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<span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_epics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_epics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Oral epics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_epics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition_and_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_and_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Composition and conventions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition_and_conventions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition and conventions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition_and_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conventions_of_the_Indian_Epic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions_of_the_Indian_Epic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Conventions of the Indian Epic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventions_of_the_Indian_Epic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Proem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_medias_res" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_medias_res"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>In medias res</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_medias_res-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enumeratio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enumeratio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Enumeratio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enumeratio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stylistic_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stylistic_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Stylistic features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stylistic_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genres_and_related_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres_and_related_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genres and related forms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genres_and_related_forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genres and related forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genres_and_related_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-European_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-European_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Non-European forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-European_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Epic poetry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos" title="Epos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Epos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos" title="Epos – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Epos" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A9" title="ملحمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملحمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epopeya" title="Epopeya – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Epopeya" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos" title="Epos – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Epos" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87" title="حیماسه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حیماسه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiracarita" title="Wiracarita – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wiracarita" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="মহাকাব্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাকাব্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiracarita" title="Wiracarita – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Wiracarita" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Эпос – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эпос" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Эпас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эпас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Эпас – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эпас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Епос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Епос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos" title="Epos – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Epos" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep" title="Ep – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ep" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurgan" title="Meurgan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Meurgan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poema_%C3%A8pic" title="Poema èpic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poema èpic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эпопея – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эпопея" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epick%C3%A1_poezie" title="Epická poezie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Epická poezie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwrgerdd" title="Arwrgerdd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arwrgerdd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos" title="Epos – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Epos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos" title="Epos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Epos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eepos" title="Eepos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eepos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Έπος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Морокерькс – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Морокерькс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epopeya" title="Epopeya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Epopeya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epopeo" title="Epopeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Epopeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epopeia" title="Epopeia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Epopeia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87" title="حماسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حماسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pop%C3%A9e" title="Épopée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épopée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos" title="Epos – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Epos" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epopea" title="Epopea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Epopea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%A9" title="史詩 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="史詩" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%82%AC%EC%8B%9C" title="서사시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서사시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Poetry" title="Epic Poetry – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Epic Poetry" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Էպոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էպոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep" title="Ep – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ep" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiko" title="Epiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Epiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiracarita" title="Wiracarita – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wiracarita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos" title="Epos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Epos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos" title="Epos – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Epos" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6gulj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Söguljóð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Söguljóð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poema_epico" title="Poema epico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Poema epico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שירה אפית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שירה אפית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiracarita" title="Wiracarita – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wiracarita" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ეპოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეპოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigano" title="Vigano – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vigano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epope" title="Epope – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Epope" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Эпос – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эпос" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poem_epich" title="Poem epich – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Poem epich" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%ABsis_epica" title="Poësis epica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Poësis epica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eposs" title="Eposs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eposs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epas" title="Epas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Epas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos" title="Epos – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Epos" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eposz" title="Eposz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eposz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഇതിഹാസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇതിഹാസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%87" title="ملحمه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملحمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سوت‌خونی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سوت‌خونی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epik" title="Epik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Epik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A1-%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ-ꯂꯤꯁꯥꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ-ꯂꯤꯁꯥꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Эпоссь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эпоссь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos" title="Epos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Epos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="महाकाव्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="महाकाव्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="महाकाव्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="महाकाव्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E4%BA%8B%E8%A9%A9" title="叙事詩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="叙事詩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Эпос – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эпос" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos" title="Epos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Epos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episk_dikt" title="Episk dikt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Episk dikt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epop%C3%A8ia" title="Epopèia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Epopèia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos" title="Epos – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Epos" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF" title="ਮਹਾਕਾਵਿ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਾਕਾਵਿ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poema_%C3%A9piko" title="Poema épiko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Poema épiko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epik_puoychri" title="Epik puoychri – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Epik puoychri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poemat_epicki_(w%C5%82a%C5%9Bciwy)" title="Poemat epicki (właściwy) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poemat epicki (właściwy)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesia_%C3%A9pica" title="Poesia épica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poesia épica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epopee" title="Epopee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epopee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Епос – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Епос" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Эпос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эпос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Эпос – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эпос" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezia_epike" title="Poezia epike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Poezia epike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Epic poetry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="رزميه شاعري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رزميه شاعري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epick%C3%A1_b%C3%A1se%C5%88" title="Epická báseň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Epická báseň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep" title="Ep – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ep" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ھەڵبەستی پاڵەوانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڵبەستی پاڵەوانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Епска поезија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Епска поезија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep" title="Ep – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ep" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiracarita" title="Wiracarita – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wiracarita" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eepos" title="Eepos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eepos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos" title="Epos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Epos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panulaang_epiko" title="Panulaang epiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panulaang epiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily detailing extraordinary and heroic deeds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "epic", see <a href="/wiki/Epic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Epic (disambiguation)">Epic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg/220px-British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg/330px-British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg/440px-British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>A tablet containing a fragment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/175px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/263px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/350px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">heroic epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>epic poem</b>, or simply an <b>epic</b>, is a lengthy <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative poem">narrative poem</a> typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Superhuman_strength" title="Superhuman strength">superhuman forces</a>, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, epics consist of formal speech and are usually learnt word for word, and are contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narratives</a> which consist of <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">everyday speech</a> where the performer has the license to recontextualize the story to a particular audience, often to a younger generation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>epic</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">epicus</i></span>, which itself comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> adjective <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐπικός</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">epikos</i></span>), from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔπος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">epos</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "word, story, poem."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a>, 'epic' could refer to all poetry in <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a> (<i>epea</i>), which included not only <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> but also the wisdom poetry of <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, the utterances of the <a href="/wiki/Delphic_oracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphic oracle">Delphic oracle</a>, and the strange theological verses attributed to <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>. Later tradition, however, has restricted the term 'epic' to <i>heroic epic</i>, as described in this article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalevala1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kalevala1.jpg/170px-Kalevala1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kalevala1.jpg/255px-Kalevala1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kalevala1.jpg/340px-Kalevala1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>The first edition (1835) of the Finnish national epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Originating before the invention of writing, primary epics, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, were composed by bards who used complex rhetorical and metrical schemes by which they could memorize the epic as received in tradition and add to the epic in their performances. Later writers like <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Camões</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a> adopted and adapted Homer's <a href="/wiki/Parallels_between_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_and_Homer%27s_Iliad_and_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey">style and subject matter</a>, but used devices available only to those who write. </p><p>The oldest epic recognized is the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500–1300 BCE</span>), which was recorded in ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Sumerian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Sumerian Empire">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a>. The poem details the exploits of <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. Although recognized as a historical figure, Gilgamesh, as represented in the epic, is a largely legendary or mythical figure.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The longest written epic from antiquity is the ancient Indian <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3rd century BC</span>–3rd century AD),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which consists of 100,000 <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aloka" class="mw-redirect" title="Śloka">ślokas</a> or over 200,000 verse lines (each shloka is a couplet), as well as long prose passages, so that at ~1.8 million words it is roughly twice the length of <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>, four times the length of the <i><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Rāmāyaṇa">Rāmāyaṇa</a></i>, and roughly ten times the length of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> combined.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Famous examples of epic poetry include the Sumerian <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i>, the ancient Indian <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Rāmāyaṇa">Rāmāyaṇa</a></i> in Sanskrit and <i><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a></i> in Tamil, the Persian <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>, the Ancient Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>, the Old English <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i>, the Finnish <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i>, the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></span>, the French <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Roland" title="Song of Roland">Song of Roland</a></i>, the Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_mio_Cid" title="Cantar de mio Cid">Cantar de mio Cid</a></i>, the Portuguese <i><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a></i>, the Armenian <i><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun" title="Daredevils of Sassoun">Daredevils of Sassoun</a></i>, the Old Russian <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Igor%27s_Campaign" title="The Tale of Igor's Campaign">The Tale of Igor's Campaign</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="The Secret History of the Mongols">The Secret History of the Mongols</a></i>, the Kyrgyz <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Manas" title="Epic of Manas"><i>Manas</i></a>, and the Malian <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Sundiata" title="Epic of Sundiata"><i>Sundiata</i></a>. Epic poems of the modern era include <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Omeros" title="Omeros">Omeros</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_C%C4%83rt%C4%83rescu" title="Mircea Cărtărescu">Mircea Cărtărescu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Levant_(poem)" title="The Levant (poem)"><i>The Levant</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz" title="Pan Tadeusz">Pan Tadeusz</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Paterson_(poem)" title="Paterson (poem)">Paterson</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>, published in five volumes from 1946 to 1958, was inspired in part by another modern epic, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cantos" title="The Cantos">The Cantos</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oral_epics">Oral epics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oral epics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first epics were products of <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">preliterate</a> societies and <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral history</a> poetic traditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a> was used alongside written scriptures to communicate and facilitate the spread of culture.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these traditions, poetry is transmitted to the audience and from performer to performer by purely oral means. Early 20th-century study of living oral epic traditions in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> by <a href="/wiki/Milman_Parry" title="Milman Parry">Milman Parry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lord" title="Albert Lord">Albert Lord</a> demonstrated the <a href="/wiki/Parataxis" title="Parataxis">paratactic</a> model used for composing these poems. What they demonstrated was that oral epics tend to be constructed in short episodes, each of equal status, interest and importance. This facilitates memorization, as the poet is recalling each episode in turn and using the completed episodes to recreate the entire epic as he performs it. Parry and Lord also contend that the most likely source for written texts of the epics of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> was dictation from an oral performance. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Milman_Parry" title="Milman Parry">Milman Parry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lord" title="Albert Lord">Albert Lord</a> have argued that the Homeric epics, the earliest works of Western literature, were fundamentally an oral poetic form. These works form the basis of the epic genre in Western literature. Nearly all of Western epic (including Virgil's <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> and Dante's <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i>) self-consciously presents itself as a continuation of the tradition begun by these poems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_and_conventions">Composition and conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition and conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his work <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i>, Aristotle defines an epic as one of the forms of poetry, contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a> and drama (in the form of tragedy and comedy).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Epic poetry agrees with Tragedy in so far as it is an imitation in verse of characters of a higher type. They differ in that Epic poetry admits but one kind of meter and is narrative in form. They differ, again, in their length: for Tragedy endeavors, as far as possible, to confine itself to a single revolution of the sun, or but slightly to exceed this limit, whereas the Epic action has no limits of time. This, then, is a second point of difference; though at first the same freedom was admitted in Tragedy as in Epic poetry.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Of their constituent parts some are common to both, some peculiar to Tragedy: whoever, therefore knows what is good or bad Tragedy, knows also about Epic poetry. All the elements of an Epic poem are found in Tragedy, but the elements of a Tragedy are not all found in the Epic poem. – Aristotle, <i>Poetics</i> Part V</dd></dl> <p>Harmon & Holman (1999) define an epic: </p> <dl><dt>Epic</dt> <dd>A long narrative poem in elevated style presenting characters of high position in adventures forming an organic whole through their relation to a central heroic figure and through their development of episodes important to the history of a nation or race. <dl><dd><dl><dd>— Harmon & Holman (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-Harmon-Holman-1999_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon-Holman-1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Harmon and Holman delineate ten main characteristics of an epic:<sup id="cite_ref-Harmon-Holman-1999_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon-Holman-1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Begins <i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">in medias res</a></i> ("in the thick of things").</li> <li>The setting is vast, covering many nations, the world or the universe.</li> <li>Begins with an invocation to a <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">muse</a> (epic invocation).</li> <li>Begins with a statement of the theme.</li> <li>Includes the use of <a href="/wiki/Epithets" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithets">epithets</a>.</li> <li>Contains long lists, called an <a href="/wiki/Epic_catalogue" title="Epic catalogue">epic catalogue</a>.</li> <li>Features long and formal speeches.</li> <li>Shows divine intervention in human affairs.</li> <li>Features heroes that embody the values of the civilization.</li> <li>Often features the tragic hero's descent into the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a>.</li></ol> <p>The hero generally participates in a cyclical journey or quest, faces adversaries that try to defeat them in their journey, and returns home significantly transformed by their journey. The epic hero illustrates traits, performs deeds, and exemplifies certain morals that are valued by the society the epic originates from. Many epic heroes are <a href="/wiki/Recurring_character" title="Recurring character">recurring characters</a> in the legends of their native cultures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conventions_of_the_Indian_Epic">Conventions of the Indian Epic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conventions of the Indian Epic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Indian <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81vya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahākāvya">mahākāvya</a> epic genre, more emphasis was laid on description than on narration. Indeed, the traditional characteristics of a <i>mahākāvya</i> are listed as:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>It must take its subject matter from the epics (<i>Ramayana</i> or <i>Mahabharata</i>), or from history,</li> <li>It must help further the four goals of man (<a href="/wiki/Purusharthas" class="mw-redirect" title="Purusharthas">purusharthas</a>),</li> <li>It must contain descriptions of cities, seas, mountains, moonrise and sunrise, and accounts of merrymaking in gardens, of bathing parties, drinking bouts, and love-making.</li> <li>It should tell the sorrow of separated lovers and should describe a wedding and the birth of a son.</li> <li>It should describe a king's council, an embassy, the marching forth of an army, a battle, and the victory of a hero.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes">Themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical epic poetry recounts a journey, either physical (as typified by Odysseus in the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>) or mental (as typified by Achilles in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>) or both.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epics also tend to highlight cultural norms and to define or call into question cultural values, particularly as they pertain to <a href="/wiki/Heroism" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroism">heroism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conventions">Conventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proem">Proem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Proem" class="mw-redirect" title="Proem">proem</a> or preface, the poet may begin by invoking a <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muse</a> or similar divinity. The poet prays to the Muses to provide them with divine inspiration to tell the story of a great hero.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Example opening lines with invocations: </p> <dl><dd>Sing goddess the baneful wrath of Achilles son of Peleus – <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> 1.1</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Muse, tell me in verse of the man of many wiles – <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> 1.1</dd></dl> <dl><dd>From the Heliconian Muses let us begin to sing – <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> 1.1</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Beginning with thee, Oh <a href="/wiki/Phoebus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoebus">Phoebus</a>, I will recount the famous deeds of men of old – <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i> 1.1</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Muse, remember to me the causes – <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> 1.8</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Sing Heav'nly Muse, that on the secret top</dd> <dd>of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire – <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> 1.6–7</dd></dl> <p>An alternative or complementary form of proem, found in Virgil and his imitators, opens with the <a href="/wiki/Performative_verb" title="Performative verb">performative verb</a> "I sing". Examples: </p> <dl><dd>I sing arms and the man – <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> 1.1</dd></dl> <dl><dd>I sing pious arms and their captain – <i><a href="/wiki/Gerusalemme_liberata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerusalemme liberata">Gerusalemme liberata</a></i> 1.1</dd></dl> <dl><dd>I sing ladies, knights, arms, loves, courtesies, audacious deeds – <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Furioso" title="Orlando Furioso">Orlando Furioso</a></i> 1.1–2</dd></dl> <p>This Virgilian epic convention is referenced in <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>'s poem title / opening line "I sing the body electric".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compare the first six lines of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i>: </p> <dl><dd>Mastered by desire impulsive,</dd> <dd>By a mighty inward urging,</dd> <dd>I am ready now for singing,</dd> <dd>Ready to begin the chanting</dd> <dd>Of our nation's ancient folk-song</dd> <dd>Handed down from by-gone ages.</dd></dl> <p>These conventions are largely restricted to European classical culture and its imitators. The <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i>, for example, or the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i> do not contain such elements, nor do early medieval Western epics that are not strongly shaped by the classical traditions, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanson de Roland">Chanson de Roland</a></i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Poem_of_the_Cid" class="mw-redirect" title="Poem of the Cid">Poem of the Cid</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_medias_res">In medias res</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In medias res"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Narrative opens "<a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">in the middle of things</a>", with the hero at his lowest point. Usually flashbacks show earlier portions of the story. For example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> does not tell the entire story of the Trojan War, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Paris">judgment of Paris</a>, but instead opens abruptly on the rage of Achilles and its immediate causes. So too, <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Furioso" title="Orlando Furioso">Orlando Furioso</a></i> is not a complete biography of Roland, but picks up from the plot of <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Innamorato" title="Orlando Innamorato">Orlando Innamorato</a></i>, which in turn presupposes a knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">romance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enumeratio">Enumeratio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Enumeratio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Epic_catalogue" title="Epic catalogue">Epic catalogues</a> and genealogies are given, called <i><a href="/wiki/Enumeratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Enumeratio">enumeratio</a></i>. These long lists of objects, places, and people place the finite action of the epic within a broader, universal context, such as the <a href="/wiki/Catalog_of_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalog of ships">catalog of ships</a>. Often, the poet is also paying homage to the ancestors of audience members. Examples: </p> <ul><li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Faerie_Queene" title="The Faerie Queene">The Faerie Queene</a></i>, the list of trees I.i.8–9.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>, the list of demons in Book I.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>, the list of enemies the Trojans find in <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a> (Central Italy) in Book VII. Also, the list of ships in Book X.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Ships" title="Catalogue of Ships">Catalogue of Ships</a>, the most famous epic catalogue, and the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Battle_Order" title="Trojan Battle Order">Trojan Battle Order</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stylistic_features">Stylistic features</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stylistic features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Homeric and post-Homeric tradition, epic style is typically achieved through the use of the following stylistic features: </p> <ul><li>Heavy use of repetition or stock phrases: e.g., <a href="/wiki/Epithets_in_Homer" title="Epithets in Homer">Homer</a>'s "rosy-fingered dawn" and "wine-dark sea".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_simile" title="Homeric simile">Epic similes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form">Form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many verse forms have been used in epic poems through the ages, but each language's literature typically gravitates to one form, or at least to a very limited set. </p><p>Ancient Sumerian epic poems did not use any kind of <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">poetic meter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Line_(poetry)" title="Line (poetry)">lines</a> did not have consistent lengths;<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer-1963_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer-1963-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead, Sumerian poems derived their rhythm solely through constant <a href="/wiki/Repetition_(rhetorical_device)" title="Repetition (rhetorical device)">repetition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parallelism_(rhetoric)" title="Parallelism (rhetoric)">parallelism</a>, with subtle variations between lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer-1963_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer-1963-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> epic poetry, by contrast, usually places strong emphasis on the importance of line consistency and poetic meter.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer-1963_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer-1963-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Greek epics were composed in dactylic <a href="/wiki/Hexameter" title="Hexameter">hexameter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very early Latin epicists, such <a href="/wiki/Livius_Andronicus" title="Livius Andronicus">Livius Andronicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Naevius" title="Gnaeus Naevius">Gnaeus Naevius</a>, used <a href="/wiki/Saturnian_(poetry)" title="Saturnian (poetry)">Saturnian</a> meter. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a>, however, Latin poets had adopted <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a>. </p><p>Dactylic hexameter has been adapted by a few anglophone poets such as <a href="/wiki/Longfellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Longfellow">Longfellow</a> in "<a href="/wiki/Evangeline" title="Evangeline">Evangeline</a>", whose first line is as follows: </p> <dl><dd>This is the | forest pri | meval. The | murmuring | pines and the | hemlocks</dd></dl> <p>Old English, German and Norse poems were written in <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">alliterative verse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually without <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a>. The alliterative form can be seen in the Old English "<a href="/wiki/Finnsburg_Fragment" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnsburg Fragment">Finnsburg Fragment</a>" (alliterated sounds are in bold): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Ac on<b>w</b>acnigeað nū, <b>w</b>īgend mīne<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <b>e</b>alra <b>ǣ</b>rest <b>e</b>orðbūendra,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>But awake now, my warriors,<br /> of all first the men </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While the above classical and Germanic forms would be considered <a href="/wiki/Stichic" title="Stichic">stichic</a>, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese long poems favored <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanzaic</a> forms, usually written in <a href="/wiki/Terza_rima" title="Terza rima">terza rima</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or especially <a href="/wiki/Ottava_rima" title="Ottava rima">ottava rima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Terza rima</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyming</a> <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verse</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a> form that consists of an <a href="/wiki/Hocket" title="Hocket">interlocking</a> three-line <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a> scheme. An example is found in the first lines of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, who originated the form: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><i>Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita</i> (A)<br /> <i>mi ritrovai per una selva oscura</i> (B)<br /> <i>ché la diritta via era smarrita.</i> (A)<br /> <br /> <i>Ahi quanto a dir qual era è cosa dura</i> (B)<br /> <i>esta selva selvaggia e aspra e forte</i> (C)<br /> <i>che nel pensier rinnova la paura!</i> (B) </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ottava_rima" title="Ottava rima">ottava rima</a>, each stanza consists of three alternate rhymes and one double rhyme, following the ABABABCC <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" title="Rhyme scheme">rhyme scheme</a>. Example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Canto l'arme pietose, e 'l Capitano<br /> Che 'l gran sepolcro liberò di Cristo.<br /> Molto egli oprò col senno e con la mano;<br /> Molto soffrì nel glorioso acquisto:<br /> E invan l'Inferno a lui s'oppose; e invano<br /> s'armò d'Asia e di Libia il popol misto:<br /> Chè 'l Ciel gli diè favore, e sotto ai santi<br /> Segni ridusse i suoi compagni erranti.</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>The sacred armies, and the godly knight,<br /> That the great sepulchre of Christ did free,<br /> I sing; much wrought his valor and foresight,<br /> And in that glorious war much suffered he;<br /> In vain 'gainst him did Hell oppose her might,<br /> In vain the Turks and Morians armèd be:<br /> His soldiers wild, to brawls and mutines prest,<br /> Reducèd he to peace, so Heaven him blest. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTasso" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Tasso</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gerusalemme_Liberata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerusalemme Liberata">Gerusalemme Liberata</a></i>. lines 1–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerusalemme+Liberata&rft.pages=lines-1-8&rft.au=Tasso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—Translation by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Fairfax" title="Edward Fairfax">Edward Fairfax</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From the 14th century English epic poems were written in <a href="/wiki/Heroic_couplet" title="Heroic couplet">heroic couplets</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_royal" title="Rhyme royal">rhyme royal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though in the 16th century the <a href="/wiki/Spenserian_stanza" title="Spenserian stanza">Spenserian stanza</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were also introduced. The <a href="/wiki/French_alexandrine" title="French alexandrine">French alexandrine</a> is currently the heroic line in French literature, though in earlier literature – such as the <a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chanson de geste</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Decasyllable" title="Decasyllable">decasyllable</a> grouped in <a href="/wiki/Laisse" title="Laisse">laisses</a> took precedence. In Polish literature, couplets of <a href="/wiki/Polish_alexandrine" title="Polish alexandrine">Polish alexandrines</a> (syllabic lines of 7+6 syllables) prevail.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Russian, <a href="/wiki/Iambic_tetrameter" title="Iambic tetrameter">iambic tetrameter</a> verse is the most popular.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Serbian poetry, the decasyllable is the only form employed.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Finns">Balto-Finnic</a> (e.g. Estonian, Finnish, Karelian) folk poetry uses a form of <a href="/wiki/Trochaic_tetrameter" title="Trochaic tetrameter">trochaic tetrameter</a> that has been called the Kalevala meter. The Finnish and Estonian national epics, <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a></i>, are both written in this meter. The meter is thought to have originated during the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Proto-Finnic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Indic epics such as the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shloka" title="Shloka">shloka</a> form is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genres_and_related_forms">Genres and related forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Genres and related forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary form of epic, especially as discussed in this article, is the <b>heroic epic</b>, including such works as the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>. Ancient sources also recognized <b><a href="/wiki/Didactic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic poetry">didactic epic</a></b> as a category, represented by such works as <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i> and Lucretius's <i><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a></i>. </p><p>A related type of poetry is the <b><a href="/wiki/Epyllion" title="Epyllion">epyllion</a></b> (plural: epyllia), a brief narrative poem with a <a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">romantic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythological</a> <a href="/wiki/Theme_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (literature)">theme</a>. The term, which means "little <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epic" class="extiw" title="wikt:epic">epic</a>", came into use in the nineteenth century. It refers primarily to the erudite, shorter hexameter poems of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic poetry">Hellenistic period</a> and the similar works composed at Rome from the age of the <a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">neoterics</a>; to a lesser degree, the term includes some poems of the <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a>, particularly those influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous example of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> epyllion is perhaps <a href="/wiki/Catullus_64" title="Catullus 64">Catullus 64</a>. </p><p>Epyllion is to be understood as distinct from <b><a href="/wiki/Mock_epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mock epic">mock epic</a></b>, another light form. </p><p><b>Romantic epic</b> is a term used to designate works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Morgante" title="Morgante">Morgante</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Innamorato" title="Orlando Innamorato">Orlando Innamorato</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Furioso" title="Orlando Furioso">Orlando Furioso</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gerusalemme_Liberata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerusalemme Liberata">Gerusalemme Liberata</a></i>, which freely lift characters, themes, plots and narrative devices from the world of prose <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-European_forms">Non-European forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Non-European forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long poetic narratives that do not fit the traditional European definition of the heroic epic are sometimes known as folk epics. Indian folk epics have been investigated by Lauri Honko (1998),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brenda Beck (1982) <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and John Smith, amongst others. Folk epics are an important part of community identities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The folk genre known as al-sira relates the saga of the Hilālī tribe and their migrations across the Middle East and north Africa, see Bridget Connelly (1986).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian epic poetry</a></div> <p>In India, folk epics reflect the caste system of Indian society and the life of the lower levels of society, such as cobblers and shepherds, see C.N. Ramachandran, "Ambivalence and Angst: A Note on Indian folk epics," in Lauri Honko (2002. p. 295).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Indian oral epics feature strong women who actively pursue personal freedom in their choice of a romantic partner (Stuart, Claus, Flueckiger and Wadley, eds, 1989, p. 5).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese traditional performed narratives were sung by blind singers. One of the most famous, <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Heike" title="The Tale of the Heike">The Tale of the Heike</a>, deals with historical wars and had a ritual function to placate the souls of the dead (Tokita 2015, p. 7).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of epic forms are found in Africa. Some have a linear, unified style while others have a more cyclical, episodic style (Barber 2007, p. 50).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People in the rice cultivation zones of south China sang long narrative songs about the origin of rice growing, rebel heroes, and transgressive love affairs (McLaren 2022).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The borderland ethnic populations of China sang heroic epics, such as the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_King_Gesar" title="Epic of King Gesar">Epic of King Gesar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, and the creation-myth epics of the <a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao people</a> of south China.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/28px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/42px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/56px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">Alliterative verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_epic_poetry" title="Albanian epic poetry">Albanian epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_epic_literature" title="Arabic epic literature">Arabic epic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpamysh" title="Alpamysh">Alpamysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_epic_poetry" title="Bosniak epic poetry">Bosniak epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylina" title="Bylina">Bylina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a> (Greek muse of epic poetry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_poetry" title="Caribbean poetry">Caribbean epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">Chanson de geste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duma_(epic)" title="Duma (epic)">Duma</a> (Ukrainian epic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegiac" title="Elegiac">Elegiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_(genre)" title="Epic (genre)">Epic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">List of epic poems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">List of world folk-epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">Epic fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Jewish_epic_poetry" title="Hebrew and Jewish epic poetry">Hebrew and Jewish epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mock epic">Mock epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomyth">Monomyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">National epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poet" title="National poet">National poet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></li> <li>Reworked fiction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimur">Rimur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_epic_poetry" title="Serbian epic poetry">Serbian epic poetry</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> itihāsa-kath<i>-ôdbhūtam, itarad vā sad-āśrayam, | <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">catur-varga-phal'-āyattaṃ, catur-udātta-nāyakam</i></span>, <br /></i> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">nagar'-ârṇava-śaila'-rtu</i></span>, | <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">udyāna-salila-kṛīḍā-madhu-pāna-rat'-ôtsavaiḥ</i></span>, <br /> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vipralambhair vivāhaiś ca, kumār'-ôdaya-varṇanaiḥ</i></span>, | <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">mantra-dūta-prayāṇ'-āji-nāyak'-âbhyudayair api</i></span>; <br /> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">alaṃ-kṛtam, a-saṃkṣiptaṃ, rasa-bhāva-nirantaram</i></span>, | <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sargair an-ativistīrṇaiḥ, śravya-vṛttaiḥ su-saṃdhibhiḥ</i></span>, <br /> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sarvatra bhinna-vṛttāntair upetaṃ, loka-rañjanam</i></span> | <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kāvyaṃ kalp'-ântara-sthāyi jāyate sad-alaṃkṛti</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> It springs from a historical incident or is otherwise based on some fact; <br /> it turns upon the fruition of <a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">the fourfold ends</a> and its hero is clever and noble; <br /> By descriptions of cities, oceans, mountains, seasons and risings of the moon or the sun; <br /> through sportings in garden or water, and festivities of drinking and love; <br /> Through sentiments-of-love-in-separation and through marriages, <br /> by descriptions of the birth-and-rise of princes, <br /> and likewise through state-counsel, embassy, advance, battle, and the hero's triumph; <br /> Embellished; not too condensed, and pervaded all through with poetic sentiments and emotions; <br /> with cantos none too lengthy and having agreeable metres and well-formed joints, <br /> And in each case furnished with an ending in a different metre – <br /> such a poem possessing good figures-of-speech wins the people's heart and endures longer than even a kalpa.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Meyer2005" class="citation book cs1">Michael Meyer (2005). <i>The Bedford Introduction to Literature</i>. Bedford: St. Martin's Press. pp. 21–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-41242-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-41242-8"><bdi>0-312-41242-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bedford+Introduction+to+Literature&rft.place=Bedford&rft.pages=21-28&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-312-41242-8&rft.au=Michael+Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVansina1985" class="citation book cs1">Vansina, Jan (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oraltraditionash0000vans"><i>Oral tradition as history</i></a>. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+tradition+as+history&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Vansina&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foraltraditionash0000vans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_epic" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/63237">"epic"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=epic&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F63237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=epic">"Epic"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epic&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Depic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawallMack1999" class="citation book cs1">Lawall, Sarah N.; Mack, Maynard, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nortonanthologyo0001unse_z9t3"><i>Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces: The Western Tradition</i></a>. Vol. 1 (7 ed.). New York, NY: W.W. Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nortonanthologyo0001unse_z9t3/page/10">10–11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97289-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97289-4"><bdi>978-0-393-97289-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norton+Anthology+of+World+Masterpieces%3A+The+Western+Tradition&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=10-11&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-393-97289-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnortonanthologyo0001unse_z9t3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">p. 21</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225145847/https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">Archived</a> 25 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld,_James_G.2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a></span>. Vol. A–M. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n405">399</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=Lochtefeld%2C+James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma,_T.R.S.Gaur,_JuneAkademi,_Sahitya2000" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, T.R.S.; Gaur, June; Akademi, Sahitya (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRp1PKX0BXoC&pg=PA137"><i>Ancient Indian Literature: An anthology</i></a>. New Delhi, IN: Sahitya Akademi. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0794-3"><bdi>978-81-260-0794-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Literature%3A+An+anthology&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+IN&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0794-3&rft.au=Sharma%2C+T.R.S.&rft.au=Gaur%2C+June&rft.au=Akademi%2C+Sahitya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRp1PKX0BXoC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpodek,_HowardRichard_Mason2006" class="citation book cs1">Spodek, Howard; Richard Mason (2006). <i>The World's History</i>. New Jersey: Pearson Education. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-177318-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-177318-6"><bdi>0-13-177318-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+History&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-13-177318-6&rft.au=Spodek%2C+Howard&rft.au=Richard+Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeibowitz2011" class="citation news cs1">Leibowitz, Herbert (29 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loa.org/news-and-views/814-herbert-leibowitz-on-william-carlos-williams-and-ezra-pound-episodes-from-a-sixty-year-friendship">"Herbert Leibowitz on William Carlos Williams and Ezra Pound: Episodes from a sixty-year friendship"</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interfacebetween00good/page/110">110–121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33794-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33794-6"><bdi>978-0-521-33794-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interface+Between+the+Written+and+the+Oral&rft.pages=110-121&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33794-6&rft.au=Goody%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterfacebetween00good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aristotle: Poetics</i>, translated with an introduction and notes by M. 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Prentice Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+to+Literature&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Harmon&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Holman%2C+C.+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaṇḍin" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Da%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Din" title="Daṇḍin">Daṇḍin</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81vy%C4%81dar%C5%9Ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāvyādarśa">Kāvyādarśa</a></i> [<i>The Mirror of Poetry</i>]. 1.15–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%81vy%C4%81dar%C5%9Ba&rft.pages=1.15-19&rft.au=Da%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaṇḍin1924" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Da%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Din" title="Daṇḍin">Daṇḍin</a> (1924) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7th–8th century CE</span>]. <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81vy%C4%81dar%C5%9Ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāvyādarśa"><i>Kāvyādarśa of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Daṇḍin</i></span>: Sanskrit text and English translation</i></a>. 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(19 May 2016). <i>Epic Literature: " The Grand & Heroic Genre of Literature "</i> (1st ed.). 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"Toward a theory of Old English poetic genres: Epic, elegy, wisdom poetry, and the "traditional opening"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Studies in Philosophy</i>. <b>111</b> (1): 1–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsip.2014.0001">10.1353/sip.2014.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161613381">161613381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Toward+a+theory+of+Old+English+poetic+genres%3A+Epic%2C+elegy%2C+wisdom+poetry%2C+and+the+%22traditional+opening%22&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-34&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsip.2014.0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161613381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Battles&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman,_W." class="citation book cs1">Whitman, W. <i><a href="/wiki/Leaves_of_Grass" title="Leaves of Grass">Leaves of Grass</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaves+of+Grass&rft.au=Whitman%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuint2007" class="citation journal cs1">Quint, David (Spring 2007). "Milton's <i>Book of Numbers</i>: Book 1 of <i>Paradise Lost</i> and its catalogue". <i>International Journal of the Classical Tradition</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 528–549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02923024">10.1007/bf02923024</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30222176">30222176</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161875103">161875103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Classical+Tradition&rft.atitle=Milton%27s+Book+of+Numbers%3A+Book+1+of+Paradise+Lost+and+its+catalogue&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=528-549&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161875103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30222176%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02923024&rft.aulast=Quint&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkell,_Christine1999" class="citation book cs1">Perkell, Christine, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oupress.com/ECommerce/Book/Detail/909/reading%20vergil%20s%20aeneid"><i>Reading Vergil's Aeneid: An interpretative guide</i></a>. Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture. Vol. 23. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 190–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3139-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3139-9"><bdi>978-0-8061-3139-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Vergil%27s+Aeneid%3A+An+interpretative+guide&rft.series=Oklahoma+Series+in+Classical+Culture&rft.pages=190-194&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3139-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oupress.com%2FECommerce%2FBook%2FDetail%2F909%2Freading%2520vergil%2520s%2520aeneid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaertner2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gaertner, Jan Felix (2001). "The Homeric catalogues and their function in epic narrative". <i><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(publication)" title="Hermes (publication)">Hermes</a></i>. <b>129</b> (3): 298–305. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4477439">4477439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hermes&rft.atitle=The+Homeric+catalogues+and+their+function+in+epic+narrative&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=298-305&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4477439%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gaertner&rft.aufirst=Jan+Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer-1963-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer-1963_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer-1963_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer-1963_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Noah_Kramer" title="Samuel Noah Kramer">Kramer, Samuel Noah</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu"><i>The Sumerians: Their history, culture, and character</i></a>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu/page/184">184–185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45238-8"><bdi>978-0-226-45238-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sumerians%3A+Their+history%2C+culture%2C+and+character&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=184-185&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-226-45238-8&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsumerianstheirhi00samu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/hexameter">"Hexameter"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. poetry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hexameter&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fhexameter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/alliterative-verse">"Alliterative verse"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. literature.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alliterative+verse&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Falliterative-verse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Finnsburg Fragment", line 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Finnsburg Fragment", line 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/terza-rima">"Terza rima"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. poetic form.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terza+rima&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fterza-rima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/ottava-rima">"Ottava rima"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. poetic form.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ottava+rima&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fottava-rima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/heroic-couplet">"Heroic couplet"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. poetry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heroic+couplet&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fheroic-couplet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/rhyme-royal">"Rhyme royal"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. poetic form.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhyme+royal&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Frhyme-royal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Spenserian-stanza">"Spenserian stanza"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. poetic form.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spenserian+stanza&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FSpenserian-stanza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/blank-verse">"Blank verse"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. poetic form.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blank+verse&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fblank-verse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarasz2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Darasz, Wiktor Jarosław (2003). "Trzynastozgłoskowiec". <i>Mały przewodnik po wierszu polskim</i> (in Polish). Kraków.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trzynastozg%C5%82oskowiec&rft.btitle=Ma%C5%82y+przewodnik+po+wierszu+polskim&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Darasz&rft.aufirst=Wiktor+Jaros%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Alexandra. <i>Montaging Pushkin: Pushkin and visions of modernity in Russian twentieth century poetry</i>. p. 184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montaging+Pushkin%3A+Pushkin+and+visions+of+modernity+in+Russian+twentieth+century+poetry&rft.pages=184&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2013" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, David (27 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qTpBQAAQBAJ&q=serbian+decasyllableDavid&pg=PA8"><i>Early Tahitian Poetics</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-375-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-375-9"><bdi>978-1-61451-375-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Tahitian+Poetics&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-375-9&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6qTpBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dserbian%2BdecasyllableDavid%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeton-Watson2012" class="citation web cs1">Seton-Watson, R.W. (6 October 2012) [1915]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britic.co.uk/2012/10/06/the-spirit-of-the-serb-r-w-seton-watson-1915/">"The Spirit of the Serb"</a>. <i>Britić (britic.co.uk)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Briti%C4%87+%28britic.co.uk%29&rft.atitle=The+Spirit+of+the+Serb&rft.date=2012-10-06&rft.aulast=Seton-Watson&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britic.co.uk%2F2012%2F10%2F06%2Fthe-spirit-of-the-serb-r-w-seton-watson-1915%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuusiBosleyBranch1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matti_Kuusi" title="Matti Kuusi">Kuusi, Matti</a>; <a href="/wiki/Keith_Bosley" title="Keith Bosley">Bosley, Keith</a>; Branch, Michael, eds. (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finnishfolkpoetr00kuus/page/62"><i>Finnish Folk Poetry: Epic: An Anthology in Finnish and English</i></a></span>. Finnish Literature Society. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finnishfolkpoetr00kuus/page/62">62–64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-717-087-4" title="Special:BookSources/951-717-087-4"><bdi>951-717-087-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finnish+Folk+Poetry%3A+Epic%3A+An+Anthology+in+Finnish+and+English&rft.pages=62-64&rft.pub=Finnish+Literature+Society&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=951-717-087-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffinnishfolkpoetr00kuus%2Fpage%2F62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/epyllion">"Epyllion"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Epyllion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fepyllion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tiedekirja.fi/en/siri-epic-as-performed-by-gopala-naika">"Siri Epic as performed by Gopala Naika"</a>. <i>tiedekirja.fi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tiedekirja.fi&rft.atitle=Siri+Epic+as+performed+by+Gopala+Naika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftiedekirja.fi%2Fen%2Fsiri-epic-as-performed-by-gopala-naika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book//lookupid?key=olbp74886">"The Three Twins: The Telling of a South Indian Folk Epic, by Brenda E. F. Beck | The Online Books Page"</a>. <i>onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=The+Three+Twins%3A+The+Telling+of+a+South+Indian+Folk+Epic%2C+by+Brenda+E.+F.+Beck+%7C+The+Online+Books+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinebooks.library.upenn.edu%2Fwebbin%2Fbook%2F%2Flookupid%3Fkey%3Dolbp74886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly1986" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, Bridget (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/arabfolkepiciden0000conn"><i>Arab folk epic and identity</i></a>. Internet Archive. Berkeley : University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05536-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05536-0"><bdi>978-0-520-05536-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+folk+epic+and+identity&rft.pub=Berkeley+%3A+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05536-0&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabfolkepiciden0000conn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonko2002" class="citation book cs1">Honko, Lauri (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oqQSAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Kalevala and the World's Traditional Epics</i></a>. Finnish Literature Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-746-422-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-746-422-2"><bdi>978-951-746-422-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala+and+the+World%27s+Traditional+Epics&rft.pub=Finnish+Literature+Society&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-951-746-422-2&rft.aulast=Honko&rft.aufirst=Lauri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoqQSAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/18070481">"Oral epics in India | WorldCat.org"</a>. <i>www.worldcat.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldcat.org&rft.atitle=Oral+epics+in+India+%7C+WorldCat.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F18070481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Japanese-Singers-of-Tales-Ten-Centuries-of-Performed-Narrative/Tokita/p/book/9780367599553">"Japanese Singers of Tales: Ten Centuries of Performed Narrative"</a>. <i>Routledge & CRC Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routledge+%26+CRC+Press&rft.atitle=Japanese+Singers+of+Tales%3A+Ten+Centuries+of+Performed+Narrative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FJapanese-Singers-of-Tales-Ten-Centuries-of-Performed-Narrative%2FTokita%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780367599553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2007" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Karin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/anthropology-of-texts-persons-and-publics/7B7C174C35CCE4D91CDD779458CD442F"><i>The Anthropology of Texts, Persons and Publics</i></a>. New Departures in Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83787-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83787-3"><bdi>978-0-521-83787-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anthropology+of+Texts%2C+Persons+and+Publics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=New+Departures+in+Anthropology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83787-3&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fanthropology-of-texts-persons-and-publics%2F7B7C174C35CCE4D91CDD779458CD442F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambriapress.com/pub.cfm?bid=854">"Memory Making in Folk Epics of China: The Intimate and the Local in Chinese Regional Culture By Anne E. McLaren"</a>. <i>www.cambriapress.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cambriapress.com&rft.atitle=Memory+Making+in+Folk+Epics+of+China%3A+The+Intimate+and+the+Local+in+Chinese+Regional+Culture+By+Anne+E.+McLaren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambriapress.com%2Fpub.cfm%3Fbid%3D854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMairBender2011" class="citation book cs1">Mair, Victor H.; Bender, Mark, eds. (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-columbia-anthology-of-chinese-folk-and-popular-literature/9780231153126"><i>The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52673-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52673-9"><bdi>978-0-231-52673-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Anthology+of+Chinese+Folk+and+Popular+Literature&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011-05&rft.isbn=978-0-231-52673-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcup.columbia.edu%2Fbook%2Fthe-columbia-anthology-of-chinese-folk-and-popular-literature%2F9780231153126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vries1978" class="citation book cs1">de Vries, Jan (1978). <i>Heroic Song and Heroic Legend</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-10566-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-10566-5"><bdi>0-405-10566-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroic+Song+and+Heroic+Legend&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-405-10566-5&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashmi2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Hashmi, Alamgir (2011). "Eponymous écriture and the poetics of reading a transnational epic". <i>Dublin Quarterly</i>. Vol. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dublin+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Eponymous+%C3%A9criture+and+the+poetics+of+reading+a+transnational+epic&rft.volume=15&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hashmi&rft.aufirst=Alamgir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye, Northrop</a> (2015) [1957]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jmkZBgAAQBAJ"><i>Anatomy of Criticism</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6690-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6690-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-6690-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Criticism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6690-8&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Northrop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjmkZBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinsdorff2003" class="citation book cs1">Heinsdorff, Cornel (2003). <i>Christus, Nikodemus und die Samaritanerin bei Juvencus. Mit einem Anhang zur lateinischen Evangelienvorlage</i>. Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur und Geschichte. Vol. 67. Berlin, DE / New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017851-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017851-6"><bdi>3-11-017851-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christus%2C+Nikodemus+und+die+Samaritanerin+bei+Juvencus.+Mit+einem+Anhang+zur+lateinischen+Evangelienvorlage&rft.place=Berlin%2C+DE+%2F+New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=Untersuchungen+zur+antiken+Literatur+und+Geschichte&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-11-017851-6&rft.aulast=Heinsdorff&rft.aufirst=Cornel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansenHenkMaier2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jansen, Jan; Henk, J; Maier, M.J., eds. (2004). <i>Epic Adventures: Heroic narrative in the oral performance traditions of four continents</i>. Literatur: Forschung und Wissenschaft (in German). Vol. 3. LIT Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+Adventures%3A+Heroic+narrative+in+the+oral+performance+traditions+of+four+continents&rft.series=Literatur%3A+Forschung+und+Wissenschaft&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrander1980" class="citation book cs1">Parrander, Patrick (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PZsOAAAAQAAJ">"Science fiction as epic"</a>. <i>Science Fiction: Its criticism and teaching</i>. London, UK: Methuen. pp. 88–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-71400-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-71400-5"><bdi>978-0-416-71400-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+fiction+as+epic&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction%3A+Its+criticism+and+teaching&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=88-105&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-416-71400-5&rft.aulast=Parrander&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPZsOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitz,_ChristianeFinkmann,_Simone2019" class="citation book cs1">Reitz, Christiane; Finkmann, Simone, eds. (2019). <i>Structures of Epic Poetry</i>. Berlin, DE / Boston, MA: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-049200-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-049200-2"><bdi>978-3-11-049200-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structures+of+Epic+Poetry&rft.place=Berlin%2C+DE+%2F+Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-11-049200-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillyard1966" class="citation book cs1">Tillyard, E.M.W. (1966) [1954]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvlZAAAAMAAJ"><i>The English Epic and Its Background</i></a>. New York: Oxford UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Epic+and+Its+Background&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Tillyard&rft.aufirst=E.M.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvlZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkie1965" class="citation book cs1">Wilkie, Brian (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanticpoetsepi00bria"><i>Romantic Poets and Epic Tradition</i></a></span>. University of Wisconsin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romantic+Poets+and+Epic+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Wilkie&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanticpoetsepi00bria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Epic poetry</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Epic+poetry&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Epic+poetry">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Epic+poetry&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Epic_poems" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Epic poems">Epic poems</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_William_Gosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund William Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Epic Poetry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Epic_Poetry">"Epic Poetry" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). pp. 681–682.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epic+Poetry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=681-682&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548t1">"The Epic"</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Carey, Karen Edwards and Oliver Taplin (<i>In Our Time</i>, 3 February 2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://literaturearticles.com/what-is-epic-poem/">"Epic Poem"</a>, Main Features and Conventions of the Epic</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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