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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Subject matter and structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subject_matter_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Versification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition_and_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_and_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Composition and performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_and_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_chansons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_chansons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of <i>chansons</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_chansons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of <i>chansons</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_chansons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geste_du_roi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geste_du_roi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>Geste du roi</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geste_du_roi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geste_de_Garin_de_Monglane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geste_de_Garin_de_Monglane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Geste de Garin de Monglane</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geste_de_Garin_de_Monglane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geste_de_Doon_de_Mayence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geste_de_Doon_de_Mayence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span><i>Geste de Doon de Mayence</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geste_de_Doon_de_Mayence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lorraine_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lorraine_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Lorraine cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lorraine_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusade_Cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusade_Cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Crusade Cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusade_Cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy and adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Chanson de geste</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chanson de geste" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="أغنية البطولة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أغنية البطولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurwerz" title="Kurwerz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kurwerz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%B3_de_gesta" title="Cançó de gesta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cançó de gesta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chansons_de_geste" title="Chansons de geste – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chansons de geste" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chansons_de_geste" title="Chansons de geste – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chansons de geste" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chanson de geste" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangelaslaul" title="Kangelaslaul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kangelaslaul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Επικό άσμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επικό άσμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantar_de_gesta" title="Cantar de gesta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cantar de gesta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epika_kanto" title="Epika kanto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Epika kanto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_kantak" title="Gesta kantak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gesta kantak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شعر حماسی فرانسه باستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شعر حماسی فرانسه باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chanson de geste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Chanson de geste" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantar_de_xesta" title="Cantar de xesta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cantar de xesta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%ED%9B%88%EC%8B%9C" title="무훈시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무훈시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chanson de geste" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canzone_di_gesta" title="Canzone di gesta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canzone di gesta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="שירים על מעללי גבורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שירים על מעללי גבורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABz%C5%B3_epas" title="Prancūzų epas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prancūzų epas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chanson de geste" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chanson de geste" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chanson de geste" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%8B%B2%E8%A9%A9" title="武勲詩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="武勲詩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chanson de geste" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canchon_d%27prou%C3%AAche" title="Canchon d'prouêche – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Canchon d'prouêche" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7on_de_g%C3%A8sta" title="Cançon de gèsta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cançon de gèsta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canchon_d%27geste" title="Canchon d'geste – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Canchon d'geste" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chansons_de_geste" title="Chansons de geste – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chansons de geste" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_gesta" title="Canção de gesta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canção de gesta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chanson de geste" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Chanson de geste" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chanson de geste" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chansons_de_geste" title="Chansons de geste – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Chansons de geste" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Шансон де жест – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шансон де жест" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chanson de geste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chanson de geste" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chanson_de_geste" title="Special:EditPage/Chanson de geste">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chanson+de+geste%22">"Chanson de geste"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chanson+de+geste%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chanson+de+geste%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chanson+de+geste%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chanson+de+geste%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chanson+de+geste%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg/400px-Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg/600px-Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg/800px-Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>The eight phases of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Song of Roland">The Song of Roland</a></i> in one picture.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro"><b>chanson de geste</b></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Old_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old French language">Old French</a> for 'song of <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroic</a> deeds',<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">gesta</i> 'deeds, actions accomplished')<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> narrative, a type of <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> that appears at the dawn of <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pfrance_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfrance-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known poems of this genre date from the late 11th and early 12th centuries, shortly before the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">trouvères</a>, and the earliest verse <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romances</a>. They reached their highest point of acceptance in the period 1150–1250.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasenohr,_242_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasenohr,_242-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Composed in verse, these narrative poems of moderate length (averaging 4000 lines<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) were originally sung, or (later) recited, by <a href="/wiki/Minstrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Minstrels">minstrels</a> or jongleurs. More than one hundred <i>chansons de geste</i> have survived in approximately three hundred manuscripts<sup id="cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_12_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that date from the 12th to the 15th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 19th century, much critical debate has centered on the origins of the <i>chansons de geste</i>, and particularly on explaining the length of time between the composition of the <i>chansons</i> and the actual historical events which they reference.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasenohr,_239_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasenohr,_239-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical events the <i>chansons</i> allude to occur in the 8th through 10th centuries, yet the earliest <i>chansons</i> that have survived were probably composed at the end of the 11th century: only three <i>chansons de geste</i> have a composition that incontestably dates from before 1150: the <i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_Guillaume" title="Chanson de Guillaume">Chanson de Guillaume</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Song of Roland">The Song of Roland</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gormont_et_Isembart" class="mw-redirect" title="Gormont et Isembart">Gormont et Isembart</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-Hasenohr,_239_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasenohr,_239-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first half of the <i>Chanson de Guillaume</i> may date from as early as the 11th century;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Gormont et Isembart</i> may date from as early as 1068, according to one expert;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The Song of Roland</i> probably dates from after 1086<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to c.1100.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasenohr,_239_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasenohr,_239-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three early theories of the origin of <i>chansons de geste</i> believe in the continued existence of epic material (either as lyric poems, epic poems or prose narrations) in these intervening two or three centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes,_68_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes,_68-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics like <a href="/wiki/Claude_Charles_Fauriel" title="Claude Charles Fauriel">Claude Charles Fauriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynouard" class="mw-redirect" title="François Raynouard">François Raynouard</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> posited the spontaneous creation of lyric poems by the people as a whole at the time of the historic battles, which were later put together to form the epics.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the basis for the "<a href="/wiki/Cantilena" title="Cantilena">cantilena</a>" theory of epic origin, which was elaborated by <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Paris" title="Gaston Paris">Gaston Paris</a>, although he maintained that single authors, rather than the multitude, were responsible for the songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes,_67_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes,_67-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This theory was also supported by Robert Fawtier and by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gautier_(historian)" title="Léon Gautier (historian)">Léon Gautier</a> (although Gautier thought the <i>cantilenae</i> were composed in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> languages).<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes,_67_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes,_67-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Pio_Rajna" title="Pio Rajna">Pio Rajna</a>, seeing similarities between the <i>chansons de geste</i> and old Germanic/<a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> tales, posited a Germanic origin for the French poems.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes,_67_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes,_67-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different theory, introduced by the medievalist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Meyer_(philologist)" title="Paul Meyer (philologist)">Paul Meyer</a>, suggested the poems were based on old prose narrations of the original events.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes,_68_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes,_68-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-see_also_Hasenohr,_239_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-see_also_Hasenohr,_239-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another theory (largely discredited today<sup id="cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_11_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), developed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B%C3%A9dier" title="Joseph Bédier">Joseph Bédier</a>, posited that the early <i>chansons</i> were recent creations, not earlier than the year 1000, developed by singers who, emulating the songs of "saints' lives" sung in front of churches (and collaborating with the church clerics<sup id="cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_11_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), created epic stories based on the heroes whose shrines and tombs dotted the great <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> routes, as a way of drawing pilgrims to these churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes,_68-9_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes,_68-9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics have also suggested that knowledge by clerics of ancient <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> epics may have played a role in their composition.<sup id="cite_ref-see_also_Hasenohr,_239_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-see_also_Hasenohr,_239-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holmes,_68-9_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes,_68-9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequent criticism has vacillated between "traditionalists" (<i>chansons</i> created as part of a popular tradition) and "individualists" (<i>chansons</i> created by a unique author),<sup id="cite_ref-see_also_Hasenohr,_239_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-see_also_Hasenohr,_239-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but more recent historical research has done much to fill in gaps in the literary record and complicate the question of origins. Critics have discovered manuscripts, texts and other traces of the legendary heroes, and further explored the continued existence of a Latin literary tradition (c.f. the scholarship of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Robert_Curtius" title="Ernst Robert Curtius">Ernst Robert Curtius</a>) in the intervening centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work of Jean Rychner on the art of the minstrels<sup id="cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_11_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the work of <a href="/wiki/Milman_Parry" title="Milman Parry">Parry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bates_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Bates Lord">Lord</a> on <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavian</a> oral traditional poetry, <a href="/wiki/Homeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric">Homeric</a> verse and <a href="/wiki/Oral-Formulaic_Composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral-Formulaic Composition">oral composition</a> have also been suggested to shed light on the <i>oral</i> composition of the <i>chansons</i>, although this view is not without its critics<sup id="cite_ref-Hasenohr,_240_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasenohr,_240-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who maintain the importance of <i>writing</i> not only in the preservation of the texts, but also in their composition, especially for the more sophisticated poems.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasenohr,_240_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasenohr,_240-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subject_matter_and_structure">Subject matter and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subject matter and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Composed in <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> and apparently intended for oral performance by <a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">jongleurs</a>, the <i>chansons de geste</i> narrate legendary incidents (sometimes based on real events) in the history of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> during the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries, the age of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a>, with emphasis on their conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a>, and also disputes between kings and their vassals. </p><p>The traditional subject matter of the <i>chansons de geste</i> became known as the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a>. This distinguished them from <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romances</a> concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a>, that is, <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a>; and with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Rome" title="Matter of Rome">Matter of Rome</a>, covering the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, the life of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Cæsar</a> and some of his <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial</a> successors, who were given medieval makeovers as exemplars of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key theme of the <i>chansons de geste</i>, which set them off from the romances (which tended to explore the role of the "individual"), is their critique and celebration of community/collectivity (their epic heroes are portrayed as figures in the destiny of the nation and Christianity)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their representation of the complexities of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> relations and service. </p><p>The subject matter of the <i>chansons</i> evolved over time, according to public taste. Alongside the great battles and scenes of historic prowess of the early <i>chansons</i> there began to appear other themes. Realistic elements (money, urban scenes) and elements from the new court culture (female characters, the role of love) began to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasenohr,_242_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasenohr,_242-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> and adventure elements, derived from the romances, were gradually added:<sup id="cite_ref-Hasenohr,_242_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasenohr,_242-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giant_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant (mythology)">giants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">monsters</a> increasingly appear among the foes along with <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a>. There is also an increasing dose of Eastern adventure, drawing on contemporary experiences in the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>; in addition, one series of <i>chansons</i> retells the events of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> and the first years of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. The conflicts of the 14th century (<a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>) brought a renewed epic spirit and nationalistic (or propagandistic<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) fervor to some <i>chansons de geste</i> (such as <i>La Chanson de <a href="/wiki/Hugues_Capet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugues Capet">Hugues Capet</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Adam,_45_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam,_45-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poems contain an assortment of character types; the repertoire of valiant hero, brave traitor, shifty or cowardly traitor, <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> giant, beautiful Saracen princess, and so forth. As the genre matured, fantasy elements were introduced. Some of the characters that were devised by the poets in this genre include the <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairy</a> <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(Fairy_King)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberon (Fairy King)">Oberon</a>, who made his literary debut in <i><a href="/wiki/Huon_de_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Huon de Bordeaux">Huon de Bordeaux</a></i>; and the magic <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayard_(legend)" title="Bayard (legend)">Bayard</a>, who first appears in <i><a href="/wiki/Renaud_de_Montauban" title="Renaud de Montauban">Renaud de Montauban</a></i>. Quite soon an element of self-<a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> appears; even the august Charlemagne was not above gentle mockery in the <i><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8lerinage_de_Charlemagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Pèlerinage de Charlemagne">Pèlerinage de Charlemagne</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">narrative structure</a> of the <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">chanson de geste</i></span> has been compared to the one in the <a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Wittmann" title="Henri Wittmann">Henri Wittmann</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the basis of common <a href="/wiki/Narreme" title="Narreme">narreme</a> structure as first developed in the work of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Dorfman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene Dorfman (page does not exist)">Eugene Dorfman</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Tusseau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Tusseau (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Tusseau</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versification">Versification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Versification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early <i>chansons de geste</i> were typically composed in <a href="/wiki/Decasyllable" title="Decasyllable">ten-syllable</a> lines grouped in <a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">assonanced</a> (meaning that the last stressed vowel is the same in each line throughout the stanza, but the last consonant differs from line to line) <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanzas</a> (called <i><a href="/wiki/Laisse" title="Laisse">laisses</a></i>). These stanzas are of variable length. </p><p>An example from the <i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanson de Roland">Chanson de Roland</a></i> illustrates the technique of the ten-syllable assonanced form. The assonance in this stanza is on <b>e</b>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Desuz un pin, delez un eglanter<br /> Un faldestoed i unt, fait tout d'or mer:<br /> La siet li reis ki dulce France tient.<br /> Blanche ad la barbe et tut flurit le chef,<br /> Gent ad le cors et le cuntenant fier.<br /> S'est kil demandet, ne l'estoet enseigner.</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Under a pine tree, by a rosebush,<br /> there is a throne made entirely of gold.<br /> There sits the king who rules sweet France;<br /> his beard is white, with a full head of hair.<br /> He is noble in carriage, and proud of bearing.<br /> If anyone is looking for the King, he doesn't need to be pointed out. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Later <i>chansons</i> were composed in <a href="/wiki/Monorhyme" title="Monorhyme">monorhyme</a> stanzas, in which the last syllable of each line rhymes fully throughout the stanza. Later <i>chansons</i> also tended to be composed using <a href="/wiki/French_alexandrine" title="French alexandrine">alexandrines</a> (twelve-syllable) lines, instead of ten-syllable lines (some early <i>chansons</i>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Girart_de_Vienne" title="Girart de Vienne">Girart de Vienne</a></i>, were even adapted into a twelve-syllable version). </p><p>The following example of the twelve-syllable rhymed form is from the opening lines of <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Ch%C3%A9tifs" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Chétifs">Les Chétifs</a></i>, a <i>chanson</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_cycle" title="Crusade cycle">Crusade cycle</a>. The rhyme is on <b>ie</b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Or s'en fuit Corbarans tos les plains de Surie,<br /> N'enmaine que .ii. rois ens en sa conpaignie.<br /> S'enporte Brohadas, fis Soudan de Persie;<br /> En l'estor l'avoit mort a l'espee forbie<br /> Li bons dus Godefrois a le chiere hardie<br /> Tres devant Anthioce ens en la prairie.</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>So Corbaran escaped across the plains of Syria;<br /> He took only two kings in his company.<br /> He carried away Brohadas, son of the Sultan of Persia,<br /> Who had been killed in the battle by the clean sword<br /> Of the brave-spirited good duke Godfrey<br /> Right in front of Antioch, down in the meadow. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These forms of versification were substantially different than the forms found in the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> verse <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romances</a> (<i>romans</i>) which were written in <a href="/wiki/Octosyllable" title="Octosyllable">octosyllabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhymed</a> <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplets</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_and_performance">Composition and performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition and performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The public of the <i>chansons de geste</i>—the lay (secular) public of the 11th to the 13th centuries—was largely <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">illiterate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for (at least to the end of the 12th century) members of the great courts and (in the south) smaller noble families.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the <i>chansons</i> were primarily an oral medium. </p><p>Opinions vary greatly on whether the early <i>chansons</i> were first written down and then read from manuscripts (although <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> was quite expensive<sup id="cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_14_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or memorized for performance,<sup id="cite_ref-Bumke,_521-2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumke,_521-2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or whether portions were improvised,<sup id="cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_14_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or whether they were entirely the product of spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Oral-Formulaic_Composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral-Formulaic Composition">oral composition</a> and later written down. Similarly, scholars differ greatly on the social condition and literacy of the poets themselves; were they cultured <a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">clerics</a> or illiterate jongleurs working within an oral tradition? As an indication of the role played by orality in the tradition of the <i>chanson de geste</i>, lines and sometimes whole stanzas, especially in the earlier examples, are noticeably <a href="/wiki/Oral_poetry" title="Oral poetry">formulaic</a> in nature, making it possible both for the poet to construct a poem in performance and for the audience to grasp a new theme with ease. </p><p>Scholarly opinions differ on the exact manner of recitation, but it is generally believed that the <i>chansons de geste</i> were originally sung (whereas the medieval romances were probably spoken)<sup id="cite_ref-Bumke,_521-2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumke,_521-2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by poets, <a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">minstrels</a> or jongleurs, who would sometimes accompany themselves, or be accompanied, on the <i><a href="/wiki/Vielle" title="Vielle">vielle</a></i>, a mediæval <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a> played with a bow. Several manuscript texts include lines in which the jongleur demands attention, threatens to stop singing, promises to continue the next day, and asks for money or gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_14_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of the 13th century, singing had probably given way to recitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasenohr,_242_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasenohr,_242-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been calculated that a reciter could sing about a thousand verses an hour<sup id="cite_ref-Bumke,_522_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumke,_522-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably limited himself to 1000–1300 verses by performance,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it likely that the performance of works extended over several days.<sup id="cite_ref-Bumke,_522_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumke,_522-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that many <i>chansons</i> from the late 12th century on extended to over 10,000 verses or more (for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Aspremont_(chanson_de_geste)" title="Aspremont (chanson de geste)">Aspremont</a></i> comprises 11,376 verses, while <i><a href="/wiki/Quatre_Fils_Aymon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quatre Fils Aymon">Quatre Fils Aymon</a></i> comprises 18,489 verses), it is conceivable that few spectators heard the longest works in their entirety.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While poems like <i>The Song of Roland</i> were sometimes heard in public squares and were no doubt warmly received by a broad public,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some critics caution that the <i>chansons</i> should probably not be characterized as popular literature<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some <i>chansons</i> appear particularly tailored for an audience of aristocratic, privileged or warrior classes.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_chansons">List of <i>chansons</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of chansons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than one hundred <i>chansons de geste</i> have survived in around three hundred manuscripts<sup id="cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_12_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that date from the 12th to the 15th century. Several popular <i>chansons</i> were written down more than once in varying forms. The earliest <i>chansons</i> are all (more or less) anonymous; many later ones have named authors. </p><p>By the middle of the 12th century, the corpus of works was being expanded principally by "cyclisation", that is to say by the formation of "cycles" of <i>chansons</i> attached to a character or group of characters—with new <i>chansons</i> being added to the ensemble by singing of the earlier or later adventures of the hero, of his youthful exploits ("enfances"), the great deeds of his ancestors or descendants, or his retreat from the world to a <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a> ("moniage") – or attached to an event (like the Crusades).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 1215 <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube">Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube</a>, in the introductory lines to his <i>Girart de Vienne</i>, subdivided the Matter of France, the usual subject area of the <i>chansons de geste</i>, into three <a href="/wiki/Literature_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature cycle">cycles</a>, which revolved around three main characters (see quotation at <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a>). There are several other less formal lists of <i>chansons</i>, or of the legends they incorporate. One can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">fabliau</a> entitled <i>Des Deux Bordeors Ribauz</i>, a humorous tale of the second half of the 13th century, in which a jongleur lists the stories he knows.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is included by the <a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalan</a> troubadour <a href="/wiki/Guiraut_de_Cabrera" class="mw-redirect" title="Guiraut de Cabrera">Guiraut de Cabrera</a> in his humorous <i><a href="/wiki/Ensenhamen" title="Ensenhamen">ensenhamen</a></i> <i>Cabra juglar</i>: this is addressed to a <i>juglar</i> (jongleur) and purports to instruct him on the poems he ought to know but does not.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The listing below is arranged according to Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube's cycles, extended with two additional groupings and with a final list of <i>chansons</i> that fit into no cycle. There are numerous differences of opinion about the categorization of individual <i>chansons</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geste_du_roi"><i>Geste du roi</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geste du roi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geste_du_roi" title="Geste du roi">Geste du roi</a></div> <p>The chief character is usually Charlemagne or one of his immediate successors. A pervasive theme is the King's role as champion of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. This cycle contains the first of the <i>chansons</i> to be written down, the <i>Chanson de Roland</i> or "<a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Song of Roland">The Song of Roland</a>". </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Song of Roland">Chanson de Roland</a></i> (c. 1100 for the Oxford text, the earliest written version); several other versions exist, including the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronsasvals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronsasvals (page does not exist)">Ronsasvals</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruolandes_liet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruolandes liet (page does not exist)">Ruolandes liet</a></i> and the Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen_de_Prodicione_Guenonis" title="Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis">Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8lerinage_de_Charlemagne" title="Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne">Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne</a></i> (<i>Voyage de Charlemagne à Jérusalem et à Constantinople</i>) dealing with a fictional expedition by Charlemagne and his knights (c. 1140; two 15th century reworkings)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fierabras" title="Fierabras">Fierabras</a></i> (c. 1170)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aspremont_(chanson_de_geste)" title="Aspremont (chanson de geste)">Aspremont</a></i> (c. 1190); a later version formed the basis of <i>Aspramonte</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_da_Barberino" title="Andrea da Barberino">Andrea da Barberino</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anse%C3%AFs_de_Carthage" title="Anseïs de Carthage">Anseïs de Carthage</a></i> (c. 1200)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_Saisnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanson de Saisnes">Chanson de Saisnes</a></i> or "Song of the Saxons", by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodel" title="Jean Bodel">Jean Bodel</a> (c. 1200)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huon_de_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Huon de Bordeaux">Huon de Bordeaux</a></i> originally c. 1215–1240, known from slightly later manuscripts. A "prequel" and four sequels were later added: <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auberon_(Chanson_de_geste)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auberon (Chanson de geste) (page does not exist)">Auberon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_d%27Esclarmonde" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanson d'Esclarmonde">Chanson d'Esclarmonde</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clarisse_et_Florent" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarisse et Florent">Clarisse et Florent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yde_et_Olive" title="Yde et Olive">Yde et Olive</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Godin_(Chanson_de_geste)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Godin (Chanson de geste) (page does not exist)">Godin</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaydon_(Chanson_de_geste)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaydon (Chanson de geste) (page does not exist)">Gaydon</a></i> (c. 1230)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehan_de_Lanson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jehan de Lanson (page does not exist)">Jehan de Lanson</a></i> (before 1239)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berthe_aux_Grands_Pieds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berthe aux Grands Pieds (page does not exist)">Berthe aux Grands Pieds</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Adenes_le_Roi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenes le Roi">Adenet le Roi</a> (c. 1275), and a later <a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Italian literature">Franco-Italian</a> reworking</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Enfances_Ogier" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Enfances Ogier">Les Enfances Ogier</a></i> by Adenet le Roi (c. 1275) | to <a href="/wiki/Ogier_the_Dane" title="Ogier the Dane">Ogier the Dane</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entr%C3%A9e_d%27Espagne" title="Entrée d'Espagne">Entrée d'Espagne</a></i> (c. 1320)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugues_Capet_(chanson)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugues Capet (chanson) (page does not exist)">Hugues Capet</a></i> (c. 1360)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galiens_li_Restor%C3%A9s" title="Galiens li Restorés">Galiens li Restorés</a></i> known from a single manuscript of about 1490<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aiquin" title="Aiquin">Aiquin</a></i> or <i>Acquin</i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otuel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otuel (page does not exist)">Otuel</a></i> or <i>Otinel</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mainet (page does not exist)">Mainet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basin_(chanson_de_geste)" title="Basin (chanson de geste)">Basin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ogier_the_Dane" title="Ogier the Dane">Ogier le Danois</a></i> by Raimbert de Paris<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui_de_Bourgogne_(chanson_de_geste)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui de Bourgogne (chanson de geste) (page does not exist)">Gui de Bourgogne</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macaire" title="Macaire">Macaire</a></i> or <i>La Chanson de la Reine Sebile</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huon_d%27Auvergne" title="Huon d'Auvergne">Huon d'Auvergne</a></i>, a <i>chanson</i> extant in four versions from Italy (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Huondauvergne.org">Huondauvergne.org</a>), dating from 1341 to 1441. Whether or not there was ever a French version is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hero is mentioned among epic heroes in the <i>Ensenhamen</i> of Guiraut de Cabrera, and figures as a character in <i>Mainet</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geste_de_Garin_de_Monglane"><i>Geste de Garin de Monglane</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geste de Garin de Monglane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/La_Geste_de_Garin_de_Monglane" title="La Geste de Garin de Monglane">La Geste de Garin de Monglane</a></div> <p>The central character is not <a href="/wiki/Garin_de_Monglane" title="Garin de Monglane">Garin de Monglane</a> but his supposed great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Gellone" title="William of Gellone">Guillaume d'Orange</a>. These <i>chansons</i> deal with knights who were typically younger sons, not <a href="/wiki/Heir" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir">heirs</a>, who seek land and glory through combat with the Infidel (in practice, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>) enemy. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_Guillaume" title="Chanson de Guillaume">Chanson de Guillaume</a></i> (c. 1100)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Couronnement_de_Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronnement de Louis">Couronnement de Louis</a></i> (c. 1130)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Charroi_de_N%C3%AEmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Charroi de Nîmes">Le Charroi de Nîmes</a></i> (c. 1140)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Prise_d%27Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="La Prise d'Orange">La Prise d'Orange</a></i> (c. 1150), reworking of a lost version from before 1122</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aliscans" title="Aliscans">Aliscans</a></i> (c. 1180), with several later versions</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Bataille_Loquifer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Bataille Loquifer (page does not exist)">La Bataille Loquifer</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graindor_de_Brie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graindor de Brie (page does not exist)">Graindor de Brie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 1170)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Moniage_Rainouart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Moniage Rainouart (page does not exist)">Le Moniage Rainouart</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graindor_de_Brie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graindor de Brie (page does not exist)">Graindor de Brie</a> (fl. 1170)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foulques_de_Candie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foulques de Candie (page does not exist)">Foulques de Candie</a></i>, by Herbert le Duc of Dammartin (fl. 1170)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_de_Pouille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon de Pouille (page does not exist)">Simon de Pouille</a></i> or "Simon of Apulia", fictional eastern adventures; the hero is said to be a grandson of Garin de Monglane<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floovant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Floovant (page does not exist)">Floovant</a></i> (late 12th); the hero is a son of Merovingian King <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aymeri_de_Narbonne" title="Aymeri de Narbonne">Aymeri de Narbonne</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube">Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube</a> (late 12th/early 13th)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Girart_de_Vienne" title="Girart de Vienne">Girart de Vienne</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube">Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube</a> (late 12th/early 13th); also found in a later shorter version alongside <i>Hernaut de Beaulande</i> and <i>Renier de Gennes</i><sup id="cite_ref-Beaulande'_1966_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaulande'_1966-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Enfances_Garin_de_Monglane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Enfances Garin de Monglane (page does not exist)">Les Enfances Garin de Monglane</a></i> (15th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garin_de_Monglane" title="Garin de Monglane">Garin de Monglane</a></i> (13th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hernaut_de_Beaulande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hernaut de Beaulande (page does not exist)">Hernaut de Beaulande</a></i>; a fragment of the 14th century and a later version<sup id="cite_ref-Beaulande'_1966_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaulande'_1966-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renier_de_Gennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renier de Gennes (page does not exist)">Renier de Gennes</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Beaulande'_1966_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaulande'_1966-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Enfances_Guillaume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Enfances Guillaume (page does not exist)">Les Enfances Guillaume</a></i> (before 1250)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Narbonnais" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Narbonnais">Les Narbonnais</a></i> (c. 1205), in two parts, known as <i>Le département des enfants Aymeri</i>, <i>Le siège de Narbonne</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Enfances_Vivien" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Enfances Vivien">Les Enfances Vivien</a></i> (c. 1205)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Covenant_Vivien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Covenant Vivien (page does not exist)">Le Covenant Vivien</a></i> or <i>La Chevalerie Vivien</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Si%C3%A8ge_de_Barbastre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Siège de Barbastre (page does not exist)">Le Siège de Barbastre</a></i> (c. 1180)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovon_de_Commarchis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovon de Commarchis (page does not exist)">Bovon de Commarchis</a></i> (c. 1275), reworking by Adenet le Roi of the <i>Siege de Barbastre</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guibert_d%27Andrenas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guibert d'Andrenas (page does not exist)">Guibert d'Andrenas</a></i> (13th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Prise_de_Cordres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Prise de Cordres (page does not exist)">La Prise de Cordres</a></i> (13th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Mort_Aymeri_de_Narbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="La Mort Aymeri de Narbonne">La Mort Aymeri de Narbonne</a></i> (c. 1180)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Enfances_Renier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Enfances Renier (page does not exist)">Les Enfances Renier</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Moniage_Guillaume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Moniage Guillaume (page does not exist)">Le Moniage Guillaume</a></i> (1160–1180)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geste_de_Doon_de_Mayence"><i>Geste de Doon de Mayence</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geste de Doon de Mayence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doon_de_Mayence" title="Doon de Mayence">Doon de Mayence</a></div> <p>This cycle concerns <a href="/wiki/Traitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Traitor">traitors</a> and rebels against royal authority. In each case the revolt ends with the defeat of the rebels and their eventual repentance. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gormond_et_Isembart" title="Gormond et Isembart">Gormond et Isembart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Girart_de_Roussillon" title="Girart de Roussillon">Girart de Roussillon</a></i> (1160–1170). The hero Girart de Roussillon also figures in <i>Girart de Vienne</i>, in which he is identified as a son of Garin de Monglane. There is a later sequel: <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auberi_le_Bourgoing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auberi le Bourgoing (page does not exist)">Auberi le Bourgoing</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renaud_de_Montauban" title="Renaud de Montauban">Renaud de Montauban</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Quatre_Fils_Aymon" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Quatre Fils Aymon">Les Quatre Fils Aymon</a></i> (end of the 12th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Cambrai" title="Raoul de Cambrai">Raoul de Cambrai</a></i>, apparently begun by Bertholais; existing version from end of 12th century</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doon_de_Mayence" title="Doon de Mayence">Doön de Mayence</a></i> (mid-13th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doon_de_Nanteuil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doon de Nanteuil (page does not exist)">Doon de Nanteuil</a></i> current in the second half of the 12th century, now known only in fragments which derive from a 13th-century version.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this several sequels were attached: <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aye_d%27Avignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aye d'Avignon (page does not exist)">Aye d'Avignon</a></i>, probably composed between 1195 and 1205. The fictional heroine is first married to Garnier de Nanteuil, who is the son of Doon de Nanteuil and grandson of Doon de Mayence. After Garnier's death she marries the Saracen Ganor</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui_de_Nanteuil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui de Nanteuil (page does not exist)">Gui de Nanteuil</a></i>, evidently popular around 1207 when the troubadour <a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras" title="Raimbaut de Vaqueiras">Raimbaut de Vaqueiras</a> mentions the story. The fictional hero is son of the heroine of <i>Aye d'Avignon</i> (to which <i>Gui de Nanteuil</i> forms a sequel)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tristan_de_Nanteuil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tristan de Nanteuil (page does not exist)">Tristan de Nanteuil</a></i>. The fictional hero is son of the hero of <i>Gui de Nanteuil</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parise_la_Duchesse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parise la Duchesse (page does not exist)">Parise la Duchesse</a></i>. The fictional heroine is daughter of the heroine of Aye d'Avignon. Exiled from France, she gives birth to a son, Hugues, who becomes king of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maugis_d%27Aigremont" class="mw-redirect" title="Maugis d'Aigremont">Maugis d'Aigremont</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vivien_l%27Amachour_de_Monbranc" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivien l'Amachour de Monbranc">Vivien l'Amachour de Monbranc</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lorraine_cycle">Lorraine cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lorraine cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_cycle" title="Lorraine cycle">Lorraine cycle</a></div> <p>This local cycle of epics of <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> traditional history, in the late form in which it is now known, includes details evidently drawn from <i>Huon de Bordeaux</i> and <i>Ogier le Danois</i>. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hervis_de_Metz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hervis de Metz (page does not exist)">Hervis de Metz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervis_de_Metz" class="extiw" title="fr:Hervis de Metz">fr</a>]</span></i>, prequel, early 13th century</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garin_le_Loherain" class="mw-redirect" title="Garin le Loherain">Garin le Loherain</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garin_le_Loherain" class="extiw" title="fr:Garin le Loherain">fr</a>]</span></i>, initial epic, 12th century</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Girbert_de_Metz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Girbert de Metz (page does not exist)">Girbert de Metz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girbert_de_Metz" class="extiw" title="fr:Girbert de Metz">fr</a>]</span></i>, initial epic, end of 12th–early 13th century</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yonnet_de_Metz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yonnet de Metz (page does not exist)">Yonnet de Metz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonnet_de_Metz" class="extiw" title="fr:Yonnet de Metz">fr</a>]</span></i>, sequel, 13th century, containing the only logical ending to the core story. Its original version is lost, only the narrative being preserved in the prose adaptation by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_de_Vigneulles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe de Vigneulles (page does not exist)">Philippe de Vigneulles</a> (1471–1528).</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anse%C3%BFs_de_Gascogne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anseÿs de Gascogne (page does not exist)">Anseÿs de Gascogne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse%C3%BFs_de_Gascogne" class="extiw" title="fr:Anseÿs de Gascogne">fr</a>]</span></i>, sequel, end of 12th–early 13th century</li> <li><i>Yon</i>, later known as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Vengeance_Fromondin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Vengeance Fromondin (page does not exist)">La Vengeance Fromondin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vengeance_Fromondin" class="extiw" title="fr:La Vengeance Fromondin">fr</a>]</span></i>, sequel, 13th century</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusade_Cycle">Crusade Cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Crusade Cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crusade_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade Cycle">Crusade Cycle</a></div> <p>Not listed by Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube, this cycle deals with the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> and its immediate aftermath. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_d%27Antioche" title="Chanson d'Antioche">Chanson d'Antioche</a></i>, apparently begun by Richard le Pèlerin c. 1100; earliest surviving text by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graindor_de_Douai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graindor de Douai (page does not exist)">Graindor de Douai</a> c. 1180; expanded version 14th century</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Ch%C3%A9tifs" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Chétifs">Les Chétifs</a></i> telling the adventures (mostly fictional) of the poor crusaders led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit" title="Peter the Hermit">Peter the Hermit</a>; the hero is Harpin de Bourges. The episode was eventually incorporated, c. 1180, by Graindor de Douai in his reworking of the <i>Chanson d'Antioche</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matabrune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matabrune (page does not exist)">Matabrune</a></i> tells the story of old Matabrune and of the great-grandfather of Godefroi de Bouillon</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Chevalier_au_Cigne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Chevalier au Cigne (page does not exist)">Le Chevalier au Cigne</a></i> tells the story of Elias, grandfather of Godefroi de Bouillon. Originally composed around 1192, it was afterwards extended and divided into several <i>branches</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Enfances_Godefroi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Enfances Godefroi (page does not exist)">Les Enfances Godefroi</a></i> or "Childhood exploits of Godefroi" tells the story of the youth of Godefroi de Bouillon and his three brothers</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_J%C3%A9rusalem" title="Chanson de Jérusalem">Chanson de Jérusalem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Mort_de_Godefroi_de_Bouillon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Mort de Godefroi de Bouillon (page does not exist)">La Mort de Godefroi de Bouillon</a></i>, quite unhistorical, narrates Godefroi's poisoning by the Patriarch of Jerusalem</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_de_Sebourc" title="Baudouin de Sebourc">Baudouin de Sebourc</a></i> (mid-14th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A2tard_de_Bouillon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bâtard de Bouillon (page does not exist)">Bâtard de Bouillon</a></i> (early 14th century)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gormont_et_Isembart" class="mw-redirect" title="Gormont et Isembart">Gormont et Isembart</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amis_et_Amiles" title="Amis et Amiles">Ami et Amile</a></i>, followed by a sequel: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jourdain_de_Blaye" class="mw-redirect" title="Jourdain de Blaye">Jourdain de Blaye</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beuve_de_Hanstonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Beuve de Hanstonne">Beuve de Hanstonne</a></i>, and a related poem: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daurel_et_Beton" class="mw-redirect" title="Daurel et Beton">Daurel et Beton</a></i>, whose putative Old French version is lost; the story is known from an <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> version of c. 1200</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aigar_et_Maurin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aigar et Maurin">Aigar et Maurin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%AFmer_le_Ch%C3%A9tif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aïmer le Chétif (page does not exist)">Aïmer le Chétif</a></i>, a lost <i>chanson</i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aiol" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiol">Aiol</a></i> (13th century)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9s%C3%A9us_de_Cologne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Théséus de Cologne (page does not exist)">Théséus de Cologne</a></i>, possibly a romance</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Antioche" title="Siège d'Antioche">Siège d'Antioche</a></i></li></ul> <p>The <i>chansons de geste</i> reached their apogee in the period 1150–1250.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasenohr,_242_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasenohr,_242-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of the 13th century, public taste in France had begun to abandon these epics, preferring, rather, the romances.<sup id="cite_ref-Adam,_38_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam,_38-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the genre progressed in the middle of the 13th century, only certain traits (like versification, <i>laisse</i> structure, formulaic forms, setting, and other clichés of the genre) remained to set the <i>chansons</i> apart from the romances.<sup id="cite_ref-Adam,_38_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam,_38-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 15th century saw the cycles of <i>chansons</i> (along with other chronicles) converted into large prose compilations (such as the compilation made by <a href="/wiki/David_Aubert" title="David Aubert">David Aubert</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Adam,_45_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam,_45-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haseonohr,_243_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haseonohr,_243-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, the themes of the epics continued to exert an influence through the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Haseonohr,_243_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haseonohr,_243-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_adaptations">Legacy and adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy and adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>chansons de geste</i> created a body of <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> that lived on well after they ceased to be produced in France. </p><p>The French <i>chanson</i> gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a> tradition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_gesta" title="Cantar de gesta">cantar de gesta</a></i>. </p><p>The <i>chanson de geste</i> was also adapted in southern (<a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan-speaking</a>) France. One of the three surviving manuscripts of the <i>chanson</i> <a href="/wiki/Girart_de_Roussillon" title="Girart de Roussillon">Girart de Roussillon</a> (12th century) is in Occitan,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are two works based on the story of Charlemagne and Roland, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rollan_a_Saragossa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rollan a Saragossa (page does not exist)">Rollan a Saragossa</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronsasvals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronsasvals (page does not exist)">Ronsasvals</a></i> (early 12th century).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>chanson de geste</i> form was also used in such Occitan texts as <i><a href="/wiki/Canso_d%27Antioca" title="Canso d'Antioca">Canso d'Antioca</a></i> (late 12th century), <i><a href="/wiki/Daurel_e_Bet%C3%B3" title="Daurel e Betó">Daurel e Betó</a></i> (first half of the 13th century), and <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Albigensian_Crusade" title="Song of the Albigensian Crusade">Song of the Albigensian Crusade</a></i> (c.1275) (cf <a href="/wiki/Occitan_literature" title="Occitan literature">Occitan literature</a>). </p><p>In medieval <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <i>chansons de geste</i> elicited little interest from the German courtly audience, unlike the romances which were much appreciated. While <i>The Song of Roland</i> was among the first French epics to be translated into German (by <a href="/wiki/Konrad_der_Pfaffe" title="Konrad der Pfaffe">Konrad der Pfaffe</a> as the <i><a href="/wiki/Rolandslied" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolandslied">Rolandslied</a></i>, c.1170), and the German poet <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a> based his (incomplete) 13th century epic <i><a href="/wiki/Willehalm" title="Willehalm">Willehalm</a></i> (consisting of seventy-eight manuscripts) on the <i><a href="/wiki/Aliscans" title="Aliscans">Aliscans</a></i>, a work in the cycle of <a href="/wiki/William_of_Gellone" title="William of Gellone">William of Orange</a> (Eschenbach's work had a great success in Germany), these remained isolated examples. Other than a few other works translated from the cycle of Charlemagne in the 13th century, the <i>chansons de geste</i> were not adapted into German, and it is believed that this was because the epic poems lacked what the romances specialized in portraying: scenes of idealized knighthood, love and courtly society.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 13th century, certain French <i>chansons de geste</i> were adapted into the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Karlamagn%C3%BAs_saga" title="Karlamagnús saga">Karlamagnús saga</a></i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, there exist several 14th-century texts in verse or prose which recount the feats of Charlemagne in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, including a <i>chanson de geste</i> in <a href="/wiki/Franco-Venetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Venetian">Franco-Venetian</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Entr%C3%A9e_d%27Espagne" title="Entrée d'Espagne">Entrée d'Espagne</a></i> (c.1320)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (notable for transforming the character of Roland into a <a href="/wiki/Knight_errant" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight errant">knight errant</a>, similar to heroes from the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian romances</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and a similar Italian epic <i><a href="/wiki/La_Spagna" title="La Spagna">La Spagna</a></i> (1350–1360) in <a href="/wiki/Ottava_rima" title="Ottava rima">ottava rima</a>. Through such works, the "Matter of France" became an important source of material (albeit significantly transformed) in Italian romantic epics. <i><a href="/wiki/Morgante" title="Morgante">Morgante</a></i> (c.1483) by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pulci" title="Luigi Pulci">Luigi Pulci</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_innamorato" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando innamorato">Orlando innamorato</a></i> (1495) by <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Maria_Boiardo" title="Matteo Maria Boiardo">Matteo Maria Boiardo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_furioso" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando furioso">Orlando furioso</a></i> (1516) by <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto" title="Ludovico Ariosto">Ludovico Ariosto</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Delivered" title="Jerusalem Delivered">Jerusalem Delivered</a></i> (1581) by <a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Torquato Tasso</a> are all indebted to the French narrative material (the Pulci, Boiardo and Ariosto poems are founded on the legends of the paladins of Charlemagne, and particularly, of Roland, translated as "Orlando"). </p><p>The incidents and plot devices of the Italian epics later became central to works of English literature such as <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Faerie_Queene" title="The Faerie Queene">The Faerie Queene</a></i>; Spenser attempted to adapt the form devised to tell the tale of the triumph of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> over <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to tell instead of the triumph of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> over <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> poet, painter, soldier and engraver <a href="/wiki/David_Jones_(artist-poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Jones (artist-poet)">David Jones</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernist</a> poem "<a href="/wiki/In_Parenthesis" title="In Parenthesis">In Parenthesis</a>" was described by contemporary critic <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Read" title="Herbert Read">Herbert Read</a> as having "the heroic ring which we associate with the old chansons de geste". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_French_literature" title="Medieval French literature">Medieval French literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Old French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tʃãnˈtsõn<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdʒɛstə]</a></span>, <small>Modern</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʃɑ̃sɔ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>d(ə)<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒɛst]</a></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crosland, 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pfrance-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pfrance_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrance,_Peter1995" class="citation book cs1">France, Peter (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newoxfordcompani00fran"><i>The new Oxford companion to literature in French</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198661258" title="Special:BookSources/0198661258"><bdi>0198661258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Oxford+companion+to+literature+in+French&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0198661258&rft.au=France%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewoxfordcompani00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanson+de+geste" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasenohr,_242-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hasenohr,_242_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasenohr,_242_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasenohr,_242_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasenohr,_242_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasenohr,_242_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasenohr, 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_12-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_12_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_12_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Chanson de Roland,</i> 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasenohr,_239-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hasenohr,_239_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasenohr,_239_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasenohr,_239_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasenohr, 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasenohr, 520–522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, 102–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, 90–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Chanson de Roland</i>, 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasenohr, 1300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes,_68-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes,_68_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes,_68_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes,_67-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes,_67_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes,_67_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes,_67_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-see_also_Hasenohr,_239-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-see_also_Hasenohr,_239_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-see_also_Hasenohr,_239_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-see_also_Hasenohr,_239_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">see also Hasenohr, 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_11-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_11_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_11_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_11_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Chanson de Roland</i>, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes,_68-9-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes,_68-9_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes,_68-9_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, 68-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see also Hasenohr, 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasenohr,_240-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hasenohr,_240_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasenohr,_240_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasenohr, 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This three-way classification of <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> is set out by the twelfth-century poet <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodel" title="Jean Bodel">Jean Bodel</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_Saisnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanson de Saisnes">Chanson de Saisnes</a></i>: for details see <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Chanson de Roland</i>, 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasenohr, 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adam,_45-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adam,_45_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adam,_45_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittmann, Henri. 1995. "La structure de base de la syntaxe narrative dans les contes et légendes du créole haïtien." <i>Poétiques et imaginaires: francopolyphonie littéraire des Amériques</i>. Edited by Pierre Laurette & Hans-George Ruprecht. Paris: L'Harmattan, pp. 207–218.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1995b-narr.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorfman, Eugène. 1969. <i>The narreme in the medieval romance epic: An introduction to narrative structures</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*Tusseau, Jean-Pierre & Henri Wittmann. 1975. "Règles de narration dans les chansons de geste et le roman courtois". <i>Folia linguistica</i> 7.401-12.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1975e-narremesOF.pdf">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Chanson de Roland</i>, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bumke, 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_14-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_14_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_14_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-La_Chanson_de_Roland,_14_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Chanson de Roland</i>, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bumke,_521-2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bumke,_521-2_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bumke,_521-2_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bumke, 521-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bumke,_522-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bumke,_522_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bumke,_522_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bumke, 522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Bumke, 522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brault, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brault, 353 (note 166).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Brault, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam, 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Recueil général et complet des fabliaux</i> ed. A. de Montaiglon (1872) vol. 1 p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martín de Riquer, Los cantares de gesta franceses (1952) pp. 390–404</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le Roland occitan</i> ed. and tr. Gérard Gouiran, Robert Lafont (1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La geste de Fierabras, le jeu du réel et de l'invraissemblable</i> ed. André de Mandach. Geneva, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Fierabras-Floripas-French-Epic-Allegory/dp/1599101572/">Fierabras and Floripas: A French Epic Allegory</a>" ed. and trans. by Michael A.H. Newth. New York: Italica Press, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. F. Guessard, S. Luce. Paris: Vieweg, 1862.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jehan de Lanson, chanson de geste of the 13th Century</i> ed. J. Vernon Myers. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. A. Thomas. Paris: <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_anciens_textes_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Société des anciens textes français">Société des anciens textes français</a>, 1913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Galiens li Restorés</i> ed. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Stengel" title="Edmund Stengel">Edmund Stengel</a> (1890); <i>Le Galien de Cheltenham</i> ed. D. M. Dougherty, E. B. Barnes. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aiquin ou la conquête de la Bretagne par le roi Charlemagne</i> ed. F. Jacques. Aix-en-Provence: Publications du CUER MA, 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raimbert de Paris, <i>La Chevalerie Ogier de Danemarche</i> ed. J. Barrois (1842)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. François Guessard, Henri Michelant. Paris, 1859.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michela Scattolini, "Ricerche sulla tradizione dell'Huon d'Auvergne." Tesi di dottorato. Siena, Scuola di dottorato europea in filologia romanza, 2010, pp. 6-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Simon de Pouille</i> ed. Jeanne Baroin (1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaulande'_1966-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beaulande'_1966_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaulande'_1966_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaulande'_1966_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La geste de Beaulande</i> ed. David M. Dougherty, E. B. Barnes (1966)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. C. Wahlund, H. von Feilitzen. Upsala and Paris, 1895.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. W. Cloetta. Paris, 1906–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"La chanson de Doon de Nanteuil: fragments inédits" ed. Paul Meyer in Romania vol. 13 (1884)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Parise la Duchesse</i> ed. G. F. de Martonne (1836); <i>Parise la Duchesse</i> ed. F. Guessard, L. Larchey (1860)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gormont et Isembart</i> ed. Alphonse Bayot (1931)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Weeks, "Aïmer le chétif" in <i>PMLA</i> vol. 17 (1902) pp. 411–434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. Jacques Normand and Gaston Raynaud. Paris, 1877.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adam,_38-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adam,_38_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adam,_38_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haseonohr,_243-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haseonohr,_243_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haseonohr,_243_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haseonohr, 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasenohr, 547.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasenohr, 1305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasenohr, 1320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bumke, 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasenohr. Article: "Entrée d'Espagne", pp. 412–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brand, 168.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Antoine Adam, Georges Lerminier, and Édouard Morot-Sir, eds. <i>Littérature française.</i> "Tome 1: Des origines à la fin du XVIIIe siècle," Paris: Larousse, 1967.</li> <li>Peter Brand and Lino Pertile, eds. <i>The Cambridge History of Italian Literature Cambridge.</i> 1996; revised edition: 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66622-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-66622-8">0-521-66622-8</a></li> <li>Gerard J. Brault. <i>The Song of Roland: An Analytical Edition.</i> Tome I: Introduction and Commentary. Pennsylvania State University, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-00516-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-00516-5">0-271-00516-5</a></li> <li>Joachim Bumke. <i>Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages</i>. English translation: 1991. The Overlook Press: New York, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-051-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-051-0">1-58567-051-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Crosland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessie Crosland">Jessie Crosland</a>. <i>The Old French Epic</i>. New York: Haskell House, 1951.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chansons de Geste"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chansons_de_Geste">"Chansons de Geste" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 845–846.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chansons+de+Geste&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=845-846&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanson+de+geste" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Geneviève Hasenohr and Michel Zink, eds. <i>Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: Le Moyen Age</i>. Collection: La Pochothèque. Paris: Fayard, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-253-05662-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-253-05662-6">2-253-05662-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_T._Holmes_Jr." title="Urban T. Holmes Jr.">Urban T. Holmes Jr.</a> <i>A History of Old French Literature from the Origins to 1300</i>. New York: F.S. Crofts, 1938.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <i>La Chanson de Roland.</i> Edited and Translated into Modern French by Ian Short. Paris: Livre de Poche, 1990. p. 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-253-05341-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-253-05341-5">978-2-253-05341-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chansons_de_Geste" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chansons de Geste">Chansons de Geste</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlima.net/ad/chanson_de_geste.html">Bibliography of the chansons de geste (in French)</a> on the site Arlima (Archives de Littérature du Moyen Âge).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100306183640/http://www.chanson-de-geste.com/index2.htm">La Chanson de Geste</a>, with useful references <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="King_Charlemagne_and_the_Matter_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Matter_of_France" title="Template:Matter of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Matter_of_France" title="Template talk:Matter of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Matter_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Matter of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="King_Charlemagne_and_the_Matter_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">King <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland" title="Roland">Roland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganelon" title="Ganelon">Ganelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimon" title="Naimon">Naimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_(paladin)" title="Oliver (paladin)">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaud_de_Montauban" title="Renaud de Montauban">Renaud de Montauban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paladin" title="Paladin">Paladins</a> and<br />other characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agolant" title="Agolant">Agolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrican" title="Agrican">Agrican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albracca" title="Albracca">Albracca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_(character)" title="Angelica (character)">Angelica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astolfo" title="Astolfo">Astolfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantes_(sorcerer)" title="Atlantes (sorcerer)">Atlantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aude_(character)" title="Aude (character)">Aude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Aymon" title="Duke Aymon">Aymon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baligant" title="Baligant">Baligant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blancandrin" title="Blancandrin">Blancandrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradamante" title="Bradamante">Bradamante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramimonde" title="Bramimonde">Bramimonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandimarte" title="Brandimarte">Brandimarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunello_(character)" title="Brunello (character)">Brunello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlot" title="Charlot">Charlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doon_de_Mayence" title="Doon de Mayence">Doon de Mayence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferragut" title="Ferragut">Ferragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fierabras" title="Fierabras">Fierabras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garin_de_Monglane" title="Garin de Monglane">Garin de Monglane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girart_de_Roussillon" title="Girart de Roussillon">Girart de Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huon_of_Bordeaux" title="Huon of Bordeaux">Huon of Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marfisa" title="Marfisa">Marfisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Marsile" title="King Marsile">Marsile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maugris" title="Maugris">Maugris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_(sorceress)" title="Melissa (sorceress)">Melissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon" title="Oberon">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogier_the_Dane" title="Ogier the Dane">Ogier the Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinabel" title="Pinabel">Pinabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodomonte" title="Rodomonte">Rodomonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggiero_(character)" title="Ruggiero (character)">Ruggiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacripante" title="Sacripante">Sacripante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilpin" title="Tilpin">Turpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Gellone" title="William of Gellone">William of Gellone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerbino" title="Zerbino">Zerbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Horses and other animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_(legend)" title="Bayard (legend)">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaignun" title="Gaignun">Gaignun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramimond" title="Gramimond">Gramimond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippogriff" title="Hippogriff">Hippogriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmorie" title="Marmorie">Marmorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passecerf" title="Passecerf">Passecerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabicano" title="Rabicano">Rabicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautperdu" title="Sautperdu">Sautperdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorel_(horse)" title="Sorel (horse)">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tach%C3%ABbrun" title="Tachëbrun">Tachëbrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencendur" title="Tencendur">Tencendur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veillantif" title="Veillantif">Veillantif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Swords and other objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almace" class="mw-redirect" title="Almace">Almace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortain" title="Cortain">Curtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durendal" title="Durendal">Durendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauteclere" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauteclere">Hauteclere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyeuse" title="Joyeuse">Joyeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murgleys" title="Murgleys">Murgleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olifant_(instrument)" title="Olifant (instrument)">Olifant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cieuse" title="Précieuse">Précieuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Br%C3%A8che_de_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="La Brèche de Roland">La Brèche de Roland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roncevaux_Pass" title="Roncevaux Pass">Roncevaux Pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chansons de geste</a><br />and other works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Song of Roland">The Song of Roland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8lerinage_de_Charlemagne" title="Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne">Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_Guillaume" title="Chanson de Guillaume">Chanson de Guillaume</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gormond_et_Isembart" title="Gormond et Isembart">Gormond et Isembart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon" title="The Four Sons of Aymon">The Four Sons of Aymon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karlamagn%C3%BAs_saga" title="Karlamagnús saga">Karlamagnús saga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Innamorato" title="Orlando Innamorato">Orlando Innamorato</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Furioso" title="Orlando Furioso">Orlando Furioso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morgante" title="Morgante">Morgante</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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