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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Widespread_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Widespread_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Widespread use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Widespread_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_improvements_and_additional_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_improvements_and_additional_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Performance improvements and additional features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_improvements_and_additional_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Integrated_noise_reduction_systems_-_Dolby_B,_C,_and_S" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_noise_reduction_systems_-_Dolby_B,_C,_and_S"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Integrated noise reduction systems - Dolby B, C, and S</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_noise_reduction_systems_-_Dolby_B,_C,_and_S-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_heads_for_realtime_monitoring_of_recordings_and_improved_sound_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_heads_for_realtime_monitoring_of_recordings_and_improved_sound_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Three heads for realtime monitoring of recordings and improved sound quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_heads_for_realtime_monitoring_of_recordings_and_improved_sound_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auto_reverse_for_automated_sequential_playback_of_both_cassette_sides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auto_reverse_for_automated_sequential_playback_of_both_cassette_sides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Auto reverse for automated sequential playback of both cassette sides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auto_reverse_for_automated_sequential_playback_of_both_cassette_sides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_of_digital_electronics,_from_the_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_of_digital_electronics,_from_the_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Integration of digital electronics, from the 1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration_of_digital_electronics,_from_the_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dolby_HX_Pro_for_higher_recording_levels_on_the_same_tape_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dolby_HX_Pro_for_higher_recording_levels_on_the_same_tape_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Dolby HX Pro for higher recording levels on the same tape material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dolby_HX_Pro_for_higher_recording_levels_on_the_same_tape_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advances_in_tape_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advances_in_tape_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.6</span> <span>Advances in tape materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advances_in_tape_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_achieved_by_the_technological_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_achieved_by_the_technological_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.7</span> <span>Effects achieved by the technological developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_achieved_by_the_technological_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noise_reduction_and_fidelity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise_reduction_and_fidelity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Noise reduction and fidelity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise_reduction_and_fidelity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-car_entertainment_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-car_entertainment_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In-car entertainment systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-car_entertainment_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_in_popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_in_popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Decline in popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_in_popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassetteb%C3%A5ndoptager" title="Kassettebåndoptager – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kassettebåndoptager" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassettenrekorder" title="Kassettenrekorder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kassettenrekorder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassettmagnetofon" title="Kassettmagnetofon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kassettmagnetofon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Κασετόφωνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κασετόφωνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet%C3%B3fono_de_casete" title="Magnetófono de casete – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magnetófono de casete" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A9tocassette" title="Magnétocassette – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magnétocassette" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasetofon" title="Kasetofon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kasetofon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riproduttore_di_cassette" title="Riproduttore di cassette – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riproduttore di cassette" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ကက်ဆက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကက်ဆက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassetterecorder" title="Cassetterecorder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cassetterecorder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%87%E3%83%83%E3%82%AD" title="カセットテープデッキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カセットテープデッキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassettopptakar" title="Kassettopptakar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kassettopptakar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofon_kasetowy" title="Magnetofon kasetowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Magnetofon kasetowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofone" title="Magnetofone – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Magnetofone" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casetofon" title="Casetofon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Casetofon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кассетный магнитофон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кассетный магнитофон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_player" title="Cassette player – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cassette player" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Касетофон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Касетофон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazetofon" title="Kazetofon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kazetofon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasettisoitin" title="Kasettisoitin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kasettisoitin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_kaset%C3%A7alar" title="Deck kasetçalar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deck kasetçalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%84%E9%9F%B3%E5%BA%A7" title="錄音座 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="錄音座" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%BA%A7" title="卡座 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡座" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tape machine for playing and recording audio compact cassettes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_TC-RX55_cassette_deck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sony_TC-RX55_cassette_deck.jpg/250px-Sony_TC-RX55_cassette_deck.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sony_TC-RX55_cassette_deck.jpg/375px-Sony_TC-RX55_cassette_deck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sony_TC-RX55_cassette_deck.jpg/500px-Sony_TC-RX55_cassette_deck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="352" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A typical late 1980s component deck with Dolby B, C and <a href="/wiki/Dolby_noise-reduction_system#Dolby_HX/HX-Pro" title="Dolby noise-reduction system">HXPro</a> (Sony TC-RX55)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>cassette deck</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Tape_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape machine">tape machine</a> for playing and recording <a href="/wiki/Audio_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio cassette">audio cassettes</a> that does not have a built-in power amplifier or speakers, and serves primarily as a <a href="/wiki/Transport_(recording)" title="Transport (recording)">transport</a>. It can be a part of an automotive entertainment system, a part of a portable audio system or a part of a home <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity#Modularity" title="High fidelity">component system</a>. In the latter case, it is also called a <b>component cassette deck</b> or just a <b>component deck</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-BILLREP1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BILLREP1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TeacTopCassetteDeck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TeacTopCassetteDeck.jpg/220px-TeacTopCassetteDeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TeacTopCassetteDeck.jpg/330px-TeacTopCassetteDeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TeacTopCassetteDeck.jpg/440px-TeacTopCassetteDeck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Typical top loading stereo cassette deck from mid-1970s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RadioShack-ctr-119.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/RadioShack-ctr-119.jpg/220px-RadioShack-ctr-119.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/RadioShack-ctr-119.jpg/330px-RadioShack-ctr-119.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/RadioShack-ctr-119.jpg/440px-RadioShack-ctr-119.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A typical portable desktop cassette recorder from <a href="/wiki/RadioShack" title="RadioShack">RadioShack</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first consumer tape recorder to employ a tape reel permanently housed in a small removable cartridge was the <a href="/wiki/RCA_tape_cartridge" title="RCA tape cartridge">RCA tape cartridge</a>, which appeared in 1958 as a predecessor to the cassette format. At that time, <a href="/wiki/Reel_to_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Reel to reel">reel to reel</a> recorders and players were commonly used by enthusiasts, but required large individual reels and tapes which had to be threaded by hand, making them less-accessible to the casual consumer. Both <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_Sound_Studios" title="Bell Sound Studios">Bell Sound</a> attempted to commercialize the cartridge format, but a few factors stalled adoption, including lower-than-advertised availability of selections in the prerecorded media catalog, delays in production setup, and a stand-alone design that was not considered by audiophiles to be truly hi-fi.<sup id="cite_ref-rca_cartridge_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rca_cartridge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>compact cassette</i> (a Philips trademark)<sup id="cite_ref-BILLREP1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BILLREP1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> Corporation at the <a href="/wiki/Internationale_Funkausstellung_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin">Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin</a> in 1963<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and marketed as a device purely intended for portable speech-only <a href="/wiki/Dictation_machine" title="Dictation machine">dictation machines</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The tape width was <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> inch (actually 0.15 inch, 3.81 mm) and tape speed was 1.875 inches (4.8 cm) per second, giving a decidedly non Hi-Fi frequency response and quite high noise levels.<sup id="cite_ref-cassettes_1963_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cassettes_1963-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early recorders were intended for dictation and journalists, and were typically hand-held battery-powered devices with built-in microphones and <a href="/wiki/Automatic_gain_control" title="Automatic gain control">automatic gain control</a> on recording. Tape recorder audio-quality had improved by the mid-1970s, and a cassette deck with manual level controls and <a href="/wiki/VU_meter" title="VU meter">VU meters</a> became a standard component of home high-fidelity systems.<sup id="cite_ref-BILLREP1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BILLREP1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually the reel-to-reel recorder was completely displaced, in part because of the usage constraints presented by their large size, expense, and the inconvenience of threading and rewinding the tape reels - cassettes are more portable and can be stopped and immediately removed in the middle of playback without rewinding. Cassettes became extremely popular for automotive and other portable music applications. Although pre-recorded cassettes were widely available, many users would combine (<a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(music)" title="Dubbing (music)">dub</a>) songs from their <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl record">vinyl records</a> or cassettes to make a new custom <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">mixtape</a> cassette. </p><p>In 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Advent_Corporation" title="Advent Corporation">Advent Corporation</a> combined <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Noise_Reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Noise Reduction">Dolby B</a> noise reduction system with <a href="/wiki/Chromium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium dioxide">chromium dioxide</a> (CrO<sub>2</sub>) tape to create the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Advent_Model_200&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advent Model 200 (page does not exist)">Advent Model 200</a>, the first high-fidelity cassette deck.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dolby B uses volume <a href="/wiki/Companding" title="Companding">companding</a> of high frequencies to boost low-level treble information by up to 9 dB, reducing them (and the hiss) on playback. CrO<sub>2</sub> used different bias and equalization settings to reduce the overall noise level and extend the high frequency response. Together these allowed a usefully flat frequency response beyond 15 kHz for the first time. This deck was based on a top-loading mechanism by Nakamichi, then soon replaced by the Model 201 based on a more reliable transport made by <a href="/wiki/Wollensak" title="Wollensak">Wollensak</a>, a division of <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a>, which was commonly used in audio/visual applications. Both featured an unusual single VU meter which could be switched between or for both channels. The Model 200 featured <a href="/wiki/Piano_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano key">piano key</a> style transport controls, with the Model 201 using the distinctive combination of a separate lever for rewind/fast forward and the large play and stop button as found on their commercial reel to reel machines of the era. </p><p>Most manufacturers adopted a standard top-loading format with <a href="/wiki/Piano_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano key">piano key</a> controls, dual VU meters, and slider level controls. There was a variety of configurations leading to the next standard format in the late 1970s, which settled on front-loading (see main picture) with cassette well on one side, dual VU meters on the other, and later dual-cassette decks with meters in the middle. Mechanical controls were replaced with electronic push buttons controlling <a href="/wiki/Solenoid" title="Solenoid">solenoid</a> mechanical actuators, though low cost models would retain mechanical controls. Some models could search and count gaps between songs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Widespread_use">Widespread use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Widespread use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cassette decks soon came into widespread use and were designed variously for professional applications, home audio systems, and for mobile use in cars, as well as portable recorders. From the mid-1970s to the late 1990s the cassette deck was the preferred music source for the automobile. Like an <a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">8-track cartridge</a>, it was relatively insensitive to vehicle motion, but it had reduced tape <a href="/wiki/Flutter_(electronics_and_communication)" title="Flutter (electronics and communication)">flutter</a>, as well as the obvious advantages of smaller physical size and fast forward/rewind capability. A major boost to the cassette's popularity came with the release of the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Walkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Walkman">Sony Walkman</a> <i>personal</i> cassette player in 1979, designed specifically as a headphone-only ultra-compact <i>wearable</i> music source. Although the vast majority of such players eventually sold were not Sony products, the name <i>Walkman</i> has become synonymous with this type of device. </p><p>Cassette decks were eventually manufactured by almost every well known brand in home audio, and many in professional audio, with each company offering models of very high quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_improvements_and_additional_features">Performance improvements and additional features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Performance improvements and additional features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revox_B215_cassette_deck_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Revox_B215_cassette_deck_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Revox_B215_cassette_deck_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Revox_B215_cassette_deck_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Revox_B215_cassette_deck_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Revox_B215_cassette_deck_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Revox_B215_cassette_deck_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Revox B 215, 4-motor-cassette deck without belts (direct drive, 1985–1992)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nakamichi_Dragon_-_High_End_Cassette_Deck_with_Auto_Reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nakamichi_Dragon_-_High_End_Cassette_Deck_with_Auto_Reverse.jpg/220px-Nakamichi_Dragon_-_High_End_Cassette_Deck_with_Auto_Reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nakamichi_Dragon_-_High_End_Cassette_Deck_with_Auto_Reverse.jpg/330px-Nakamichi_Dragon_-_High_End_Cassette_Deck_with_Auto_Reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nakamichi_Dragon_-_High_End_Cassette_Deck_with_Auto_Reverse.jpg/440px-Nakamichi_Dragon_-_High_End_Cassette_Deck_with_Auto_Reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nakamichi_Dragon" title="Nakamichi Dragon">Nakamichi Dragon</a> cassette deck with azimuth adjustment 1983 - 1993, 1995 (Last Edition)</figcaption></figure> <p>Cassette decks reached their pinnacle of performance and complexity by the mid-1980s. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Cassette decks from companies such as <a href="/wiki/Nakamichi" title="Nakamichi">Nakamichi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revox" title="Revox">Revox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tandberg" title="Tandberg">Tandberg</a> incorporated advanced features such as multiple <a href="/wiki/Tape_head" title="Tape head">tape heads</a> and dual <a href="/wiki/Capstan_(tape_recorder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capstan (tape recorder)">capstan</a> drive with separate reel motors. Auto-reversing decks became popular and were standard on most factory installed automobile decks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Integrated_noise_reduction_systems_-_Dolby_B,_C,_and_S"><span id="Integrated_noise_reduction_systems_-_Dolby_B.2C_C.2C_and_S"></span>Integrated noise reduction systems - Dolby B, C, and S</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Integrated noise reduction systems - Dolby B, C, and S"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harman_Kardon_TD4800-130311-0014EC_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Harman_Kardon_TD4800-130311-0014EC_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Harman_Kardon_TD4800-130311-0014EC_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Harman_Kardon_TD4800-130311-0014EC_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Harman_Kardon_TD4800-130311-0014EC_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Harman_Kardon_TD4800-130311-0014EC_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Harman_Kardon_TD4800-130311-0014EC_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Dolby S cassette deck by harman/kardon (1990)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dolby_noise_reduction_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby noise reduction system">Dolby B noise reduction system</a> was key to realizing low noise performance on the - compared to reel-to-reel-technology - relatively slow and narrow cassette tapes. It works by boosting the high frequencies on recording, especially low-level high-frequency sounds, with corresponding high frequency reduction on playback. This lowers the high frequency noise (hiss) by approximately 9 dB. Enhanced versions included <a href="/wiki/Dolby_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby C">Dolby C</a> (from 1980) and <a href="/wiki/Dolby_S" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby S">Dolby S</a> types. Of the three, however, only Dolby B became common on automobile decks.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three_heads_for_realtime_monitoring_of_recordings_and_improved_sound_quality">Three heads for realtime monitoring of recordings and improved sound quality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Three heads for realtime monitoring of recordings and improved sound quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three-head technology uses separate heads for recording and playback (the third of the three heads being the erase head). This allows different record and playback head gaps to be used. A narrower head gap is optimal for playback than for recording, so the head gap width of any combined record/playback head must necessarily be a compromise. Separate record and playback heads also allow off-the-tape monitoring during recording, permitting immediate verification of the recording quality. (Such machines can be identified by the presence of a <i>monitor</i> switch with positions for <i>tape</i> and <i>source</i>, or similar.) Three-head systems were common on reel-to-reel decks, but were more difficult to implement for cassettes, which do not provide separate openings for record and play heads. Some models squeezed a monitor head into the capstan area, and others combined separate record and playback gaps into a single headshell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auto_reverse_for_automated_sequential_playback_of_both_cassette_sides">Auto reverse for automated sequential playback of both cassette sides</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Auto reverse for automated sequential playback of both cassette sides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In later years, an <i>auto-reverse</i> feature appeared that allowed the deck to play (and, in some decks, record) on both sides of the cassette without the operator having to manually remove, flip, and re-insert the cassette. Most auto-reverse machines use a four-channel head (similar to those on multitrack recorders), with only two channels connected to the electronics at one time, one pair for each direction. Auto-reverse decks employ a capstan and pinch roller for each side. Since these use the same opening in the cassette shell normally used for the erase head, such decks must fit the erase head (or two, one for each direction) into the center opening in the shell along with the record/play head. </p><p>In later auto-reverse machines, the <i>auto reverse</i> mechanism uses an ordinary two-track, quarter-width head, but operates by mechanically rotating the head 180 degrees so that the two head gaps access the other tracks of the tape. There is usually an azimuth adjustment screw for each position. Nevertheless, due to the repeated movement, the alignment (in particular, the azimuth) deviates with usage. Even in a machine with a four-channel head, slight asymmetries in the cassette shell make it difficult to align the head perfectly for both directions. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nakamichi_RX-505_autoreverse_cassette_deck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nakamichi_RX-505_autoreverse_cassette_deck.jpg/220px-Nakamichi_RX-505_autoreverse_cassette_deck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nakamichi_RX-505_autoreverse_cassette_deck.jpg/330px-Nakamichi_RX-505_autoreverse_cassette_deck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nakamichi_RX-505_autoreverse_cassette_deck.jpg/440px-Nakamichi_RX-505_autoreverse_cassette_deck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Nakamichi RX series RX-505 deck</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nakamichi_RX_505_Top_Open1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nakamichi_RX_505_Top_Open1.jpg/220px-Nakamichi_RX_505_Top_Open1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nakamichi_RX_505_Top_Open1.jpg/330px-Nakamichi_RX_505_Top_Open1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nakamichi_RX_505_Top_Open1.jpg/440px-Nakamichi_RX_505_Top_Open1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>RX-505 auto reverse mechanism</figcaption></figure> <p>In one machine, the Dragon, Nakamichi addressed the issue with a motor-driven automatic head alignment mechanism. This proved effective but very expensive. Later Nakamichi auto-reverse models, the RX series, was essentially a single-directional deck, but with an added mechanism that physically removed the cassette from the transport, flipped it over, and re-inserted it. Akai made a similar machine but with the mechanism and cassette laid out horizontally instead of upright. This permitted the convenience of auto-reverse with little compromise in record or playback quality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Integration_of_digital_electronics,_from_the_1980s"><span id="Integration_of_digital_electronics.2C_from_the_1980s"></span>Integration of digital electronics, from the 1980s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Integration of digital electronics, from the 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a part of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a>, the ongoing development of electronics technology <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore's Law">decreased the cost of digital circuitry</a> to the point that the technology could be applied to consumer electronics. The application of such <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital electronics</a> to cassette decks provides an early example of <a href="/wiki/Mechatronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechatronic">mechatronic</a> design, which aims to enhance mechanical systems with electronic components in order to improve performance, increase system flexibility, or reduce cost.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">logic circuitry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solenoid" title="Solenoid">solenoids</a> into the transport and control mechanisms of cassette decks, often referred to <i>logic control</i>, contrasts with earlier <i>piano-key</i> transport controls and mechanical linkages. One goal of using logic circuitry in cassette decks or recorders was to <a href="/wiki/Error-tolerant_design" title="Error-tolerant design">minimize equipment damage upon incorrect user input</a> by including <a href="/wiki/Fail-safe" title="Fail-safe">fail-safes</a> into the transport and control mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such fail-safe behavior was described in a review by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Hirsch" title="Julian Hirsch">Julian Hirsch</a> of a particular cassette deck featuring logic control.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of fail-safe mechanisms incorporated into logic control decks include: a mechanism designed to protect internal components from damage when the tape or motor is locked, a mechanism designed to prevent the tape from being wound improperly, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some logic control decks were designed to incorporate light-touch buttons or <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote control</a>, among other features marketed as being convenient.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Car_stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Car stereo">car stereo</a> industry, full logic control was developed with the aim of <a href="/wiki/Miniaturization" title="Miniaturization">miniaturization</a>, so that the cassette deck would take up less dashboard space.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dolby_HX_Pro_for_higher_recording_levels_on_the_same_tape_material">Dolby HX Pro for higher recording levels on the same tape material</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dolby HX Pro for higher recording levels on the same tape material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bang_%26_Olufsen" title="Bang & Olufsen">Bang & Olufsen</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/HX_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="HX Pro">HX Pro</a> headroom extension system in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Laboratories">Dolby Laboratories</a> in 1982. This was used in many higher-end decks. HX Pro reduces the high-frequency bias during recording when the signal being recorded has a high level of high frequency content. Such a signal is self-biasing. Reducing the level of the bias signal permits the desired signal to be recorded at a higher level without saturating the tape, thus increasing <a href="/wiki/Headroom_(audio_signal_processing)" title="Headroom (audio signal processing)">headroom</a> or maximum recording level. </p><p>Some decks incorporated microprocessor programs to adjust tape bias and record level calibration automatically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advances_in_tape_materials">Advances in tape materials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Advances in tape materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New tape formulations were introduced. <a href="/wiki/Chromium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium dioxide">Chromium dioxide</a> (referred to as CrO<sub>2</sub> or Type II) was the first tape designed for extended high-frequency response, but it required higher bias. Later, as the IEC Type II standard was defined, a different equalization settings was also mandated to reduce hiss, thus giving up some extension at the high end of the audio spectrum. Better-quality cassette recorders soon appeared with a switch for the tape type. Later decks incorporated coded holes in the shell to autodetect the tape type. Chromium dioxide tape was thought to cause increased wear on the heads, so TDK and Maxell adapted cobalt-doped ferric formulations to mimic CrO<sub>2</sub>. Sony briefly tried FerriChrome (Type III) which claimed to combine the best of both; some people, however, stated that the reverse was true because the Cr top layer seemed to wear off quickly, reducing this type to Fe in practice. Most recent decks produce the best response and dynamic headroom with metal tapes (IEC Type IV) which require still higher bias for recording, though they will play back correctly at the II setting since the equalization is the same. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_achieved_by_the_technological_developments">Effects achieved by the technological developments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effects achieved by the technological developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With all of these improvements, the best units could record and play the full audible spectrum from 20 Hz to over 20 kHz (although this was commonly quoted at -10, -20 or even -30 dB, not at full output level), with <a href="/wiki/Wow_(recording)" title="Wow (recording)">wow and flutter</a> less than 0.05% and very low noise. A high-quality recording on cassette could rival the sound of an average commercial CD, though the quality of pre-recorded cassettes has been regarded by the general public as lower than could be achieved in a quality home recording.<sup id="cite_ref-FORUM1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FORUM1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a call for better sound quality in 1981, surprisingly by the head of <a href="/wiki/Tower_Records" title="Tower Records">Tower Records</a>, Russ Solomon. At a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Recording_Merchandisers" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association of Recording Merchandisers">National Association of Recording Merchandisers</a> (NARM) Retail Advisory Committee in <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad,_California" title="Carlsbad, California">Carlsbad, California</a>, Solomon played two recordings of a <a href="/wiki/Santana_(band)" title="Santana (band)">Santana</a> track; one he had recorded himself and the pre-recorded cassette release from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>. He used this technique to demonstrate what he called "the tunnel effect" in the audio range of pre-recorded cassettes and commented to the reporter Sam Sutherland, who wrote a news article printed in <i>Billboard</i> magazine: </p> <blockquote> <p>"The buyer who is aware of sound quality is making his own." "They won't be satisfied with the 'tunnel effect' of prerecorded tape. And home tape deck users don't use prerecorded tapes at all." Yet, contended Solomon, while Tower's own stores show strong blank tape sales gains, its prerecorded sales have increased by only 2% to 3%. With an estimated 15% of the chain's total tape business now generated by the sales of blanks, "it would appear our added tape sales are going to TDK, Maxell and Sony, not you." he concluded. - <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>, Vol. 93, No. 38, 26 September 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-BILLBOARDSS1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BILLBOARDSS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noise_reduction_and_fidelity">Noise reduction and fidelity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Noise reduction and fidelity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Technics_SCD_615_geschlossen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Technics_SCD_615_geschlossen.jpg/220px-Technics_SCD_615_geschlossen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Technics_SCD_615_geschlossen.jpg/330px-Technics_SCD_615_geschlossen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Technics_SCD_615_geschlossen.jpg/440px-Technics_SCD_615_geschlossen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>HiFi-Tapedeck by <a href="/wiki/Technics_(brand)" title="Technics (brand)">Technics</a> with analog <a href="/wiki/VU-meter" class="mw-redirect" title="VU-meter">VU-meters</a> (1977)</figcaption></figure> <p>A variety of <a href="/wiki/Audio_noise_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio noise reduction">noise reduction</a> and other schemes are used to increase fidelity, with <a href="/wiki/Dolby_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby B">Dolby B</a> being almost universal for both prerecorded tapes and home recording. Dolby B was designed to address the high-frequency noise inherent in cassette tapes, and along with improvements in tape formulation it helped the cassette win acceptances as a high-fidelity medium. At the same time, Dolby B provided acceptable performance when played back on decks that lacked Dolby circuitry, meaning there was little reason not to use it if it was available. </p><p>The main alternative to Dolby was the <a href="/wiki/Dbx_(noise_reduction)" title="Dbx (noise reduction)">dbx</a> noise reduction system, which achieved a high <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a>, but was essentially unlistenable when played back on decks that lacked the dbx decoding circuitry. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> developed an alternative noise reduction system known as <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Noise_Limiter" title="Dynamic Noise Limiter">Dynamic Noise Limiter</a> (DNL) which did not require the tapes to be processed during recording; this was also the basis of the later <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Noise_Reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic Noise Reduction">DNR</a> noise reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JVC_KD_D10E_v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JVC_KD_D10E_v.jpg/220px-JVC_KD_D10E_v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JVC_KD_D10E_v.jpg/330px-JVC_KD_D10E_v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JVC_KD_D10E_v.jpg/440px-JVC_KD_D10E_v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>JVC KD-D10E with Dolby B</figcaption></figure> <p>Dolby later introduced <a href="/wiki/Dolby_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby C">Dolby C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolby_S" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby S">Dolby S</a> noise reduction, which achieved higher levels of noise reduction; Dolby C became common on high-fidelity decks, but Dolby S, released when cassette sales had begun to decline, never achieved widespread use. It was only licensed for use on higher end tape decks that included dual motors, triple heads, and other refinements. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dolby_HX_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby HX Pro">Dolby HX Pro</a> headroom extension provided better high-frequency response by adjusting the inaudible <a href="/wiki/Tape_bias" title="Tape bias">tape bias</a> during the recording of strong high-frequency sounds, which had a bias effect of their own. Developed by <a href="/wiki/Bang_%26_Olufsen" title="Bang & Olufsen">Bang & Olufsen</a>, it did not require a decoder to play back. Since B&O held patent rights and required paying license fees, many other manufacturers refrained from using it too. </p><p>Other refinements to improve cassette performance included Tandberg's DYNEQ, Toshiba's <a href="/wiki/Adres" class="mw-redirect" title="Adres">adres</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/adres" class="extiw" title="ja:adres">ja</a>]</span> and Telefunken's <a href="/wiki/High_Com" title="High Com">High Com</a>, and on some high-end decks, automatic <a href="/wiki/Recording_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording bias">recording bias</a>, fine pitch adjustment and (sometimes) head azimuth adjustment such as the Tandberg TCD-330 and TCD-340A. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TDK_MA-R90_Compact_Audio_Cassette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/TDK_MA-R90_Compact_Audio_Cassette.jpg/220px-TDK_MA-R90_Compact_Audio_Cassette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/TDK_MA-R90_Compact_Audio_Cassette.jpg/330px-TDK_MA-R90_Compact_Audio_Cassette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/TDK_MA-R90_Compact_Audio_Cassette.jpg/440px-TDK_MA-R90_Compact_Audio_Cassette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3528" /></a><figcaption>TDK MA-R90 cassette</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 1980s, thanks to such improvements in the electronics, the tape material and manufacturing techniques, as well as dramatic improvements to the precision of the cassette shell, <a href="/wiki/Tape_head" title="Tape head">tape heads</a> and transport mechanics, sound fidelity on equipment from the top manufacturers far surpassed the levels originally expected of the medium. On suitable audio equipment, cassettes could produce a very pleasant listening experience. High-end cassette decks could achieve 15 Hz-22 kHz±3 dB <a href="/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">frequency response</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wow_(recording)" title="Wow (recording)">wow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flutter_(electronics_and_communication)" title="Flutter (electronics and communication)">flutter</a> below 0.022%, and a <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a> of up to 61 dB (for Type IV tape, without noise-reduction)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> . With noise reduction typical signal-to-noise figures of 70-76 dB with Dolby C, 80-86 dB with Dolby S, and 85 - 90 dB with dbx could be achieved. Many casual listeners could not tell the difference between compact cassette and <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a>. </p><p>From the early 1980s, the fidelity of prerecorded cassettes began to improve dramatically. Whereas Dolby B was already in widespread use in the 1970s, prerecorded cassettes were duplicated onto rather poor quality tape stock at (often) high speed and did not compare in fidelity to high-grade LPs. However, systems such as <a href="/wiki/XDR_(audio)" title="XDR (audio)">XDR</a>, along with the adoption of higher-grade tape (such as chromium dioxide, but typically recorded in such a way as to play back at the normal 120 μs position), and the frequent use of Dolby HX Pro, meant that cassettes became a viable high-fidelity option, one that was more portable and required less maintenance than records. In addition, cover art, which had generally previously been restricted to a single image of the LP cover along with a minimum of text, began to be tailored to cassettes as well, with fold-out lyric sheets or librettos and fold-out sleeves becoming commonplace. </p><p>Some companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Fidelity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Fidelity">Mobile Fidelity</a>, produced <a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">audiophile</a> cassettes in the 1980s, which were recorded on high-grade tape and duplicated on premium equipment in real time from a digital master. Unlike audiophile LPs, which continue to attract a following, these became moot after the compact disc became widespread. </p><p>Almost all cassette decks have an <a href="/wiki/MPX_filter" title="MPX filter">MPX filter</a> to improve the sound quality and the tracking of the noise reduction system when recording from an FM stereo broadcast. However, in many especially cheaper decks, this filter cannot be disabled, and because of that record/playback frequency response in those decks typically is limited to 16 kHz. In other decks, the MPX filter can be switched off or on independently from the Dolby switch. On yet other decks, the filter is off by default, and an option to switch it on or off is only provided when Dolby is activated; this prevents the MPX filter from being used when it's not required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In-car_entertainment_systems">In-car entertainment systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In-car entertainment systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A key element of the cassette's success was its use in <a href="/wiki/In-car_entertainment" title="In-car entertainment">in-car entertainment</a> systems, where the small size of the tape was significantly more convenient than the competing <a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">8-track cartridge</a> system. Cassette players in cars and for home use were often integrated with a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a>. In-car cassette players were the first to adopt automatic reverse ("auto-reverse") of the tape direction at each end, allowing a cassette to be played endlessly without manual intervention. Home cassette decks soon added the feature. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape_adaptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassette tape adaptor">Cassette tape adaptors</a> have been developed which allow newer media players to be played through existing cassette decks, in particular those in cars which generally do not have input jacks. These units do not suffer from reception problems from FM transmitter based system to play back media players through the FM radio, though supported frequencies for FM transmitters that are not used on commercial broadcasters in a given region (e.g. any frequency below 88.1 in the US) somewhat eliminates that problem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cassette equipment needs regular maintenance, as cassette tape is a magnetic medium that is in physical contact with the <a href="/wiki/Tape_head" title="Tape head">tape head</a> and other metallic parts of the recorder/player mechanism. Without such maintenance, the high-frequency response of the cassette equipment will suffer. </p><p>One problem occurs when iron oxide (or similar) particles from the tape itself become lodged in the playback head. As a result, the tape heads will require occasional cleaning to remove such particles. The metal <a href="/wiki/Capstan_(tape_recorder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capstan (tape recorder)">capstan</a> and the rubber pinch roller can become coated with these particles, leading them to pull the tape less precisely over the head; this in turn leads to misalignment of the tape over the head azimuth, producing noticeably unclear high tones, just as if the head itself were out of alignment. <a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol" title="Isopropyl alcohol">Isopropyl alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">denatured alcohol</a> are both suitable head-cleaning fluids. </p><p>The heads and other metallic components in the tape path (such as spindles and <a href="/wiki/Capstan_(tape_recorder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capstan (tape recorder)">capstans</a>) may become magnetized with use, and require demagnetizing (see <a href="/wiki/Cassette_demagnetizer" title="Cassette demagnetizer">Cassette demagnetizer</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_in_popularity">Decline in popularity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Decline in popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cassette_deck" title="Special:EditPage/Cassette deck">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Analog cassette deck sales were expected to decline rapidly with the advent of the compact disc and other <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio tape">digital audio tape</a> (DAT), <a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> recorder drives. Philips responded with the <a href="/wiki/Digital_compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital compact cassette">digital compact cassette</a>, a system which was backward-compatible with existing analog cassette recordings for playback. However, it failed to garner a significant market share and was withdrawn from the market. One reason proposed for the lack of acceptance of digital recording formats such as DAT was a fear by content providers that the ability to make very high-quality copies would hurt sales of copyrighted recordings. </p><p>The rapid transition was not realized and CDs and cassettes successfully co-existed for nearly 20 years. A contributing factor may have been the inability of early CD players to reliably read discs with surface damage and offer anti-skipping features for applications where external vibration would be present, such as automotive and recreation environments. Early CD playback equipment also tended to be expensive compared to cassette equipment of similar quality and did not offer recording capability. Many home and portable entertainment systems supported both formats and commonly allowed the CD playback to be recorded on cassette tape. The rise of inexpensive all-solid-state portable digital music systems based on <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, <a href="/wiki/LC-AAC" class="mw-redirect" title="LC-AAC">AAC</a> and similar formats finally saw the eventual decline of the domestic cassette deck. As of 2020, <a href="/wiki/Marantz" title="Marantz">Marantz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teac" class="mw-redirect" title="Teac">Teac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tascam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tascam">Tascam</a> are among the few companies still manufacturing cassette decks in relatively small quantities for professional and niche market use. By the late 1990s, automobiles were offered with entertainment systems that played both cassettes and CDs. By the end of the late 2000s, very few cars were offered with cassette decks. The last vehicle model in the United States that came standard with a factory-installed cassette player was the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Lexus_SC" title="Lexus SC">Lexus SC</a> 430,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Crown_Victoria" title="Ford Crown Victoria">Ford Crown Victoria</a> came with a cassette deck as an option until the model was discontinued in 2011.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As radios became tightly integrated into dashboards, many cars lacked even standard openings that would accept aftermarket cassette player installations. </p><p>Despite the decline in the production of cassette decks, these products are still valued by some. Many <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blind</a> and elderly people find the newest digital technologies very difficult to use compared to the cassette format. Cassette tapes are not vulnerable to scratching from handling (though the exposed magnetic tape is vulnerable to stretching from poking), and play from where they were last stopped (though some modern <a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 players</a> offer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Savestating&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savestating (page does not exist)">savestating</a> electronically). Cassette tapes can also be recorded multiple times (though some solid-state digital recorders are now offering that function). </p><p>Today, cassette decks are not considered by most people to be either the most versatile or highest fidelity sound recording devices available, as even very inexpensive CD or digital audio players can reproduce a wide frequency range with no speed variations. Many current budget-oriented cassette decks lack a tape selector to set proper bias and equalization settings to take best advantage of the extended high end of Type II [High Bias] and Type IV [Metal Bias] tapes. </p><p>Cassettes remain popular for audio-visual applications. Some CD recorders, particularly those intended for business use, incorporate a cassette deck to allow both formats for recording meetings, church sermons, and books on tape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BILLREP1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BILLREP1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BILLREP1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BILLREP1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"The Phillips cassette around the world: A Billboard report". <i>Billboard</i> (28-page supplement) (Vol 79., No. 14 ed.). 1967-04-08. pp. 1–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=The+Phillips+cassette+around+the+world%3A+A+Billboard+report&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=1967-04-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Audio/Archive-Tape-Recording/60s/Tape-Recording-1968-07-08.pdf">"<i>Tape Recording</i> magazine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tape Recording</i>. 1968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tape+Recording&rft.atitle=Tape+Recording+magazine&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-All-Audio%2FArchive-Tape-Recording%2F60s%2FTape-Recording-1968-07-08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rca_cartridge-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rca_cartridge_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookMorton" class="citation web cs1">Cook, Diana; Morton, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.dianaschnuth.com/details/audio/cartridge.html">"RCA Cartridges: 1958 - 1964"</a>. <i>A History of Magnetic Audio Tape</i>. Diana Cook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+Magnetic+Audio+Tape&rft.atitle=RCA+Cartridges%3A+1958+-+1964&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Morton%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.dianaschnuth.com%2Fdetails%2Faudio%2Fcartridge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harsmedia.com/SoundBlog/Archief/00793.php">Mourning and Celebrating 50 years of Compact Cassette</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009015801/http://www.harsmedia.com/SoundBlog/Archief/00793.php">Archived</a> 2013-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - SoundBlog, 23 March 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rewound. On its 50th birthday, the cassette tape is still rolling". <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 12 August 2013. p. 56-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cassettes_1963-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cassettes_1963_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinmanBrabazon1994" class="citation web cs1">Hinman, Doug; Brabazon, Brabazon (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.dianaschnuth.com/details/audio/cassette.html">"Cassettes: 1963 - present"</a>. <i>A History of Magnetic Audio Tape</i>. Diana Cook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>Cassettes were originally disdained by audio critics as very low-end technology ... a very low perceived potential for sound reproduction</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+Magnetic+Audio+Tape&rft.atitle=Cassettes%3A+1963+-+present&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Hinman&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft.au=Brabazon%2C+Brabazon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.dianaschnuth.com%2Fdetails%2Faudio%2Fcassette.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidreaton.com/Cassette_Decks.htm">Advent cassette decks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625174438/http://www.davidreaton.com/Cassette_Decks.htm">Archived</a> June 25, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fonoforum.de/archiv?tx_archive_pi1%5Baction%5D=download&tx_archive_pi1%5Barticle%5D=17754&tx_archive_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=Archive&cHash=9aa9b2bbd41d9f64be1ff21632d57fd8">fonoforum.de 8/1991, Testreport Dolby-S-Kassettendeck</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412073132/https://fonoforum.de/archiv?tx_archive_pi1%5Baction%5D=download&tx_archive_pi1%5Barticle%5D=17754&tx_archive_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=Archive&cHash=9aa9b2bbd41d9f64be1ff21632d57fd8">Archived</a> 2020-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (German; PDF, 2 MB)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Amerongen2005" class="citation book cs1">van Amerongen, Job (2005). "Chapter 12: The Role of Controls in Mechatronics". In Bishop, Robert H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CTfQPQRooMgC"><i>Mechatronics: An Introduction</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 12.1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-3724-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-3724-1"><bdi>978-1-4200-3724-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12%3A+The+Role+of+Controls+in+Mechatronics&rft.btitle=Mechatronics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=12.1&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-3724-1&rft.aulast=van+Amerongen&rft.aufirst=Job&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTfQPQRooMgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFGoji_Uchikoshi1967"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/patents/US3347996">United States 3347996 A</a>, Goji Uchikoshi, "Control system for a magnetic recorder", published 1967-10-17</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3347996 A&rft.cc=United States&rft.title=Control+system+for+a+magnetic+recorder&rft.inventor=Goji+Uchikoshi&rft.appldate=1963-10-25&rft.pubdate=1967-10-17&rft.prioritydate=1962-10-27"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> "By the provision of a logical circuit in the control circuit for a magnetic recorder, even when the keys of the key board are actuated in any desired sequence, the magnetic recorder and its associated devices can be promptly and precisely controlled without causing any damages thereon."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch1979" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Hirsch" title="Julian Hirsch">Hirsch, Julian</a> (May 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Poptronics/70s/1979/Poptronics-1979-05.pdf">"Eumig 'CCD' Cassette Deck"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Electronics" title="Popular Electronics">Popular Electronics</a></i>. pp. 39–44<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2017</span>. <q>The transport controls are fully logic operated through solenoids. Any transport control button can be touched while the machine is running in any mode without risking damage to tape or deck. Even the button for the cassette compartment door can be operated while the tape is running.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Electronics&rft.atitle=Eumig+%27CCD%27+Cassette+Deck&rft.pages=39-44&rft.date=1979-05&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-Poptronics%2F70s%2F1979%2FPoptronics-1979-05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakahataMichinakaGotoIgawa1991" class="citation journal cs1">Takahata, Masato; et al. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.denso-ten.com/business/technicaljournal/pdf/4-5E.pdf">"Logic Controlled Cassette Deck Mechanism "DK-76"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fujitsu Ten Technical Journal</i> (4): 52–60<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fujitsu+Ten+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=Logic+Controlled+Cassette+Deck+Mechanism+%22DK-76%22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=52-60&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Takahata&rft.aufirst=Masato&rft.au=Michinaka%2C+Takashi&rft.au=Goto%2C+Tsutomu&rft.au=Igawa%2C+Yoshihisa&rft.au=Arai%2C+Kenboku&rft.au=Takata%2C+Masanao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denso-ten.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnicaljournal%2Fpdf%2F4-5E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch1979" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Hirsch" title="Julian Hirsch">Hirsch, Julian</a> (May 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Poptronics/70s/1979/Poptronics-1979-09.pdf">"Aiwa Model AD-6900 cassette deck"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Electronics" title="Popular Electronics">Popular Electronics</a></i>. pp. 28–31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 Dec</span> 2017</span>. <q>There was a slight "clunk" from the solenoids as they operated, but the buttons themselves required almost no activating pressure, and the control logic appeared to be as foolproof as claimed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Electronics&rft.atitle=Aiwa+Model+AD-6900+cassette+deck&rft.pages=28-31&rft.date=1979-05&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-Poptronics%2F70s%2F1979%2FPoptronics-1979-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ant-audio.co.uk/Tape_Recording/JVC/JVC_Cassette_Decks__1982_LR.pdf">"JVC Stereo Cassette Decks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Victor Company of Japan. 1982<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-13</span></span>. <q>The following conveniences are available: *Direct change of mode... *Light-touch button... *Punch-in recording... *Remote control...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JVC+Stereo+Cassette+Decks&rft.pub=Victor+Company+of+Japan&rft.date=1982&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ant-audio.co.uk%2FTape_Recording%2FJVC%2FJVC_Cassette_Decks__1982_LR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakai1985" class="citation journal cs1">Takai, Kazuki (1985-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.sae.org/850024/">"Ultra-Compact, Full-Logic Cassette Mechanism"</a>. <i>SAE Technical Paper 850024</i>. SAE Technical Paper Series. <b>1</b>: 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4271%2F850024">10.4271/850024</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAE+Technical+Paper+850024&rft.atitle=Ultra-Compact%2C+Full-Logic+Cassette+Mechanism&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1985-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4271%2F850024&rft.aulast=Takai&rft.aufirst=Kazuki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpapers.sae.org%2F850024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FORUM1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FORUM1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Prerecorded cassette quality?". <i>AudioKarma.org</i> (Forum). 2005-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AudioKarma.org&rft.atitle=Prerecorded+cassette+quality%3F&rft.date=2005-09-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BILLBOARDSS1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BILLBOARDSS1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1981" class="citation magazine cs1">Sutherland, Sam (26 Sep 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSQEAAAAMBAJ&q=pre+recorded+cassette+quality+v+home+recording&pg=PT5">"Better Cassette Quality Urged"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. Vol. 93, no. 38. pp. 3, 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Better+Cassette+Quality+Urged&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=3%2C+6&rft.date=1981-09-26&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvSQEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dpre%2Brecorded%2Bcassette%2Bquality%2Bv%2Bhome%2Brecording%26pg%3DPT5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freespace.virgin.net/ljmayes.mal/comp/philips.htm">Circuit and description of DNL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081105073059/http://freespace.virgin.net/ljmayes.mal/comp/philips.htm">Archived</a> November 5, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> URL accessed August 25, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://driving.ca/features/feature-story/these-10-car-features-took-absolutely-forever-to-die">"These 10 car features took absolutely forever to die"</a>. Driving. 2019-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=These+10+car+features+took+absolutely+forever+to+die&rft.pub=Driving&rft.date=2019-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdriving.ca%2Ffeatures%2Ffeature-story%2Fthese-10-car-features-took-absolutely-forever-to-die&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_deck&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cassette_decks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cassette decks">Cassette decks</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090921081402/http://www.audioasylum.com/forums/tape/bbs.html">Audio Asylum Tape Trail</a> – A discussion forum of interest to those involved in cassette technology.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902170856/http://www.vintagecassette.com/">Vintage Cassette Decks</a> - A collection of Vintage cassette decks of all brands.</li></ul> <div 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a 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