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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Narrative mode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrative_mode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Plot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Theme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Human nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literary theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetics_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aesthetics approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Psychological approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social-sciences_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social-sciences_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Social-sciences approaches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social-sciences_approaches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social-sciences approaches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social-sciences_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inquiry_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inquiry_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Inquiry approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inquiry_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematical-sociology_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical-sociology_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Mathematical-sociology approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical-sociology_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bayesian_narratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayesian_narratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Bayesian narratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayesian_narratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In mythology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In mythology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_cultural_storytelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_cultural_storytelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>In cultural storytelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_cultural_storytelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_military_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_military_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>In the military field</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_military_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storytelling_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storytelling_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Storytelling rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storytelling_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_specific_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_specific_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Other specific applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_specific_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Narrative</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erz%C3%A4hlung" title="Erzählung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Erzählung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="سرد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrativ" title="Narrativ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Narrativ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আখ্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আখ্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2%CD%98-s%C5%AB" title="Kò͘-sū – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kò͘-sū" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E" title="Наратыў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Наратыў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E" title="Наратыў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Наратыў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Наратив – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Наратив" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narativ" title="Narativ – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Narativ" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrativa" title="Narrativa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Narrativa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Нарратив – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нарратив" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsaysay" title="Pagsaysay – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pagsaysay" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADb%C4%9Bh" title="Příběh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Příběh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nyaya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_l%C9%94ha" title="Salim lɔha – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Salim lɔha" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrativ" title="Narrativ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Narrativ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erz%C3%A4hlung" title="Erzählung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erzählung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narratiiv" title="Narratiiv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Narratiiv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrativa" title="Narrativa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Narrativa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakonto" title="Rakonto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rakonto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narratiba" title="Narratiba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Narratiba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="روایت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روایت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9cit" title="Récit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Récit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferhaal" title="Ferhaal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ferhaal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%A9al" title="Scéal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scéal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrativa" title="Narrativa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Narrativa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B" title="敘事 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="敘事" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%BC%EA%B8%B0" title="이야기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이야기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="कहानी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कहानी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasi" title="Narasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Narasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1s%C3%B6gn" title="Frásögn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frásögn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testo_narrativo" title="Testo narrativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Testo narrativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="סיפר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיפר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadithi" title="Hadithi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hadithi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resi" title="Resi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Resi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narratio" title="Narratio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Narratio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%81st%C4%ABjums" title="Stāstījums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stāstījums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrat%C3%ADva" title="Narratíva – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Narratíva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penceritaan" title="Penceritaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penceritaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Өгүүллэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өгүүллэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verhaal" title="Verhaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verhaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82" title="बाखं – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बाखं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="物語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrativ" title="Narrativ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Narrativ" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forteljing" title="Forteljing – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Forteljing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikoya" title="Hikoya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hikoya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4" title="ਬਿਰਤਾਂਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਰਤਾਂਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بیانیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیانیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naritiv" title="Naritiv – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Naritiv" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narracja" title="Narracja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Narracja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrativa" title="Narrativa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Narrativa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara%C8%9Biune" title="Narațiune – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Narațiune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Нарратив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нарратив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tregimi" title="Tregimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tregimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Narrative" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%8A" title="ڪھاڻي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪھاڻي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADbeh" title="Príbeh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Príbeh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheeko" title="Sheeko – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sheeko" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9" title="چیرۆک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چیرۆک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Прича – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прича" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertomus" title="Kertomus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kertomus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C3%A4ttelse" title="Berättelse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Berättelse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaysay" title="Salaysay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salaysay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மொழிபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொழிபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="เรื่องเล่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรื่องเล่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Ривоят – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ривоят" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anlat%C4%B1" title="Anlatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anlatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Наратив – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Наратив" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بیانیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_s%E1%BB%B1" title="Tự sự – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tự sự" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B" title="故事 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="故事" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="דערציילונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דערציילונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%85%E4%BB%94" title="故仔 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="故仔" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B" title="故事 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="故事" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susuyan" title="Susuyan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Susuyan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1318295#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Account that presents connected events</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Narrative_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Narrative (disambiguation)">Narrative (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "story" and "tale", see <a href="/wiki/Story_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Story (disambiguation)">Story (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tale_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tale (disambiguation)">Tale (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narrative_Books_on_Library_Shelf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Narrative_Books_on_Library_Shelf.JPG/220px-Narrative_Books_on_Library_Shelf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Narrative_Books_on_Library_Shelf.JPG/330px-Narrative_Books_on_Library_Shelf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Narrative_Books_on_Library_Shelf.JPG/440px-Narrative_Books_on_Library_Shelf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Books about narrative on a library shelf</figcaption></figure> <style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/175px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/263px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/350px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">heroic epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>narrative</b>, <b>story</b>, or <b>tale</b> is any account of a series of related events or experiences,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spencer_pp._123–140_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer_pp._123–140-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whether <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fictional</a> (<a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a>, <a href="/wiki/News_report" class="mw-redirect" title="News report">news report</a>, <a href="/wiki/Documentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary">documentary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travelogue</a>, etc.) or <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fictional</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">thriller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narratives can be presented through a sequence of written or spoken words, through still or moving images, or through any combination of these. The word derives from the Latin verb <i>narrare</i> ("to tell"), which is derived from the adjective <i>gnarus</i> ("knowing or skilled").<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formal and literary process of constructing a narrative—narration—is one of the four traditional <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_modes" title="Rhetorical modes">rhetorical modes of discourse</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Argumentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Argumentation">argumentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Description" title="Description">description</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">exposition</a>. This is a somewhat distinct usage from <a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">narration</a> in the narrower sense of a commentary used to convey a story. Many additional <a href="/wiki/Narrative_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative technique">narrative techniques</a>, particularly literary ones, are used to build and enhance any given story. </p><p>The social and cultural activity of sharing narratives is called <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a>, and its earliest form is <a href="/wiki/Oral_storytelling" title="Oral storytelling">oral storytelling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During most people's childhoods, these narratives are used to guide them on proper behavior, history, formation of a communal identity, and values from their cultural standpoint, as studied explicitly in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> today among traditional <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, narratives consist of <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">everyday speech</a> where the performer has the licence to recontextualise the story to a particular audience, often to a younger generation, and are contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epics</a> which consist of formal speech and are usually learned word for word.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Narrative is found in all mediums of human creativity, art, and entertainment, including <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">game</a>-play, <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">unstructured recreation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">performance</a> in general, as well as some <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a>, as long as a sequence of events is presented. Several art movements, such as <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a>, refuse the narrative in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">conceptual</a>. </p><p>Narrative can be organized into a number of thematic or formal categories: nonfiction (such as <a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">creative nonfiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a>, journalism, <a href="/wiki/Transcript_poetry" title="Transcript poetry">transcript poetry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>); fictionalization of historical events (such as <a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">anecdote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a>, legend, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historical fiction</a>) and fiction proper (such as literature in the form of <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short stories</a>, novels, <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative poems and songs</a>, and imaginary narratives as portrayed in other textual forms, games, or live or recorded performances). Narratives may also be nested within other narratives, such as narratives told by an <a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">unreliable narrator</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">character</a>) typically found in the genre of <a href="/wiki/Noir_fiction" title="Noir fiction">noir fiction</a>. An important part of many narratives is its <a href="/wiki/Narrative_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative mode">narrative mode</a>, the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a written or spoken commentary (see also "<a href="#Aesthetics_approach">Aesthetics approach</a>" below). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A narrative is a telling of some actual or fictitious event or connected sequence of events, sometimes recounted by a narrator to an audience (although there may be more than one of each). A <a href="/wiki/Personal_narrative" title="Personal narrative">personal narrative</a> is a prose narrative relating personal <a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a>. Narratives are to be distinguished from descriptions of qualities, states, or situations and also from dramatic enactments of events (although a dramatic work may also include narrative speeches). A narrative consists of a set of events (the story) recounted in the process of narration (or <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a>), in which the events are selected and arranged in a particular order (the <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">plot</a>, which can also mean "story synopsis"). The term "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emplotment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emplotment (page does not exist)">emplotment</a>" describes how, when making sense of personal experience, authors or other storytellers structure and order narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The category of narratives includes both the shortest accounts of events (for example, <i>the cat sat on the mat</i> or a brief news item) and the most extended historical or biographical works, diaries, travelogues, and so forth, as well as novels, ballads, epics, short stories, and other fictional forms. In the study of fiction, it is usual to divide novels and shorter stories into first-person and third-person narratives. As an adjective, "narrative" means "characterized by or relating to storytelling"; thus, <i><a href="/wiki/Narrative_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative technique">narrative technique</a></i> is any of the methods used for telling stories, and <i><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative poetry</a></i> is the class of poems (including ballads, epics, and verse romances) that tell stories, as distinct from dramatic and lyric poetry. Some theorists of <a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">narratology</a> have attempted to isolate the quality or set of properties that distinguishes narrative from non-narrative writings; this is called <b>narrativity</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain basic elements are <a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_sufficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Necessary and sufficient">necessary and sufficient</a> to define all works of narrative, including, most well-studied, all narrative works of <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>. Thus, the following essential elements of narrative are also often referred to as the elements of fiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character">Character</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Character (arts)</a></div> <p>Characters are the individual persons inside a work of narrative; their choices and behaviors propel the plot forward. They typically are named humans whose actions and speech sometimes convey important motives. They may be entirely imaginary, or they may have a basis in real-life individuals. The audience's <a href="/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)" title="First impression (psychology)">first impressions</a> are influential on how they perceive a character, for example whether they empathize with a character or not, feeling for them as if they were real.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The audience's familiarity with a character results in their expectations about how characters will behave in later scenes. Characters who behave contrary to their previous patterns of behavior (their <a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">characterization</a>) can be confusing or jarring to the audience. Narratives usually have main characters, <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonists</a>, whom the story revolves around, who encounter a central conflict, or who gain knowledge or grow significantly across the story. Some stories may also have <a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">antagonists</a>, characters who oppose, hinder, or fight against the protagonist. In many traditional narratives, the protagonist is specifically a <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a>: a sympathetic person who battles (often literally) for morally good causes. The hero may face a <a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">villain</a>: an antagonist who fights against morally good causes or even actively perpetrates evil. Many other <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">ways of classifying characters</a> exist too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict">Conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict (narrative)</a></div> <p>Broadly speaking, conflict is any tension that drives the thoughts and actions of characters. Narrowly speaking, the conflict is the major problem a <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a>, or main character, encounters across a story. Often, a protagonist additionally struggles with a sense of anxiety, insecurity, indecisiveness, or other mental difficulty as result of this conflict, which can be regarded as a secondary or <i>internal</i> conflict. Longer works of narrative typically involve many conflicts, or smaller-level conflicts that occur alongside the main one. Conflict can be classified into a variety of types, with some common ones being: character versus character, character versus nature, character versus society, character versus unavoidable circumstances, and character versus self. If the conflict is brought to an end towards the end of the story, this is known as <a href="/wiki/List_of_story_structures#Dénouement" title="List of story structures">resolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narrative_mode">Narrative mode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Narrative mode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></div> <p>The narrative mode is the set of choices and <a href="/wiki/Narrative_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative technique">techniques</a> the author or creator selects in framing their story: <i>how</i> the narrative is told. It includes the scope of information presented or withheld, the type or style of language used, the channel or medium through which the story is presented, the way and extent to which <a href="/wiki/Narrative_exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative exposition">narrative exposition</a> and other types of commentary are communicated, and the overall point of view or perspective. An example of narrative perspective is a <a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">first-person narrative</a>, in which some character (often the main one) refers openly to the self, using pronouns like "I" and "me", in communicating the story to the audience. Contrarily, in a <a href="/wiki/Narration#Third-person" title="Narration">third-person narrative</a>, such pronouns are avoided in the telling of the story, perhaps because the teller is merely an impersonal written commentary of the story rather than a personal character within it. Both of these explicit tellings of a narrative through a spoken or written commentary are examples of a technique called narration, which is required only in <i>written</i> narratives but optional in other types. Though narration is a narrower term, it is occasionally used as a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for narrative mode in a very broad sense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plot">Plot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot (narrative)</a></div> <p>The plot is the sequence of events that occurs in a narrative from the beginning to the middle to the end. It typically occurs through a process of <a href="/wiki/Cause_and_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause and effect">cause and effect</a>, in which characters' actions or other events produce reactions that allow the story to progress. Put another way, plot is structured through a series of scenes in which related events occur that lead to subsequent scenes. These events form plot points, moments of change that affect the characters' understandings, decisions, and actions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement of the plot forward often corresponds to protagonists encountering or realizing the conflict, and then working to <a href="/wiki/List_of_story_structures#Dénouement" title="List of story structures">resolve</a> it, creating emotional stakes for the characters as well as the audience. (The audience's anxious feeling of anticipation due to high emotional stakes is called <a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">suspense</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting">Setting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting (narrative)</a></div> <p>The setting is the time, place, and context in which a story takes place. It includes the physical and temporal surroundings that the characters inhabit and can also include the social or cultural conventions that affect characters. Sometimes, the setting may resemble a character in the sense that it has specific traits, undergoes actions that affect the plot, and develops over the course of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theme">Theme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme (narrative)</a></div> <p>Themes are the major underlying ideas presented by a story, generally left open to the audience's own interpretation. Themes are more abstract than other elements and are <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)">subjective</a>: open to discussion by the audience who, by the story's end, can argue about which big ideas or messages were explored, what conclusions can be drawn, and which ones the work's creator intended. Thus, the audience may come to different conclusions about a work's themes than what the creator intended or regardless of what the creator intended. They can also develop new ideas about its themes as the work progresses.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, archaeological evidence of the presence of stories is found at the <a href="/wiki/Indus_valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley civilization">Indus valley civilization</a> site, <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a>. On one large vessel, the artist depicts birds with fish in their beaks resting in a tree, while a fox-like animal stands below. This scene bears resemblance to the story of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fox_and_the_Crow_(Aesop)" title="The Fox and the Crow (Aesop)">The Fox and the Crow</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a>. On a miniature jar, the story of the thirsty crow and deer is depicted, of how the deer could not drink from the narrow mouth of the jar, while the crow succeeded by dropping stones into the jar. The features of the animals are clear and graceful.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_nature">Human nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Human nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Owen_Flanagan" title="Owen Flanagan">Owen Flanagan</a> of Duke University, a leading consciousness researcher, writes, "Evidence strongly suggests that humans in all cultures come to cast their own identity in some sort of narrative form. We are inveterate storytellers."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories are an important aspect of culture. Many works of art and most works of literature tell stories; indeed, most of the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> involve stories.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories are of ancient origin, existing in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Indian</a> cultures and their myths. Stories are also a ubiquitous component of human communication, used as <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parables</a> and examples to illustrate points. <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a> was probably one of the earliest forms of entertainment. As noted by Owen Flanagan, narrative may also refer to psychological processes in self-identity, memory, and <a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">meaning-making</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a> begins with the individual building blocks of <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(semiotics)" title="Meaning (semiotics)">meaning</a> called <a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">signs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> is the way in which signs are combined into <a href="/wiki/Code_(semiotics)" title="Code (semiotics)">codes</a> to transmit messages. This is part of a general <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> system using both verbal and non-verbal elements, and creating a discourse with different <a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">modalities</a> and forms. </p><p>In <i>On Realism in Art</i>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a> attests that literature exists as a separate entity. He and many other semioticians prefer the view that all texts, whether spoken or written, are the same, except that some authors <a href="/wiki/Encode_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Encode (semiotics)">encode</a> their texts with distinctive <i>literary</i> qualities that distinguish them from other forms of discourse. Nevertheless, there is a clear trend to address literary narrative forms as separable from other forms. This is first seen in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Formalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Formalism">Russian Formalism</a> through <a href="/wiki/Victor_Shklovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Shklovsky">Victor Shklovsky</a>'s analysis of the relationship between composition and style, and in the work of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Propp" title="Vladimir Propp">Vladimir Propp</a>, who analyzed the plots used in traditional folk-tales and identified 31 distinct functional components.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend (or these trends) continued in the work of the <a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague School</a> and of French scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>. It leads to a structural analysis of narrative and an increasingly influential body of modern work that raises important theoretical questions: </p> <ul><li>What is <i><a href="/wiki/Text_(literary_theory)" title="Text (literary theory)">text</a>?</i></li> <li>What is its role (<a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>)?</li> <li>How is it manifested as art, cinema, theater, or literature?</li> <li>Why is narrative divided into different <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a>, such as poetry, <a href="/wiki/Short_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Short stories">short stories</a>, and novels?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_theory">Literary theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literary theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></div> <p>In literary theoretic approach, narrative is being narrowly defined as fiction-writing mode in which the narrator is communicating directly to the reader. Until the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> as an academic exercise dealt solely with poetry (including <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poems</a> like the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>,</i> and poetic drama like <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>). Most <a href="/wiki/Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Poem">poems</a> did not have a narrator distinct from the author. </p><p>But novels, lending a number of voices to several characters in addition to narrator's, created a possibility of narrator's views differing significantly from the author's views. With the rise of the novel in the <a href="/wiki/18th_century_in_literature" title="18th century in literature">18th century</a>, the concept of the narrator (as opposed to "author") made the question of narrator a prominent one for literary theory. It has been proposed that perspective and interpretive knowledge are the essential characteristics, while focalization and structure are lateral characteristics of the narrator.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2013)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The role of literary theory in narrative has been disputed; with some interpretations like <a href="/wiki/Tzvetan_Todorov" title="Tzvetan Todorov">Todorov's</a> narrative model that views all narratives in a cyclical manner, and that each narrative is characterized by a three part structure that allows the narrative to progress. The beginning stage being an establishment of equilibrium—a state of non conflict, followed by a disruption to this state, caused by an external event, and lastly a restoration or a return to equilibrium—a conclusion that brings the narrative back to a similar space before the events of the narrative unfolded.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The school of literary criticism known as <a href="/wiki/Russian_formalism" title="Russian formalism">Russian formalism</a> has applied methods that are more often used to analyse narrative fiction, to non-fictional texts such as political speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other critiques of literary theory in narrative challenge the very role of literariness in narrative, as well as the role of narrative in literature. Meaning, narratives, and their associated aesthetics, emotions, and values have the ability to operate without the presence of literature, and vice versa. According to Didier Costa, the structural model used by Todorov and others is unfairly biased toward a Western interpretation of narrative, and that a more comprehensive and transformative model must be created in order to properly analyze narrative discourse in literature.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Framing also plays a pivotal role in narrative structure; an analysis of the historical and cultural contexts present during the development of a narrative is needed in order to more accurately represent the role of narratology in societies that relied heavily on oral narratives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aesthetics_approach">Aesthetics approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aesthetics approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Narrative is a highly aesthetic art. Thoughtfully composed stories have a number of aesthetic elements. Such elements include the idea of <a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">narrative structure</a>, with identifiable beginnings, middles, and ends, or the process of exposition-development-climax-denouement, with coherent plot lines; a strong focus on temporality including retention of the past, attention to present action, and future anticipation; a substantial focus on character and characterization, "arguably the most important single component of the novel" (<a href="/wiki/David_Lodge_(author)" title="David Lodge (author)">David Lodge</a> <i>The Art of Fiction</i> 67); different voices interacting, "the sound of the human voice, or many voices, speaking in a variety of accents, rhythms, and registers" (Lodge <i>The Art of Fiction</i> 97; see also the theory of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Mikhail Bakhtin</a> for expansion of this idea); a narrator or narrator-like voice, which "addresses" and "interacts with" reading audiences (see <a href="/wiki/Reader_Response" class="mw-redirect" title="Reader Response">Reader Response</a> theory); communicates with a <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Booth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayne Booth">Wayne Booth</a>-esque rhetorical thrust, a dialectic process of interpretation, which is at times beneath the surface, forming a plotted narrative, and at other times much more visible, "arguing" for and against various positions; relies substantially on the use of literary tropes (see <a href="/wiki/Hayden_White" title="Hayden White">Hayden White</a>, <i>Metahistory</i> for expansion of this idea); is often intertextual with other literatures; and commonly demonstrates an effort toward <i><a href="/wiki/Bildungsroman" title="Bildungsroman">Bildungsroman</a></i>, a description of identity development with an effort to evince <i>becoming</i> in character and community.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="The material near this tag may be using jargon that limits the article's accessibility. (January 2013)">jargon</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_approach">Psychological approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Psychological approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narrative_psychology" title="Narrative psychology">Narrative psychology</a></div> <p>Within <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, and various clinical fields including medicine, narrative can refer to aspects of human psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A personal narrative process is involved in a person's sense of <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a>, and in the creation and construction of <a href="/wiki/Memories" class="mw-redirect" title="Memories">memories</a>; it is thought by some to be the fundamental nature of the <a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">self</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breakdown of a coherent or positive narrative has been implicated in the development of <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>, and its repair said to play an important role in journeys of <a href="/wiki/Recovery_model" title="Recovery model">recovery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>. </p><p>Illness narratives are a way for a person affected by an illness to make sense of his or her experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Sulik_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sulik-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They typically follow one of several set patterns: <i>restitution</i>, <i>chaos</i>, or <i>quest</i> narratives. In the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/restitution" class="extiw" title="wikt:restitution">restitution</a> narrative, the person sees the illness as a temporary detour. The primary goal is to return permanently to normal life and normal health. These may also be called <b>cure narratives</b>. In the chaos narrative, the person sees the illness as a permanent state that will inexorably get worse, with no redeeming virtues. This is typical of diseases like <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>: the patient gets worse and worse, and there is no hope of returning to normal life. The third major type, the <i>quest narrative</i>, positions the illness experience as an opportunity to transform oneself into a better person through overcoming adversity and re-learning what is most important in life; the physical outcome of the illness is less important than the spiritual and psychological transformation. This is typical of the triumphant view of <a href="/wiki/Cancer_survivorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer survivorship">cancer survivorship</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast cancer culture">breast cancer culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sulik_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sulik-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Survivors may be expected to articulate a <i>wisdom narrative</i>, in which they explain to others a new and better view of the <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Personality traits, more specifically the <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits" title="Big Five personality traits">Big Five personality traits</a>, appear to be associated with the type of language or patterns of word use found in an individual's self-narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, language use in self-narratives accurately reflects human personality. The linguistic correlates of each Big Five trait are as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraversion">Extraversion</a> - positively correlated with words referring to humans, social processes, and family;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreeableness" title="Agreeableness">Agreeableness</a> - positively correlated with family, inclusiveness, and certainty; negatively correlated with anger and body (that is, few negative comments about health or body);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a> - positively correlated with achievement and work; negatively related to body, death, anger, and exclusiveness;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">Neuroticism</a> - positively correlated with sadness, negative emotion, body, anger, home, and anxiety; negatively correlated with work;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openness_to_experience" title="Openness to experience">Openness</a> - positively correlated with perceptual processes, hearing, and exclusiveness</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social-sciences_approaches">Social-sciences approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social-sciences approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Social_sciences_approaches"></span> Human beings often claim to understand events when they manage to formulate a coherent story or narrative explaining how they believe the event was generated. Narratives thus lie at the foundations of our cognitive procedures and also provide an explanatory framework for the social sciences, particularly when it is difficult to assemble enough cases to permit statistical analysis. Narrative is often used in <a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">case study</a> research in the social sciences. Here it has been found that the dense, contextual, and interpenetrating nature of social forces uncovered by detailed narratives is often more interesting and useful for both social theory and social policy than other forms of social inquiry. Research using narrative methods in the social sciences has been described as still being in its infancy<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this perspective has several advantages such as access to an existing, rich vocabulary of analytical terms: plot, genre, subtext, epic, hero/heroine, <a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">story arc</a> (e.g., beginning–middle–end), and so on. Another benefit is it emphasizes that even apparently non-fictional documents (speeches, policies, legislation) are still fictions, in the sense they are authored and usually have an intended audience in mind. </p><p>Sociologists Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein have contributed to the formation of a constructionist approach to narrative in sociology. From their book The Self We Live By: Narrative Identity in a Postmodern World (2000), to more recent texts such as Analyzing Narrative Reality (2009) and Varieties of Narrative Analysis (2012), they have developed an analytic framework for researching stories and storytelling that is centered on the interplay of institutional discourses (big stories) on the one hand, and everyday accounts (little stories) on the other. The goal is the sociological understanding of formal and lived texts of experience, featuring the production, practices, and communication of accounts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inquiry_approach">Inquiry approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Inquiry approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to avoid "hardened stories", or "narratives that become context-free, portable, and ready to be used anywhere and anytime for illustrative purposes" and are being used as <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_metaphor" title="Conceptual metaphor">conceptual metaphors</a> as defined by linguist <a href="/wiki/George_Lakoff" title="George Lakoff">George Lakoff</a>, an approach called <a href="/wiki/Narrative_inquiry" title="Narrative inquiry">narrative inquiry</a> was proposed, resting on the epistemological assumption that human beings make sense of <a href="/wiki/Random" class="mw-redirect" title="Random">random</a> or complex multicausal experience by the imposition of story structures.<sup id="cite_ref-conlea_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conlea-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bell_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bell-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human propensity to simplify data through a predilection for narratives over complex <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> sets can lead to the <a href="/wiki/Narrative_fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative fallacy">narrative fallacy</a>. It is easier for the human mind to remember and make decisions on the basis of stories with meaning, than to remember strings of data. This is one reason why narratives are so powerful and why many of the classics in the humanities and social sciences are written in the narrative format. But humans can read meaning into data and compose stories, even where this is unwarranted. Some scholars suggest that the narrative fallacy and other biases can be avoided by applying standard methodical checks for <a href="/wiki/Validity_(statistics)" title="Validity (statistics)">validity (statistics)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)" title="Reliability (statistics)">reliability (statistics)</a> in terms of how data (narratives) are collected, analyzed, and presented.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More typically, scholars working with narrative prefer to use other evaluative criteria (such as believability or perhaps interpretive validity<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) since they do not see statistical validity as meaningfully applicable to qualitative data: "the concepts of validity and reliability, as understood from the positivist perspective, are somehow inappropriate and inadequate when applied to interpretive research".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several criteria for assessing the validity of narrative research was proposed, including the objective aspect, the emotional aspect, the social/moral aspect, and the clarity of the story. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical-sociology_approach">Mathematical-sociology approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mathematical-sociology approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Mathematical_sociology_approach"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In mathematical sociology, the theory of comparative narratives was devised in order to describe and compare the structures (expressed as "and" in a <a href="/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">directed graph</a> where multiple causal links incident into a node are conjoined) of action-driven sequential events.<sup id="cite_ref-abell1987_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abell1987-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abell1993_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abell1993-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abell2009_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abell2009-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Narratives so conceived comprise the following ingredients: </p> <ul><li>A finite set of state descriptions of the world S, the components of which are weakly ordered in time;</li> <li>A finite set of actors/agents (individual or collective), P;</li> <li>A finite set of actions A;</li> <li>A mapping of P onto A;</li></ul> <p>The structure (<a href="/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">directed graph</a>) is generated by letting the nodes stand for the states and the directed edges represent how the states are changed by specified actions. The action skeleton can then be abstracted, comprising a further digraph where the actions are depicted as nodes and edges take the form "action <b>a</b> co-determined (in context of other actions) action <b>b</b>". </p><p>Narratives can be both abstracted and generalised by imposing an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_algebra" title="Abstract algebra">algebra</a> upon their structures and thence defining <a href="/wiki/Homomorphism" title="Homomorphism">homomorphism</a> between the algebras. The insertion of action-driven causal links in a narrative can be achieved using the method of Bayesian narratives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bayesian_narratives">Bayesian narratives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bayesian narratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Abell" title="Peter Abell">Peter Abell</a>, the theory of Bayesian Narratives conceives a narrative as a <a href="/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">directed graph</a> comprising multiple causal links (social interactions) of the general form: "action <i><b>a</b></i> causes action <i><b>b</b></i> in a specified context". In the absence of sufficient comparative cases to enable statistical treatment of the causal links, items of evidence in support and against a particular causal link are assembled and used to compute the Bayesian likelihood ratio of the link. Subjective causal statements of the form "I did <b>b</b> because of <b>a</b>" and subjective <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional" title="Counterfactual conditional">counterfactuals</a> "if it had not been for <b>a</b> I would not have done <b>b</b>" are notable items of evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-abell2009_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abell2009-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abell2011_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abell2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abell2009a_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abell2009a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_music">In music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linearity is one of several narrative qualities that can be found in a musical composition.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted by American musicologist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Cone">Edward Cone</a>, narrative terms are also present in the analytical language about music.<sup id="cite_ref-BeardGloag_a_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeardGloag_a-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The different components of a fugue — subject, answer, exposition, discussion, and summary — can be cited as an example.<sup id="cite_ref-BeardGloag_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeardGloag-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are several views on the concept of narrative in music and the role it plays. One theory is that of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Adorno">Theodore Adorno</a>, who has suggested that "music recites itself, is its own context, narrates without narrative".<sup id="cite_ref-BeardGloag_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeardGloag-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another, is that of <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Abbate" title="Carolyn Abbate">Carolyn Abbate</a>, who has suggested that "certain gestures experienced in music constitute a narrating voice".<sup id="cite_ref-BeardGloag_a_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeardGloag_a-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still others have argued that narrative is a semiotic enterprise that can enrich musical analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-BeardGloag_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeardGloag-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French musicologist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Nattiez" title="Jean-Jacques Nattiez">Jean-Jacques Nattiez</a> contends that "the narrative, strictly speaking, is not in the music, but in the plot imagined and constructed by the listeners".<sup id="cite_ref-BeardGloag_b_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeardGloag_b-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that discussing music in terms of <a href="/wiki/Narrativity" title="Narrativity">narrativity</a> is simply metaphorical and that the "imagined plot" may be influenced by the work's title or other programmatic information provided by the composer.<sup id="cite_ref-BeardGloag_b_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeardGloag_b-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Abbate has revealed numerous examples of musical devices that function as narrative voices, by limiting music's ability to narrate to rare "moments that can be identified by their bizarre and disruptive effect".<sup id="cite_ref-BeardGloag_b_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeardGloag_b-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various theorists share this view of narrative appearing in disruptive rather than normative moments in music. The final word is yet to be said regarding narratives in music, as there is still much to be determined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film">In film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike most forms of narratives that are inherently language based (whether that be narratives presented in literature or orally), film narratives face additional challenges in creating a cohesive narrative. Whereas the general assumption in literary theory is that a narrator must be present in order to develop a narrative, as Schmid proposes;<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the act of an author writing his or her words in text is what communicates to the audience (in this case readers) the narrative of the text, and the author represents an act of narrative communication between the textual narrator and the narratee. This is in line with Fludernik's perspective on what's called cognitive narratology—which states that a literary text has the ability to manifest itself into an imagined, representational illusion that the reader will create for themselves, and can vary greatly from reader to reader.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, the scenarios of a literary text (referring to settings, frames, schemes, etc.) are going to be represented differently for each individual reader based on a multiplicity of factors, including the reader's own personal life experiences that allow them to comprehend the literary text in a distinct manner from anyone else. </p><p>Film narrative does not have the luxury of having a textual narrator that guides its audience toward a formative narrative; nor does it have the ability to allow its audience to visually manifest the contents of its narrative in a unique fashion like literature does. Instead, film narratives utilize visual and auditory devices in substitution for a narrative subject; these devices include <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">editing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">sound design</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Diegetic_music" title="Diegetic music">diegetic</a> and non-diegetic sound), as well as the arrangement and decisions on how and where the subjects are located onscreen—known as <i><a href="/wiki/Mise-en-sc%C3%A8ne" title="Mise-en-scène">mise-en-scène</a></i>. These cinematic devices, among others, contribute to the unique blend of visual and auditory storytelling that culminates to what Jose Landa refers to as a "visual narrative instance".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And unlike narratives found in other performance arts such as plays and musicals, film narratives are not bound to a specific place and time, and are not limited by scene transitions in plays, which are restricted by set design and allotted time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_mythology">In mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nature or existence of a formative narrative in many of the world's myths, folktales, and legends has been a topic of debate for many modern scholars; but the most common consensus among academics is that throughout most cultures, traditional mythologies and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> tales are constructed and retold with a specific narrative purpose that serves to offer a society an understandable explanation of natural phenomena—oftentimes absent of a verifiable <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a>. These explanatory tales manifest themselves in various forms and serve different societal functions, including life lessons for individuals to learn from (for example, the Ancient Greek tale of <a href="/wiki/Icarus" title="Icarus">Icarus</a> refusing to listen to his elders and flying too close to the sun), explaining forces of nature or other natural phenomena (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood myth</a> that spans cultures all over the world),<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and providing an understanding of human nature, as exemplified by the myth of <a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Cupid and Psyche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considering how mythologies have historically been transmitted and passed down through oral retellings, there is no qualitative or reliable method to precisely trace exactly where and when a tale originated; and since myths are rooted in a remote past, and are viewed as a factual account of happenings within the culture it originated from, the worldview present in many oral mythologies is from a <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmological</a> perspective—one that is told from a <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voice</a> that has no physical embodiment, and is passed down and modified from generation to generation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cosmological worldview in myth is what provides all mythological narratives credence, and since they are easily communicated and modified through oral tradition among various cultures, they help solidify the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a> of a civilization and contribute to the notion of a <a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness">collective human consciousness</a> that continues to help shape one's own understanding of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Myth is often used in an overarching sense to describe a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore genres</a>, but there is a significance in distinguishing the various forms of folklore in order to properly determine what narratives constitute as mythological, as anthropologist <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Sir James Frazer</a> suggests. Frazer contends that there are three primary categories of mythology (now more broadly considered categories of folklore): Myths, legends, and folktales, and that by definition, each genre pulls its narrative from a different ontological source, and therefore has different implications within a civilization. Frazer states: </p><p>"If these definitions be accepted, we may say that myth has its source in reason, legend in memory, and folk-tale in imagination; and that the three riper products of the human mind which correspond to these its crude creations are science, history, and romance."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Janet Bacon expanded upon Frazer's categorization in her 1921 publication—<i>The Voyage of The Argonauts</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Myth</b> – According to Janet Bacon's 1921 publication, "Myth has an explanatory intention. It explains some natural phenomenon whose causes are not obvious, or some ritual practice whose origin has been forgotten." Bacon views myths as narratives that serve a practical societal function of providing a satisfactory explanation for many of humanity's greatest questions. Those questions address topics such as astronomical events, historical circumstances, environmental phenomena, and a range of human experiences including love, anger, greed, and isolation.</li> <li><b>Legend</b> – According to Bacon, "Legend, on the other hand, is true tradition founded on the fortunes of real people or on adventures at real places. Agamemnon, Lycurgus, Coriolanus, King Arthur, Saladin, are real people whose fame and the legends which spread it have become world-wide." Legends are mythical figures whose accomplishments and accolades live beyond their own mortality and transcend to the realm of myth by way of verbal communication through the ages. Like myth, they are rooted in the past, but unlike the <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> ephemeral space in which myths occur, legends are often individuals of human flesh that lived here on earth long ago, and are believed as fact. In <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">American folklore</a>, the tale of <a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a> or debatably <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bunyan" title="Paul Bunyan">Paul Bunyan</a> can be considered legends—they were real people who lived in the world, but through the years of regional folktales have assumed a mythological quality.</li> <li><b>Folktale</b> – Bacon classifies folktale as such, "Folk-tale, however, calls for no belief, being wholly the product of the imagination. In far distant ages some inventive story-teller was pleased to pass an idle hour with stories told of many-a-feat." Bacon's definition assumes that folktales do not possess the same underlying factualness that myths and legends tend to have. While folktales still hold a considerable cultural value, they are simply not regarded as true within a civilization. Bacon says, like myths, folktales are imagined and created by someone at some point, but differ in that folktales' primary purpose is to entertain; and that like legends, folktales may possess some element of truth in their original conception, but lack any form of credibility found in legends.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the absence of a known author or original narrator, myth narratives are oftentimes referred to as <b>prose narratives</b>. Prose narratives tend to be relatively linear regarding the time period they occur in, and are traditionally marked by its natural flow of speech as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythmic structure</a> found in various forms of literature such as poetry and <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">haikus</a>. The structure of prose narratives allows it to be easily understood by many—as the narrative generally starts at the beginning of the story, and ends when the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> has resolved the conflict. These kinds of narratives are generally accepted as true within society, and are told from a place of great reverence and sacredness. Myths are believed to occur in a remote past—one that is before the creation or establishment of the civilization they derive from, and are intended to provide an account for things such as humanity's origins, natural phenomenon, and human nature.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thematically, myths seek to provide information about oneself, and many are viewed as among some of the oldest forms of prose narratives, which grants traditional myths their life-defining characteristics that continue to be communicated today. </p><p>Another theory regarding the purpose and function of mythological narratives derives from 20th Century <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Georges Dumézil</a> and his formative theory of the "<a href="/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis" title="Trifunctional hypothesis">trifunctionalism</a>" found in <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European people">Indo-European</a> mythologies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dumèzil refers only to the myths found in Indo-European societies, but the primary assertion made by his theory is that Indo-European life was structured around the notion of three distinct and necessary societal functions, and as a result, the various gods and goddesses in Indo-European mythology assumed these functions as well. The three functions were organized by cultural significance, with the first function being the most grand and sacred. For Dumèzil, these functions were so vital, they manifested themselves in every aspect of life and were at the center of everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> These "functions", as Dumèzil puts it, were an array of <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esoteric</a> knowledge and wisdom that was reflected by the mythology. The first function was <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>—and was divided into two additional categories: magical and juridical. As each function in Dumèzil's theory corresponded to a designated social class in the human realm; the first function was the highest, and was reserved for the status of kings and other royalty. In an interview with Alain Benoist, Dumèzil described magical sovereignty as such,</p><blockquote><p>"[Magical Sovereignty] consists of the mysterious administration, the 'magic' of the universe, the general ordering of the cosmos. This is a 'disquieting' aspect, terrifying from certain perspectives. The other aspect is more reassuring, more oriented to the human world. It is the 'juridical' part of the sovereign function."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>This implies that gods of the first function are responsible for the overall structure and order of the universe, and those gods who possess juridical sovereignty are more closely connected to the realm of humans and are responsible for the concept of justice and order. Dumèzil uses the pantheon of Norse <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">gods</a> as examples of these functions in his 1981 essay—he finds that the Norse gods <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tyr</a> reflect the different brands of sovereignty. Odin is the author of the cosmos, and possessor of infinite esoteric knowledge—going so far as to sacrifice his eye for the accumulation of more knowledge. While Tyr—seen as the "just god"—is more concerned with upholding justice, as illustrated by the epic myth of Tyr losing his hand in exchange for the monster <a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a> to cease his terrorization of the gods. Dumèzil's theory suggests that through these myths, concepts of universal wisdom and justice were able to be communicated to the Nordic people in the form of a mythological narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second function as described by Dumèzil is that of the proverbial <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a> or <a href="/wiki/Champion" title="Champion">champion</a>. These myths functioned to convey the themes of heroism, strength, and bravery and were most often represented in both the human world and the mythological world by valiant warriors. While the gods of the second function were still revered in society, they did not possess the same infinite knowledge found in the first category. A Norse god that would fall under the second function would be <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>—god of thunder. Thor possessed great strength, and was often first into battle, as ordered by his father Odin. This second function reflects Indo-European cultures' high regard for the warrior class, and explains the belief in an afterlife that rewards a valiant death on the battlefield; for the Norse mythology, this is represented by <a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a>. </p><p>Lastly, Dumèzil's third function is composed of gods that reflect the nature and values of the most common people in Indo-European life. These gods often presided over the realms of healing, prosperity, fertility, wealth, luxury, and youth—any kind of function that was easily related to by the common peasant farmer in a society. Just as a farmer would live and sustain themselves off their land, the gods of the third function were responsible for the prosperity of their crops, and were also in charge of other forms of everyday life that would never be observed by the status of kings and warriors, such as mischievousness and promiscuity. An example found in Norse mythology could be seen through the god <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>—a god who was closely connected to acts of debauchery and overindulging. </p><p>Dumèzil viewed his theory of trifunctionalism as distinct from other mythological theories because of the way the narratives of Indo-European mythology permeated into every aspect of life within these societies, to the point that the societal view of death shifted away from a primal perception that tells one to fear death, and instead death became seen as the penultimate act of heroism—by solidifying a person's position in the hall of the gods when they pass from this realm to the next. Additionally, Dumèzil proposed that his theory stood at the foundation of the modern understanding of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, citing that the three key deities of Odin, Thor, and Freyr were often depicted together in a trio—seen by many as an overarching representation of what would be known today as "divinity".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_cultural_storytelling">In cultural storytelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In cultural storytelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A narrative can take on the shape of a story, which gives listeners an entertaining and collaborative avenue for acquiring knowledge. Many cultures use storytelling as a way to record histories, myths, and values. These stories can be seen as living entities of narrative among cultural communities, as they carry the shared experience and history of the culture within them. Stories are often used within <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous cultures</a> in order to share knowledge to the younger generation.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to indigenous narratives leaving room for open-ended interpretation, native stories often engage children in the storytelling process so that they can make their own meaning and explanations within the story. This promotes holistic thinking among native children, which works toward merging an individual and world identity. Such an identity upholds native epistemology and gives children a sense of belonging as their cultural identity develops through the sharing and passing on of stories.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, a number of indigenous stories are used to illustrate a value or lesson. In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Apache">Western Apache</a> tribe, stories can be used to warn of the misfortune that befalls people when they do not follow acceptable behavior. One story speaks to the offense of a mother's meddling in her married son's life. In the story, the Western Apache tribe is under attack from a neighboring tribe, the Pimas. The Apache mother hears a scream. Thinking it is her son's wife screaming, she tries to intervene by yelling at him. This alerts the Pima tribe to her location, and she is promptly killed due to intervening in her son's life.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indigenous American cultures use <a href="/wiki/Storytelling#Storytelling_in_indigenous_cultures" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a> to teach children the values and lessons of life. Although storytelling provides entertainment, its primary purpose is to educate.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodge_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodge-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alaskan Indigenous Natives state that narratives teach children where they fit in, what their society expects of them, how to create a peaceful living environment, and to be responsible, worthy members of their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodge_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodge-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Mexican culture, many adult figures tell their children stories in order to teach children values such as individuality, obedience, honesty, trust, and compassion.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, one of the versions of <a href="/wiki/La_Llorona" title="La Llorona">La Llorona</a> is used to teach children to make safe decisions at night and to maintain the morals of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Narratives are considered by the Canadian Métis community, to help children understand that the world around them is interconnected to their lives and communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Iseke_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iseke-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Métis community share the "Humorous Horse Story" to children, which portrays that horses stumble throughout life just like humans do.<sup id="cite_ref-Iseke_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iseke-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> stories also use dead animals as metaphors by showing that all things have purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, elders from <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaskan Native</a> communities claim that the use of animals as metaphors allow children to form their own perspectives while at the same time self-reflecting on their own lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Iseke_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iseke-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> elders also state that storytelling invites the listeners, especially children, to draw their own conclusions and perspectives while self-reflecting upon their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodge_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodge-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, they insist that narratives help children grasp and obtain a wide range of perspectives that help them interpret their lives in the context of the story. American Indian community members emphasize to children that the method of obtaining knowledge can be found in stories passed down through each generation. Moreover, community members also let the children interpret and build a different perspective of each story.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodge_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodge-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_military_field">In the military field</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In the military field"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An emerging field of information warfare is the "battle of the narratives". The battle of the narratives is a full-blown battle in the cognitive dimension of the information environment, just as traditional warfare is fought in the physical domains (air, land, sea, space, and cyberspace). One of the foundational struggles in warfare in the physical domains is to shape the environment such that the contest of arms will be fought on terms that are to one's advantage. Likewise, a key component of the battle of the narratives is to succeed in establishing the reasons for and potential outcomes of the conflict, on terms favorable to one's efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Stone" title="Lawrence Stone">Lawrence Stone</a>, narrative has traditionally been the main <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_device" title="Rhetorical device">rhetorical device</a> used by historians. In 1979, at a time when the new <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a> was demanding a social-science model of analysis, Stone detected a move back toward the narrative. Stone defined narrative as organized chronologically; focused on a single coherent story; descriptive rather than analytical; concerned with people not abstract circumstances; and dealing with the particular and specific rather than the collective and statistical. He reported that, "More and more of the 'new historians' are now trying to discover what was going on inside people's heads in the past, and what it was like to live in the past, questions which inevitably lead back to the use of narrative."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some philosophers identify narratives with a type of explanation. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bevir" title="Mark Bevir">Mark Bevir</a> argues, for example, that narratives explain actions by appealing to the beliefs and desires of actors and by locating webs of beliefs in the context of historical traditions. Narrative is an alternative form of explanation to that associated with natural science. </p><p>Historians committed to a social science approach, however, have criticized the narrowness of narrative and its preference for anecdote over analysis, and clever examples rather than statistical regularities.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storytelling_rights">Storytelling rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Storytelling rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Storytelling rights may be broadly defined as the ethics of sharing narratives (including—but not limited to—firsthand, secondhand, and imagined stories). In <i>Storytelling Rights: The uses of oral and written texts by urban adolescents</i>, author Amy Shuman offers the following definition of storytelling rights: "the important and precarious relationship between narrative and event and, specifically, between the participants in an event and the reporters who claim the right to talk about what happened."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ethics of retelling other people's stories may be explored through a number of <a href="/wiki/Question" title="Question">questions</a>: whose <a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">story</a> is being told and how, what is the story's purpose or aim, what does the story promise (for instance: empathy, redemption, authenticity, clarification)—and at whose benefit? Storytelling rights also implicates questions of consent, <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>, and accurate representation. While storytelling—and retelling—can function as a powerful tool for <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">advocacy</a>, it can also lead to misunderstanding and exploitation. </p><p>Storytelling rights is notably important in the genre of personal experience narrative. Academic disciplines such as performance, folklore, literature, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> may involve the study of storytelling rights, often hinging on ethics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_specific_applications">Other specific applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other specific applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_environment" title="Narrative environment">Narrative environment</a> is a contested term that has been used for techniques of architectural or exhibition design in which 'stories are told in space' and also for the <a href="/wiki/Virtuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtuality">virtual</a> environments in which computer games are played and which are invented by the computer game authors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_film" title="Narrative film">Narrative film</a> usually uses images and sounds on film (or, more recently, on analogue or digital video media) to convey a story. Narrative film is usually thought of in terms of fiction but it may also assemble stories from filmed reality, as in some <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a>, but narrative film may also use <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_history" title="Narrative history">Narrative history</a> is a genre of factual historical writing that uses <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a> as its framework (as opposed to a thematic treatment of a historical subject).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_photography" title="Narrative photography">Narrative photography</a> is photography used to tell stories or in conjunction with stories.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> is poetry that tells a story.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">Metanarrative</a>, sometimes also known as master- or grand narrative, is a higher-level cultural narrative <a href="/wiki/Model_(abstract)" class="mw-redirect" title="Model (abstract)">schema</a> which orders and explains knowledge and experience you've had in life. Similar to metanarrative are masterplots or "recurrent skeletal stories, belonging to cultures and individuals that play a powerful role in questions of identity, values, and the understanding of life."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monogatari" title="Monogatari">Monogatari</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_designer" title="Narrative designer">Narrative designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_thread" title="Narrative thread">Narrative thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narreme" title="Narreme">Narreme</a> as the basic unit of narrative structure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_storytelling" title="Organizational storytelling">Organizational storytelling</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRandom_House1979">Random House (1979)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer_pp._123–140-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_pp._123–140_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2018" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, Alexander (2018-06-25). "Narratives and the romantic genre in IR dominant and marginalized stories of Arab Rebellion in Libya". <i>International Politics</i>. <b>56</b> (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 123–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41311-018-0171-z">10.1057/s41311-018-0171-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1384-5748">1384-5748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149826920">149826920</a>. <q>Narratives here are considered to be part of human mental activity and give meaning to experiences.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Politics&rft.atitle=Narratives+and+the+romantic+genre+in+IR+dominant+and+marginalized+stories+of+Arab+Rebellion+in+Libya&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123-140&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149826920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1384-5748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41311-018-0171-z&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCareySnodgrass1999">Carey & Snodgrass (1999)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarmon2012">Harmon (2012)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1984">Webster (1984)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTraupman1966">Traupman (1966)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1969">Webster (1969)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMello2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mello, Robin (2001-02-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080630042438/http://www.ijea.org/v2n1/">"The Power of Storytelling: How Oral Narrative Influences Children's Relationships in Classrooms"</a>. <i>International Journal of Education & the Arts</i>. <b>2</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijea.org/v2n1/">the original</a> on 2008-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Education+%26+the+Arts&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Storytelling%3A+How+Oral+Narrative+Influences+Children%27s+Relationships+in+Classrooms&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2001-02-02&rft.aulast=Mello&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijea.org%2Fv2n1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodge, <i>et al.</i> 2002. Utilizing Traditional Storytelling to Promote Wellness in American Indian events within any given narrative</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVansina1985" class="citation book cs1">Vansina, Jan (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oraltraditionash0000vans"><i>Oral tradition as history</i></a>. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+tradition+as+history&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Vansina&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foraltraditionash0000vans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzarniawska2004" class="citation book cs1">Czarniawska, Barbara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://methods.sagepub.com/book/narratives-in-social-science-research"><i>Narratives in Social Science Research</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781849209502">10.4135/9781849209502</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761941941" title="Special:BookSources/9780761941941"><bdi>9780761941941</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narratives+in+Social+Science+Research&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781849209502&rft.isbn=9780761941941&rft.aulast=Czarniawska&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmethods.sagepub.com%2Fbook%2Fnarratives-in-social-science-research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldick2004">Baldick (2004)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2004" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Brian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3852955">"Character in Contemporary Fiction"</a>. <i>The Hudson Review</i>. <b>56</b> (4): 629–642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3852955">10.2307/3852955</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-702X">0018-702X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3852955">3852955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hudson+Review&rft.atitle=Character+in+Contemporary+Fiction&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=629-642&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0018-702X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3852955%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3852955&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3852955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDibell1999" class="citation book cs1">Dibell, Ansen (1999). "What is Plot?". <i>Elements of Fiction Writing – Plot</i>. F+W Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1599635101" title="Special:BookSources/978-1599635101"><bdi>978-1599635101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+Plot%3F&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Fiction+Writing+%E2%80%93+Plot&rft.pub=F%2BW+Media&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1599635101&rft.aulast=Dibell&rft.aufirst=Ansen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozelle2005" class="citation book cs1">Rozelle, Ron (2005). "The Importance of Description and Setting". <i>Write Great Fiction – Description & Setting</i>. F+W Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1582976822" title="Special:BookSources/978-1582976822"><bdi>978-1582976822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Description+and+Setting&rft.btitle=Write+Great+Fiction+%E2%80%93+Description+%26+Setting&rft.pub=F%2BW+Media&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1582976822&rft.aulast=Rozelle&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtzSchober2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kurtz, Victoria; Schober, Michael F. (2001-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304422X01000407">"Readers' varying interpretations of theme in short fiction"</a>. <i>Poetics</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 139–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-422X%2801%2900040-7">10.1016/S0304-422X(01)00040-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-422X">0304-422X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poetics&rft.atitle=Readers%27+varying+interpretations+of+theme+in+short+fiction&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=139-166&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0304-422X%2801%2900040-7&rft.issn=0304-422X&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Schober%2C+Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0304422X01000407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. R. Rao (1985). Lothal. Archaeological Survey of India. p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amalananda Ghosh; E.J. Brill, (1990). <i>An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology: Subjects</i>. pp. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen Flanagan <i>Consciousness Reconsidered</i> 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.asu.edu/content/humanities-tell-our-stories-what-it-means-be-human">"Humanities tell our stories of what it means to be human"</a>. <i>ASU Now: Access, Excellence, Impact</i>. 2012-09-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322195804/https://asunow.asu.edu/content/humanities-tell-our-stories-what-it-means-be-human">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASU+Now%3A+Access%2C+Excellence%2C+Impact&rft.atitle=Humanities+tell+our+stories+of+what+it+means+to+be+human&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.asu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fhumanities-tell-our-stories-what-it-means-be-human&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir Propp, <i>Morphology of the Folk Tale</i>, p 25, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-78376-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-78376-0">0-292-78376-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodorovWeinstein1969" class="citation journal cs1">Todorov, Tzvetan; Weinstein, Arnold (1969). "Structural Analysis of Narrative". <i>Novel: A Forum on Fiction</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 70–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1345003">10.2307/1345003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1345003">1345003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3942651">3942651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novel%3A+A+Forum+on+Fiction&rft.atitle=Structural+Analysis+of+Narrative&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-76&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3942651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1345003%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1345003&rft.aulast=Todorov&rft.aufirst=Tzvetan&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2016" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Peter (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1226954267"><i>Russian formalism: a metapoetics</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0701-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0701-8"><bdi>978-1-5017-0701-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1226954267">1226954267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+formalism%3A+a+metapoetics&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1226954267&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-0701-8&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1226954267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoste2017" class="citation journal cs1">Coste, Didier (2017-06-28). 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Georges Dumézil, Derek Coltman". <i>The Journal of Religion</i>. <b>70</b> (2): 295–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F488388">10.1086/488388</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4189">0022-4189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Mitra-Varuna%3A+An+Essay+on+Two+Indo-European+Representations+of+Sovereignty.+Georges+Dum%C3%A9zil%2C+Derek+Coltman&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=295-296&rft.date=1990-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F488388&rft.issn=0022-4189&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115231231/http://cojmc.unl.edu/nativedaughters/storytellers/native-storytellers-connect-the-past-and-the-future">"Native storytellers connect the past and the future: Native Daughters"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cojmc.unl.edu/nativedaughters/storytellers/native-storytellers-connect-the-past-and-the-future">the original</a> on 2017-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+storytellers+connect+the+past+and+the+future%3A+Native+Daughters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcojmc.unl.edu%2Fnativedaughters%2Fstorytellers%2Fnative-storytellers-connect-the-past-and-the-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piquemal, N. 2003. From Native North American Oral Traditions to Western Literacy: Storytelling in Education.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basso, 1984. "Stalking with Stories". Names, Places, and Moral Narratives Among the Western Apache.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodge-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodge_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodge_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodge_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodge_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodge, F., Pasqua, A., Marquez, C., & Geishirt-Cantrell, B. (2002). Utilizing Traditional Storytelling to Promote Wellness in American Indian Communities. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 6-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonald-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonald, M., McDowell, J., Dégh, L., & <a href="/wiki/Toelken,_B." class="mw-redirect" title="Toelken, B.">Toelken, B.</a> (1999). Traditional storytelling today: An international sourcebook. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iseke-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iseke_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iseke_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iseke_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iseke, Judy. (1998). Learning Life Lessons from Indigenous Storytelling with Tom McCallum. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eder, D. J. (2007). Bringing Navajo Storytelling Practices into Schools: The Importance of Maintaining Cultural Integrity. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 38: 278–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commander's Handbook for Strategic Communication and Communication Strategy, US Joint Forces Command, Suffolk, VA. 2010. p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence Stone, "The Revival of Narrative: Reflections on a New Old History," <i>Past and Present</i> 85 (1979), pp. 3–24, quote on 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Morgan Kousser, "The Revivalism of Narrative: A Response to Recent Criticisms of Quantitative History," <i>Social Science History</i> vol 8, no. 2 (Spring 1984): 133–49; Eric H. Monkkonen, "The Dangers of Synthesis," <i>American Historical Review</i> 91, no. 5 (December 1986): 1146–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuman,_Amy1986" class="citation book cs1">Shuman, Amy (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storytellingrigh00shum"><i>Storytelling rights: the uses of oral and written texts by urban adolescents</i></a>. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521328463" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521328463"><bdi>978-0521328463</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13643520">13643520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storytelling+rights%3A+the+uses+of+oral+and+written+texts+by+urban+adolescents&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BCambridgeshire%5D&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13643520&rft.isbn=978-0521328463&rft.au=Shuman%2C+Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstorytellingrigh00shum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Porter Abbott, <i>The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative</i>, 2nd ed, Cambridge Introductions to Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 236.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldick2004" class="citation cs2">Baldick, Chris (2004), <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms</i>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860883-7"><bdi>978-0-19-860883-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Literary+Terms&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860883-7&rft.aulast=Baldick&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCareySnodgrass1999" class="citation cs2">Carey, Gary; Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/multiculturaldic00care"><i>A Multicultural Dictionary of Literary Terms</i></a>, Jefferson: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0552-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0552-X"><bdi>0-7864-0552-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Multicultural+Dictionary+of+Literary+Terms&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7864-0552-X&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Snodgrass%2C+Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmulticulturaldic00care&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmon2012" class="citation cs2">Harmon, William (2012), <i>A Handbook to Literature</i> (12th ed.), Boston: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-02401-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-02401-8"><bdi>978-0-205-02401-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+to+Literature&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-205-02401-8&rft.aulast=Harmon&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandom_House1979" class="citation cs2"><i>The Random House Dictionary of the English Language</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, 1979, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/74-129225">74-129225</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Random+House+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F74-129225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraupman1966" class="citation cs2">Traupman, John C. (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcollegelatine00trau"><i>The New College Latin & English Dictionary</i></a>, Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780553202557" title="Special:BookSources/9780553202557"><bdi>9780553202557</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+College+Latin+%26+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780553202557&rft.aulast=Traupman&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewcollegelatine00trau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1984" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/webstersnewworld1987gura"><i>Webster's New World Dictionary</i></a>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Publishing" title="Grand Central Publishing">Warner Books, Inc.</a>, 1984, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-31450-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-31450-1"><bdi>0-446-31450-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+New+World+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Warner+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-446-31450-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwebstersnewworld1987gura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1969" class="citation cs2"><i>Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary</i>, Springfield: <a href="/wiki/G._%26_C._Merriam_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="G. & C. Merriam Company">G. & C. Merriam Company</a>, 1969</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Seventh+New+Collegiate+Dictionary&rft.place=Springfield&rft.pub=G.+%26+C.+Merriam+Company&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Abbott, H. Porter (2009) <i>The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative Second Edition</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Bal, Mieke. (1985). <i>Narratology. Introduction to the Theory of Narrative.</i> Toronto: Toronto University Press.</li> <li>Clandinin, D. J. & Connelly, F. M. (2000). <i>Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research</i>. Jossey-Bass.</li> <li>Genette, Gérard. (1980 [1972]). <i>Narrative Discourse. An Essay in Method</i>. (Translated by Jane E. Lewin). Oxford: Blackwell.</li> <li>Goosseff, Kyrill A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JOCM-09-2014-0167/full/html"><i>Only narratives can reflect the experience of objectivity: effective persuasion</i></a> Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 27 Iss: 5, pp. 703 – 709</li> <li>Gubrium, Jaber F. & James A. Holstein. (2009). <i>Analyzing Narrative Reality</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</li> <li>Holstein, James A. & Jaber F. Gubrium. (2000). <i>The Self We Live By: Narrative Identity in a Postmodern World</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Holstein, James A. & Jaber F. Gubrium, eds. (2012). <i>Varieties of Narrative Analysis</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</li> <li>Hunter, Kathryn Montgomery (1991). <i>Doctors' Stories: The Narrative Structure of Medical Knowledge</i>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</li> <li>Jakobson, Roman. (1921). "On Realism in Art" in <i>Readings in Russian Poetics: Formalist and Structuralist</i>. (Edited by Ladislav Matejka & Krystyna Pomorska). The MIT Press.</li> <li>Labov, William. (1972). Chapter 9: The Transformation of Experience in Narrative Syntax. In: "Language in the Inner City." Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.</li> <li>Lévi-Strauss, Claude. (1958 [1963]). <i>Anthropologie Structurale</i>/<i>Structural Anthropology</i>. (Translated by Claire Jacobson & Brooke Grundfest Schoepf). New York: Basic Books.</li> <li>Lévi-Strauss, Claude. (1962 [1966]). <i>La Pensée Sauvage</i>/<i>The Savage Mind (Nature of Human Society)</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</li> <li>Lévi-Strauss, Claude. <i><a href="/wiki/Mythologiques_I-IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologiques I-IV">Mythologiques I-IV</a></i> (Translated by John Weightman & Doreen Weightman)</li> <li>Linde, Charlotte (2001). Chapter 26: Narrative in Institutions. In: Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen & Heidi E. Hamilton (ed.s) "The Handbook of Discourse Analysis." Oxford & Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.</li> <li>Norrick, Neal R. (2000). "Conversational Narrative: Storytelling in Everyday Talk." Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121224234336/http://signbook.persiangig.com/document/literature/theory/raavi1.pdf">Ranjbar Vahid. (2011) The Narrator, Iran: Baqney</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-Sobrino2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pérez-Sobrino, Paula (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7924477">"Meaning construction in verbomusical environments: Conceptual disintegration and metonymy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Pragmatics</i>. <b>70</b>. Elsevier: 130–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2014.06.008">10.1016/j.pragma.2014.06.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pragmatics&rft.atitle=Meaning+construction+in+verbomusical+environments%3A+Conceptual+disintegration+and+metonymy&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=130-151&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2014.06.008&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Sobrino&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7924477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuackenbush2005" class="citation journal cs1">Quackenbush, S.W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116112209/http://psychweb.cisat.jmu.edu/ToKSystem/Related%20Articles/Remythologyzing%20Culture.pdf">"Remythologizing culture: Narrativity, justification, and the politics of personalization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Clinical_Psychology" title="Journal of Clinical Psychology">Journal of Clinical Psychology</a></i>. <b>61</b> (1): 67–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjclp.20091">10.1002/jclp.20091</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15558629">15558629</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychweb.cisat.jmu.edu/ToKSystem/Related%20Articles/Remythologyzing%20Culture.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Remythologizing+culture%3A+Narrativity%2C+justification%2C+and+the+politics+of+personalization&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-80&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjclp.20091&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15558629&rft.aulast=Quackenbush&rft.aufirst=S.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsychweb.cisat.jmu.edu%2FToKSystem%2FRelated%2520Articles%2FRemythologyzing%2520Culture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Polanyi, Livia. (1985). "Telling the American Story: A Structural and Cultural Analysis of Conversational Storytelling." Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishers Corporation.</li> <li>Salmon, Christian. (2010). "Storytelling, bewitching the modern mind." London, Verso.</li> <li>Shklovsky, Viktor. (1925 [1990]). <i>Theory of Prose</i>. (Translated by Benjamin Sher). Normal, IL: <a href="/wiki/Dalkey_Archive_Press" title="Dalkey Archive Press">Dalkey Archive Press</a>.</li> <li>Todorov, Tzvetan. (1969). <i>Grammaire du Décameron</i>. The Hague: Mouton.</li> <li>Toolan, Michael. (2001). "Narrative: a Critical Linguistic Introduction"</li> <li>Turner, Mark. (1996). "The Literary Mind"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://narrative.byethost7.com/ranjbar.html">Ranjbar Vahid. The Narrator, Iran: Baqney 2011 (summary in english)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aO_oChF6HQC&q=the+fiction+of+narrative">White, Hayden (2010). <i>The Fiction of Narrative: Essays on History, Literature, and Theory, 1957–2007.</i></a> Ed. Robert Doran. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9781501765056">White, Hayden (2022). <i>The Ethics of Narrative, Volume 1: Essays on History, Literature, and Theory, 1998-2007.</i></a> Ed. Robert Doran. Fwd. <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/narrative" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:narrative">narrative</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Narratives" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Narratives">Narratives</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Story" class="extiw" title="q:Story">Story</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, 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library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://narrative.georgetown.edu/">International Society for the Study of Narrative</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-koeln.de/%7Eame02/pppn.htm">Manfred Jahn. <i>Narratology: A Guide to the Theory of Narrative</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thereferentialprocess.org/theory/narrative-and-referential-activity">Narrative and Referential Activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.clas.ufl.edu/pcraddoc/narhand1.htm">Some Ideas about Narrative – notes on narrative from an academic perspective</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403213953/http://users.clas.ufl.edu/pcraddoc/narhand1.htm">Archived</a> 2019-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrative" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrative" title="Template:Narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrative" title="Template talk:Narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Narrative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">Character arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_flaw" title="Character flaw">Character flaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidant" title="Confidant">Confidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_series" title="Template:Works series">Series of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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