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<li id="toc-Sampler_in_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sampler_in_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sampler in Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sampler_in_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Interface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hierarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hierarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturers_and_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers_and_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Manufacturers and models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manufacturers_and_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Manufacturers and models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers_and_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computer_Music_Melodian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_Music_Melodian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Computer Music Melodian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_Music_Melodian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synclavier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synclavier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Synclavier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synclavier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fairlight_Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fairlight_Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fairlight Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fairlight_Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E-mu_Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E-mu_Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>E-mu Systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-mu_Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Akai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Roland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Boss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Sample storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_samplers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_samplers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Software samplers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software_samplers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Software samplers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Software_samplers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trackers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trackers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Trackers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trackers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89)" title="جهاز استعيان (موسيقى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاز استعيان (موسيقى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler" title="Sampler – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sampler" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Семплер (музикален инструмент) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Семплер (музикален инструмент)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostrejador" title="Mostrejador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mostrejador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(hudebn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1stroj)" title="Sampler (hudební nástroj) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sampler (hudební nástroj)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler" title="Sampler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sampler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(Klangerzeuger)" title="Sampler (Klangerzeuger) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sampler (Klangerzeuger)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler" title="Sampler – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sampler" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler" title="Sampler – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sampler" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specimenilo_(songenerilo)" title="Specimenilo (songenerilo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Specimenilo (songenerilo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler" title="Sampler – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sampler" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chantillonneur" title="Échantillonneur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Échantillonneur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler" title="Sampler – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sampler" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%98%ED%94%8C%EB%9F%AC" title="샘플러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샘플러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(alat_musik)" title="Sampler (alat musik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sampler (alat musik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campionatore" title="Campionatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campionatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9D_%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="דוגם צלילים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוגם צלילים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler" title="Sampler – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sampler" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler" title="Sampler – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sampler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(instrument)" title="Sampler (instrument) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sampler (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="サンプラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンプラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler" title="Sampler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sampler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler" title="Sampler – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sampler" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler" title="Sampler – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sampler" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler" title="Sampler – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sampler" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler" title="Sampler – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sampler" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Семплер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Семплер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sampler (musical instrument)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(hudobn%C3%BD_n%C3%A1stroj)" title="Sampler (hudobný nástroj) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sampler (hudobný nástroj)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampleri" title="Sampleri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sampleri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler" title="Sampler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sampler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="แซมเพลอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แซมเพลอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rnekleyici" title="Örnekleyici – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Örnekleyici" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Семплер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Семплер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(nh%E1%BA%A1c_c%E1%BB%A5)" title="Sampler (nhạc cụ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sampler (nhạc cụ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E6%A0%B7%E5%99%A8" title="取样器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="取样器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sampler%22+musical+instrument&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:452px;max-width:452px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:215px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lichtorgel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lichtorgel.jpg/155px-Lichtorgel.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lichtorgel.jpg/233px-Lichtorgel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lichtorgel.jpg/310px-Lichtorgel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="2209" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichttonorgel" class="extiw" title="de:Lichttonorgel">Lichttonorgel</a> (1936), <br />an earlier sampling organ utilizing analog <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:291px;max-width:291px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:215px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akai_MPC2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Akai_MPC2000.jpg/289px-Akai_MPC2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="289" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Akai_MPC2000.jpg/434px-Akai_MPC2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Akai_MPC2000.jpg/578px-Akai_MPC2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="934" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/AKAI" class="mw-redirect" title="AKAI">AKAI</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_Production_Controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Production Controller">MPC2000</a> sampling <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencer</a> (1997)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>sampler</b> is an electronic <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> that records and plays back <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">samples</a> (portions of <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recordings</a>). Samples may comprise elements such as rhythm, melody, speech, sound effects or longer portions of music. </p><p>The mid-20th century saw the introduction of keyboard instruments that played sounds recorded on tape, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mellotron" title="Mellotron">Mellotron</a>. As technology improved, cheaper standalone samplers with more <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a> emerged, such as the <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator" title="E-mu Emulator">E-mu Emulator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akai_S900" title="Akai S900">Akai S950</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akai_MPC" title="Akai MPC">Akai MPC</a>. </p><p>Samples may be loaded or recorded by the user or by a manufacturer. The samples can be played back by means of the sampler program itself, a <a href="/wiki/MIDI_keyboard" title="MIDI keyboard">MIDI keyboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencer</a> or another triggering device (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">electronic drums</a>). Because these samples are usually stored in digital memory, the information can be quickly accessed. A single sample may be <a href="/wiki/Pitch_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch shift">pitch-shifted</a> to different pitches to produce musical <a href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">scales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a>. </p><p>Often samplers offer <a href="/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)" title="Filter (signal processing)">filters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a>, modulation via <a href="/wiki/Low_frequency_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Low frequency oscillation">low frequency oscillation</a> and other synthesizer-like processes that allow the original sound to be modified in many different ways. Most samplers have <a href="/wiki/Timbrality" title="Timbrality">Multitimbrality</a> capabilities – they can play back different sounds simultaneously. Many are also <a href="/wiki/Polyphony_and_monophony_in_instruments" title="Polyphony and monophony in instruments">polyphonic</a> – they are able to play more than one note at the same time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mellotron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mellotron.jpg/157px-Mellotron.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mellotron.jpg/236px-Mellotron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mellotron.jpg/314px-Mellotron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="3504" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mellotron (Introduced 1963)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EMS_MUSYS-3_(1970)_system_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/EMS_MUSYS-3_%281970%29_system_diagram.jpg/143px-EMS_MUSYS-3_%281970%29_system_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/EMS_MUSYS-3_%281970%29_system_diagram.jpg/215px-EMS_MUSYS-3_%281970%29_system_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/EMS_MUSYS-3_%281970%29_system_diagram.jpg/286px-EMS_MUSYS-3_%281970%29_system_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="1551" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">EMS MUSYS-3 (1970) (based on <a href="#CITEREFNunzio2014">Nunzio 2014</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Prior to computer memory-based samplers, musicians used tape replay keyboards, which store recordings on analog tape. When a key is pressed the tape head contacts the moving tape and plays a sound. The <a href="/wiki/Mellotron" title="Mellotron">Mellotron</a> was the most notable model, used by a number of groups in the late 1960s and the 1970s, but such systems were expensive and heavy due to the multiple tape mechanisms involved, and the range of the instrument was limited to three octaves at the most. To change sounds a new set of tapes had to be installed in the instrument. The emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital</a> sampler made sampling far more practical. </p><p>The earliest digital sampling was done on the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Studios" title="Electronic Music Studios">EMS</a> Musys system, developed by Peter Grogono (software), <a href="/wiki/David_Cockerell" title="David Cockerell">David Cockerell</a> (hardware and interfacing) and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Zinovieff" title="Peter Zinovieff">Peter Zinovieff</a> (system design and operation) at their London (Putney) Studio c. 1969. The system ran on two mini-computers, Digital Equipment <a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8</a>'s. These had a pair of fast <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">D/A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog-to-digital">A/D</a> converters,<sup id="cite_ref-Cockerell2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockerell2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nunzio2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nunzio2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12,000 (12k) bytes of <a href="/wiki/Core_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Core memory">core memory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>), backed up by a hard drive of 32k and by tape storage (DecTape).<sup id="cite_ref-Hinton2002_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinton2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grogono1973_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grogono1973-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grogono2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grogono2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EMS equipment was used to control the world's first digital studio (EMS London (Putney) Studio), and their earliest digital sampling was done on that system during 1971–1972 for <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a>'s "<i>Chronometer</i>" released in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Cockerell2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockerell2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall2015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birtwistle|1975_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birtwistle|1975-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairlight_green_screen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fairlight_green_screen.jpg/152px-Fairlight_green_screen.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fairlight_green_screen.jpg/228px-Fairlight_green_screen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fairlight_green_screen.jpg/304px-Fairlight_green_screen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Fairlight CMI (1979–)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first commercially available sampling synthesizer was the Computer Music Melodian by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Mendell" title="Harry Mendell">Harry Mendell</a> (1976), while the first polyphonic digital sampling synthesizer was the Australian-produced <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight CMI</a>, first available in 1979. These early sampling synthesizers used wavetable <a href="/wiki/Sample-based_synthesis" title="Sample-based synthesis">sample-based synthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-russ_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russ-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sampling keyboards were notable for their high price which was out of reach for the majority of working musicians – with the early Fairlight starting at $30,000. The <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator" title="E-mu Emulator">E-mu Emulator</a> brought the price down to under $10,000 but it was not until the mid-1980s that genuinely affordable keyboard samplers began to hit the market with the <a href="/wiki/Ensoniq_Mirage" title="Ensoniq Mirage">Ensoniq Mirage</a> in 1985 and the <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emax" title="E-mu Emax">E-mu Emax</a> the following year, which had a sub-$2000 price point. The Korg DSS-1 and Roland's S-Series followed shortly afterwards. </p><p>During the 1980s, hybrid synthesizers began to utilize short samples (such as the attack phase of an instrument) along with digital synthesis to create more realistic imitations of instruments than had previously been possible. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Korg_M1" title="Korg M1">Korg M1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_U-110" title="Roland U-110">Roland U-110</a>, Yamaha's SY series, and the Kawai K series of instruments. Limiting factors at the time were the cost of physical memory (<a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a>) and the limitations of external data storage devices, and this approach made best use of the tiny amount of memory available to the design engineers. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E-mu_SP-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/E-mu_SP-12.jpg/152px-E-mu_SP-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/E-mu_SP-12.jpg/228px-E-mu_SP-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/E-mu_SP-12.jpg/304px-E-mu_SP-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="1867" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">E-mu SP-12 (1986)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akai_MPC60.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Akai_MPC60.jpg/152px-Akai_MPC60.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Akai_MPC60.jpg/228px-Akai_MPC60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Akai_MPC60.jpg/304px-Akai_MPC60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Akai_MPC60" class="mw-redirect" title="Akai MPC60">Akai MPC60</a> (1988)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/E-mu_SP-1200" title="E-mu SP-1200">E-mu SP-1200</a> percussion sampler, upon its release in August 1987, popularized the use of digital samplers within <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a> in the late 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Akai#Akai_Professional" title="Akai">Akai</a> pioneered many processing techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Crossfade_(audio_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossfade (audio engineering)">crossfade</a> looping and "time stretch" to shorten or lengthen samples without affecting pitch and vice versa. The <a href="/wiki/Akai_MPC60" class="mw-redirect" title="Akai MPC60">Akai MPC60</a>, released in 1988, went on to become the most influential sampler in hip hop music.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, the <a href="/wiki/Ensoniq_EPS" title="Ensoniq EPS">Ensoniq EPS</a> – the successor to the Mirage – was launched and was the first sampling keyboard which was designed specifically for live performance rather being a purely studio based tool as most samplers had been hitherto. </p><p>The 2010s-era <a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">music workstation</a> usually uses sampling, whether simple playback or complex editing that matches all but the most advanced dedicated samplers, and also includes features such as a <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencer</a>. Samplers, together with traditional <a href="/wiki/Foley_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Foley artist">Foley artists</a>, are the mainstay of modern <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a> production. Using digital techniques various effects can be pitch-shifted and otherwise altered in ways that would have required many hours when done with tape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sampler_in_Japan">Sampler in Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sampler in Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, since the 1980s,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> digital samplers using <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">pulse-code modulation</a> (PCM)<sup id="cite_ref-russ_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russ-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> as on the forerunners in the 1970s mentioned above, have been used. The first PCM digital sampler<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for musical production in Japan may be <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>'s <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMD-649" class="extiw" title="ja:LMD-649">LMD-649</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rockin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> created in 1981 by engineer Kenji Murata for Japanese <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> band <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra" title="Yellow Magic Orchestra">Yellow Magic Orchestra</a>, who used it for extensive <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Music loop">looping</a> in their 1981 album <i><a href="/wiki/Technodelic" title="Technodelic">Technodelic</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LMD-649 played and recorded PCM samples at 12-bit <a href="/wiki/Audio_bit_depth" title="Audio bit depth">audio depth</a> and 50 kHz <a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">sampling rate</a>, stored in 128 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KB</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic RAM">dynamic RAM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rockin_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LMD-649 was also used by other Japanese <a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">synthpop</a> artists in the early 1980s, including <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E9%8D%8B%E3%81%A1%E3%81%88%E3%81%BF" class="extiw" title="ja:真鍋ちえみ">Chiemi Manabe</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Matsutake" title="Hideki Matsutake">Logic System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interface">Interface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KeyboardZone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/KeyboardZone.jpg/472px-KeyboardZone.jpg" decoding="async" width="472" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/KeyboardZone.jpg/708px-KeyboardZone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/KeyboardZone.jpg/944px-KeyboardZone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>Fig. 1: An example of how multiple samples can be arranged across a keyboard range. In this example, four different recordings of a violin are distributed across 12 notes. Each sample will play back at three different pitch values</figcaption></figure> <p>Usually a sampler is controlled by an attached music keyboard or other external <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> controller or source. Each note-message received by the sampler accesses a particular sample. Often multiple samples are arranged across the keyboard, each assigned to a note or group of notes. Keyboard tracking allows samples to be shifted in <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> by an appropriate amount, typically in semitones and tones. Each group of notes to which a single sample has been assigned is often called a "keyzone", and the resultant set of zones is called a <a href="/wiki/Keymap" class="mw-redirect" title="Keymap">keymap</a>. </p><p>For example, in Fig 1, a keymap has been created with four different samples. Each sample, if pitched, should be associated with a particular center pitch. The first sample (Violin G#2) is distributed across three different notes, G2, G#2, and A2. If the note G#2 is received the sampler will play back the Violin G#2 sample at its original pitch. If the note received is G2 the sampler will shift the sample down a <a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">semitone</a> while the note A2 will play it back a semitone tone higher. If the next note (Bb2) is input the sampler will select the Violin B2 sample, playing it a semitone lower than its center pitch of B2. </p><p>In general, samplers can play back any kind of recorded audio. Most samplers offer editing tools that allow the user to modify and process the audio and apply a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects</a>. This makes the sampler a powerful and versatile musical tool. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hierarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sampler is organized into a hierarchy of progressively more complicated data structures. At the bottom lie <b>samples</b>, individual recordings of any sound, recorded at a particular sample rate and resolution. While a common sound to sample is a musical instrument being played (e.g., a pianist playing a piano note or an organist playing a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a>), a sample could be any sound, including "non-musical" sounds such as a typewriter clacking or a dog barking. A reference center pitch indicates the actual frequency of the recorded note. Samples may also be "looped" by defining points at which a repeated section of the sample starts and ends, allowing a relatively short sample to play endlessly. In some cases, a "loop crossfade" is indicated, allowing less obvious transitions at the loop point by fading the end of the loop out while fading its beginning in. </p><p>Keymaps are arranged into <b>instruments</b>. At this level parameters may be added to define how the keymaps are played. Filters can be applied to change the sound-color while low frequency oscillators and envelope generators can shape the amplitude, pitch, filter or other parameters of the sound. Instruments may have multiple layers of keymaps to play more than one sample at the same time and each keymap may have a different set of parameters so that the incoming note-events affect each layer differently. For example, two layers may have a different sensitivity to the velocity of the incoming note, altering the resulting timbre according to how hard the note is played. </p><p>At this level, there are two basic approaches to sampler organization. In a <b>bank</b> approach, each instrument is assigned to a different MIDI channel and multiple banks can be stored to reconfigure the sampler. A different and more powerful approach is to associate each instrument with a patch number or ID so that each MIDI channel can be configured separately by sending controller information on the individual channel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sampler_yamaha_jpereira.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sampler_yamaha_jpereira.jpg/300px-Sampler_yamaha_jpereira.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sampler_yamaha_jpereira.jpg/450px-Sampler_yamaha_jpereira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sampler_yamaha_jpereira.jpg/600px-Sampler_yamaha_jpereira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Joaquín Lana using a Yamaha SU10 Sampler</figcaption></figure> <p>Many samplers work as described above: the keymapping system "spread out" a sample over a certain range of keys. This has side-effects that may be desirable in some contexts, such as speeding up or slowing down drum loops. However, the higher and lower-pitched parts of such a keymap may sound unnatural. For example, if a <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> is sampled in its lower register and then the samples are moved up to very high pitches, the high notes may not sound natural and authentic. When arranging a pitched instrument over several keymaps, the transition from one to another may be too noticeable for realistic imitation of the instrument – the art is to make transitions as smooth as possible. </p><p>Some <b>phrase samplers</b> are more optimised for triggering single "one-shot" sounds such as drum hits. Each keymap spans only a single key, requiring a large number of zones (61 on a five-octave keyboard), each with its own settings. "Phrase sampling" aims to simplify this, particularly on interfaces such as the 16 pads on the Akai <a href="/wiki/Music_Production_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Production Center">MPC</a> series: the fact that each pad is actually a note is hidden from the user. The sampling engine does not re-pitch samples, it only plays them back. The user interface is simplified. Phrase samplers often have a <a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">groovebox</a> format, which makes them lightweight, easy to operate and light to carry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specifications">Specifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samplers can be classified by several specifications; </p> <ul><li><b>Polyphony</b>: How many voices (or notes) can play simultaneously, to create chords</li> <li><b>Sample Space</b>: How much memory is available to load samples</li> <li><b>Channels</b>: How many different MIDI channels are available for different instruments</li> <li><b>Bit depth</b>: How much sample resolution can be supported</li> <li><b>Outputs</b>: How many discrete audio outputs are available</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturers_and_models">Manufacturers and models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Manufacturers and models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_Music_Melodian">Computer Music Melodian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Computer Music Melodian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PDP-8A_400_front_panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PDP-8A_400_front_panel.jpg/220px-PDP-8A_400_front_panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PDP-8A_400_front_panel.jpg/330px-PDP-8A_400_front_panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PDP-8A_400_front_panel.jpg/440px-PDP-8A_400_front_panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5375" data-file-height="3583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8</a>/A (a <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputer</a>).<br />Computer Music Melodian (1976) was developed based on it<sup id="cite_ref-KbdMag_June2010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KbdMag_June2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PennGazette_SeptOct2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PennGazette_SeptOct2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Computer Music Inc. was started in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> United States in 1972 by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Mendell" title="Harry Mendell">Harry Mendell</a> and Dan Coren. The company was established to develop and market musical instruments based on computer software. The Melodian, developed in 1976,<sup id="cite_ref-KbdMag_June2010_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KbdMag_June2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PennGazette_SeptOct2013_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PennGazette_SeptOct2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was based on <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation's</a> PDP-8 computer. It included hand-wired digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion functions, as well as tracking <a href="/wiki/Anti-aliasing_filter" title="Anti-aliasing filter">anti-aliasing filters</a>. The Melodian was first used by <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> on his album <i><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder%27s_Journey_Through_%22The_Secret_Life_of_Plants%22" title="Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"">Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"</a></i> (1979). </p><p>The Melodian was a monophonic synthesizer with 12-bit analog-to-digital sampling at rates up to 22 kHz. It was designed to be compatible with analog synthesizers and had a feature allowing it to synchronize to the pitch of an analog synthesizer, such as an <a href="/wiki/ARP_2600" title="ARP 2600">ARP 2600</a>. This meant that the Melodian captured all frequency modulation effects, including those produced through the ARP's touch ribbon control. It also could trigger off the ARPs keyboard, thus functioning somewhat as a hybrid of sampler and analog synthesizer and making the most of the technology available at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synclavier">Synclavier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Synclavier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:374px;max-width:374px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NED_Synclavier_PSMT,_MIM_PHX_(transformed).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/NED_Synclavier_PSMT%2C_MIM_PHX_%28transformed%29.jpg/183px-NED_Synclavier_PSMT%2C_MIM_PHX_%28transformed%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/NED_Synclavier_PSMT%2C_MIM_PHX_%28transformed%29.jpg/275px-NED_Synclavier_PSMT%2C_MIM_PHX_%28transformed%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/NED_Synclavier_PSMT%2C_MIM_PHX_%28transformed%29.jpg/366px-NED_Synclavier_PSMT%2C_MIM_PHX_%28transformed%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Synclavier PSMT rack (1984)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NED_Synclavier_VPK_(Velocity_Pressure_Keyboard)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NED_Synclavier_VPK_%28Velocity_Pressure_Keyboard%29_1.jpg/183px-NED_Synclavier_VPK_%28Velocity_Pressure_Keyboard%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NED_Synclavier_VPK_%28Velocity_Pressure_Keyboard%29_1.jpg/275px-NED_Synclavier_VPK_%28Velocity_Pressure_Keyboard%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NED_Synclavier_VPK_%28Velocity_Pressure_Keyboard%29_1.jpg/366px-NED_Synclavier_VPK_%28Velocity_Pressure_Keyboard%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Synclavier PSMT & VPK (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-ses_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ses-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synclavier" title="Synclavier">Synclavier</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Synclavier" title="Synclavier">Synclavier</a> System was an early digital synthesizer and sampler, manufactured by New England Digital. First released in 1977, it proved to be highly influential among both music producers and electronic musicians, due to its versatility, its cutting-edge technology and distinctive sound. <a href="/wiki/Synclavier" title="Synclavier">Synclavier</a> Systems were expensive – the highest price ever paid for one was about $500,000, although average systems were closer to about $200,000 – $300,000. Although this made it inaccessible for most musicians, it found widespread use among producers and professional recording studios, and it competed in this market with other high-end production systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight CMI</a>. Though scarce, the <a href="/wiki/Synclavier" title="Synclavier">Synclavier</a> remains in use in many studios to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fairlight_Instruments">Fairlight Instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fairlight Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:374px;max-width:374px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairlight.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fairlight.JPG/220px-Fairlight.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fairlight.JPG/330px-Fairlight.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fairlight.JPG/440px-Fairlight.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2695" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight CMI</a> (1979)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairlight_CMI_III_(1985).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fairlight_CMI_III_%281985%29.jpg/146px-Fairlight_CMI_III_%281985%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fairlight_CMI_III_%281985%29.jpg/219px-Fairlight_CMI_III_%281985%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fairlight_CMI_III_%281985%29.jpg/292px-Fairlight_CMI_III_%281985%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="2698" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Fairlight CMI <i>Series III</i> (1985)</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight CMI</a></div> <p>Fairlight Instruments was started in Sydney, in 1975 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vogel_(computer_designer)" title="Peter Vogel (computer designer)">Peter Vogel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ryrie" title="Kim Ryrie">Kim Ryrie</a>. The company was originally established as a manufacturer and retailer of video special effects equipment. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight CMI</a> or Computer Music Instrument, released in 1979, started life as the Qasar M8. The M8 was handwired and legend has it that it took two hours to boot up. The CMI was the first commercially available polyphonic digital sampling instrument. The original Fairlight CMI sampled using a resolution of 8 bits per sample,<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a rate of 24 kHz, and used two 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">Motorola 6800</a> processors (later upgraded to the more powerful 16/32-bit <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-VintageSynth_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VintageSynth-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was equipped with two <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">six-octave</a> keyboards, an alphanumeric keyboard, and an interactive <a href="/wiki/Video_display_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Video display unit">video display unit</a> (VDU) where soundwaves could be edited or even drawn from scratch using a <a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">light pen</a>. Software allowed for editing, looping, and mixing of sounds which could then be played back via the keyboard or the software-based sequencer. It retailed for around US$25,000. </p><p>Fairlight later released the Series IIx, which increased the sampling rate to 32 kHz<sup id="cite_ref-VintageSynth_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VintageSynth-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the first to feature basic MIDI functionality. In 1985, the Series III was released with two significant upgrades: bit rate and sampling rate were increased to CD quality (16 bit/44.1 kHz) and <a href="/wiki/SMPTE_time_code" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE time code">SMPTE time code</a> was now supported. Notable users of the Fairlight CMI include <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Horn" title="Trevor Horn">Trevor Horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Noise" title="Art of Noise">Art of Noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yello" title="Yello">Yello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys" title="Pet Shop Boys">Pet Shop Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Michel_Jarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Michel Jarre">Jean Michel Jarre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kate_Bush" title="Kate Bush">Kate Bush</a>. Horn, considered the "Man who invented the eighties", first used his well-known <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> techniques on the album <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_in_Modern_Recording" title="Adventures in Modern Recording">Adventures in Modern Recording</a></i>, the second studio album released under the name of his project <a href="/wiki/The_Buggles" title="The Buggles">The Buggles</a>. Saying that he was "quite fascinated by Fairlight brass and all of those kind of things that Geoffrey and I had started messing around with before he went off to join Asia", the sampling techniques on <i>Adventures</i> would later be used for records Horn produced like <i><a href="/wiki/Slave_to_the_Rhythm_(album)" title="Slave to the Rhythm (album)">Slave to the Rhythm</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Grace_Jones" title="Grace Jones">Grace Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Noise" title="Art of Noise">Art of Noise</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seduction_of_Claude_Debussy" title="The Seduction of Claude Debussy">The Seduction of Claude Debussy</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Goes_To_Hollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankie Goes To Hollywood">Frankie Goes To Hollywood</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Pleasuredome" title="Welcome to the Pleasuredome">Welcome to the Pleasuredome</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E-mu_Systems">E-mu Systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: E-mu Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E-mu_Emulator_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/E-mu_Emulator_I.jpg/220px-E-mu_Emulator_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/E-mu_Emulator_I.jpg/330px-E-mu_Emulator_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/E-mu_Emulator_I.jpg/440px-E-mu_Emulator_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator" title="E-mu Emulator">Emulator I</a> (1981)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E-mu_Emulator_II_-_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/E-mu_Emulator_II_-_front.jpg/220px-E-mu_Emulator_II_-_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/E-mu_Emulator_II_-_front.jpg/330px-E-mu_Emulator_II_-_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/E-mu_Emulator_II_-_front.jpg/440px-E-mu_Emulator_II_-_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator_II" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mu Emulator II">Emulator II</a> (1984)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E-mu_Emulator_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/E-mu_Emulator_III.jpg/220px-E-mu_Emulator_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/E-mu_Emulator_III.jpg/330px-E-mu_Emulator_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/E-mu_Emulator_III.jpg/440px-E-mu_Emulator_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator_III" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mu Emulator III">Emulator III</a> (1987)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E-mu_SP-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/E-mu_SP-12.jpg/120px-E-mu_SP-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/E-mu_SP-12.jpg/180px-E-mu_SP-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/E-mu_SP-12.jpg/240px-E-mu_SP-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="1867" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/E-mu_SP-12" title="E-mu SP-12">E-mu SP-12</a> (1986)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E-mu_SP-1200_(111607sp1200).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/E-mu_SP-1200_%28111607sp1200%29.jpg/120px-E-mu_SP-1200_%28111607sp1200%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/E-mu_SP-1200_%28111607sp1200%29.jpg/180px-E-mu_SP-1200_%28111607sp1200%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/E-mu_SP-1200_%28111607sp1200%29.jpg/240px-E-mu_SP-1200_%28111607sp1200%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="319" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E-mu_SP-1200" title="E-mu SP-1200">E-mu SP-1200</a> (1987)</span></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Systems" title="E-mu Systems">E-mu Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator" title="E-mu Emulator">E-mu Emulator</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-mu_SP-12" title="E-mu SP-12">E-mu SP-12</a>, and <a href="/wiki/E-mu_SP-1200" title="E-mu SP-1200">E-mu SP-1200</a></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator" title="E-mu Emulator">E-mu Emulator</a></b> (1981) was <a href="/wiki/E-mu" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mu">E-mu</a> Systems' initial foray into sampling, and saved the company from financial disaster after the complete failure of the <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Audity" title="E-mu Audity">Audity</a> due to a price tag of $70,000. The name 'Emulator' came as the result of leafing through a thesaurus and matched the name of the company perfectly. The Emulator came in 2-, 4-, and 8-note polyphonic versions, the 2-note being dropped due to limited interest, and featured a maximum sampling rate of 27.7 kHz, a four-octave keyboard and 128 kB of memory. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator_II" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mu Emulator II">E-mu Emulator II</a></b> (1984) was designed to bridge the gap between the <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight CMI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synclavier" title="Synclavier">Synclavier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ensoniq_Mirage" title="Ensoniq Mirage">Ensoniq Mirage</a>. It featured 8 notes polyphony, 8-bit sampling, 512kb of RAM (1mb in the EII+ though only accessible as two independent 512kb banks), an 8-track sequencer, and analog filtering. With the addition of the hard disk option, the Emulator II was comparable to samplers released 5 years later. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/E-mu_SP-12" title="E-mu SP-12">E-mu SP-12</a></b> (1986) was a forerunner of <a href="/wiki/E-mu_SP-1200" title="E-mu SP-1200">E-mu SP-1200</a>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator_III" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mu Emulator III">E-mu Emulator III</a></b> (1987) was a 16-bit stereo digital sampler with 16-note polyphony, 44.1 kHz maximum sample rate and had up to 8 MB of memory. It featured a 16 channel sequencer, SMPTE and a 40 MB hard disk. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/E-mu_SP-1200" title="E-mu SP-1200">E-mu SP-1200</a></b> (1987) was, and still is, one of the most highly regarded samplers for use in <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop</a> related production. Its 12-bit sampling engine gave a desirable warmth to instruments and a gritty punch to drums. It featured 10 seconds of sample time spread across four 2.5-second sections. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emax" title="E-mu Emax">E-mu Emax</a></b>, sold between 1985 & 1995, and aimed at the lower end of the market. </p><p><b>E-mu ESI-32</b> (1994) was a stripped down, far cheaper, and simplified EIIIx, and could use the same samples. The unit could accommodate up to 32 MB RAM, 32 note polyphony and sounds could be routed internally to one of four polyphonic outputs. Via optional SCSI interface, the ESI-32 could access external CD-ROM, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iomega_Zip_Drives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iomega Zip Drives (page does not exist)">Zip-100</a>, and hard drives. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akai">Akai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Akai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Akai" title="Akai">Akai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akai_S900" title="Akai S900">Akai S900</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akai_S1000" title="Akai S1000">Akai S1000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akai_S3000XL" title="Akai S3000XL">Akai S3000XL</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_Production_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Production Center">Music Production Center</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linn_LM-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Linn_LM-1.jpg/165px-Linn_LM-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Linn_LM-1.jpg/248px-Linn_LM-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Linn_LM-1.jpg/330px-Linn_LM-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="170" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Linn LM-1 (1980)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AKAI_S612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AKAI_S612.jpg/165px-AKAI_S612.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AKAI_S612.jpg/248px-AKAI_S612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AKAI_S612.jpg/330px-AKAI_S612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2097" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Akai S612 (1985)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AKAI_S900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AKAI_S900.jpg/165px-AKAI_S900.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AKAI_S900.jpg/248px-AKAI_S900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AKAI_S900.jpg/330px-AKAI_S900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="547" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Akai S900 (1986)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akai_MPC60.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Akai_MPC60.jpg/165px-Akai_MPC60.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Akai_MPC60.jpg/248px-Akai_MPC60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Akai_MPC60.jpg/330px-Akai_MPC60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Akai MPC60 (1988)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akai_S1000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Akai_S1000.jpg/165px-Akai_S1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Akai_S1000.jpg/248px-Akai_S1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Akai_S1000.jpg/330px-Akai_S1000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Akai S1000 (1988)</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Akai_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Akai Professional">Akai</a> entered the electronic musical instrument world in 1984 when <a href="/wiki/Roger_Linn" title="Roger Linn">Roger Linn</a>, the creator of the <a href="/wiki/Linn_LM-1" title="Linn LM-1">Linn LM-1</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Linn_9000" title="Linn 9000">Linn 9000</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/LinnDrum" title="LinnDrum">LinnDrum</a>, partnered with the Japanese/Singaporean <a href="/wiki/Akai" title="Akai">Akai</a> Corporation to create samplers similar to the ones created at Linn's own company, <a href="/wiki/Linn_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Linn Electronics">Linn Electronics</a>. With this came the first in a series of affordable samplers, the S612, a 12 bit digital sampler module. The S612 was superseded in 1986 by the S900. </p><p>The <b>Akai S900</b> (1986) was the first truly affordable digital sampler. It was 8-note polyphonic and featured 12-bit sampling with a frequency range up to 40 kHz and up to 750 kB of memory that allowed for just under 12 seconds at the best sampling rate. It could store a maximum of 32 samples in memory. The operating system was software based and allowed for upgrades that had to be <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">booted</a> each time the sampler was switched on. </p><p>The <b>Akai MPC60</b> Digital Sampler/Drum Machine and MIDI Sequencer (1988) was the first non-rack mounted model released. It is also the first time a sampler with touch sensitive trigger pads was produced by AKAI, giving birth to the popular <a href="/wiki/Music_Production_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Production Center">MPC</a> series of sampler sequencers. </p><p>The <b>Akai S950</b> (1988) was an improved version of the S900, with a maximum sample frequency of 48 kHz and some of the editing features of the contemporary S1000. </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Akai_S1000" title="Akai S1000">Akai S1000</a></b> (1988) was possibly the most popular 16-bit 44.1 kHz stereo sampler of its time. It featured 16-voices, up to 32 MB of memory, and 24-bit internal processing, including a digital filter (18 dB/octave), an LFO, and two <a href="/wiki/ADSR_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSR envelope">ADSR envelope</a> generators (for amplitude and filtering). The S1000 also offered up to 8 different loop points. Additional functions included Autolooping, Crossfade Looping, Loop in Release (which cycles through the loop as the sound decays), Loop Until Release (which cycles through the loop until the note begins its decay), Reverse and Time Stretch (version 1.3 and higher). </p><p>Other samplers released by AKAI include the S01, S20, S700, S2000, S2800, S3000, S3000XL, S3200, S5000, S6000, <a href="/wiki/MIDI_Production_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="MIDI Production Center">MPC</a>500, MPC1000, MPC2000, MPC2000XL, MPC2500, MPC3000, MPC3000XL, MPC3000LE, MPC4000, MPC5000, Z4 and Z8. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roland">Roland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Roland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland Corporation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland Corporation</a> manufactured the S series. These were true samplers that provide all of the features described above, including sampling, sample editing, pitch transposition, and keyzone mapping: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li>Roland S-10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_S-50" title="Roland S-50">Roland S-50</a></li> <li>Roland S-330</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_S-50" title="Roland S-50">Roland S-550</a></li> <li>Roland S-760</li> <li>Roland S-770</li></ul> </div> <p>More recently, Roland introduced the <i>Groove Sampler</i> concept. These devices are renowned for their ease of use, but a few lack the pitch transposition and keyzone mapping capabilities that most samplers have. Some have limits to rendering loops or sound effects samples that are played back at the same pitch they were recorded. Although these machines are equipped with a wide range of built-in effects, a few lack pitch transposition and keyzone mapping that diminishes their utility significantly. The Roland <i>Groove Sampler</i> line includes the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_DJ-70" title="Roland DJ-70">Roland DJ-70</a>MKII</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_DJ-70" title="Roland DJ-70">Roland DJ-70</a></li> <li>Roland JS-30</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MC-909" title="Roland MC-909">Roland MC-909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MC-808" title="Roland MC-808">Roland MC-808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MC-09" title="Roland MC-09">Roland MC-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MS-1_Digital_Sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland MS-1 Digital Sampler">Roland MS-1</a></li> <li>Roland MV-8800</li> <li>Roland MV-8000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SP-808EX" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland SP-808EX">Roland SP-808EX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SP-808" title="Roland SP-808">Roland SP-808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SP-404" title="Roland SP-404">Roland SP-404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SP-606" title="Roland SP-606">Roland SP-606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SP-555" title="Roland SP-555">Roland SP-555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_W-30" title="Roland W-30">Roland W-30</a></li> <li>Roland SPD-SX</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boss">Boss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Boss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boss_SP-303.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boss_SP-303.jpg/165px-Boss_SP-303.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boss_SP-303.jpg/248px-Boss_SP-303.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boss_SP-303.jpg/330px-Boss_SP-303.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2689" data-file-height="2754" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Boss Dr. Sample SP-303 (2001)</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss Corporation</a></div> <p>Being a division of the Roland Corporation, Boss also contributed to the <i>Groove Sampler/Groove Box</i> concept with several samplers. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boss_SP-202" title="Boss SP-202">Boss SP-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boss_SP-303" title="Boss SP-303">Boss SP-303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boss_SP-505" title="Boss SP-505">Boss SP-505</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_storage">Sample storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sample storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most older samplers use SCSI as the protocol for getting sample data in and out of the machine. SCSI interfaces were either standard on the sampler or offered as an option. SCSI provides the ability to move large quantities of data in and out of a sampler in reasonable times. Hard drives, CD-ROM drives, Zip drives and removable cartridge drives such as Syquest and Iomega Jaz drives are the most popular SCSI devices used with samplers. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses, with hard drives being the fastest devices. Modern (after 2000) samplers use solid-state memory cards (such as compact Flash or SmartMedia) for sample storage and transfer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_samplers">Software samplers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Software samplers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fantasia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fantasia.png/220px-Fantasia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fantasia.png/330px-Fantasia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fantasia.png/440px-Fantasia.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Fantasia, a user interface for <a href="/wiki/LinuxSampler" title="LinuxSampler">LinuxSampler</a>. LinuxSampler is a clone of GigaSampler by NemeSys, which was one of the first disk-streaming software samplers on PC.</div></div></div></div></div><p>In the 1990s and 2000s, the increases in computer power and memory capacity have made it possible to develop software applications that provide the same capabilities as hardware-based units. These are typically produced as plug-in instruments – for example, using the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Studio_Technology" title="Virtual Studio Technology">VST</a> system. Some such samplers provide relatively simple sample playback facilities, requiring the user to turn to other software for such tasks as sample editing, sample recording, and DSP effects, while others provide features beyond those offered by rack-mounted units. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trackers">Trackers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Trackers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renoise_2.6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Renoise_2.6.png/220px-Renoise_2.6.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Renoise_2.6.png/330px-Renoise_2.6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Renoise_2.6.png/440px-Renoise_2.6.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Renoise" title="Renoise">Renoise</a></i>, a graphical <a href="/wiki/Tracker_(music_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracker (music software)">Tracker</a> sequencer with integrated sampler</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1980s, users on <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">Home computers</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Tracker_(music_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracker (music software)">Trackers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencers</a> are software samplers as the real-time resampling is a required capability for the Tracker concept.<sup id="cite_ref-maz_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maz-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1980s, Trackers were able to perform 4-channel resampling in realtime under usage of the <a href="/wiki/Original_Amiga_chipset#Paula" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Amiga chipset">Paula Chip</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>. Since the early 1990s Trackers performed on PCs multi-track resampling in realtime as pure software solution. This was possible under the usage of highly optimized <a href="/wiki/Assembly_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly code">assembly code</a>, an early example is the <i>InertiaPlayer</i> released in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent PC Tracker with good sampler capabilities is for instance the <i><a href="/wiki/Renoise" title="Renoise">Renoise</a></i> Tracker.<sup id="cite_ref-maz_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maz-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-simonv_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simonv-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Concepts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rompler" title="Rompler">Rompler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Synthesizers</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sample-based_synthesis" title="Sample-based synthesis">Sample-based synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optophonic_Piano" title="Optophonic Piano">Optophonic Piano</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichttonorgel" class="extiw" title="de:Lichttonorgel">Lichttonorgel</a> (in German)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamberlin_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamberlin (music)">Chamberlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellotron" title="Mellotron">Mellotron</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cockerell2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cockerell2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockerell2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCockerell2013" class="citation cs2">Cockerell, David (1 October 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/concert/programmes/hopefulmachines/audio/201812323/interview-david-cockerell"><i>Interview – David Cockerell</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021163619/http://www.radionz.co.nz/concert/programmes/hopefulmachines/audio/201812323/interview-david-cockerell">archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interview+%E2%80%93+David+Cockerell&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.aulast=Cockerell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Fconcert%2Fprogrammes%2Fhopefulmachines%2Faudio%2F201812323%2Finterview-david-cockerell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span><br />on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/concert/programmes/hopefulmachines"><i>These Hopeful Machines</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111715/http://www.radionz.co.nz/concert/programmes/hopefulmachines">archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=These+Hopeful+Machines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Fconcert%2Fprogrammes%2Fhopefulmachines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span><br />as a corner of radio program <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Sound Lounge</i>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a>, <q><span style="font-size:85%;">[Q] <i>...Chronometer [3], as I understand it, the sounds of the clock mechanisms and all the rest of it were effectively sampled by an ADC, stored and manipulated by the computer and then spat out again. What was the breakthrough ...</i> [A] <i>Peter kept buying the latest computers that came out and of course the memory increased. Then I built him a hard disc recorder so that one could store some of the sounds on this hard disc. ...</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+Lounge&rft.pub=Radio+New+Zealand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nunzio2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nunzio2014_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunzio2014" class="citation book cs1">Nunzio, Alex Di (16 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111945/http://www.musicainformatica.org/topics/musys.php">"The structure"</a>. <i>MUSYS</i>. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>. <q><i>figure 2</i> A summary that shows the position of the two PDP computers within the MUSYS system, and all the devices connected to them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+structure&rft.btitle=MUSYS&rft.date=2014-05-16&rft.aulast=Nunzio&rft.aufirst=Alex+Di&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicainformatica.org%2Ftopics%2Fmusys.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicainformatica.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/schema-musys-computer-music-system.png"><i>figure 2</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=figure+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicainformatica.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F05%2Fschema-musys-computer-music-system.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinton2002-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hinton2002_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinton2002" class="citation web cs1">Hinton, Graham (27 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emssynthesisers.co.uk/emsstory.html#putney">"The Putney Studio (1970)"</a>. <i>EMS: The Inside Story</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, UK: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Studios" title="Electronic Music Studios">Electronic Music Studios</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513142559/http://emssynthesisers.co.uk/emsstory.html#putney">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EMS%3A+The+Inside+Story&rft.atitle=The+Putney+Studio+%281970%29&rft.date=2002-12-27&rft.aulast=Hinton&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femssynthesisers.co.uk%2Femsstory.html%23putney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grogono1973-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grogono1973_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrogono1973" class="citation journal cs1">Grogono, Peter (1973). "MUSYS: Software for an electronic music studio". <i>Software: Practice and Experience</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 369–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fspe.4380030410">10.1002/spe.4380030410</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-024X">1097-024X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206507040">206507040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Software%3A+Practice+and+Experience&rft.atitle=MUSYS%3A+Software+for+an+electronic+music+studio&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=369-383&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206507040%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1097-024X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fspe.4380030410&rft.aulast=Grogono&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span><div style="line-height:110%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">"[SUMMARY]<i> MUSYS is a system of programs used to create electronic music at the computer studio of Electronic Music Studios, London. This paper describes the programming language employed by composers, and the implementation of its compiler and of other programs in the system. It is shown that by the use of a macrogenerator, an efficient and useful system can be built from simple software on a small computer.</i>"</span></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grogono2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grogono2014_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrogono2014" class="citation web cs1">Grogono, Peter (26 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515172629/https://users.encs.concordia.ca/~grogono/Bio/ems.html">"Electronic Music Studios (London) Ltd"</a>. Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, <a href="/wiki/Concordia_University" title="Concordia University">Concordia University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.encs.concordia.ca/~grogono/Bio/ems.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Music+Studios+%28London%29+Ltd.&rft.pub=Department+of+Computer+Science%2C+Faculty+of+Engineering+and+Computer+Science%2C+Concordia+University&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft.aulast=Grogono&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusers.encs.concordia.ca%2F~grogono%2FBio%2Fems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span> (See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515171905/https://users.encs.concordia.ca/~grogono/Mouse/mouse.html">"The Mouse Programming Language"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.encs.concordia.ca/~grogono/Mouse/mouse.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mouse+Programming+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusers.encs.concordia.ca%2F~grogono%2FMouse%2Fmouse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall2015-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall2015_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2015" class="citation cs2">Hall, Tom (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220052939/https://books.google.com/books?id=vTFvBwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA75&pg=PA75&dq=Grogono%2C%20Peter%3B%20Musys%3A%20Software%20for%20an%20Electronic%20Music%20Studio%20in%20Software%3A%20Practice%20and%20Experience">"Before The Mask: Birtwistle's electronic music collaborations with Peter Zinovieff"</a>, in Beard, David; Gloag, Kenneth; Jones, Nicholas (eds.), <i>Harrison Birtwistle Studies</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 63–94, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09374-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09374-4"><bdi>978-1-107-09374-4</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTFvBwAAQBAJ&q=Grogono%2C%20Peter%3B%20Musys%3A%20Software%20for%20an%20Electronic%20Music%20Studio%20in%20Software%3A%20Practice%20and%20Experience&pg=PA75">the original</a> on 20 December 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Before+The+Mask%3A+Birtwistle%27s+electronic+music+collaborations+with+Peter+Zinovieff&rft.btitle=Harrison+Birtwistle+Studies&rft.pages=63-94&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09374-4&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvTFvBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DGrogono%252C%2520Peter%253B%2520Musys%253A%2520Software%2520for%2520an%2520Electronic%2520Music%2520Studio%2520in%2520Software%253A%2520Practice%2520and%2520Experience%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birtwistle|1975-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birtwistle|1975_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirtwistle1975" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Birtwistle, Harrison</a> (1975). <i>Chronometer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronometer&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Birtwistle&rft.aufirst=Harrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span> on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/en/Harrison-Birtwistle-The-Triumph-Of-Time-Chronometer/release/1559264"><i>The Triumph Of Time / Chronometer (Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation Series #8)</i></a> (Vinyl, LP, Album). UK: Argo. ZRG 790.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+Of+Time+%2F+Chronometer+%28Calouste+Gulbenkian+Foundation+Series+%238%29&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Argo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Fen%2FHarrison-Birtwistle-The-Triumph-Of-Time-Chronometer%2Frelease%2F1559264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmi3PT6-Tvo">video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220052939/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmi3PT6-Tvo">Archived</a> 20 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on YouTube) <ul><li>According to <a href="#CITEREFCockerell2013">Cockerell 2013</a>, this piece was "<i>realised in 1971–72 by Peter Zinovieff at the Putney studio</i>".</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-russ-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russ_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russ_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Russ, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9h5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29"><i>Sound Synthesis and Sampling</i>, page 29</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111921/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X9h5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">Archived</a> 21 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2017/01/22/akai-mpc-live-mpc-x/">"Hip-hop's most influential sampler gets a 2017 reboot"</a>. 22 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519174516/https://www.engadget.com/2017/01/22/akai-mpc-live-mpc-x/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hip-hop%27s+most+influential+sampler+gets+a+2017+reboot&rft.date=2017-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2017%2F01%2F22%2Fakai-mpc-live-mpc-x%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rockin-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rockin_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rockin_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockin%27f" class="extiw" title="nl:Rockin'f">Rockin'f</a></i>, March 1982, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tokyosky.sub.jp/tokyosky_webmasters_blog/2011/02/f-19823-lmd-649-1982.html">pages 140–141</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricityclub.co.uk/a-beginners-guide-to-yellow-magic-orchestra/">A Beginner's Guide To YELLOW MAGIC ORCHESTRA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519153825/http://www.electricityclub.co.uk/a-beginners-guide-to-yellow-magic-orchestra/">Archived</a> 19 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Electricity Club</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/Chiemi-Manabe-%E4%B8%8D%E6%80%9D%E8%AD%B0%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3-/release/4389700">Chiemi Manabe – 不思議・少女</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427192212/https://www.discogs.com/Chiemi-Manabe-%E4%B8%8D%E6%80%9D%E8%AD%B0%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3-/release/4389700">Archived</a> 27 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">discogs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/Logic-System-Orient-Express/release/703523">Logic System – Orient Express</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103536/https://www.discogs.com/Logic-System-Orient-Express/release/703523">Archived</a> 27 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">discogs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KbdMag_June2010-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KbdMag_June2010_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KbdMag_June2010_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreve2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Preve, Francis (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keyboardmag.com/gear/1183/sampler-evolution/27797">"Sampler Evolution"</a>. <i>Keyboard Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918114118/http://www.keyboardmag.com/gear/1183/sampler-evolution/27797">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2016. <q><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>1976 / COMPUTER MUSIC MELODIAN / Based on a DEC PDP-8 computer, it had then-unheard-of 12-bit/22kHz resolution.</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Keyboard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Sampler+Evolution&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.aulast=Preve&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keyboardmag.com%2Fgear%2F1183%2Fsampler-evolution%2F27797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PennGazette_SeptOct2013-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PennGazette_SeptOct2013_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PennGazette_SeptOct2013_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinen2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Chinen, Nate (27 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0913/arts02.html">"Synthesizing Music and Science"</a>. ARTS. <i>The Pennsylvania Gazette</i>. No. Sept–Oct 2013. University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227213757/http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0913/arts02.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pennsylvania+Gazette&rft.atitle=Synthesizing+Music+and+Science&rft.issue=Sept%E2%80%93Oct+2013&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft.aulast=Chinen&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fgazette%2F0913%2Farts02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span> (see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0913/images/0913arts_mendell03.gif">a photograph</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113091559/http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0913/images/0913arts_mendell03.gif">Archived</a> 13 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the Computer Music Melodian and Harry Mendell)<div style="margin-left:1em;font-size:90%;line-height:2.5ex;">"<i>...Mendell's pursuit of innovation, which brought some rather momentous results during his undergraduate years at Penn. / It was then, in the mid-1970s, that Mendell invented the world's first digital sampling synthesizer at an electronic-music laboratory that had been set up in the Annenberg Center. ... / Mendell licensed the Melodian technology to Yamaha, which used it to make a chip for commercial purposes. He also worked with Commodore. ... / A few days after our meeting, Mendell sends an email with the subject line "Exactly what I had in mind (in 1975)!"...</i>"</div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ses-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ses_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.500sound.com/synclavierhistory.html">"SYNCLAVIER EARLY HISTORY"</a>. Synclavier European Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114050731/http://www.500sound.com/synclavierhistory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SYNCLAVIER+EARLY+HISTORY&rft.pub=Synclavier+European+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.500sound.com%2Fsynclavierhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghservices.com/gregh/fairligh/">"The Holmes Page: The Fairlight CMI"</a>. GH Services. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029110307/http://ghservices.com/gregh/fairligh/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Holmes+Page%3A+The+Fairlight+CMI&rft.pub=GH+Services&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghservices.com%2Fgregh%2Ffairligh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VintageSynth-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VintageSynth_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VintageSynth_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703085221/http://www.vintagesynth.com/index2.html">"Fairlight CMI (Series I – III)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagesynth.com/index2.html">the original</a> on 3 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairlight+CMI+%28Series+I+%E2%80%93+III%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagesynth.com%2Findex2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peel, Ian (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trevorhorn.com/horniculture/from_the_art_of_plastic_to_the.html">"From the Art of Plastic to the Age of Noise"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231255/http://www.trevorhorn.com/horniculture/from_the_art_of_plastic_to_the.html">Archived</a> 11 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sleeve notes for the deluxe reissue of <i>Adventures in Modern Recording</i>, posted on trevorhorn.com. Retrieved 12 January 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maz-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maz_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maz_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegs2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ziegs, Matthias (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110308200142/http://www.maz-sound.com/index.php?show=mpcs&mpc_id=34">"Resampling Qualität im Vergleich"</a> (in German). MAZ-Soundtools. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maz-sound.com/index.php?show=mpcs&mpc_id=34">the original</a> on 8 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resampling+Qualit%C3%A4t+im+Vergleich&rft.pub=MAZ-Soundtools&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ziegs&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maz-sound.com%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dmpcs%26mpc_id%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.pl.scene.org/vol/rzm1/simtelnet/msdos/sound/iplay10b.zip">Inertiaplayer 1.0b</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <i>100% Assembler [...] up to 32 channels [...] This player was released 24 Dec '93</i> (iplay.doc)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simonv-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-simonv_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV.2001" class="citation web cs1">V., Simon (8 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simonv.com/tutorials/quality.php">"Sampler anti-aliasing and pitch-shifting comparison"</a>. simonv.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619123702/http://www.simonv.com/tutorials/quality.php">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sampler+anti-aliasing+and+pitch-shifting+comparison&rft.pub=simonv.com&rft.date=2001-05-08&rft.aulast=V.&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simonv.com%2Ftutorials%2Fquality.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampler_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Mendell" class="citation web cs1">Harry Mendell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundcloud.com/harry-mendell1/computer-music-melodian">"Computer Music Melodian interview on NPR 1980!"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(audio)</span>. <i>soundcloud.com</i>. <q>I am interviewed on NPR for inventing the first digital sampling synth</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=soundcloud.com&rft.atitle=Computer+Music+Melodian+interview+on+NPR+1980%21&rft.au=Harry+Mendell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundcloud.com%2Fharry-mendell1%2Fcomputer-music-melodian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASampler+%28musical+instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://120years.net/wordpress/musys-and-mouse-audio-synthesis-language-peter-grogono-untied-kingdom-1965/">History of early sampling instruments at '120 years of Electronic music'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://llamamusic.com/s50s550/s-50_s-550.html">S-50 / S-550 / S-330 / W-30 – A Website Dedicated To The Original Roland Samplers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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