaldi_370_circuitry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Digital sampling circuitry of the <a href="/wiki/Johannus" title="Johannus">Johannus</a> model 370 organ (built in 2015), producing the equivalent of 73 ranks with 4 temperaments.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannus_Vivaldi_370_speakers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Johannus_Vivaldi_370_speakers.jpg/182px-Johannus_Vivaldi_370_speakers.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Johannus_Vivaldi_370_speakers.jpg/273px-Johannus_Vivaldi_370_speakers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Johannus_Vivaldi_370_speakers.jpg/364px-Johannus_Vivaldi_370_speakers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Typical speaker array in a modern digital organ with high-power <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">subwoofers</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler (musical instrument)</a></div> <p>Many digital organs use high-quality samples to produce an accurate sound. Sampled systems may have samples of organ pipe sound for each individual note, or may use only one or a few samples which are then frequency-shifted to generate the equivalent of a 61-note pipe rank. Some digital organs like Walker Technical and the very costly Marshall & Ogletree organs use longer samples for additional realism, rather than having to repeat shorter samples in their generation of sound. Sampling in 2000s-era organs is typically done with 24-bit or 32-bit resolution, at a higher rate than the 44.1 <a href="/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a> of <a href="/wiki/CD-quality" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-quality">CD-quality</a> audio having 16-bit resolution. </p> <dl><dt>Surround sound</dt></dl> <p>On most digital organs, several audio channels are used to create a more spacious sound. Higher-quality digital organ builders use custom audio and speaker systems and may provide from 8 to 32 or more independent channels of audio, depending on the size of the organ and the budget for the instrument. With dedicated high-power <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">subwoofers</a> for the lowest frequencies, digital organs can approach the physical sensation of a pipe organ. </p> <dl><dt>Pipe organ simulations</dt></dl> <p>To better simulate pipe organs, some digital organs emulate changes of <a href="/wiki/Windchest" class="mw-redirect" title="Windchest">windchest</a> pressure caused by the air pressure dropping slightly when many notes are sounding simultaneously, which changes the sound of all the pipes. </p><p>Digital organs may also incorporate simulated models of swell boxes which mimic the environmental effects on pipes, pipe chest valve release, and other pipe organ characteristics. These effects can be included in the sound of modern digital organs to create more realistic pipe organ tone. </p><p>Digital pipe sound can include sampled or modeled room acoustics. Rodgers uses binaural and crosstalk cancellation processing to create real-time acoustic models, and Allen also uses room acoustics as part of the sound generation. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Software_organs"></span> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_organs_(1990s–)"><span id="Software_organs_.281990s.E2.80.93.29"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Software_organs"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Software organs</span></span> (1990s–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Software organs (1990s–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em;float:right;"> <tbody><tr style="padding:5px;font-size:90%;line-height:3ex;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hauptwerk-schematic_(400x231).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Hauptwerk-schematic_%28400x231%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><br /> <p> A software organ system (<a href="/wiki/Hauptwerk" title="Hauptwerk">Hauptwerk</a> virtual organ) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hauptwerk" title="Hauptwerk">Hauptwerk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></div> <p>The data processing power of <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PCs</a> has made personal organs more affordable. Software applications can store digital pipe <a href="/wiki/Sound_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound sample">sound samples</a> and combine them in real time in response to input from one or more <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> controllers. These tools can be used to assemble home-built organs that can rival the sound quality of commercially built digital organs at a relatively low cost.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_churches">In churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Pipe/Electronic_hybrid_organs"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pipe-electronic_hybrid_organs_(1930s–)"><span id="Pipe-electronic_hybrid_organs_.281930s.E2.80.93.29"></span>Pipe-electronic hybrid organs (1930s–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pipe-electronic hybrid organs (1930s–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early combinations of pipe organs and electronic technology (including the electronic tone generators, at later) were developed in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis2006_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Synthetic_Radio_Organ_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Synthetic_Radio_Organ-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Custom electronic organ consoles occasionally replace aging pipe consoles, updating the electrical control system for the pipes as well as adding electronic voices to the organ. Even large pipe organs are often supplemented with electronic voices for the deepest bass tones that would otherwise require 16- to 32-foot pipes. </p><p>For hybrid organs that combine pipes and electronic sounds, pipes change their pitch with environmental changes, but electronic voices do not follow by default. The frequency of sound produced by an organ pipe depends on its geometry and the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a> in the air within it. These change slightly with temperature and humidity, so the pitch of an organ pipe will change slightly as the environment changes. The pitch of the electronic portion of a hybrid instrument must be re-tuned as needed. The simplest method is a manual control that the organist can adjust, but some recent digital models can make such adjustments automatically. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Electronic_church_organs"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_church_organs_(1939–)"><span id="Electronic_church_organs_.281939.E2.80.93.29"></span>Electronic church organs (1939–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Electronic church organs (1939–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <i>full</i> electronic church organ was built in 1939 by Jerome Markowitz, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Allen_Organ_Company" title="Allen Organ Company">Allen Organ Company</a>, who had worked for years to perfect the replication of pipe organ sound through the use of oscillator circuitry based on radio tubes. In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_Instruments" title="Rodgers Instruments">Rodgers Organ Company</a> built the first solid-state, transistorized church organ, its three-manual Opus 1. </p><p>In contrast to <a href="#Frequency_divider_organs">frequency divider</a> circuitry with only a few independent pitch sources, quality electronic church organs have at least one oscillator per note and often additional sets to create a superior ensemble effect. For instance, Rodgers Opus 1 featured eight sets of transistorized pitch generators. Even today, digital organs use <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>-based digital oscillators to create large numbers of independent pitch and tone sources to better simulate the effect of a large pipe organ. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Digital_church_organs"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_church_organs_(1971–)"><span id="Digital_church_organs_.281971.E2.80.93.29"></span>Digital church organs (1971–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Digital church organs (1971–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OrgueRembrandt4090.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/OrgueRembrandt4090.jpg/220px-OrgueRembrandt4090.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/OrgueRembrandt4090.jpg/330px-OrgueRembrandt4090.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/OrgueRembrandt4090.jpg/440px-OrgueRembrandt4090.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>2006 <a href="/wiki/Johannus_Orgelbouw" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannus Orgelbouw">Johannus</a> 'Rembrandt,' an example of a large digital organ</figcaption></figure> <p>Digital church organs are designed as pipe organ replacements or as digital <a href="/wiki/Organ_console" title="Organ console">consoles</a> to play existing pipes. The differences in sound timbre between piped and digital instruments are debated, but modern digital organs are less expensive and more space efficient. </p><p>Digital organs are a viable alternative for churches that may have a pipe organ and can no longer afford to maintain it. Some pipe organs, on the other hand, might be playable without major rebuilding for many decades. However the high initial cost, and longer lead time to design, build, and "voice" pipe organs has limited their production. </p><p>Most new digital church organs synthesize sounds from recorded pipe <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">samples</a>, although some model the pipe sound by <a href="/wiki/Additive_synthesis" title="Additive synthesis">additive synthesis</a>. Modelling the sound is done by a professional organ "voicer", who finishes the organ in its location, much like the process of regulating and voicing a pipe organ. These organs also use high-quality custom-designed audio systems. The builders of both custom and factory digital church organs include the firms of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahlborn-Galanti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahlborn-Galanti (page does not exist)">Ahlborn-Galanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Organ_Company" title="Allen Organ Company">Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eminent_BV" title="Eminent BV">Eminent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannus_Orgelbouw" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannus Orgelbouw">Johannus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makin_Organs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makin Organs (page does not exist)">Makin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_Instruments" title="Rodgers Instruments">Rodgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viscount_(musical_instrument_manufacturer)" title="Viscount (musical instrument manufacturer)">Viscount</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyvern_Organs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wyvern Organs (page does not exist)">Wyvern</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_piano" title="Digital piano">Digital piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_organ_makers" title="List of electronic organ makers">List of electronic organ makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ (music)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003153639/http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/collection/music5.cfm">"The Robb Wave Organ"</a>. Canada Science and Technology Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/collection/music5.cfm">the original</a> on 2012-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Robb+Wave+Organ&rft.pub=Canada+Science+and+Technology+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencetech.technomuses.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcollection%2Fmusic5.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MurphyCotter2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MurphyCotter2015_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyCotter2015" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Michael; Cotter, Max (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econtact.ca/17_3/murphy-cotter_robborgan.html">"Frank Morse Robb's Wave Organ - The world's first electronic organ"</a>. <i>EContact!</i>. <b>17</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal">Montréal</a>: Canadian Electroacoustic Community (CEC).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EContact%21&rft.atitle=Frank+Morse+Robb%27s+Wave+Organ+-+The+world%27s+first+electronic+organ&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2015-09&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Cotter%2C+Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecontact.ca%2F17_3%2Fmurphy-cotter_robborgan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopularMechanics1931-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PopularMechanics1931_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veQDAAAAMBAJ&q=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&pg=PA374">"Pipeless Organ Turns Electricity Into Music"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i> (September 1931): 374. September 1931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Pipeless+Organ+Turns+Electricity+Into+Music&rft.issue=September+1931&rft.pages=374&rft.date=1931-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DveQDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DPopular%2BMechanics%2B1931%2Bcurtiss%26pg%3DPA374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span> — article on Rangertone, an early all-electric tonewheel organ between Telharmonium and Hammond organ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BushKassel2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BushKassel2006_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushKassel2006" class="citation book cs1">Bush, Douglas Earl; Kassel, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDJaeFFUPoC"><i>The Organ: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge Chapman & Hall. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94174-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94174-7"><bdi>978-0-415-94174-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organ%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Routledge+Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94174-7&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Earl&rft.au=Kassel%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgDJaeFFUPoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USpatent1956350-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USpatent1956350_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="harv"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1956350">US patent 1956350</a>, Laurens Hammond, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1956350">Electrical Musical Instrument</a>", issued 1934-04-24</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=1956350&rft.cc=US&rft.title=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS1956350+Electrical+Musical+Instrument%5D&rft.inventor=Laurens+Hammond&rft.date=1934-04-24"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corbin2006p151-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corbin2006p151_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin2006" class="citation book cs1">Corbin, Alfred (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-9lt4HL-AlwC&q=hammond+organ&pg=PA153"><i>The Third Element: A Brief History of Electronics</i></a>. AuthorHouse. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4678-1338-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4678-1338-9"><bdi>978-1-4678-1338-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Element%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Electronics&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4678-1338-9&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-9lt4HL-AlwC%26q%3Dhammond%2Borgan%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">name=BushKassel2004> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushKassel2004" class="citation book cs1">Bush, Douglas; Kassel, Richard, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pmRuBwAAQBAJ&dq=Lichttonorgel%20sample&pg=PA164">"Electronic Organ"</a>. <i>The Organ: An Encyclopedia</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94796-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94796-5"><bdi>978-1-135-94796-5</bdi></a>. <q><span style="font-size:85%;">In most recent instruments the itmbres have been "samples" (digitally recorded) from existing pipe organs, or resynthesized from samples. (This technology was anticipated by electromechanical oscillators during the 1930s, in what can retrospectively be described as "analog sampling"; examples included the photoelectric LichttonOrgel and the electrostatic Compton Electrone, both of which featured waveforms derived from well-known pipe organs.)</span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electronic+Organ&rft.btitle=The+Organ%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94796-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpmRuBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLichttonorgel%2520sample%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown1967-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown1967_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1967" class="citation book cs1">Brown, J. J. (1967). <i>The Inventors</i>. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited. pp. 121–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inventors&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=121-123&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart+Limited&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNsDAAAAMBAJ&q=Popular+Science+1936+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA569">"Electric Pipeless Organ Has Millions of Tones"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i> (April 1936): 569. April 1936.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Electric+Pipeless+Organ+Has+Millions+of+Tones&rft.issue=April+1936&rft.pages=569&rft.date=1936-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNsDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DPopular%2BScience%2B1936%2Bplane%2B%2522Popular%2BMechanics%2522%26pg%3DPA569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span> — article on Hammond organ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pugno-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pugno_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Pugno" class="citation web cs1">Frank Pugno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatreorgans.com/hammond/keng/kenhtml/wurlitzer%20organs%20by%20frank%20pugno.htm">"Wurlitzer Organs"</a>. VintageHammond.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wurlitzer+Organs&rft.pub=VintageHammond.com&rft.au=Frank+Pugno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatreorgans.com%2Fhammond%2Fkeng%2Fkenhtml%2Fwurlitzer%2520organs%2520by%2520frank%2520pugno.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-subharchord-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-subharchord_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManfred_Miersch" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manfred Miersch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subharchord.de/sub_frameset/gebrauchsanweisung/Melfilter_hoh.html">"Die "Mel"-Filterbänke des Subharchords und der Hohnerola im Vergleich"</a> (in German). (subharchord.de). <q><small><i>Die Hohnerola des Siemens Studios für Elektronische Musik, München (auf dem Instrument oben: ein externer Sägezahngenerator)</i></small></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+%22Mel%22-Filterb%C3%A4nke+des+Subharchords+und+der+Hohnerola+im+Vergleich&rft.pub=%28subharchord.de%29&rft.au=Manfred+Miersch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.subharchord.de%2Fsub_frameset%2Fgebrauchsanweisung%2FMelfilter_hoh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmericanOrganist2009-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AmericanOrganist2009_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322133955/http://www.questia.com/library/1P3-1764693481/the-everett-orgatron">"The Everett Orgatron"</a>. <i>The American Organist</i> (July 2009). <a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Organists" title="American Guild of Organists">American Guild of Organists</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1P3-1764693481/the-everett-orgatron">the original</a> on 2014-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Organist&rft.atitle=The+Everett+Orgatron&rft.issue=July+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F1P3-1764693481%2Fthe-everett-orgatron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RichardKassel-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RichardKassel_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Kassel2006" class="citation book cs1">Richard Kassel (2006). Douglas Earl Bush; Richard Kassel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDJaeFFUPoC&q=%22Frederick%20Albert%20Hoschke%22%201934&pg=PA168"><i>The organ: an encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94174-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94174-7"><bdi>978-0-415-94174-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+organ%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94174-7&rft.au=Richard+Kassel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgDJaeFFUPoC%26q%3D%2522Frederick%2520Albert%2520Hoschke%2522%25201934%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miessner1936-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miessner1936_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiessner,_Benjamin_F.1936" class="citation journal cs1">Miessner, Benjamin F. (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discretesynthesizers.com/archives/miessner/em1936.htm">"Electronic Music and Instruments"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers</i>. <b>24</b> (11): 1427–1463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJRPROC.1936.228019">10.1109/JRPROC.1936.228019</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51648013">51648013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institute+of+Radio+Engineers&rft.atitle=Electronic+Music+and+Instruments&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1427-1463&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJRPROC.1936.228019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51648013%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Miessner%2C+Benjamin+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discretesynthesizers.com%2Farchives%2Fmiessner%2Fem1936.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Larson" class="citation web cs1">Eric Larson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theatreorgans.com/hammond/keng/kenhtml/WurlizerESEricb.htm">"Wurlitzer Electrostatic Organs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wurlitzer+Electrostatic+Organs&rft.au=Eric+Larson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheatreorgans.com%2Fhammond%2Fkeng%2Fkenhtml%2FWurlizerESEricb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwoboda2015" class="citation web cs1">Swoboda, Andreas (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281820726">"Die ersten Blassynthesizer und ihre Vorgänger"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+ersten+Blassynthesizer+und+ihre+Vorg%C3%A4nger&rft.date=2015-09&rft.aulast=Swoboda&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F281820726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yomiuri1935-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yomiuri1935_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312131652/http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/das/jsp/ja/ContentViewM.jsp?METAID=00078861&TYPE=PRINT_FILE&POS=1">"一時代を畫する新樂器完成濱松の靑年技師山下氏"</a> [An epoch new musical instrument was developed by a young engineer, Mr.Yamashita, in Hamamatsu]. <i><a href="/wiki/Hochi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochi Shimbun">Hochi Shimbun</a></i> (in Japanese). 1935-06-08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/das/jsp/ja/ContentViewM.jsp?METAID=00078861&TYPE=PRINT_FILE&POS=1">the original</a> on 2012-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hochi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%80%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%92%E7%95%AB%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%96%B0%E6%A8%82%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90+%E6%BF%B1%E6%9D%BE%E3%81%AE%E9%9D%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%8A%80%E5%B8%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%8F&rft.date=1935-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp%2Fdas%2Fjsp%2Fja%2FContentViewM.jsp%3FMETAID%3D00078861%26TYPE%3DPRINT_FILE%26POS%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magnaorgan1935-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-magnaorgan1935_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.goo.ne.jp/1971913/e/42d486d769c1ce9c2c5a426e00f18b68"><i>新電氣樂器マグナオルガンの御紹介</i></a> [<i>New Electric Musical Instrument – Introduction of Magna Organ</i>] (in Japanese). Hamamatsu: 日本樂器製造株式會社 (<a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a>). October 1935. <q><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>特許第一〇八六六四号, 同　第一一〇〇六八号, 同　第一一一二一六号</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%A3%E6%A8%82%E5%99%A8+%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E5%BE%A1%E7%B4%B9%E4%BB%8B&rft.place=Hamamatsu&rft.pub=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%A8%82%E5%99%A8%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E6%A0%AA%E5%BC%8F%E6%9C%83%E7%A4%BE+%28Yamaha%29&rft.date=1935-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.goo.ne.jp%2F1971913%2Fe%2F42d486d769c1ce9c2c5a426e00f18b68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fujino2020a-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fujino2020a_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunya2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Junya, FUJINO (2020-02-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grad.osaka-geidai.ac.jp/app/graduation-work/bulletin-paper/7a50efbc8418a768d0334aca783cd36b.pdf">"日本楽器製造の電気楽器「マグナオルガン」の理想と現実 ─楽音合成のメカニズム─]"</a> [The Development of "Magna Organ" and Its Mechanism for Sound Synthesis: The Earliest Electric Musical Instrument of YAMAHA] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geijutsu Bunka Kenkyū</i> (in Japanese). <b>24</b>. <a href="/wiki/Osaka_University_of_Arts" title="Osaka University of Arts">Osaka University of Arts</a> Graduate School: 69–89. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1342-9086">1342-9086</a>. <q><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>4.1 特許第 108664 号（1934 年 3 月 15 日出願 ... 当該明細書には「特許請求の範囲」として次の三点が列記されている。/ 1. 「適当なる機械的振動体例えば発音「リード」と「マイクロフォン」とを原音の演奏室への漏洩を阻止すべく構成せる音響的絶縁密閉室内に配置」 / 2. 「『ペダル』又は鍵盤に加うる圧力に依る音量制御及び前期『リード』群の制御を全て演奏室に設置せる『コンソール』により行う」 / 3. 「『マイクロフォン』電流の増幅回路の一部に適当の周波数変換機を接続して原動電流及之と適当倍率関係に変換せる振動電流に依る楽音を前記密閉室外に於て同時に発音」</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geijutsu+Bunka+Kenky%C5%AB&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%A5%BD%E5%99%A8%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E3%81%AE%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97%E6%A5%BD%E5%99%A8%E3%80%8C%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E3%81%A8%E7%8F%BE%E5%AE%9F+%E2%94%80%E6%A5%BD%E9%9F%B3%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E3%81%AE%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0%E2%94%80%5D&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=69-89&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft.aulast=Junya&rft.aufirst=FUJINO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grad.osaka-geidai.ac.jp%2Fapp%2Fgraduation-work%2Fbulletin-paper%2F7a50efbc8418a768d0334aca783cd36b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span><br />See also bellow patents: JP108664C, JP110068C, and JP111216C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JP108664C-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JP108664C_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp/c1800/PU/JP-108664/4EB0D0E43F84E96693F1F8514E7461C872D30C45DEA627612DF281697252FC0D/15/en">"JP patent 108664C"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JP+patent+108664C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp%2Fc1800%2FPU%2FJP-108664%2F4EB0D0E43F84E96693F1F8514E7461C872D30C45DEA627612DF281697252FC0D%2F15%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span> (granted 1934-11-28).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fujino2020b-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fujino2020b_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fujino2020b_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunya" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Junya, FUJINO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telmusica.com/early_electric_musical_instruments/magna_organ/">"マグナオルガン(1934)"</a> [Magna Organ (1934)]. <i>telmusica.com</i> (in Japanese). <q><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>機構1　特許第 108664 号(1934 年 3 月 15 日出願): リードの振動をマイクロフォンにより集音し、その信号を周波数逓倍器に入力することで、5倍音と7倍音を除く、9倍音までの部分音（倍音）を生成する。</i> / <i>機構2　特許第 110068 号(1934 年 5 月 9 日出願): 逓倍回路は用いず、1. 音色が異なる複数の発音体 2. 特性が異なる複数のマイクロフォン、 3. 特性が異なる複数のスピーカを「所定の楽器の音響的特性に近似なる如く」(特許第 110068 号明細書) 組み合わせることで種々の音色を生成する。</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=telmusica.com&rft.atitle=%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%281934%29&rft.aulast=Junya&rft.aufirst=FUJINO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelmusica.com%2Fearly_electric_musical_instruments%2Fmagna_organ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JP110068C-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JP110068C_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp/c1800/PU/JP-110068/E29BF4625B95E04DA690F343580D192D7D822CBC865EAD6833942C024013ACD5/15/en">"JP patent 110068C"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JP+patent+110068C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp%2Fc1800%2FPU%2FJP-110068%2FE29BF4625B95E04DA690F343580D192D7D822CBC865EAD6833942C024013ACD5%2F15%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span> (granted 1935-03-26).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JP111216C-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JP111216C_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp/c1800/PU/JP-111216/3107E125638722F463E7BD8C4F5D3BF81F1181D8DC4590A40E993DA9618A5AA9/15/en">"JP patent 111216C"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JP+patent+111216C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp%2Fc1800%2FPU%2FJP-111216%2F3107E125638722F463E7BD8C4F5D3BF81F1181D8DC4590A40E993DA9618A5AA9%2F15%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span> (granted 1935-06-19).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crodaorgan-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crodaorgan_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crodaorgan.net/">"クロダトーンアーカイブス"</a> [CRODATONE archives]. <i>CrodaOrgan.net</i> (in Japanese). <q><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>クロダトーンの第一号は昭和34年3月（1959年）、日本基督教団　西千葉教会に納品されました。/ 当時の写真と録音が残っています。</i>[1st CRODATONE (1959)]<i> / 初期のクロダトーンは音源がハーモニカ、アコーディオン、リードオルガン等に使われているものと同じ原理のフリーリードで、本体内に送風機とリードが組み込まれていて常時全てのリードを振動させてその振動から電気信号を取り出していました。そして鍵盤のスイッチで必要な音をon,offする仕組みでした。/ 常に全てのリードが鳴っていますからしっかりと防音しなければならず二重の箱で覆われています。</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CrodaOrgan.net&rft.atitle=%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%80%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3+%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrodaorgan.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <i>See also</i>: 1st CRODATONE (1959) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crodaorgan.net/images/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%80%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%85%A5%E3%82%8A.jpg">photo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crodaorgan.net/sound/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%80%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80.mp3">sound 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crodaorgan.net/sound/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%80%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%8C.mp3">sound 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braun1982-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braun1982_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braun1982_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Home electronic organ models usually attempted to imitate the sounds of <a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">theatre organs</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammonds</a>, rather than classical organs. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans-Joachim_Braun2022" class="citation web cs1">Hans-Joachim Braun (6 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/8/8e/Braun.pdf">"Music Engineers. The Remarkable Career of Winston E. Knock, Electronic Organ Designer and NASA Chief of Electronics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2004 IEEE Conference on the History of Electronics</i>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2004+IEEE+Conference+on+the+History+of+Electronics&rft.atitle=Music+Engineers.+The+Remarkable+Career+of+Winston+E.+Knock%2C+Electronic+Organ+Designer+and+NASA+Chief+of+Electronics&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft.au=Hans-Joachim+Braun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Fimages%2F8%2F8e%2FBraun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1966book-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1966book_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denhaku.com/mukasi/chomks/allthe.htm"><i>All About Electronic & Electric Musical Instruments</i></a> (in Japanese). <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%A0%E6%96%87%E5%A0%82%E6%96%B0%E5%85%89%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="ja:誠文堂新光社">Seibundō ShinkōSha</a>. 1966. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B000JAAXH6">B000JAAXH6</a>, <i>電子楽器と電気楽器のすべて</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+About+Electronic+%26+Electric+Musical+Instruments&rft.pub=Seibund%C5%8D+Shink%C5%8DSha&rft.date=1966&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denhaku.com%2Fmukasi%2Fchomks%2Fallthe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span> — guidebook for various electronic organs manufactured or imported in 1960s Japan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gulbransen-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gulbransen_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gulbransen_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gulbransen_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gulbransen_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gulbransen_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gulbransen_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theatreorgans.com/hammond/keng/kenhtml/the%20gulbransen%20organ.htm">"The Gulbransen Organ"</a>. <i>TheatreOrgans.com</i>. VintageHammond.Com. May 2006. <q><i>In July 1957, Gulbransen introduced its first electronic organ. This was the Model B (Model 1100), a spinet that was the first transistor organ in the industry. It must be clarified that in these early transistor instruments, only the tone generators were transistorized. The amplifiers still operated with vacuum tubes (Rodgers produced the first all-transistor, or solid-state organ in 1958). / Gulbransen pioneered several innovations that became standard in the industry and are listed here: · First transistor organ · First self-contained Leslie speaker system · First Chimes stop · First Piano stop · First automatic rhythm (actually Seeburg, with whom Gulbransen eventually merged) · First automatic walking bass</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheatreOrgans.com&rft.atitle=The+Gulbransen+Organ&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheatreorgans.com%2Fhammond%2Fkeng%2Fkenhtml%2Fthe%2520gulbransen%2520organ.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span> <i>See also</i>: 1957 brochures of "Gulbransen Model B organ" on the page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PugnoCurry2005-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PugnoCurry2005_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PugnoCurry2005_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PugnoCurry2005_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PugnoCurry2005_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PugnoCurry2005_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_PugnoBil_Curry2005" class="citation web cs1">Frank Pugno; Bil Curry (2005-11-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theatreorgans.com/hammond/keng/kenhtml/Lowrey%20Organs%20Page.htm">"Lowrey Organs"</a>. <i>Electronic Organs <span style="font-size:85%;">(theatreorgans.com/hammond/keng/kenhtml/electronicorgans.htm)</span></i>. VintageHammond.Com. <q><i>In 1956, the Glide, a foot switch located on the left side of the expression pedal, was introduced, permitting the effects of a Hawaiian guitar "glide", the smear of a trombone, the glissando of singing strings, and the effect of a calliope. The Glide dropped the pitch of the organ about a semi-tone and cancelled the vibrato. / In 1961, Lowrey's first home organ with a built-in Leslie speaker appeared as the Holiday Deluxe Model LSL. Automatic Orchestra Control, later renamed Automatic Organ Computer, came on the scene in 1963. / In 1969, Lowrey introduced the first built-in cassette player, a feature later abandoned by all manufacturers. / </i>[Fig. 2]<i> – Holiday Deluxe Model LSL</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Organs+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B%22%3E%28theatreorgans.com%2Fhammond%2Fkeng%2Fkenhtml%2Felectronicorgans.htm%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Lowrey+Organs&rft.date=2005-11-03&rft.au=Frank+Pugno&rft.au=Bil+Curry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheatreorgans.com%2Fhammond%2Fkeng%2Fkenhtml%2FLowrey%2520Organs%2520Page.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span><br /><i>See also</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theatreorgans.com/hammond/keng/kenhtml/Lowrey2.jpg">"Fig. 2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fig.+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheatreorgans.com%2Fhammond%2Fkeng%2Fkenhtml%2FLowrey2.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-video_Glide-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-video_Glide_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Rickytic3 (2011-01-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBzB3SeHlWU"><i>Your cheatin heart with the glide pedal.wmv</i></a> (video). YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Your+cheatin+heart+with+the+glide+pedal.wmv&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2011-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWBzB3SeHlWU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span> — an example of play with glide pedal on Lowrey Regency Organ.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-video_AOC-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-video_AOC_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Organaut (2011-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwpLmEIQLtQ"><i>ORLA Grande Theatre European (Klaus Wunderlich / German Sounds) registrations Set 1</i></a> (video). YouTube. Event occurs at 3"–34"<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ORLA+Grande+Theatre+European+%28Klaus+Wunderlich+%2F+German+Sounds%29+registrations+Set+1&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2011-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DcwpLmEIQLtQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span> — an example of play with ORLA Magic Chord (OMC) originated from Lowrey's Automatic Orchestral Control (AOC).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USPAT3358070-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USPAT3358070_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFYoung,_Alan_C.1967"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3,358,070">US patent 3,358,070</a>, Young, Alan C., "Electronic Organ Arpeggio Effect", issued 1967-12-12,  assigned to Hammond Corporation</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3,358,070&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Electronic+Organ+Arpeggio+Effect&rft.inventor=Young%2C+Alan+C.&rft.assignee=Hammond+Corporation&rft.date=1967-12-12&rft.appldate=1964-12-03"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Laurens-Hammond">"Laurens Hammond"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. 2014. <q>His later inventions included ... the chord organ (1950), on which chords are produced simply by touching a panel button.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Laurens+Hammond&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLaurens-Hammond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nh4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Play by Numbers' Organ Hottest Musical Merchandise"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. May 11, 1959. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=%27Play+by+Numbers%27+Organ+Hottest+Musical+Merchandise&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1959-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnh4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203005708/http://www.rodgersinstruments.com/RodgersHistory">"Highlights of Rodgers Instruments History"</a>. Rodgers Instruments Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rodgersinstruments.com/RodgersHistory">the original</a> on 2011-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highlights+of+Rodgers+Instruments+History&rft.pub=Rodgers+Instruments+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rodgersinstruments.com%2FRodgersHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SolinaExplorerIparts-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SolinaExplorerIparts_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matrixsynth.com/2013/12/three-solina-explorer-i-front-panels.html">"Three Solina Explorer I front panels with rare ARP boards"</a>. <i>MatrixSynth.com</i>. 2013-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MatrixSynth.com&rft.atitle=Three+Solina+Explorer+I+front+panels+with+rare+ARP+boards&rft.date=2013-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.matrixsynth.com%2F2013%2F12%2Fthree-solina-explorer-i-front-panels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span><div style="line-height:110%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">"<i>Up for sale are 3 Solina (ARP) Explorer I front panels. They are part of the very rare Solina C112S organ. ...</i>".</span><br />See also images: <span style="font-size:85%;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1qG45RHdqvQ/Uq3-23wF38I/AAAAAAAH4i4/BkCgfdLQhsY/s1600/1.jpg">Image 1</a> shows front panel with three logos: "Solina", "ARP", and "EXPLORER I<span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-P-aJ0_Uzqso/Uq3-38qixiI/AAAAAAAH4jk/Li-4ylOp8MI/s640/6.jpg">Image 6</a> shows a circuit board with printed pattern logo "ARP" and texts "MADE IN U.S.A", "(c) 1975 ARP INST".</span></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keyboard_LEO-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keyboard_LEO_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVail" class="citation magazine cs1">Vail, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428052340/http://www.donlewismusic.com/keyboard_magazine1/">"LEO, the Live Electronic Orchestra-Pre-MIDI Multitimbral Synth System"</a>. VintageGear. <i><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_(magazine)" title="Keyboard (magazine)">Keyboard</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donlewismusic.com/keyboard_magazine1/">the original</a> on 2017-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Keyboard&rft.atitle=LEO%2C+the+Live+Electronic+Orchestra-Pre-MIDI+Multitimbral+Synth+System&rft.aulast=Vail&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donlewismusic.com%2Fkeyboard_magazine1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KeyboardMay2006-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KeyboardMay2006_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"The Armand Pascetta Keyboard". <i><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_(magazine)" title="Keyboard (magazine)">Keyboard</a></i>. Vol. 32, no. 5. May 2006. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Keyboard&rft.atitle=The+Armand+Pascetta+Keyboard&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=68&rft.date=2006-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fundinguniverse-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fundinguniverse_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundinguniverse_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Allen-Organ-company-company-History.html">"Allen Organ Company"</a>, <i>fundinguniverse.com</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=fundinguniverse.com&rft.atitle=Allen+Organ+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundinguniverse.com%2Fcompany-histories%2FAllen-Organ-company-company-History.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1stDigital-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1stDigital_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Manning1993" class="citation book cs1">Peter Manning (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electroniccomput0000mann"><i>Computer and Electronic Music</i></a></span>. Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-311918-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-311918-8"><bdi>0-19-311918-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+and+Electronic+Music&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-311918-8&rft.au=Peter+Manning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectroniccomput0000mann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span> The first software digital instrument, <b><a href="/wiki/MUSIC-N" title="MUSIC-N">MUSIC</a></b> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a> in 1957 at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, although it was not a real-time system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1stSampler-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1stSampler_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_Hinton2002" class="citation web cs1">Graham Hinton (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521015858/http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsstory.html#nonproducts">"EMS: The Inside Story - The Non-Products"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsstory.html#nonproducts">the original</a> on 2013-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EMS%3A+The+Inside+Story+-+The+Non-Products&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Graham+Hinton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk%2Femsstory.html%23nonproducts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span> The first digital sampler instrument may be implemented on <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Studios" title="Electronic Music Studios">EMS</a> Musys (programming language) c. 1969, or EMS DOB (Digital Oscillator Bank) c. 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/11/arts/music/cameron-carpenter-performs-on-his-touring-instrument.html">"Cameron Carpenter Performs on His Touring Instrument"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. March 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cameron+Carpenter+Performs+on+His+Touring+Instrument&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F11%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fcameron-carpenter-performs-on-his-touring-instrument.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcorgan.com/FotosEN.html">Images of Hauptwerk consoles</a>, PCorgan.com; Hauptwerk's customer set-ups. For example, Canadian organ builder Artisan Classic Organ has a division called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.organworks.com/Web/products/midi_works.asp">Classic Organ Works</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210162730/http://www.organworks.com/web/products/midi_works.asp">Archived</a> 2010-02-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for supplying their parts to other builders and hobbyists. Many hobbyists build their own organs using PC software and additional hardware parts (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">manuals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">pedalboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> for stop control, studio quality <a href="/wiki/Near-field_monitors#Monitor_vs_hi-fi_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-field monitors">monitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer#Studio_reference_monitors" title="Subwoofer">subwoofer</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis2006-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis2006_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Davies2006" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Davies (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDJaeFFUPoC&pg=PA164">"Electronic Organ"</a>. In Douglas Earl Bush; Richard Kassel (eds.). <i>The Organ: An Encyclopedia</i>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDJaeFFUPoC&dq=Abb%C3%A9%20Pujet%201934&pg=PA167">167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415941747" title="Special:BookSources/9780415941747"><bdi>9780415941747</bdi></a>. <q><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Other inventions included Abbé Pujet's electroacoustic Orgue Radiosynthétique (1934, with thepipes enclosed in three chambers, each amplified by a microphone and loudspeaker);</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electronic+Organ&rft.btitle=The+Organ%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415941747&rft.au=Hugh+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgDJaeFFUPoC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Synthetic_Radio_Organ-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Synthetic_Radio_Organ_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_tZAAAAYAAJ&q=Orgue+Radio+synth%C3%A9tique">"Un Orgue Radio-Synthétique"</a>. <i>L'Illustration</i> (in French). Paris. 1934-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Illustration&rft.atitle=Un+Orgue+Radio-Synth%C3%A9tique&rft.date=1934-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_tZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DOrgue%2BRadio%2Bsynth%25C3%25A9tique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_organ&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electric_organs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Electric organs">Electric organs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theatreorgans.com/hammond/faq/hammond-faq.html">TheaterOrgans.com FAQ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hammondorganco.com/about-us/company-profile/">Hammond Organ Company Heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20210816114929/http://hammondorganco.com/about-us/company-profile/">Archived</a> 2021-08-16 at Wikiwix</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.cloud9.net/~pastark/schober.html">Schober</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917031709/http://www.users.cloud9.net/~pastark/schober.html">Archived</a> 2019-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> From the 1950s to the 1970s, Schober produced a popular line of build-your-own organ kits. Models ranged from spinets up through AGO consoles.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080103071538/http://www.jungleboffin.com/mp3/organ/">Download MP3 files</a> of a Makin digital organ, currently at <a href="/wiki/Hammerwood_Park" title="Hammerwood Park">Hammerwood Park</a> in Sussex after serving a dozen years at <a href="/wiki/Londonderry_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Londonderry Cathedral">Londonderry Cathedral</a>, where visitors had said it was "remarkably effective". This has now been enlarged to 5 manuals using further electronic organ units known as expanders, often used to enhance pipe organs, made by Content in the Netherlands and Ahlborn in Italy.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic organ">Electronic organs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chord_organ" title="Chord organ">Chord organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonewheel_organ" title="Clonewheel organ">Clonewheel organ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korg_CX-3" title="Korg CX-3">Korg CX-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord_C_Series" title="Nord C Series">Nord C Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_VK-7" title="Roland VK-7">Roland VK-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_VK-8" title="Roland VK-8">Roland VK-8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combo_organ" title="Combo organ">Combo organ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Organ" title="Doric Organ">Doric Organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farfisa" title="Farfisa">Farfisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fender_Contempo_Organ" title="Fender Contempo Organ">Fender Contempo Organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_G-101" title="Gibson G-101">Gibson G-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_Continental" title="Vox Continental">Vox Continental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electone" title="Electone">Electone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_310_Unique" title="Eminent 310 Unique">Eminent 310 Unique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitorgan" title="Guitorgan">Guitorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hammond_organs" title="List of Hammond organs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_trio" title="Organ trio">Organ trio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kienle_Resonator_System" title="Kienle Resonator System">Kienle Resonator System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrey_organ" title="Lowrey organ">Lowrey organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_organ_makers" title="List of electronic organ makers">Organ makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philicorda" title="Philicorda">Philicorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riha_Adagio" title="Riha Adagio">Riha Adagio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telharmonium" title="Telharmonium">Telharmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonewheel" title="Tonewheel">Tonewheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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