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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jay_Cooke_takes_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jay_Cooke_takes_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Jay Cooke takes control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jay_Cooke_takes_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panic_of_1873_and_first_bankruptcy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panic_of_1873_and_first_bankruptcy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Panic of 1873 and first bankruptcy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panic_of_1873_and_first_bankruptcy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frederick_Billings_and_first_reorganization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frederick_Billings_and_first_reorganization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Frederick Billings and first reorganization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frederick_Billings_and_first_reorganization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henry_Villard,_Gold_Creek,_Golden_Spike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_Villard,_Gold_Creek,_Golden_Spike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Henry Villard, Gold Creek, Golden Spike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_Villard,_Gold_Creek,_Golden_Spike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_to_Puget_Sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_to_Puget_Sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Direct to Puget Sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_to_Puget_Sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villard_and_the_Panic_of_1893" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villard_and_the_Panic_of_1893"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Villard and the Panic of 1893</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villard_and_the_Panic_of_1893-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroad_labor_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroad_labor_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Railroad labor dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroad_labor_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Villard_to_Morganization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Villard_to_Morganization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>From Villard to Morganization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Villard_to_Morganization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hill,_Harriman_and_the_Northern_Pacific_Corner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hill,_Harriman_and_the_Northern_Pacific_Corner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Hill, Harriman and the Northern Pacific Corner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hill,_Harriman_and_the_Northern_Pacific_Corner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Hill_to_Howard_Elliott" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Hill_to_Howard_Elliott"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>From Hill to Howard Elliott</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Hill_to_Howard_Elliott-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Into_the_twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Into_the_twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Into the twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Into_the_twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unification_of_the_Hill_Lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_of_the_Hill_Lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Unification of the Hill Lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification_of_the_Hill_Lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Divisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Divisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lake_Superior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lake_Superior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lake Superior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lake_Superior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Paul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Paul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>St. Paul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Paul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fargo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fargo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fargo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fargo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yellowstone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yellowstone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Yellowstone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yellowstone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocky_Mountain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocky_Mountain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Rocky Mountain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocky_Mountain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idaho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idaho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Idaho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idaho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tacoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tacoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Tacoma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tacoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passenger_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passenger_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Passenger service</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Passenger_service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Passenger service subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Passenger_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Route_of_"the_Great_Big_Baked_Potato"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Route_of_"the_Great_Big_Baked_Potato""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Route of "the Great Big Baked Potato"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Route_of_"the_Great_Big_Baked_Potato"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_engineers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_engineers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chief engineers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_engineers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Locomotives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trademark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trademark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Trademark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trademark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources_and_official_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources_and_official_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary sources and official sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources_and_official_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Pacific Railway</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheilffordd_Northern_Pacific" title="Rheilffordd Northern Pacific – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rheilffordd Northern Pacific" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Northern Pacific Railway" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Northern Pacific Railway" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocarril_del_Pac%C3%ADfico_Norte" title="Ferrocarril del Pacífico Norte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ferrocarril del Pacífico Norte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pacifika_Fervojo" title="Nord-Pacifika Fervojo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nord-Pacifika Fervojo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Northern Pacific Railway" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railroad" title="Northern Pacific Railroad – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Northern Pacific Railroad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%8D%98_%ED%8D%BC%EC%8B%9C%ED%94%BD_%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%BC%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4" title="노던 퍼시픽 레일웨이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노던 퍼시픽 레일웨이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Northern Pacific Railway" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Northern Pacific Railway" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Northern Pacific Railway" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E9%89%84%E9%81%93" title="ノーザン・パシフィック鉄道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノーザン・パシフィック鉄道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Northern Pacific Railway" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Northern Pacific Railway" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Northern Pacific Railway" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Північна тихоокеанська залізниця – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північна тихоокеанська залізниця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1135434#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Defunct transcontinental railroad company in the northwest United States (1864-1970)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Northern Pacific Railway</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Pacific_Railway_Logo,_November,_1952.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Northern_Pacific_Railway_Logo%2C_November%2C_1952.png/130px-Northern_Pacific_Railway_Logo%2C_November%2C_1952.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Northern_Pacific_Railway_Logo%2C_November%2C_1952.png/195px-Northern_Pacific_Railway_Logo%2C_November%2C_1952.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Northern_Pacific_Railway_Logo%2C_November%2C_1952.png/260px-Northern_Pacific_Railway_Logo%2C_November%2C_1952.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Pacific.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Northern_Pacific.png/230px-Northern_Pacific.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Northern_Pacific.png/345px-Northern_Pacific.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Northern_Pacific.png/460px-Northern_Pacific.png 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="495" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Northern Pacific Railway system map</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Pacific_Office_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Northern_Pacific_Office_Building.jpg/230px-Northern_Pacific_Office_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Northern_Pacific_Office_Building.jpg/345px-Northern_Pacific_Office_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Northern_Pacific_Office_Building.jpg/460px-Northern_Pacific_Office_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The former <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Office_Building" title="Northern Pacific Office Building">Northern Pacific Office Building</a><br />in <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key people</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Gregory_Smith" title="J. Gregory Smith">J. Gregory Smith</a>,<br />President (1865–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Villard" title="Henry Villard">Henry Villard</a>, President & primary financier (1881–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adna_Anderson" title="Adna Anderson">Adna Anderson</a>,<br />Chief Engineer (1880–1888)</li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Perham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Perham (page does not exist)">Josiah Perham</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Reporting_mark" title="Reporting mark">Reporting mark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">NP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Locale</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ashland,_Wisconsin" title="Ashland, Wisconsin">Ashland, Wisconsin</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a>, Washington,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">1864–1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burlington_Northern_Railroad" title="Burlington Northern Railroad">Burlington Northern</a><br />(later <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Technical</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Northern Pacific Railway</b> (<a href="/wiki/Reporting_mark" title="Reporting mark">reporting mark</a> <b>NP</b>) was an important <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a> that operated across the northern tier of the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">western United States</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>. It was approved and chartered in 1864 by the <a href="/wiki/38th_United_States_Congress" title="38th United States Congress">38th Congress of the United States</a> in the national / federal capital of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, during the last years of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861-1865), and given nearly 40 million acres (62,000 sq mi; 160,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of adjacent <a href="/wiki/Land_grant" title="Land grant">land grants</a>, which it used to raise additional money in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (especially in President Henry Villard's home country of the new <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>), for construction funding. </p><p>Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, just south of the <a href="/wiki/United_States-Canada_border" class="mw-redirect" title="United States-Canada border">United States-Canada border</a> when <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, drove in the final "golden spike" completing the line in western <a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a> (future <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">State of Montana</a> in 1889), on September 8, 1883. The railroad had about 6,800 miles (10,900 km) of track and served a large area, including extensive trackage in the western Federal territories and later states of <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho Panhandle">Idaho</a>, Minnesota, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. In addition, the N.P. had an international branch running north to <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, capital of the province of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, in the newly organized <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. The main activities were shipping wheat and other farm products, cattle, timber, and minerals; bringing in consumer goods, transporting passengers; and selling land. </p><p>The Northern Pacific was headquartered in Minnesota, first in <a href="/wiki/Brainerd,_Minnesota" title="Brainerd, Minnesota">Brainerd</a>, then in the territorial / state capital of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>. It had a tumultuous financial history; the N.P. merged with other lines over a century later in 1970 to form the modern <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Northern_Railroad" title="Burlington Northern Railroad">Burlington Northern Railroad</a>, which in turn merged with the famous <a href="/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway">Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway</a> to become the renamed <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF Railway</a> in 1996, operating in the western U.S. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthernPacificLandGrant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NorthernPacificLandGrant.jpg/220px-NorthernPacificLandGrant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NorthernPacificLandGrant.jpg/330px-NorthernPacificLandGrant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NorthernPacificLandGrant.jpg/440px-NorthernPacificLandGrant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12809" data-file-height="6526" /></a><figcaption>Map of NPR Land Grant, c1890</figcaption></figure> <p>The 38th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> chartered the Northern Pacific Railway Company on July 2, 1864, with the goals of connecting the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> with <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> on the northwestern coast of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, opening vast new lands for farming, ranching, lumbering and mining, and linking the Federal territories and later newly admitted to the Union as states of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> to the rest of the country (plus connecting the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">northern Great Plains</a> of central <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">northern states of the U.S</a>. and especially its <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> big cities, manufacturing centers and markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamble_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamble-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Congress granted the Northern Pacific Railroad a generous potential bonanza of 60 million acres (94,000 sq mi; 240,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of land adjacent to the line in exchange for building rail transportation to an undeveloped western territory. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Perham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Perham (page does not exist)">Josiah Perham</a> was elected its first president on December 7, 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamble_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamble-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could not use all the land and in the end took just under two-thirds of the allotted grant of 40 million acres.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jay_Cooke_takes_control">Jay Cooke takes control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jay Cooke takes control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the next six years, backers of the road struggled to find financing. Though <a href="/wiki/John_Gregory_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gregory Smith">John Gregory Smith</a>, succeeded Perham as second president on January 5, 1865, groundbreaking did not take place until February 15, 1870, at <a href="/wiki/Carlton,_Minnesota" title="Carlton, Minnesota">Carlton, Minnesota Territory</a>, 25 miles (40 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a> (western port town on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>). The backing and promotions of famed <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> financier <a href="/wiki/Jay_Cooke" title="Jay Cooke">Jay Cooke</a>, in the summer of 1870 brought the first real momentum to the railway company. </p><p>Over the course of 1871, the Northern Pacific pushed westward from Minnesota Territory into the newer <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> (present-day state of <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>). Surveyors and construction crews had to maneuver through swamps, bogs, and tamarack forests. The difficult terrain and insufficient funding delayed by six months the construction phase in Minnesota.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The N.P. also began building its line north from <a href="/wiki/Kalama,_Washington" title="Kalama, Washington">Kalama, Washington Territory</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> just outside of <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, towards the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>. Four small construction locomotive engines were purchased, the <i>Minnetonka</i>, <i>Itaska</i>, <i>Ottertail</i> and <i>St. Cloud</i>, the first of which was shipped to Kalama by ship all around the continent of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> to the Pacific Ocean. In Minnesota, the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior_and_Mississippi_Railroad" title="Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad">Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad</a> completed construction of its 155-mile (249 km) line stretching from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a> east to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> at Duluth in 1870. It was leased to the Northern Pacific line six years later in the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">American Centennial celebration year</a> of 1876 and was eventually absorbed by the Northern Pacific. The famed <i>North Coast Limited</i> was the Northern Pacific's flagship passenger train and the Northern Pacific itself was built along the trail first blazed by the famed <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis and Clark">Lewis and Clark</a> expedition first exploring the new <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> and the further American West in 1804 and 1805.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Northern Pacific reached <a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo, Dakota Territory (now North Dakota)</a> on the border between Dakota and Minnesota Territories / states, early in June 1872. The following year, in June 1873, the N.P. reached the shores of the upper <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Edwinton, Dakota Territory (now the state capital of Bismarck, North Dakota)</a>. In the west sector, the N.P. track extended 25 miles (40 km) north from Kalama. Surveys were carried out in the Dakota Territory protected by 600 troops of the horse cavalry of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, under command of Civil War hero, General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a>, nicknamed "Hancock the Superlative" but defeated <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880 presidential election</a>. </p><p>Fabricating shops and foundries were established in <a href="/wiki/Brainerd,_Minnesota" title="Brainerd, Minnesota">Brainerd, Minnesota Territory</a>, a town named by the N.P. second President John Gregory Smith for <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Brainerd" title="Lawrence Brainerd">Lawrence Brainerd</a>, the father of his wife Anna Elizabeth Brainerd and a close friend and colleague. It was here further back on the line where the Railway established its first temporary offices and headquarters. A severe stock market crash and financial collapse in the East after 1873, led by the <a href="/wiki/Credit_Mobilier_Scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit Mobilier Scandal">Credit Mobilier Scandal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a> stock fraud, caused a nationwide economic recession and financial panic in New York City's Wall Street financial district, stopping further railroad building for twelve years during the latter 1870s and early 1880s. </p><p>In 1886, the company restarted and put down 164 miles (264 km) of main line across the northern Dakotas, with an additional 45 miles (72 km) from the west in Washington Territory. On November 1, General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cass" title="George Washington Cass">George Washington Cass</a> (formerly of the U.S. Army), became the third president of the company. General Cass had been a vice-president and on the board of directors earlier of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a>, one of the major dominant Eastern lines and would lead the Northern Pacific through some of its most difficult times in the later 19th century. </p><p>Attacks on survey parties and construction crews as they approached the Yellowstone region by <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> native warriors in northern Dakota and Minnesota Territories became so prevalent that the company received protection from additional mounted troops in units of the U.S. Army.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement">Settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Pacific_RR_1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Northern_Pacific_RR_1881.jpg/220px-Northern_Pacific_RR_1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Northern_Pacific_RR_1881.jpg/330px-Northern_Pacific_RR_1881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Northern_Pacific_RR_1881.jpg/440px-Northern_Pacific_RR_1881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3818" data-file-height="2417" /></a><figcaption>Preferred Shares of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, stock certificate issued 28 November 1881</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1886, the Northern Pacific also opened colonization / emigration offices in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> especially the newly unified <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and north to the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, with good reliable steamship lines, attracting Nordic farmers with package deals of cheap land and transportation and purchase deals in the similar cold higher latitudes of climate of the north-central <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> continent, but with richer unplowed expansive soil. The success of the N.P. was based on the abundant crops of wheat and other grains already grown and the attraction to settlers of the lower <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Valley" title="Red River Valley">Red River Valley</a> of the Red River of the North, Minnesota, Missouri and Mississippi Rivers basins along the Minnesota-Dakota border in the decade between 1881 and 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Northern Pacific reached Dakota Territory at Fargo in 1872 and began its career as one of the central factors in the economic growth of the future Dakotas Territory and later its twin states North and South. The climate, although very cold in the continental interior heartland was still suitable for wheat, which was in high demand in the eastern and Mid-Western rapidly developing industrial cities of the United States and even growing exports overseas to Europe. Most of the settlers were German and Scandinavian immigrants who bought the land cheaply and raised large families. They shipped huge quantities of wheat to Minneapolis, then Milwaukee, Chicago and St. Louis connected by rail. while buying all sorts of farming equipment and home supplies (some ordered and delivered through the beginnings of published mail-order catalogs from the big cities warehouses, to be shipped in by rail.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Minnetonka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Minnetonka.jpg/220px-The_Minnetonka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Minnetonka.jpg/330px-The_Minnetonka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Minnetonka.jpg/440px-The_Minnetonka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>The Minnetonka</figcaption></figure><p>The N.P. used its federal land grants as security to borrow money to build its system.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal government kept every other alternate section of land, and gave it away free to native and immigrant homesteaders / farmers under the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Act">Homestead Act</a> of 1862. At first the railroad sold much of its holdings at low prices to land speculators in order to realize quick cash profits, and also to eliminate sizable annual tax bills. By 1905, the railroad company's land policies changed, after it was judged a costly mistake to have sold much of the land at wholesale prices. With better railroad service and improved more educated and scientific methods of farming and soil conservation in future decades in the special unique conditions on the Great Plains. The Northern Pacific then easily sold what had been heretofore termed "worthless" land directly to farmers at good prices. By 1910 the railroad's holdings in the new state of <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> had been greatly reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panic_of_1873_and_first_bankruptcy">Panic of 1873 and first bankruptcy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Panic of 1873 and first bankruptcy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1873, Northern Pacific made impressive strides before a terrible stumble. Rails from the east reached the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> on June 4. After several years of study, <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington Territory</a> near the Pacific Coast and Puget Sound for waterborne shipping port facilities was selected as the road's western terminus on July 14, 1873. </p><p>For the previous three years the financial house of Jay Cooke and Company in New York City had been throwing money into the construction of the Northern Pacific. As with many western <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinentals</a>, the staggering costs of building a railroad into a vast wilderness prairie had been drastically underestimated. Cooke had little success in marketing the N.P.R.R. bonds in Europe and overextended his house in meeting overdrafts of the mounting construction costs. Cooke overestimated his managerial skills and failed to appreciate the limits of a banker's ability to be also a promoter, and the danger of freezing his assets in the bonds of the Northern Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooke and Company went bankrupt on September 18, 1873. Soon the financial <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a> engulfed the United States, business and financial community extending to numerous industries beginning an economic depression that was one of the worse in American history prior to the infamous <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s, sixty years into the future. The downturn ruined or nearly paralyzed newer railroads throughout the country.. </p><p>The Northern Pacific however luckily survived bankruptcy that year, due to austerity measures put in place by President Cass. In fact, working with last-minute loans from Director <a href="/wiki/John_C._Ainsworth" title="John C. Ainsworth">John C. Ainsworth</a> of Portland, the Northern Pacific still completed the line north along the Pacific Ocean and U.S. west coast from Kalama to Tacoma, a distance of 110 miles (180 km), before the end of 1873. On December 16, the first steam locomotive train arrived in Tacoma. But by the next year in 1874 the company was approaching insolvency. </p><p>Northern Pacific slipped into its first <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> on June 30, 1875. President Cass resigned to become the court-appointed receiver of the company, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barstow_Wright" title="Charles Barstow Wright">Charles Barstow Wright</a> became its fourth president. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Billings" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Billings">Frederick Billings</a>, namesake of future <a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings, Montana</a>, formulated a reorganization plan which was put into effect. </p><p>Throughout 1874 to 1876, elements of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">7th Cavalry Regiment</a> of the U.S. Army under the command of Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a>, operating out of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Fort Abraham Lincoln">Fort Abraham Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Rice" title="Fort Rice">Fort Rice</a> in the Dakota Territory conducted expeditions to protect the railroad survey and construction crews in Dakota and Montana Territories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frederick_Billings_and_first_reorganization">Frederick Billings and first reorganization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Frederick Billings and first reorganization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1877, construction resumed in a small way. Northern Pacific pushed a branch line southeast from Tacoma to <a href="/wiki/Puyallup,_Washington" title="Puyallup, Washington">Puyallup, Washington</a> and on to the coal fields around <a href="/wiki/Wilkeson,_Washington" title="Wilkeson, Washington">Wilkeson, Washington</a>. Much of the coal was destined for export through Tacoma to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a>, where it would be thrown into the fireboxes of <a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_Railroad" title="Central Pacific Railroad">Central Pacific Railroad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Steam_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam engines">steam engines</a> locomotives. </p><p>This small amount of construction was one of the largest projects the company would undertake in the years between 1874 and 1880. That same year the company built a large shop complex at <a href="/wiki/Edison,_Washington" title="Edison, Washington">Edison, Washington</a> (now part of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacoma,_Washington_metropolitan_area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tacoma, Washington metropolitan area (page does not exist)">south Tacoma metropolitan area</a>). The Edison Shops became the largest on the system for building and repairing freight cars due to the easy access of cheap lumber. The Brainerd Shops to the east remained as the largest locomotive repair facility throughout the steam era. Another shops / foundry site was located at the center mid-way of the mainline in <a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Montana" title="Livingston, Montana">Livingston, Montana</a>, which became the primary diesel engine maintenance facility after 1955. In <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, Minnesota</a> were the Como Shops, which maintained most of the passenger car fleet, and the Gladstone Shops, which closed in 1915. </p><p>On May 24, 1879, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Billings" title="Frederick H. Billings">Frederick H. Billings</a> became the fifth president of the company. Billings' tenure would be short but ferocious. Reorganization, bond sales, and improvement in the U.S. economy allowed Northern Pacific to strike out across the upper <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> by letting a contract to build 100 miles (160 km) of railroad west of the river. The railroad's new-found strength, however, would be seen as a threat in certain quarters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_Villard,_Gold_Creek,_Golden_Spike"><span id="Henry_Villard.2C_Gold_Creek.2C_Golden_Spike"></span>Henry Villard, Gold Creek, Golden Spike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Henry Villard, Gold Creek, Golden Spike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NothernPacificRailway-Yellowstone_Brochure_1904.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NothernPacificRailway-Yellowstone_Brochure_1904.JPG/220px-NothernPacificRailway-Yellowstone_Brochure_1904.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="492" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NothernPacificRailway-Yellowstone_Brochure_1904.JPG/330px-NothernPacificRailway-Yellowstone_Brochure_1904.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NothernPacificRailway-Yellowstone_Brochure_1904.JPG/440px-NothernPacificRailway-Yellowstone_Brochure_1904.JPG 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>'s N.P.R.R.-Yellowstone Park Line brochure, 1904</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oregon_and_Transcontinental_stock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oregon_and_Transcontinental_stock.JPG/220px-Oregon_and_Transcontinental_stock.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oregon_and_Transcontinental_stock.JPG/330px-Oregon_and_Transcontinental_stock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oregon_and_Transcontinental_stock.JPG/440px-Oregon_and_Transcontinental_stock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oregon_and_Transcontinental" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon and Transcontinental">Oregon and Transcontinental Company</a> stock certificate owned by 6th N.P.R.R. president, 1881-1884 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Villard" title="Henry Villard">Henry Villard</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>German-born former war correspondent / journalist and later newspaper / magazine publisher <a href="/wiki/Henry_Villard" title="Henry Villard">Henry Villard</a> (6th President N.P.R.R. 1881-1884), had raised capital for western railroads in Europe (especially in the recently unified <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>), from 1871 to 1873. After returning to New York City in 1874, he invested on behalf of his clients in railroads in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>. Through Villard's work, most of these lines became properties of the European creditors' holding company, the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_and_Transcontinental_Company" title="Oregon and Transcontinental Company">Oregon and Transcontinental Company</a>. </p><p>Of the lines held by the Oregon and Transcontinental, the most important was the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Railway_and_Navigation_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Railway and Navigation Company">Oregon Railway and Navigation Company</a>, which ran east from <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a> along the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> to a connection with the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Short_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Short Line">Oregon Short Line</a> at the confluence of the Columbia River and the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wallula,_Washington" title="Wallula, Washington">Wallula, Washington</a>. The Union Pacific and Central Pacific lines had completed the first trans-continental route 12 years earlier in 1869. </p><p>Within a decade of his return, Villard was head of a transportation empire in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> that had but one real competitor, the Northern Pacific Railroad. The Northern Pacific's trans-continental route completion threatened the holdings of Villard in the Northwest, and especially in Portland. Portland unfortunately could possibly become a second-class city if the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>'s deeper and larger ports at Tacoma and nearby <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>, were further developed and connected to the East by rail. </p><p>Villard, who had been building a monopoly of river and rail transportation in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> for several years, now launched a daring raid. Using his European connections and a reputation for having "bested" <a href="/wiki/Jay_Gould" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a> in a battle for control of the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas Pacific">Kansas Pacific Railroad</a> years before, Villard solicited and raised $8,000,000 million dollars from his associates. This was his famous "Blind Pool," Villard's associates were not told what the money would be used for. In this case, the funds were used by him to purchase control of the Northern Pacific. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NPcrash2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/NPcrash2.jpg/220px-NPcrash2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/NPcrash2.jpg/330px-NPcrash2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/NPcrash2.jpg/440px-NPcrash2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>A Northern Pacific train derailment on the S-curve trestle of the <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene,_Idaho" title="Coeur d'Alene, Idaho">Coeur d'Alene</a> cutoff near <a href="/wiki/Mullan,_Idaho" title="Mullan, Idaho">Mullan, Idaho</a> (1903)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Driving_the_Golden_Spike_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Driving_the_Golden_Spike_01.jpg/290px-Driving_the_Golden_Spike_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Driving_the_Golden_Spike_01.jpg/435px-Driving_the_Golden_Spike_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Driving_the_Golden_Spike_01.jpg/580px-Driving_the_Golden_Spike_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3585" data-file-height="2187" /></a><figcaption>Amédée Joullin, <i>Driving the Golden Spike</i>, (1903). Oil on canvas painting commemorating the “golden spike” driven uniting the east and west sections completing the Northern Pacific Railroad route after 13 years at <a href="/wiki/Gold_Creek,_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Creek, Montana">Gold Creek, Montana</a> in 1883</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite a tough fight, Billings and his backers were forced to capitulate; he resigned the presidency June 9, 1881. <a href="/wiki/Ashbel_H._Barney" title="Ashbel H. Barney">Ashbel H. Barney</a>, former <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wells_Fargo_presidents" title="List of Wells Fargo presidents">President of Wells Fargo & Company</a> (bankers and famous Western stagecoach line), served briefly as interim caretaker of the railroad from June 19 to September 15, when Villard was elected sixth president by the stockholders. For the next two years, Villard and the Northern Pacific rode the whirlwind. </p><p>In 1882, 360 miles (580 km) of main line and 368 miles (592 km) of <a href="/wiki/Branch_line" title="Branch line">branch line</a> were completed, bringing totals to 1,347 miles (2,168 km) and 731 miles (1,176 km), respectively. On October 10, 1882, the line from <a href="/wiki/Wadena,_Minnesota" title="Wadena, Minnesota">Wadena, Minnesota</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota" title="Fergus Falls, Minnesota">Fergus Falls, Minnesota</a>, opened for service. The upper <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> was bridged with a million-dollar span on October 21, 1883. Until then, crossing of the Missouri had had to be managed with a ferry boat service for most of the year; in winter, when ice was thick enough, rails were laid across the river itself. </p><p>Former <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> General <a href="/wiki/Herman_Haupt" title="Herman Haupt">Herman Haupt</a>, another veteran of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, builder then of the wartime <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">United States Military Railroad</a> lines and the civilian <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a>, organized the Northern Pacific Beneficial Association in 1881. Inspired by the progressive medical care and insurance program then being introduced in the German Empire in Europe and a forerunner of the modern <a href="/wiki/Health_maintenance_organization" title="Health maintenance organization">health maintenance organization</a>, the N.P.B.A. ultimately established a series of four medical hospitals across the N.P.R.R. route system in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glendive,_Montana" title="Glendive, Montana">Glendive, Montana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula, Montana</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a>, to care for its railroad employees, retirees, and their families. </p><p>On January 15, 1883, the first N.P.R.R. train reached <a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Montana" title="Livingston, Montana">Livingston, Montana</a>, at the eastern foot of the <a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Pass" title="Bozeman Pass">Bozeman Pass</a>. Livingston, like Brainerd and South Tacoma before it, would grow to encompass a large <a href="/wiki/Backshop" title="Backshop">backshop</a> handling heavy repairs for the Northern Pacific Railroad equipment. It would also mark the east–west dividing line on the Northern Pacific route system. </p><p><br /> Villard pushed hard for the completion of the Northern Pacific in 1883. His crews laid an average of a mile and half (2.4 km) of track each day. In early September, as the line neared completion. To celebrate, and to gain national publicity for investment opportunities in his region, Villard chartered four trains to carry guests from the East to <a href="/wiki/Gold_Creek_(Montana)" title="Gold Creek (Montana)">Gold Creek</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a> No expense was spared, and the list of dignitaries included Frederick Billings, former 18th President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (served 1869-1877), only two years before his tragic death from cancer, and Villard's in-laws, the family of famed longtime abolitionist <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, who had just died four years earlier. On September 8, 1883, the Gold Spike <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railroad_Completion_Site,_1883" title="Northern Pacific Railroad Completion Site, 1883">was driven near Gold Creek</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_to_Puget_Sound">Direct to Puget Sound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Direct to Puget Sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Pacific_Railroad_switchbacks_near_the_summit_of_the_Cascades,_1887_(TRANSPORT_177).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Northern_Pacific_Railroad_switchbacks_near_the_summit_of_the_Cascades%2C_1887_%28TRANSPORT_177%29.jpg/220px-Northern_Pacific_Railroad_switchbacks_near_the_summit_of_the_Cascades%2C_1887_%28TRANSPORT_177%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Northern_Pacific_Railroad_switchbacks_near_the_summit_of_the_Cascades%2C_1887_%28TRANSPORT_177%29.jpg/330px-Northern_Pacific_Railroad_switchbacks_near_the_summit_of_the_Cascades%2C_1887_%28TRANSPORT_177%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Northern_Pacific_Railroad_switchbacks_near_the_summit_of_the_Cascades%2C_1887_%28TRANSPORT_177%29.jpg/440px-Northern_Pacific_Railroad_switchbacks_near_the_summit_of_the_Cascades%2C_1887_%28TRANSPORT_177%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>Early Northern Pacific switchbacks on <a href="/wiki/Stampede_Pass" title="Stampede Pass">Stampede Pass</a>. (1887)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locomotive_at_tunnel_near_Stampede_Pass,_ca_1888_(MOHAI_6383).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Locomotive_at_tunnel_near_Stampede_Pass%2C_ca_1888_%28MOHAI_6383%29.jpg/220px-Locomotive_at_tunnel_near_Stampede_Pass%2C_ca_1888_%28MOHAI_6383%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Locomotive_at_tunnel_near_Stampede_Pass%2C_ca_1888_%28MOHAI_6383%29.jpg/330px-Locomotive_at_tunnel_near_Stampede_Pass%2C_ca_1888_%28MOHAI_6383%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Locomotive_at_tunnel_near_Stampede_Pass%2C_ca_1888_%28MOHAI_6383%29.jpg/440px-Locomotive_at_tunnel_near_Stampede_Pass%2C_ca_1888_%28MOHAI_6383%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>A Northern Pacific <a href="/wiki/4-4-0" title="4-4-0">4-4-0</a> on <a href="/wiki/Stampede_Pass" title="Stampede Pass">Stampede Pass</a>. (1888) </figcaption></figure> <p>Villard's fall was swifter than his ascendancy. Like Jay Cooke, he was now consumed by the enormous costs of constructing the railroad. Wall Street bears attacked the stock shortly after the Golden Spike, after the realization that the Northern Pacific was a very long road with very little business. Villard himself suffered a nervous breakdown in the days after the driving of the Golden Spike, and he left the presidency of the Northern Pacific in January 1884. </p><p>Again, the presidency of the Northern Pacific was handed to a professional railroader, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(NP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Harris (NP)">Robert Harris</a>, former head of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_and_Quincy_Railroad" title="Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad">Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad</a>. For the next four years, until the return of the Villard group, Harris worked at improving the property and ending its tangled relationship with the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company. </p><p>Throughout the mid-1880s, the Northern Pacific pushed to reach Puget Sound directly, rather than by means of a roundabout route that followed the Columbia River. Surveys of the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade Mountains">Cascade Mountains</a>, carried out intermittently since the 1870s, began anew. <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Bogue" title="Virgil Bogue">Virgil Bogue</a>, a veteran <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a>, was sent to explore the Cascades again. On March 19, 1881, he discovered <a href="/wiki/Stampede_Pass" title="Stampede Pass">Stampede Pass</a>. In 1883, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Sprague" title="John W. Sprague">John W. Sprague</a>, the head of the new Pacific Division, drove the Golden Spike to mark the beginning of the railroad from what would become <a href="/wiki/Kalama,_Washington" title="Kalama, Washington">Kalama, Washington</a>. He resigned a months later due to impaired health. </p><p>In 1884, after the departure of Villard, the Northern Pacific began building toward Stampede Pass from Wallula in the east and the area of Wilkeson in the west. By the end of the year, rails had reached <a href="/wiki/Yakima,_Washington" title="Yakima, Washington">Yakima, Washington</a> in the east. A 77-mile (124 km) gap remained in 1886. </p><p>In January of that year, Nelson Bennett was given a contract to construct a 9,850-foot (1.9 mi; 3.0 km) <a href="/wiki/Stampede_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stampede Tunnel">tunnel under Stampede Pass</a>. The contract specified a short amount of time for completion, and a large penalty if the deadline were missed. While crews worked on the tunnel, the railroad built a temporary <a href="/wiki/Zig_Zag_(railway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zig Zag (railway)">switchback</a> route across the pass. With numerous timber trestles and grades which approached six percent, the temporary line required two <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway_M_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Pacific Railway M class (page does not exist)">M class</a> <a href="/wiki/2-10-0" title="2-10-0">2-10-0s</a>—the two largest locomotives in the world (at that time)—to handle a tiny five-car train. On May 3, 1888, crews <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_hole-through" title="Tunnel hole-through">holed through</a> the tunnel, and on May 27 the first train passed through directly to Puget Sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villard_and_the_Panic_of_1893">Villard and the Panic of 1893</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Villard and the Panic of 1893"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite this success, the Northern Pacific, like many U.S. roads, was living on borrowed time. From 1887 until 1893, Henry Villard returned to the board of directors. Though offered the presidency, he refused. An associate of Villard dating back to his time on the Kansas Pacific, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fletcher_Oakes" title="Thomas Fletcher Oakes">Thomas Fletcher Oakes</a>, assumed the presidency on September 20, 1888. </p><p>In an effort to garner business, Oakes pursued an aggressive policy of branch line expansion. In addition, the Northern Pacific experienced the first competition in the form of <a href="/wiki/James_Jerome_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="James Jerome Hill">James Jerome Hill</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Great Northern Railway (U.S.)">Great Northern Railway</a>. The Great Northern, like the Northern Pacific before it, was pushing west from the Twin Cities towards Puget Sound, and would be completed in 1893. </p><p>Mismanagement, sparse traffic, and the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a> sounded the death knell for the Northern Pacific and Villard's interest in railroading. The company slipped into its second bankruptcy on October 20, 1893. Oakes was named receiver and <a href="/wiki/Brayton_Ives" title="Brayton Ives">Brayton Ives</a>, a former chairman of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>, became president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroad_labor_dispute">Railroad labor dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Railroad labor dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1894, the <a href="/wiki/10th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="10th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">10th Cavalry Regiment</a> of the U.S. Army was involved in protecting property of the Northern Pacific Railroad from striking workers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Villard_to_Morganization">From Villard to Morganization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: From Villard to Morganization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Pacific_Railroad_map_circa_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Northern_Pacific_Railroad_map_circa_1900.jpg/220px-Northern_Pacific_Railroad_map_circa_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Northern_Pacific_Railroad_map_circa_1900.jpg/330px-Northern_Pacific_Railroad_map_circa_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Northern_Pacific_Railroad_map_circa_1900.jpg/440px-Northern_Pacific_Railroad_map_circa_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8850" data-file-height="3358" /></a><figcaption>Map of Northern Pacific's route circa 1900.</figcaption></figure><p>For the next three years, the Villard-Oakes interests and the Ives interest feuded for control of the Northern Pacific. Oakes was eventually forced out as receiver, but not before three separate courts were claiming jurisdiction over the Northern Pacific's bankruptcy. Things came to a head in 1896, when first <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dean_Adams" title="Edward Dean Adams">Edward Dean Adams</a> was appointed president, then less than two months later, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Winter" title="Edwin Winter">Edwin Winter</a>. </p><p>Ultimately, the task of straightening out the muddle of the Northern Pacific was turned over to <a href="/wiki/John_Pierpont_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pierpont Morgan">J. P. Morgan</a>. Morganization of the Northern Pacific, a process which befell many U.S. roads in the wake of the Panic of 1893, was handed to Morgan lieutenant Charles Henry Coster. The new president, beginning September 1, 1897, was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanger_Mellen" title="Charles Sanger Mellen">Charles Sanger Mellen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though James J. Hill had purchased an interest in the Northern Pacific during the troubled days of 1896, Coster and Mellen would advocate, and follow, a staunchly independent line for the Northern Pacific for the next four years. Only the early death of Coster from overwork, and the promotion of Mellen to head the Morgan-controlled <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_Haven_and_Hartford_Railroad" title="New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad">New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad</a> in 1903, would bring the Northern Pacific closer to the orbit of James J. Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hill,_Harriman_and_the_Northern_Pacific_Corner"><span id="Hill.2C_Harriman_and_the_Northern_Pacific_Corner"></span>Hill, Harriman and the Northern Pacific Corner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hill, Harriman and the Northern Pacific Corner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RotaryPlow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/RotaryPlow.jpg/220px-RotaryPlow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/RotaryPlow.jpg/330px-RotaryPlow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/RotaryPlow.jpg/440px-RotaryPlow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>A Northern Pacific rotary plow on the <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene,_Idaho" title="Coeur d'Alene, Idaho">Coeur d'Alene</a> Cutoff near <a href="/wiki/Mullan,_Idaho" title="Mullan, Idaho">Mullan, Idaho</a>. (1903)</figcaption></figure><p>In the late 1880s, the Villard regime, in another one of its costly missteps, attempted to stretch the Northern Pacific from the Twin Cities to the all-important rail hub of <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>. A costly project was begun in creating a union station and terminal facilities for a Northern Pacific which had yet to arrive. </p><p>Rather than build directly down to Chicago, perhaps following the Mississippi River as the <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_and_Quincy_Railroad" title="Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad">Chicago, Burlington and Quincy</a> had done, Villard chose to lease the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Central_Railway_(1897%E2%80%931954)" title="Wisconsin Central Railway (1897–1954)">Wisconsin Central</a>. Some backers of the Wisconsin Central had long associations with Villard, and an expensive lease was worked out between the two companies which was only undone by the Northern Pacific's second bankruptcy. </p><p>The ultimate result was that the Northern Pacific was left without a direct connection to Chicago, the primary interchange point for most of the large U.S. railroads. Fortunately, the Northern Pacific was not alone. <a href="/wiki/James_J._Hill" title="James J. Hill">James J. Hill</a>, controller of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Great Northern Railway (U.S.)">Great Northern Railway</a>, which was completed between the Twin Cities and Puget Sound in 1893, also lacked a direct connection to Chicago. Hill went looking for a road with an existing route between the Twin Cities and Chicago which could be rolled into his holdings and give him a stable path to that important interchange. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/E._H._Harriman" title="E. H. Harriman">E. H. Harriman</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a>, was also looking for a road which could connect his company to Chicago. </p><p>The road both Harriman and Hill looked at was the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy. To Harriman, the Burlington was a road which paralleled much of his own and offered tantalizing direct access to Chicago. For Hill as well, there was the possibility of a high-speed link directly with Chicago. Though the Burlington did not parallel the Great Northern or the Northern Pacific, it would give them a powerful railroad in the central West. Harriman was the first to approach the Burlington's aging leader, the irascible <a href="/wiki/Charles_Elliott_Perkins" title="Charles Elliott Perkins">Charles Elliott Perkins</a>. The price for control of the Burlington, as set by Perkins, was $200 a share, more than Harriman was willing to pay. Hill met the price, and control of the Burlington was divided equally at about 48.5 percent each between the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific. </p><p>Not to be outdone, Harriman now came up with a crafty plan: buy a controlling interest in the Northern Pacific and use its power on the Burlington to place friendly directors upon its board. On May 3, 1901, Harriman began his stock raid which would become known as the Northern Pacific Corner. By the end of the day, he was short just 40,000 shares of common stock. Harriman placed an order to cover this, but was overridden by his broker, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Schiff" title="Jacob Schiff">Jacob Schiff</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kuhn,_Loeb_%26_Co." title="Kuhn, Loeb & Co.">Kuhn, Loeb & Co.</a> Hill, on the other hand, reached the vacationing Morgan in Italy and managed to place an order for 150,000 shares of common stock. Though Harriman might be able to control the preferred stock, Hill knew the company bylaws allowed for the holders of the common stock to vote to retire the preferred. </p><p>In three days, the Harriman-Hill imbroglio managed to wreak havoc on the stock market. Northern Pacific stock was quoted at $150 a share on May 6 and is reported to have traded as much as $1,000 a share behind the scenes. Harriman and Hill now worked to settle the issue for brokers to avoid panic. Hill, for his part, attempted to avoid future stock raids by placing his holdings in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Securities_Company" title="Northern Securities Company">Northern Securities Company</a>, a move which would be undone by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> in 1904 under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Anti-Trust_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Anti-Trust Act">Sherman Anti-Trust Act</a>. Harriman was not immune either; he was forced to break up his holdings in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Pacific Railroad">Southern Pacific Railroad</a> a few years later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Hill_to_Howard_Elliott">From Hill to Howard Elliott</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: From Hill to Howard Elliott"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1903, Hill finally got his way with the House of Morgan. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Elliott_(railroad_executive)" title="Howard Elliott (railroad executive)">Howard Elliott</a>, another veteran of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, became president of the Northern Pacific on October 23. Elliott was a relative of the Burlington's crusty chieftain Charles Elliott Perkins, and more distantly the Burlington's great backer, <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_Forbes" title="John Murray Forbes">John Murray Forbes</a>. He had spent 20 years in the trenches of Midwest railroading, where rebates, pooling, expansion and rate wars had brought ruinous competition. Having seen the effects of having multiple railroads attempt to serve the same destination, he was very much in tune with James J. Hill's philosophy of "community of interest," a loose affiliation or collusion among roads in an attempt to avoid duplicating routes, rate wars, weak finances and ultimately bankruptcies and reorganizations. Elliott would be left to make peace with the Hill-controlled Great Northern; the Harriman-controlled Union Pacific; and, between 1907 and 1909, the last of the northern transcontinentals, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee,_St._Paul_and_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad">Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad</a>, more commonly known as the Milwaukee Road. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Into_the_twentieth_century">Into the twentieth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Into the twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Pacific_train_on_Bozeman_Pass,_June_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Northern_Pacific_train_on_Bozeman_Pass%2C_June_1939.jpg/220px-Northern_Pacific_train_on_Bozeman_Pass%2C_June_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Northern_Pacific_train_on_Bozeman_Pass%2C_June_1939.jpg/330px-Northern_Pacific_train_on_Bozeman_Pass%2C_June_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Northern_Pacific_train_on_Bozeman_Pass%2C_June_1939.jpg/440px-Northern_Pacific_train_on_Bozeman_Pass%2C_June_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>A Northern Pacific train travels over <a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Pass" title="Bozeman Pass">Bozeman Pass</a> in June 1939</figcaption></figure><p>The Northern Pacific steadily improved after the turn of the century. Together with the Great Northern, the Northern Pacific also gained control of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, gaining important access to Chicago, the central Middle West and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Portland_and_Seattle_Railway" title="Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway">Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway</a>, an important route through eastern and southern <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>. Its physical plant was upgraded continuously, with double tracking in key areas and automatic block signaling along its entire main line. This in turn gave way to centralized traffic control, microwave communications, and radio communications as time progressed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Northern Pacific continuously maintained and upgraded its equipment and service. The road helped pioneer the <a href="/wiki/4-8-4" title="4-8-4">4-8-4</a> Northern type steam engine and the <a href="/wiki/2-8-8-4" title="2-8-8-4">2-8-8-4</a> Yellowstone. It was also among the first railroads in the country to <a href="/wiki/Dieselisation" title="Dieselisation">dieselize</a>—beginning with <a href="/wiki/EMD_FT" title="EMD FT">General Motors’ FTs</a> in 1944<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>—albeit among the last to complete dieselization, not doing so until 1960 owing to low cost (albeit low quality) coal reserves in Wyoming. </p><p>The Northern Pacific's premier passenger train, the <i><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Limited" title="North Coast Limited">North Coast Limited</a></i>, was among the safest and finest in the nation, suffering only one passenger fatality in nearly seventy years of operation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By 1900, most of the remaining land-grant holdings were located west of Montana, in the "western district". The railroad still hoped to sell this land, both to provide operating funds and to populate the region to provide new markets to sustain the railroad. Nearly all the good farmlands had been sold, leaving large tracts of grazing land or timber. The grazing acreage was poor quality and difficult to sell. However, the timber lands were of high quality; much of these were sold to Frederick <a href="/wiki/Weyerhaeuser" title="Weyerhaeuser">Weyerhaeuser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unification_of_the_Hill_Lines">Unification of the Hill Lines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Unification of the Hill Lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Pacific_Depot_in_Wallace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Northern_Pacific_Depot_in_Wallace.jpg/220px-Northern_Pacific_Depot_in_Wallace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Northern_Pacific_Depot_in_Wallace.jpg/330px-Northern_Pacific_Depot_in_Wallace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Northern_Pacific_Depot_in_Wallace.jpg/440px-Northern_Pacific_Depot_in_Wallace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>NP depot at <a href="/wiki/Wallace,_Idaho" title="Wallace, Idaho">Wallace, Idaho</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure><p>In later years, <a href="/wiki/Louis_W._Menk" title="Louis W. Menk">Louis W. Menk</a> became president of the Northern Pacific, and then he brought it together with the <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_and_Quincy_Railroad" title="Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad">Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Great Northern Railway (U.S.)">Great Northern Railway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Portland_and_Seattle_Railway" title="Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway">Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway</a> on March 2, 1970, to form the <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Northern_Railroad" title="Burlington Northern Railroad">Burlington Northern Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The merger was allowed despite a challenge in the Supreme Court, essentially reversing the outcome of the 1904 Northern Securities ruling. A 900 mi (1,400 km) portion of the former Northern Pacific mainline in Montana was spun off to form the <a href="/wiki/Montana_Rail_Link" title="Montana Rail Link">Montana Rail Link</a>. However, as of January 10, 2022, <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF</a> terminated its lease of the former Northern Pacific right-of-way to the <a href="/wiki/Montana_Rail_Link" title="Montana Rail Link">MRL</a> which is set to return to the direct management of the <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions">Divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066032864">.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>table{background:none;margin:0}@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .thumbinner table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .thumbinner caption{display:table-caption}}</style><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:200px;"> <table class="wikitable center"> <caption>Revenue freight traffic, in millions of net ton-miles (including M&I, G&P) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Traffic </th></tr> <tr> <td>1925 </td> <td>6852 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933 </td> <td>3600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 </td> <td>14679 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>11360 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td>13629 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="reflist" style="text-align:left">Source: ICC annual reports</div> </div></div> <p>In 1949, the Northern Pacific's headquarters in Saint Paul presided over a system of 6,889 miles (11,087 km), which 2,831 miles (4,556 km) of main line, 4,057 miles (6,529 km) of branch line under seven operating divisions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lake_Superior">Lake Superior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lake Superior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth, Minnesota</a>, the Lake Superior Division's main routes were from Duluth to <a href="/wiki/Ashland,_Wisconsin" title="Ashland, Wisconsin">Ashland, Wisconsin</a>, Duluth to <a href="/wiki/Staples,_Minnesota" title="Staples, Minnesota">Staples, Minnesota</a>, and Duluth to <a href="/wiki/White_Bear_Lake,_Minnesota" title="White Bear Lake, Minnesota">White Bear Lake, Minnesota</a>. The division encompassed 631 route miles: 356 in main line and 274 in branches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Paul">St. Paul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: St. Paul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, Minnesota</a> in the company's <a href="/wiki/Railroad_and_Bank_Building" title="Railroad and Bank Building">Railroad and Bank Building</a>, the St. Paul Division's main routes were from Saint Paul to Staples, Saint Paul to White Bear Lake, and Staples to <a href="/wiki/Dilworth,_Minnesota" title="Dilworth, Minnesota">Dilworth, Minnesota</a>. The division encompassed 909 route miles: 310 in main line and 599 in branches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fargo">Fargo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fargo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo, North Dakota</a>, the Fargo Division's main routes were from Dilworth to <a href="/wiki/Mandan,_North_Dakota" title="Mandan, North Dakota">Mandan, North Dakota</a>. The division encompassed 1,167 route miles: 216 in main line and 951 in branches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yellowstone">Yellowstone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Yellowstone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Glendive,_Montana" title="Glendive, Montana">Glendive, Montana</a>, the Yellowstone Division's main routes were from <a href="/wiki/Mandan,_North_Dakota" title="Mandan, North Dakota">Mandan, North Dakota</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings, Montana</a>, and from Billings to <a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Montana" title="Livingston, Montana">Livingston, Montana</a>. The division encompassed 875 route miles: 546 in main line and 328 in branches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rocky_Mountain">Rocky Mountain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rocky Mountain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula, Montana</a>, the Rocky Mountain Division's main routes were from Livingston to <a href="/wiki/Paradise,_Montana" title="Paradise, Montana">Paradise, Montana</a> via <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena, Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mullan_Pass" title="Mullan Pass">Mullan Pass</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/Logan,_Montana" title="Logan, Montana">Logan, Montana</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Garrison,_Montana" title="Garrison, Montana">Garrison, Montana</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Butte,_Montana" title="Butte, Montana">Butte, Montana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homestake_Pass" title="Homestake Pass">Homestake Pass</a>. The division encompassed 892 route miles: 563 in main line and 330 in branches. It was home to the principal central district repair facility at Livingston, Montana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idaho">Idaho</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Idaho"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>, the Idaho Division's main routes were from Paradise, Mont., to <a href="/wiki/Yakima,_Washington" title="Yakima, Washington">Yakima, Washington</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Pasco,_Washington" title="Pasco, Washington">Pasco, Washington</a>. The division encompassed 1,123 route miles: 466 in main line and 657 in branches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tacoma">Tacoma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tacoma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a>, the Tacoma Division's main routes were from Yakima to Stuck Junction, near future <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Washington" title="Auburn, Washington">Auburn, Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sumas,_Washington" title="Sumas, Washington">Sumas, Washington</a>, on the border with <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada, and from Seattle to <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>. The division encompassed 1,034 route miles: 373 in main line and 661 in branches. It was home to the principal west end repair facility at South Tacoma, Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the railroad expanded, immigrants, families, and single men moved to the Pacific Northwest. Tacoma's population grew rapidly: in 1880 there were 1,098 residents, and in 1889 there were 36,000.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passenger_service">Passenger service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Passenger service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Pacific_Railway_Homeseekers_Excursions_circa_1912.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Northern_Pacific_Railway_Homeseekers_Excursions_circa_1912.JPG/220px-Northern_Pacific_Railway_Homeseekers_Excursions_circa_1912.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Northern_Pacific_Railway_Homeseekers_Excursions_circa_1912.JPG/330px-Northern_Pacific_Railway_Homeseekers_Excursions_circa_1912.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Northern_Pacific_Railway_Homeseekers_Excursions_circa_1912.JPG/440px-Northern_Pacific_Railway_Homeseekers_Excursions_circa_1912.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>The line encouraged people to make their homes in the Pacific Northwest by having an "immigration agent" and offering special excursion trains for prospective buyers during the winter months.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Coast_Limited_in_Montana.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/North_Coast_Limited_in_Montana.JPG/220px-North_Coast_Limited_in_Montana.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/North_Coast_Limited_in_Montana.JPG/330px-North_Coast_Limited_in_Montana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/North_Coast_Limited_in_Montana.JPG/440px-North_Coast_Limited_in_Montana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Limited" title="North Coast Limited">North Coast Limited</a></i> was the Northern Pacific's flagship passenger train.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Limited" title="North Coast Limited">North Coast Limited</a></i> was the premier passenger train operated by the Northern Pacific Railway between Chicago and Seattle via <a href="/wiki/Butte,_Montana" title="Butte, Montana">Butte, Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homestake_Pass" title="Homestake Pass">Homestake Pass</a>. It commenced service on April 29, 1900, served briefly as a Burlington Northern train after the merger on March 2, 1970, and ceased operation on April 30, 1971, the day before Amtrak began service. The Chicago Union Station to Saint Paul leg of the train's route was operated by the <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_and_Quincy_Railroad" title="Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad">Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad</a> along its Mississippi River mainline through Wisconsin. </p><p>The Northern Pacific's secondary transcontinental passenger train was the <i>Alaskan,</i> until it was replaced by the <i><a href="/wiki/Mainstreeter" title="Mainstreeter">Mainstreeter</a></i> on November 16, 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-NP_Pictorial_5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP_Pictorial_5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <i>Mainstreeter</i>, which operated via <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena, Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mullan_Pass" title="Mullan Pass">Mullan Pass</a>, continued in service through the <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Northern" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlington Northern">Burlington Northern</a> merger until <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> Day (May 1, 1971). It had been reduced to a <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a> to Seattle train after the last run of the former <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_and_Quincy_Railroad" title="Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad">Burlington Route</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(passenger_train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hawk (passenger train)">Black Hawk</a></i> on April 12–13, 1970. </p><p>The Northern Pacific also participated in the <i>Coast Pool Train</i> service between <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Great Northern Railway (U.S.)">Great Northern Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a>. NP and GN <i>Coast Pool Trains</i> lasted until Amtrak. </p><p>There were several other passenger trains which were discontinued before the Burlington Northern merger. These included: </p> <ul><li>Saint Paul to <a href="/wiki/International_Falls,_Minnesota" title="International Falls, Minnesota">International Falls, Minnesota</a>;</li> <li>Saint Paul to <a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth, Minnesota</a> (which at one time was also a pool operation, with Great Northern Railway and the <a href="/wiki/Soo_Line_Railroad" title="Soo Line Railroad">Soo Line</a>);</li> <li>Duluth to <a href="/wiki/Staples,_Minnesota" title="Staples, Minnesota">Staples, Minnesota</a>;</li> <li>Saint Paul to <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_North_Dakota" title="Jamestown, North Dakota">Jamestown, North Dakota</a> (the last remnant of the Alaskan);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo, North Dakota</a> to <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg, Manitoba">Winnipeg, Manitoba</a>;</li> <li>Minneapolis to Taylors Falls commuter rail;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Route_of_"the_Great_Big_Baked_Potato""><span id="The_Route_of_.22the_Great_Big_Baked_Potato.22"></span>The Route of "the Great Big Baked Potato"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The Route of "the Great Big Baked Potato""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Pacific_Railway_Lillian_Russell_1915.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Northern_Pacific_Railway_Lillian_Russell_1915.JPG/220px-Northern_Pacific_Railway_Lillian_Russell_1915.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Northern_Pacific_Railway_Lillian_Russell_1915.JPG/330px-Northern_Pacific_Railway_Lillian_Russell_1915.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Northern_Pacific_Railway_Lillian_Russell_1915.JPG/440px-Northern_Pacific_Railway_Lillian_Russell_1915.JPG 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Actress <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Russell" title="Lillian Russell">Lillian Russell</a> and other Hollywood stars were hired to promote the railroad's potatoes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Pacific_Big_Baked_Potato_comic_postcard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Northern_Pacific_Big_Baked_Potato_comic_postcard.JPG/220px-Northern_Pacific_Big_Baked_Potato_comic_postcard.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Northern_Pacific_Big_Baked_Potato_comic_postcard.JPG/330px-Northern_Pacific_Big_Baked_Potato_comic_postcard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Northern_Pacific_Big_Baked_Potato_comic_postcard.JPG/440px-Northern_Pacific_Big_Baked_Potato_comic_postcard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>A comic postcard circa 1910 to 1920 promoting "The Great Big Baked Potato".</figcaption></figure> <p>Hazen Titus was appointed as the line's dining car superintendent in 1908. He learned that <a href="/wiki/Yakima_River" title="Yakima River">Yakima Valley</a> farmers were unable to sell their potato crops because the potatoes they were growing were simply too large; they fed them to the hogs. Titus learned that a single potato could weigh from two to five pounds, but that smaller potatoes were preferred by the end buyers of the vegetable because many people considered large potatoes inedible due to their thick, rough skin.<sup id="cite_ref-potato_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potato-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Titus and his staff discovered the "inedible" potatoes were delicious after baking in a slow oven. He contracted to purchase as many potatoes as the farmers could produce that were more than two pounds in weight. Soon after the first delivery of "<a href="/wiki/Russet_Burbank_potato" class="mw-redirect" title="Russet Burbank potato">Netted Gem Bakers</a>", they were offered to diners on the North Coast Limited beginning in early 1909. Word of the line's specialty offering traveled quickly, and before long it was using "the Great Big Baked Potato" as a slogan to promote the railroad's passenger service. Hollywood stars were hired to promote it.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an addition was built for the Northern Pacific's Seattle commissary in 1914, a <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Age" title="Railway Age">Railway Age</a></i> reporter wrote, "A large trade mark, in the shape of a baked potato, 40 ft. long and 18 ft. in diameter, surmounts the roof. The potato is electric lighted and its eyes, through the electric mechanism, are made to wink constantly. A cube of butter thrust into its split top glows intermittently." Premiums such as postcards, letter openers, and spoons were also produced to promote "The Route of the Great Big Baked Potato"; the slogan served the Northern Pacific for about 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-potato_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potato-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents">Presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryVillard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/HenryVillard.jpg/220px-HenryVillard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/HenryVillard.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Henry Villard, 6th president of Northern Pacific</figcaption></figure> <p>Presidents of Northern Pacific Railway were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Perham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Perham (page does not exist)">Josiah Perham</a>, 1864–1866.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gregory_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gregory Smith">John Gregory Smith</a>, 1866–1872.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cass" title="George Washington Cass">George Washington Cass</a>, 1872–1875.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barstow_Wright" title="Charles Barstow Wright">Charles Barstow Wright</a>, 1875–1879.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Billings" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Billings">Frederick Billings</a>, 1879–1881.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Villard" title="Henry Villard">Henry Villard</a>, 1881–1884.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(NP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Harris (NP)">Robert Harris</a>, 1884–1888.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fletcher_Oakes" title="Thomas Fletcher Oakes">Thomas Fletcher Oakes</a>, 1888–1893.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_Ives" title="Brayton Ives">Brayton Ives</a>, 1893–1896.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dean_Adams" title="Edward Dean Adams">Edward Dean Adams</a>, 1896.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Winter" title="Edwin Winter">Edwin Winter</a>, 1896.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanger_Mellen" title="Charles Sanger Mellen">Charles Sanger Mellen</a>, 1897–1903.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Elliott_(railroad_executive)" title="Howard Elliott (railroad executive)">Howard Elliott</a>, 1903–1913.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jule_Murat_Hannaford" title="Jule Murat Hannaford">Jule Murat Hannaford</a>, 1913–1920.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Donnelly_(NP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Donnelly (NP)">Charles Donnelly</a>, 1920–1939.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene_Denney" title="Charles Eugene Denney">Charles Eugene Denney</a>, 1939–1950.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stetson_Macfarlane" title="Robert Stetson Macfarlane">Robert Stetson Macfarlane</a>, 1951–1966.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_W._Menk" title="Louis W. Menk">Louis W. Menk</a>, 1966–1970.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chief_engineers">Chief engineers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Chief engineers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Ferry_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Ferry Johnson (page does not exist)">Edwin Ferry Johnson</a> (1803–1872), engineer-in-chief, 1867. Wrote <i>The Railroad To the Pacific, Northern Route, Its General Characteristics, Relative Merits, Etc.</i> in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-cyclopedia_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyclopedia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Milnor_Roberts" title="William Milnor Roberts">William Milnor Roberts</a> (1810–1881), engineer-in-chief, 1869 to 1879. Proposed the general route of the Northern Pacific from Bismarck to Portland. Also, Vice President, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1873 to 1878, and then President, 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-cyclopedia_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyclopedia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adna_Anderson" title="Adna Anderson">Adna Anderson</a> (1827–1889), engineer-in-chief, February 18, 1880, to January 1888. In October 1886, he was also named second vice-president of the Northern Pacific. He completed the line between Saint Paul, Minnesota, and Wallula (where it connected with the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company's line to Portland), witnessing the driving of the last spike on September 8, 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, he evaluated possible routes for the Cascade Division, intended to connect the NP at some point near the mouth of the Snake River with <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a> on <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>. Preliminary reconnaissance and surveys began in March 1880, and in autumn, 1883, Anderson concluded that the line should be built through <a href="/wiki/Stampede_Pass" title="Stampede Pass">Stampede Pass</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Kendrick" title="John William Kendrick">John William Kendrick</a> (1853–1924), chief engineer, January 1888, to July 1893. From July 1893, to February 1, 1899, he was general manager of the reorganized Northern Pacific Railway.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Harrison_McHenry" title="Edwin Harrison McHenry">Edwin Harrison McHenry</a> (1859 – August 21, 1931), chief engineer, July 1893, to September 1, 1901. Subsequently, he was chief engineer for the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> and then fourth vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_Haven_and_Hartford_Railroad" title="New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad">New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lafayette_Darling" title="William Lafayette Darling">William Lafayette Darling</a> (1856–1938), chief engineer, September 1, 1901, to September 1903, and January 1906, to 1916. Between 1905 and 1906, he was chief engineer for the <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee,_St._Paul_and_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad">Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad</a>, returning to the NP in 1906 as chief engineer and also vice-president and engineer in charge of construction of the <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Portland_and_Seattle_Railway" title="Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway">Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Pearson" title="Edward J. Pearson">Edward J. Pearson</a> (1863–1928), chief engineer, September 1903, to December 1905.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Eveleth_Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Eveleth Stevens (page does not exist)">Howard Eveleth Stevens</a>, chief engineer, 1916 to 1928.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Blum" title="Bernard Blum">Bernard Blum</a>, chief engineer, 1928 to March 1953.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Robert_Peterson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Robert Peterson (page does not exist)">Harold Robert Peterson</a> (1896–1963), chief engineer, March 1953, to May 1962.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harlow_Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Harlow Shoemaker">Douglas Harlow Shoemaker</a>, chief engineer, May 1962, to March 2, 1970.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locomotives">Locomotives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Locomotives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway_locomotives" title="Northern Pacific Railway locomotives">Northern Pacific Railway locomotives</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trademark">Trademark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Trademark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In search of a trademark, the Northern Pacific considered and rejected many designs. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Harrison_McHenry" title="Edwin Harrison McHenry">Edwin Harrison McHenry</a>, the Chief Engineer, was struck with a geometric design, a <a href="/wiki/Taijitu" title="Taijitu">Taijitu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean flag">Korean flag</a> he saw while visiting the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">Chicago World's Fair</a> in 1893. The idea came to him that it was just the symbol for the long-sought-for trademark. With a slight modification, and rendered in red and black, the symbol became the railroad's trademark.<sup id="cite_ref-trademark_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trademark-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1876, photographer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Jay_Haynes" title="Frank Jay Haynes">Frank Jay Haynes</a> began contract work with the railroad for publicity photographs. In 1881 he met Charles Fee and through his 20-year friendship with Fee, Haynes became known as the "Official Photographer of the N.P.R.R". His "Northern Pacific Views" photographically documented over the years, the routes, destinations, infrastructure and equipment of the railroad.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_preserved_Northern_Pacific_Railway_rolling_stock" title="List of preserved Northern Pacific Railway rolling stock">List of preserved Northern Pacific Railway rolling stock</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gamble-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gamble_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gamble_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLubetkin2006" class="citation book cs1">Lubetkin, M. John (2006). <i>Jay Cooke's Gamble-The Northern Pacific Railroad, the Sioux and the Panic of 1873</i>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3740-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3740-7"><bdi>978-0-8061-3740-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jay+Cooke%27s+Gamble-The+Northern+Pacific+Railroad%2C+the+Sioux+and+the+Panic+of+1873&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3740-7&rft.aulast=Lubetkin&rft.aufirst=M.+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_A._Schwantes1996" class="citation book cs1">Carlos A. Schwantes (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JImlIbueaXcC&pg=PA173"><i>The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803292284" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803292284"><bdi>978-0803292284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+Northwest%3A+An+Interpretive+History&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0803292284&rft.au=Carlos+A.+Schwantes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJImlIbueaXcC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubetkin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lubetkin, John M. (2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Twenty-Six Feet and no Bottom': Constructing the Northern Pacific Railroad". <i>Minnesota History</i>. <b>60</b> (1): 4–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+History&rft.atitle=%27Twenty-Six+Feet+and+no+Bottom%27%3A+Constructing+the+Northern+Pacific+Railroad&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-17&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lubetkin&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William R. Kuebler, <i>The Vista Dome North Coast Limited: The Story of the Northern Pacific Railway's Famous Domeliner</i> (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubetkin2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Lubetkin, John M. (2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'No Fighting is to be Apprehended": Major Eugene Baker, Sitting Bull, and the Northern Pacific Railroad's 1872 Western Yellowstone Surveying Expedition". <i>Montana: The Magazine of Western History</i>. Vol. 56, no. 2. pp. 28–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montana%3A+The+Magazine+of+Western+History&rft.atitle=%27No+Fighting+is+to+be+Apprehended%22%3A+Major+Eugene+Baker%2C+Sitting+Bull%2C+and+the+Northern+Pacific+Railroad%27s+1872+Western+Yellowstone+Surveying+Expedition&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=28-41&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lubetkin&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1957" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Stanley N. (Fall 1957). "Railroads and the Agricultural Development of the Red River Valley of the North, 1870-1890". <i>Agricultural History</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 57–66. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740486">3740486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+History&rft.atitle=Railroads+and+the+Agricultural+Development+of+the+Red+River+Valley+of+the+North%2C+1870-1890&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=57-66&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3740486%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stanley+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrache1967" class="citation journal cs1">Drache, Hiram M. (1967). "The Economic Aspects of the Northern Pacific Railroad in North Dakota". <i>North Dakota History</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 320–372.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Dakota+History&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Aspects+of+the+Northern+Pacific+Railroad+in+North+Dakota&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=320-372&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Drache&rft.aufirst=Hiram+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedges1926" class="citation journal cs1">Hedges, James B. (December 1926). "The Colonization Work of the Northern Pacific Railroad". <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 311–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1893110">10.2307/1893110</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1893110">1893110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Colonization+Work+of+the+Northern+Pacific+Railroad&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=311-342&rft.date=1926-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1893110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1893110%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hedges&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFControneo1970" class="citation journal cs1">Controneo, Ross R. (1970). "Northern Pacific Officials and the Disposition of the Railroad's Land Grant in North Dakota after 1888". <i>North Dakota History</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 77–103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Dakota+History&rft.atitle=Northern+Pacific+Officials+and+the+Disposition+of+the+Railroad%27s+Land+Grant+in+North+Dakota+after+1888&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-103&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Controneo&rft.aufirst=Ross+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer1982" class="citation book cs1">Mercer, Lloyd J. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LE_h0jeJEIYC&pg=PA198"><i>Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention</i></a>. Beard Books. pp. 198–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587981548" title="Special:BookSources/9781587981548"><bdi>9781587981548</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroads+and+Land+Grant+Policy%3A+A+Study+in+Government+Intervention&rft.pages=198-200&rft.pub=Beard+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9781587981548&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLE_h0jeJEIYC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span> for sales statistics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarnsberger1969" class="citation journal cs1">Harnsberger, John L. (1969). "Jay Cooke and the Financing of the Northern Pacific Railroad, 1869-1873". <i>North Dakota Quarterly</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 5–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Dakota+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Jay+Cooke+and+the+Financing+of+the+Northern+Pacific+Railroad%2C+1869-1873&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=5-13&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Harnsberger&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2010" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Jan (2010). "The Northern Pacific Railroad's Last Spike Excursion". <i>Montana: The Magazine of Western History</i>. <b>60</b> (4): 16–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montana%3A+The+Magazine+of+Western+History&rft.atitle=The+Northern+Pacific+Railroad%27s+Last+Spike+Excursion&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=16-35&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchubert1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_N._Schubert" title="Frank N. Schubert">Schubert, Frank N.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackvalorbuffal00schu/page/107"><i>Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898</i></a>. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackvalorbuffal00schu/page/107">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842025867" title="Special:BookSources/9780842025867"><bdi>9780842025867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Valor%3A+Buffalo+Soldiers+and+the+Medal+of+Honor%2C+1870-1898&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780842025867&rft.aulast=Schubert&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackvalorbuffal00schu%2Fpage%2F107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacey1971" class="citation journal cs1">Macey, Barry A. (1971). "Charles Sanger Mellen: Architect of Transportation Monopoly". <i>Historical New Hampshire</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 2–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+New+Hampshire&rft.atitle=Charles+Sanger+Mellen%3A+Architect+of+Transportation+Monopoly&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2-29&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Macey&rft.aufirst=Barry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotroneo1970" class="citation journal cs1">Cotroneo, Ross R. (1970). "The Northern Pacific: Years of Difficulty". <i>Kansas Quarterly</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 69–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kansas+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Northern+Pacific%3A+Years+of+Difficulty&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=69-77&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Cotroneo&rft.aufirst=Ross+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotroneo1968" class="citation journal cs1">Cotroneo, Ross R. (1968). "Western Land Marketing by the Northern Pacific Railway". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 299–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3636865">10.2307/3636865</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3636865">3636865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Western+Land+Marketing+by+the+Northern+Pacific+Railway&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=299-320&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3636865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3636865%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cotroneo&rft.aufirst=Ross+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennon" class="citation book cs1">Lennon, J. <i>Establishing Trails on Rights-of-Way</i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Establishing+Trails+on+Rights-of-Way&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft.aulast=Lennon&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=2304">"Northern Pacific runs first train from Tacoma to Seattle on June 17, 1884"</a>. <i>historylink.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160622234001/http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?displaypage=output.cfm&file_id=2304">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historylink.org&rft.atitle=Northern+Pacific+runs+first+train+from+Tacoma+to+Seattle+on+June+17%2C+1884.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylink.org%2Findex.cfm%3FDisplayPage%3Doutput.cfm%26file_id%3D2304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwantes1989" class="citation book cs1">Schwantes, Carlos (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pacificnorthwest00schw"><i>The Pacific Northwest</i></a></span>. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pacificnorthwest00schw/page/225">225–251</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803292284" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803292284"><bdi>978-0803292284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+Northwest&rft.place=Lincoln+and+London&rft.pages=225-251&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0803292284&rft.aulast=Schwantes&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpacificnorthwest00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NP_Pictorial_5-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NP_Pictorial_5_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2001" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, John F. Jr. (2001). <i>Northern Pacific Pictorial Volume 5 — Domes, RDCs and Slumbercoaches</i>. La Mirada, California: Four Ways West Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885614-45-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885614-45-2"><bdi>978-1-885614-45-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Pacific+Pictorial+Volume+5+%E2%80%94+Domes%2C+RDCs+and+Slumbercoaches&rft.place=La+Mirada%2C+California&rft.pub=Four+Ways+West+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-885614-45-2&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=John+F.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-potato-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-potato_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-potato_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMckenzie2004" class="citation book cs1">Mckenzie, William A., ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7INcKYtplxsC&q=great+big+baked+potato+northern+pacific&pg=PA74"><i>Dining Car To The Pacific: The "Famously Good" Food of the Northern Pacific Railway</i></a>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816645626" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816645626"><bdi>978-0816645626</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2012</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dining+Car+To+The+Pacific%3A+The+%22Famously+Good%22+Food+of+the+Northern+Pacific+Railway&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0816645626&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7INcKYtplxsC%26q%3Dgreat%2Bbig%2Bbaked%2Bpotato%2Bnorthern%2Bpacific%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHathaway2009" class="citation book cs1">Hathaway, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AqG5SU2Ja0kC&pg=PA53"><i>Idaho Falls Post Register</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738559681" title="Special:BookSources/9780738559681"><bdi>9780738559681</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idaho+Falls+Post+Register&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780738559681&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAqG5SU2Ja0kC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cyclopedia-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cyclopedia_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cyclopedia_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The National Cyclopedia of American Biography</i>. New York: James T. White. 1940.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Cyclopedia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=James+T.+White&rft.date=1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbottHobart1885" class="citation book cs1">Talbott, E.H.; Hobart, H.R., eds. (1885). <i>The Biographical Directory of the Railway Officials of America for 1885</i>. Chicago: Railway Age.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Directory+of+the+Railway+Officials+of+America+for+1885&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Railway+Age&rft.date=1885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusbey1901" class="citation book cs1">Busbey, T. Addison, ed. (1901). <i>The Biographical Directory of the Railway Officials of America, 1901 edition</i>. Chicago: Railway Age and Northwestern Railroader.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Directory+of+the+Railway+Officials+of+America%2C+1901+edition&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Railway+Age+and+Northwestern+Railroader&rft.date=1901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusbey1906" class="citation book cs1">Busbey, T. Addison, ed. (1906). <i>The Biographical Directory of the Railway Officials of America, 1906 edition</i>. Chicago: Railway Age.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Directory+of+the+Railway+Officials+of+America%2C+1906+edition&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Railway+Age&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Who's Who in Railroading – United States, Canada, Mexico, Cuba – 1930 Edition</i>. New York: Simmons-Boardman. 1930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Railroading+%E2%80%93+United+States%2C+Canada%2C+Mexico%2C+Cuba+%E2%80%93+1930+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simmons-Boardman&rft.date=1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trademark-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trademark_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler,_Olin_D.1901" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Olin D. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoftradema440whee"><i>The history of a trade-mark</i></a>. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Northern Pacific Railway.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+a+trade-mark&rft.place=Saint+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Northern+Pacific+Railway&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Olin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoftradema440whee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan1983" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Edward W. (1983). <i>Northern Pacific views: The railroad photography of F. Jay Haynes, 1876–1905</i>. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press. pp. 14–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917298-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-917298-11-0"><bdi>978-0-917298-11-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Pacific+views%3A+The+railroad+photography+of+F.+Jay+Haynes%2C+1876%E2%80%931905&rft.place=Helena%2C+MT&rft.pages=14-20&rft.pub=Montana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-917298-11-0&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmbruster1999" class="citation book cs1">Armbruster, Kurt E. (1999). <i>Orphan Road: The Railroad Comes to Seattle, 1853–1911</i>. Pullman: Washington State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orphan+Road%3A+The+Railroad+Comes+to+Seattle%2C+1853%E2%80%931911&rft.place=Pullman&rft.pub=Washington+State+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Armbruster&rft.aufirst=Kurt+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsay1991" class="citation book cs1">Asay, Jeff (1991). <i>Union Pacific Northwest; The Oregon-Washington Railroad and Navigation Company</i>. Edmonds: Pacific Fast Mail.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Union+Pacific+Northwest%3B+The+Oregon-Washington+Railroad+and+Navigation+Company&rft.place=Edmonds&rft.pub=Pacific+Fast+Mail&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Asay&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant1990" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Keith L. Jr., ed. (1990). <i>Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography, Railroads in the Twentieth Century</i>. New York: Facts on File.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Business+History+and+Biography%2C+Railroads+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuddElliott1927" class="citation book cs1">Budd, Ralph; Elliott, Howard (1927). <i>Great Northern and Northern Pacific Review of Operations from 1916 to 1923</i>. New York: Wood, Struthers and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Northern+and+Northern+Pacific+Review+of+Operations+from+1916+to+1923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wood%2C+Struthers+and+Company&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Budd&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1938" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Edward G. (1938). <i>Reorganization of the American Railroad System, 1893–1900</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reorganization+of+the+American+Railroad+System%2C+1893%E2%80%931900&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Edward+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_BorchgraveCullen2001" class="citation book cs1">de Borchgrave, Alexandra Villard; Cullen, John (2001). <i>Villard: The Life and Times of an American Titan</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Villard%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+an+American+Titan&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=de+Borchgrave&rft.aufirst=Alexandra+Villard&rft.au=Cullen%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnelly1924" class="citation book cs1">Donnelly, Charles (1924). <i>Facts About the Northern Pacific Land Grant</i>. Saint Paul: Northern Pacific Railway.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+About+the+Northern+Pacific+Land+Grant&rft.place=Saint+Paul&rft.pub=Northern+Pacific+Railway&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredrickson2000" class="citation book cs1">Fredrickson, James Merlin (2000). <i>Railroad Shutterbug; Jim Fredrickson's Northern Pacific</i>. Pullman [Wash.]: Washington State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroad+Shutterbug%3B+Jim+Fredrickson%27s+Northern+Pacific&rft.place=Pullman+%5BWash.%5D&rft.pub=Washington+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Fredrickson&rft.aufirst=James+Merlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredrickson1995" class="citation book cs1">Fredrickson, James Merlin (1995). <i>Washington State History Train</i>. Tacoma: Washington State Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington+State+History+Train&rft.place=Tacoma&rft.pub=Washington+State+Historical+Society&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Fredrickson&rft.aufirst=James+Merlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey1988" class="citation book cs1">Frey, Robert L., ed. (1988). <i>Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography, Railroads in the Nineteenth Century</i>. New York: Facts on File.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Business+History+and+Biography%2C+Railroads+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedges1930" class="citation book cs1">Hedges, James Blaine (1930). <i>Henry Villard and the Railways of the Northwest</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Villard+and+the+Railways+of+the+Northwest&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Hedges&rft.aufirst=James+Blaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryvillardrail0000unse/page/n6/mode/1up">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Hedges, James B. "The Colonization Work of the Northern Pacific Railroad" <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> (1926) 13#3 pp. 311-342 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1893110">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidy1988" class="citation book cs1">Hidy, Ralph W.; et al. (1988). <i>The Great Northern Railway, A History</i>. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Northern+Railway%2C+A+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+School+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Hidy&rft.aufirst=Ralph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewty1995" class="citation book cs1">Lewty, Peter J. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acrosscolumbiapl00lewt"><i>Across the Columbia Plain; Railroad Expansion in the Interior Northwest, 1885–1893</i></a></span>. Pullman: Washington State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+the+Columbia+Plain%3B+Railroad+Expansion+in+the+Interior+Northwest%2C+1885%E2%80%931893&rft.place=Pullman&rft.pub=Washington+State+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Lewty&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facrosscolumbiapl00lewt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewty1987" class="citation book cs1">Lewty, Peter J. (1987). <i>To the Columbia Gateway; The Oregon Railway and the Northern Pacific, 1879–1884</i>. Pullman: Washington State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Columbia+Gateway%3B+The+Oregon+Railway+and+the+Northern+Pacific%2C+1879%E2%80%931884&rft.place=Pullman&rft.pub=Washington+State+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Lewty&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfarlane1954" class="citation book cs1">Macfarlane, Robert Stetson (1954). <i>Henry Villard and the Northern Pacific</i>. New York: Newcomen Society in North America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Villard+and+the+Northern+Pacific&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Newcomen+Society+in+North+America&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Macfarlane&rft.aufirst=Robert+Stetson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1976" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Albro (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjhillope00albr"><i>James J. Hill and the Opening of the Northwest</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+J.+Hill+and+the+Opening+of+the+Northwest&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Albro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjhillope00albr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer1982" class="citation book cs1">Mercer, Lloyd J. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LE_h0jeJEIYC&pg=PA198"><i>Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention</i></a>. Beard Books. pp. 198–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587981548" title="Special:BookSources/9781587981548"><bdi>9781587981548</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroads+and+Land+Grant+Policy%3A+A+Study+in+Government+Intervention&rft.pages=198-200&rft.pub=Beard+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9781587981548&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLE_h0jeJEIYC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span>, for statistics on land sales</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan1983" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Edward W. (1983). <i>Northern Pacific views: The railroad photography of F. Jay Haynes, 1876–1905</i>. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917298-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-917298-11-0"><bdi>978-0-917298-11-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Pacific+views%3A+The+railroad+photography+of+F.+Jay+Haynes%2C+1876%E2%80%931905&rft.place=Helena%2C+MT&rft.pub=Montana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-917298-11-0&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberholtzer1968" class="citation book cs1">Oberholtzer, Ellis P. (1968). <i>Jay Cooke</i>. New York: Augustus M. Kelley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jay+Cooke&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Augustus+M.+Kelley&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Oberholtzer&rft.aufirst=Ellis+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrenkFrey2010" class="citation book cs1">Schrenk, Lorenz P.; Frey, Robert L. (2010). <i>Northern Pacific Pioneer Steam Era</i>. St. Paul [Minn.]: Monad Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Pacific+Pioneer+Steam+Era&rft.place=St.+Paul+%5BMinn.%5D&rft.pub=Monad+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Schrenk&rft.aufirst=Lorenz+P.&rft.au=Frey%2C+Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrenkFrey1997" class="citation book cs1">Schrenk, Lorenz P.; Frey, Robert L. (1997). <i>Northern Pacific Classic Steam Era</i>. Mukilteo [Wash.]: Hundman Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Pacific+Classic+Steam+Era&rft.place=Mukilteo+%5BWash.%5D&rft.pub=Hundman+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Schrenk&rft.aufirst=Lorenz+P.&rft.au=Frey%2C+Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrenkFrey1985" class="citation book cs1">Schrenk, Lorenz P.; Frey, Robert L. (1985). <i>Northern Pacific Railway Supersteam Era 1925–1945</i>. San Marino: Golden West Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Pacific+Railway+Supersteam+Era+1925%E2%80%931945&rft.place=San+Marino&rft.pub=Golden+West+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Schrenk&rft.aufirst=Lorenz+P.&rft.au=Frey%2C+Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrenkFrey1988" class="citation book cs1">Schrenk, Lorenz P.; Frey, Robert L. (1988). <i>Northern Pacific Railway Diesel Era 1945–1970</i>. San Marino: Golden West Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Pacific+Railway+Diesel+Era+1945%E2%80%931970&rft.place=San+Marino&rft.pub=Golden+West+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Schrenk&rft.aufirst=Lorenz+P.&rft.au=Frey%2C+Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmalley1883" class="citation book cs1">Smalley, Eugene Virgil (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historynorthern00smalgoog"><i>History of the Northern Pacific Railroad</i></a>. Putnam – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Northern+Pacific+Railroad&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Smalley&rft.aufirst=Eugene+Virgil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorynorthern00smalgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span>, full text online of early history.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr,_Timothy2024" class="citation book cs1">Starr, Timothy (2024). <i>The Back Shop Illustrated, Volume 3: Southeast and Western Regions</i>. Privately printed.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Back+Shop+Illustrated%2C+Volume+3%3A+Southeast+and+Western+Regions&rft.pub=Privately+printed&rft.date=2024&rft.au=Starr%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillard1904" class="citation book cs1">Villard, Henry (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirshenryvil00villgoog"><i>Memoirs of Henry Villard</i></a>. New York: Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Henry+Villard&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Villard&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirshenryvil00villgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1901" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Olin D. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoftradema00wheerich"><i>The History of a Trade-Mark</i></a>. St. Paul: Northern Pacific Railway – via Archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+a+Trade-Mark&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pub=Northern+Pacific+Railway&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Olin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoftradema00wheerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_White_(historian)" title="Richard White (historian)">White</a>, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/railroadedtransc00whit_0"><i>Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06126-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06126-0"><bdi>978-0-393-06126-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroaded%3A+The+Transcontinentals+and+the+Making+of+Modern+America&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06126-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frailroadedtransc00whit_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinks1991" class="citation book cs1">Winks, Robin W. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frederickbilling00wink"><i>Frederick Billings: A Life</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506814-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506814-6"><bdi>978-0-19-506814-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+Billings%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506814-6&rft.aulast=Winks&rft.aufirst=Robin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrederickbilling00wink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources_and_official_sources">Primary sources and official sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Primary sources and official sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Campbell, Marius Robinson. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008114447/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/611//index.htm">Guidebook of the Western United States, Part A: The Northern Pacific Route, with a side trip to Yellowstone Park</a>.</i> Washington (D.C.): Government Printing Office, 1915.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleland1913" class="citation book cs1">Cleland, Alexander M. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landofgeysersyel00nort"><i>Land of Geysers, Yellowstone National Park</i></a>. St. Paul [Minn.]: General Passenger Department, Northern Pacific Railway.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Geysers%2C+Yellowstone+National+Park&rft.place=St.+Paul+%5BMinn.%5D&rft.pub=General+Passenger+Department%2C+Northern+Pacific+Railway&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Cleland&rft.aufirst=Alexander+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandofgeysersyel00nort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthern_Pacific_Railway_Company.1899" class="citation book cs1">Northern Pacific Railway Company. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officialnorthern00nortrich"><i>The Official Northern Pacific Railway guide</i></a>. St. Paul, Minn.: W.C. Riley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Northern+Pacific+Railway+guide&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+Minn.&rft.pub=W.C.+Riley&rft.date=1899&rft.au=Northern+Pacific+Railway+Company.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofficialnorthern00nortrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthern_Pacific_Railway_Company.1911" class="citation book cs1">Northern Pacific Railway Company. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewistonclarksto00nort"><i>Lewiston-Clarkston and the Clearwater Country, Idaho—Washington</i></a>. General Passenger Department, Northern Pacific Railway.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lewiston-Clarkston+and+the+Clearwater+Country%2C+Idaho%E2%80%94Washington&rft.pub=General+Passenger+Department%2C+Northern+Pacific+Railway&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Northern+Pacific+Railway+Company.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flewistonclarksto00nort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Northern_Pacific_Railway" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Northern Pacific Railway">Northern Pacific Railway</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Locomotive_J_1211_front.jpg/32px-Locomotive_J_1211_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Locomotive_J_1211_front.jpg/48px-Locomotive_J_1211_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Locomotive_J_1211_front.jpg/64px-Locomotive_J_1211_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Railways">Railways portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/01010.xml">Northern Pacific Railway Corporate Records</a>, Minnesota Historical Society.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nprha.org/">Northern Pacific Railway Historical Association (NPRHA)</a> Quarterly magazine <i>The Mainstreeter</i>, calendar, annual convention, research pages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004622/http://pw2.netcom.com/~whstlpnk/np.html">Teriffic! It's Northern Pacific!</a> Articles, research and rosters for the Northern Pacific.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130106001040/http://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/NPTellTale">NPTellTale</a> The <i>NPTellTale</i> at <i>finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/NPTellTale</i>, is a Web-based discussion about the history of the Northern Pacific.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrvmuseum.org/">White River Valley Museum (WRVM)</a> Tri-annual presentations on NP history; the Albert E. Farrow photographic collection; the Robert E. Munn photographic collection; the Harold R. Burch locomotive manual collection.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnsf.com/aboutbnsf/history/np.html">Northern Pacific Railway: First Northern Transcontinental</a> brief history maintained by <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF Railway</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/transportation/searchterm/northern%20pacific/field/subjec/mode/all/conn/and/cosuppress/">University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Transportation Photographs</a> An ongoing digital collection of photographs depicting various modes of transportation in the Pacific Northwest region and Western United States during the first half of the 20th century. Includes images of the Northern Pacific Railway.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nwda-db.wsulibs.wsu.edu/findaid/ark:/80444/xv68060">Guide to the Northern Pacific Railway Company Records at the University of Montana</a> Contains company materials predominantly from the late 1880s through the early 1940s.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf8f59n9wx/">Guide to the Nolan Northern Pacific Railroad Collection, 1872–1947</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Bancroft_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bancroft Library">The Bancroft Library</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester1936" class="citation cs2">Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1936), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaywondersoftheworld.com/north-american-railroads.html#NorthernPacific">"North American Railroads"</a>, <i>Railway Wonders of the World</i>, pp. 1533–1542</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+American+Railroads&rft.btitle=Railway+Wonders+of+the+World&rft.pages=1533-1542&rft.date=1936&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaywondersoftheworld.com%2Fnorth-american-railroads.html%23NorthernPacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Pacific+Railway" class="Z3988"></span> illustrated account of the Northern Pacific and other North American Railroads</li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.northern" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.northern">Northern Pacific Railway Company Maps and Drawings</a>. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Named trains of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Northern Pacific Railway</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcontinental_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcontinental Service (page does not exist)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Transcontinental Service</span></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Alaskan</i></li> <li><i>Atlantic Express</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mainstreeter" title="Mainstreeter">Mainstreeter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Limited" title="North Coast Limited">North Coast Limited</a></i></li> <li><i>Pacific Express</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Other_Named_Trains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Other Named Trains (page does not exist)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Other Named Trains</span></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Brainerd & International Falls Express</i></li> <li><i>Eastern Express</i></li> <li><i>Lake Superior Limited</i></li> <li><i>Manitoba Limited</i></li> <li><i>Twin City-Twin Ports Express</i></li> <li><i>Twin City-Twin Ports Local</i></li> <li><i>Yellowstone Park Comet</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Class_I_railroads_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_Class_I" title="Template:North America Class I"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_Class_I" title="Template talk:North America Class I"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_Class_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America Class I"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Class_I_railroads_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Class_I_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Class I railroad">Class I railroads</a> of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">AMTK</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">CN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Corporation" title="Grand Trunk Corporation">GTC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City" title="Canadian Pacific Kansas City">CPKC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_Railway" title="Kansas City Southern Railway">KCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soo_Line_Railroad" title="Soo Line Railroad">SOO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway" title="Norfolk Southern Railway">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">UP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Canada" title="Rail transport in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City" title="Canadian Pacific Kansas City">CPKC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">CP</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">VIA</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mexico" title="Rail transport in Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City" title="Canadian Pacific Kansas City">CPKC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Kansas City Southern de México">KCSM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferromex" title="Ferromex">FXE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1956–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Railroad_(1895%E2%80%931976)" title="Ann Arbor Railroad (1895–1976)">AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Line_Railroad" title="Atlantic Coast Line Railroad">ACL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Canton_and_Youngstown_Railroad" title="Akron, Canton and Youngstown Railroad">AC&Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Great_Southern_Railroad" title="Alabama Great Southern Railroad">AGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_and_St._Andrews_Bay_Railroad" title="Atlanta and St. Andrews Bay Railroad">ASAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama,_Tennessee_and_Northern_Railroad" title="Alabama, Tennessee and Northern Railroad">AT&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway">AT&SF</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auto-Train_Corporation" title="Auto-Train Corporation">AUT</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_and_West_Point_Railroad" title="Atlanta and West Point Railroad">A&WP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor_and_Aroostook_Railroad" title="Bangor and Aroostook Railroad">B&AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Railroad" title="Boston and Maine Railroad">B&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_Northern_Railroad" title="Burlington Northern Railroad">BN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">B&O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_and_Northwestern_Railway" title="Carolina and Northwestern Railway">CAR&NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_and_Quincy_Railroad" title="Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad">CB&Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_and_Eastern_Illinois_Railroad" title="Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad">C&EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_of_Georgia_Railway" title="Central of Georgia Railway">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Great_Western_Railway" title="Chicago Great Western Railway">CGW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Midland_Railroad" title="Illinois and Midland Railroad">C&IM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey" title="Central Railroad of New Jersey">CNJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_New_Orleans_and_Texas_Pacific_Railway" title="Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway">CNO&TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_and_North_Western_Transportation_Company" title="Chicago and North Western Transportation Company">C&NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railway" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Railway">C&O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Lines_in_Maine" title="Canadian Pacific Lines in Maine">CPME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrail" title="Conrail">CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinchfield_Railroad" title="Clinchfield Railroad">CRR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_and_Southern_Railway" title="Colorado and Southern Railway">C&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chessie_System" title="Chessie System">CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_St._Paul,_Minneapolis_and_Omaha_Railway" title="Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway">CSPM&O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vermont_Railway" title="Central Vermont Railway">CV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_and_Wyoming_Railway" title="Colorado and Wyoming Railway">C&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_and_Western_Carolina_Railway" title="Charleston and Western Carolina Railway">C&WC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_and_Hudson_Railway" title="Delaware and Hudson Railway">DH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware,_Lackawanna_and_Western_Railroad" title="Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad">DL&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Missabe_and_Iron_Range_Railway" title="Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway">DM&IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver_and_Rio_Grande_Western_Railroad" title="Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad">D&RGW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_South_Shore_and_Atlantic_Railway" title="Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway">DSS&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Toledo_and_Ironton_Railroad" title="Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad">DT&I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_and_Toledo_Shore_Line_Railroad" title="Detroit and Toledo Shore Line Railroad">D&TSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Winnipeg_and_Pacific_Railway" title="Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific Railway">DW&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin,_Joliet_and_Eastern_Railway" title="Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway">EJ&E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Lackawanna_Railway" title="Erie Lackawanna Railway">EL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad" title="Erie Railroad">ERIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway" title="Florida East Coast Railway">FEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth_and_Denver_Railway" title="Fort Worth and Denver Railway">FW&D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Railroad_and_Banking_Company" title="Georgia Railroad and Banking Company">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_and_Western_Railroad" title="Green Bay and Western Railroad">GB&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_and_Florida_Railroad_(1926%E2%80%9363)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia and Florida Railroad (1926–63)">G&F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf,_Mobile_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad">GM&O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Great Northern Railway (U.S.)">GN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Southern_and_Florida_Railway" title="Georgia Southern and Florida Railway">GS&F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Western_Railroad" title="Grand Trunk Western Railroad">GTW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">IC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">ICG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Terminal_Railroad" title="Illinois Terminal Railroad">ITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas,_Oklahoma_and_Gulf_Railway" title="Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway">KO&G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_and_Arkansas_Railway" title="Louisiana and Arkansas Railway">L&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_and_Hudson_River_Railway" title="Lehigh and Hudson River Railway">L&HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">LI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfield_and_Madison_Railway" title="Litchfield and Madison Railway">L&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad" title="Louisville and Nashville Railroad">L&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_and_New_England_Railroad" title="Lehigh and New England Railroad">L&NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior_and_Ishpeming_Railroad" title="Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad">LS&I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Railroad" title="Lehigh Valley Railroad">LV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Central_Railroad_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Maine Central Railroad Company">MEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_Railway" title="Monongahela Railway">MGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri%E2%80%93Illinois_Railroad" title="Missouri–Illinois Railroad">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee,_St._Paul_and_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad">MILW/CMStP&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Interstate_Railway" title="Michigan Interstate Railway">MIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas%E2%80%93Texas_Railroad" title="Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad">MKT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Northfield_and_Southern_Railway" title="Minneapolis, Northfield and Southern Railway">MN&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monon_Railroad" title="Monon Railroad">MON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Pacific_Railroad" title="Missouri Pacific Railroad">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_and_St._Louis_Railway" title="Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway">M&STL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Chattanooga_and_St._Louis_Railway" title="Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway">NC&STL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_Haven_and_Hartford_Railroad" title="New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_Chicago_and_St._Louis_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad">NKP/ NYC&StL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_Susquehanna_and_Western_Railway" title="New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway">NYS&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_and_Northeastern_Railroad" title="New Orleans and Northeastern Railroad">NO&NE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway_(1942%E2%80%9382)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Southern Railway (1942–82)">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_and_Western_Railway" title="Norfolk and Western Railway">N&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Pacific_Railroad" title="Northwestern Pacific Railroad">NWP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad" title="New York Central Railroad">NYC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Connecting_Railroad" title="New York Connecting Railroad">NYCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_Ontario_and_Western_Railway" title="New York, Ontario and Western Railway">NYO&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Central_Transportation_Company" title="Penn Central Transportation Company">PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_and_Lake_Erie_Railroad" title="Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad">P&LE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_and_Northern_Railway" title="Piedmont and Northern Railway">P&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">PRR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania-Reading_Seashore_Lines" title="Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines">PRSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_and_West_Virginia_Railway" title="Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railway">P&WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Company" title="Reading Company">RDG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Fredericksburg_and_Potomac_Railroad" title="Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad">RF&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Railroad" title="Rutland Railroad">RUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanah,_Acme_and_Pacific_Railway" title="Quanah, Acme and Pacific Railway">QA&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Rock_Island_and_Pacific_Railroad" title="Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad">RI/CRIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_and_Atlanta_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah and Atlanta Railway">S&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaboard_Air_Line_Railroad" title="Seaboard Air Line Railroad">SAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaboard_System_Railroad" title="Seaboard System Railroad">SBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaboard_Coast_Line_Railroad" title="Seaboard Coast Line Railroad">SCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_and_Arizona_Eastern_Railway" title="San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway">SD&AE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane_International_Railroad" title="Spokane International Railroad">SI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Railway" title="Staten Island Railway">SIRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis%E2%80%93San_Francisco_Railway" title="St. Louis–San Francisco Railway">SLSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_San_Francisco_and_Texas_Railway" title="St. Louis, San Francisco and Texas Railway">SLSFTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Northern_Railway" title="Sacramento Northern Railway">SN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_St._Paul_and_Sault_Ste._Marie_Railroad" title="Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad">SOO/MStP&SSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Southern Railway (U.S.)">SOU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company" title="Southern Pacific Transportation Company">SP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Portland_and_Seattle_Railway" title="Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway">SP&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Southwestern_Railway" title="St. Louis Southwestern Railway">SSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Central_Railway" title="Tennessee Central Railway">TC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Kansas City Southern de México">TFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Mexican_Railway" title="Texas Mexican Railway">TM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_and_New_Orleans_Railroad" title="Texas and New Orleans Railroad">T&NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_and_Pacific_Railway" title="Texas and Pacific Railway">T&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Peoria_and_Western_Railway" title="Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway">TP&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginian_Railway" title="Virginian Railway">VGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Railway_of_Alabama" title="Western Railway of Alabama">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash_Railroad" title="Wabash Railroad">WAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Central_Railway_(1897%E2%80%931954)" title="Wisconsin Central Railway (1897–1954)">WC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Maryland_Railway" title="Western Maryland Railway">WM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pacific_Railroad" title="Western Pacific Railroad">WP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-1956</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alton_Railroad" title="Alton Railroad">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Birmingham_and_Atlantic_Railway" title="Atlanta, Birmingham and Atlantic Railway">AB&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Birmingham_and_Coast_Railroad" title="Atlanta, Birmingham and Coast Railroad">AB&C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City_Railroad" title="Atlantic City Railroad">AC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_and_Danville_Railway" title="Atlantic and Danville Railway">A&D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_and_Atlantic_Railroad" title="St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad">A&STL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butte,_Anaconda_and_Pacific_Railway" title="Butte, Anaconda and Pacific Railway">BA&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Chesapeake_and_Atlantic_Railway" title="Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway">BC&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennecott_Utah_Copper_rail_line" title="Kennecott Utah Copper rail line">B&G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington-Rock_Island_Railroad" title="Burlington-Rock Island Railroad">BRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_Rochester_and_Pittsburgh_Railway" title="Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway">BR&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_and_Susquehanna_Railroad" title="Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad">B&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Sour_Lake_and_Western_Railway" title="Beaumont, Sour Lake and Western Railway">BSL&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_Railroad" title="Alton Railroad">C&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Akron_and_Columbus_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Akron and Columbus Railway">CA&C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_and_Coke_Railway" title="Coal and Coke Railway">C&C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Cincinnati,_Chicago_and_St._Louis_Railway" title="Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway">CCC&STL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_and_Atlantic_Railway" title="Chicago and Atlantic Railway">C&E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_and_Greenville_Railway" title="Columbus and Greenville Railway">C&G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Hamilton_and_Dayton_Railway_(1846%E2%80%931917)" title="Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railway (1846–1917)">CH&D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambria_and_Indiana_Railroad" title="Cambria and Indiana Railroad">C&I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Northern_Railroad_(1894%E2%80%931938)" title="Cincinnati Northern Railroad (1894–1938)">CINN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Indiana_and_Southern_Railroad" title="Chicago, Indiana and Southern Railroad">CI&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Indianapolis_and_Western_Railroad" title="Cincinnati, Indianapolis and Western Railroad">CI&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Lebanon_and_Northern_Railway" title="Cincinnati, Lebanon and Northern Railway">CL&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Midland_Railway" title="Colorado Midland Railway">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee_and_Puget_Sound_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Milwaukee and Puget Sound Railway">CM&PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_England_Railway" title="Central New England Railway">CNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_and_Atlantic_Railroad" title="St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad">CNNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Railway" title="Canadian Northern Railway">CNOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Peoria_and_St._Louis_Railroad" title="Chicago, Peoria and St. Louis Railroad">CP&STL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Lines_in_Vermont" title="Canadian Pacific Lines in Vermont">CPVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Rock_Island_and_Gulf_Railway" title="Chicago, Rock Island and Gulf Railway">CRI&G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_River_and_Northwestern_Railway" title="Copper River and Northwestern Railway">CR&NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_Pennsylvania" title="Central Railroad of Pennsylvania">CRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Valley_Railroad" title="Cumberland Valley Railroad">CVRR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Grand_Haven_and_Milwaukee_Railway" title="Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Railway">DGH&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth_and_Iron_Range_Railroad" title="Duluth and Iron Range Railroad">D&IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_and_Mackinac_Railway" title="Detroit and Mackinac Railway">D&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Missabe_and_Northern_Railway" title="Duluth, Missabe and Northern Railway">DM&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver_and_Salt_Lake_Railway" title="Denver and Salt Lake Railway">DNW&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver_and_Salt_Lake_Railway" title="Denver and Salt Lake Railway">D&SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_and_Southwestern_Railroad" title="El Paso and Southwestern Railroad">EP&SW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evansville_and_Crawfordsville_Railroad" title="Evansville and Crawfordsville Railroad">E&TH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_and_Cripple_Creek_Railroad" title="Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad">F&CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonda,_Johnstown_and_Gloversville_Railroad" title="Fonda, Johnstown and Gloversville Railroad">FJ&G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_and_Western_Railway" title="Fort Smith and Western Railway">FS&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth_and_Rio_Grande_Railway" title="Fort Worth and Rio Grande Railway">FW&RG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf,_Colorado_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway">GC&SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou,_Brazos_and_Colorado_Railway" title="Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway">GH&SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf,_Mobile_and_Northern_Railroad" title="Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad">GM&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_and_Indiana_Railroad" title="Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad">GR&I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_and_Ship_Island_Railroad" title="Gulf and Ship Island Railroad">G&SI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_East_and_West_Texas_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston East and West Texas Railway">HE&WT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_and_Texas_Central_Railway" title="Houston and Texas Central Railway">H&TC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocking_Valley_Railway" title="Hocking Valley Railway">HV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Central_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa Central Railway">ICRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International%E2%80%93Great_Northern_Railroad" title="International–Great Northern Railroad">IGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Mexico_and_Orient_Railway" title="Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway">KCM&O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Mexico_and_Orient_Railway" title="Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway">KCM&OTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_and_Salt_Lake_Railroad" title="Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad">LA&SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_and_Western_Railroad" title="Lake Erie and Western Railroad">LE&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Shore_and_Michigan_Southern_Railway" title="Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway">LS&MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Central_Railroad" title="Michigan Central Railroad">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_Delaware_and_Virginia_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland, Delaware and Virginia Railway">MD&V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_and_International_Railway" title="Minnesota and International Railway">M&I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_and_North_Arkansas_Railroad" title="Missouri and North Arkansas Railroad">M&NA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Mobile and Ohio Railroad">M&O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Central_Railroad_(1901%E2%80%931967)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Central Railroad (1901–1967)">MSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montour_Railroad" title="Montour Railroad">MTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_Valley_Railroad" title="Midland Valley Railroad">MV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Central_Railway" title="Northern Central Railway">NCRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_and_New_York_Railroad" title="New Jersey and New York Railroad">NJ&NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Northern_Railway" title="Nevada Northern Railway">NN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Texas_and_Mexico_Railway" title="New Orleans, Texas and Mexico Railway">NOT&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_Philadelphia_and_Norfolk_Railroad" title="New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad">NYP&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_%E2%80%93_Ada_%E2%80%93_Atoka_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma City – Ada – Atoka Railway">OCAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Electric_Railway" title="Oregon Electric Railway">OE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oahu_Railway_and_Land_Company" title="Oahu Railway and Land Company">OR&L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Short_Line_Railroad" title="Oregon Short Line Railroad">OSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Railroad_and_Navigation_Company" title="Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company">OWRN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Baltimore_and_Washington_Railroad" title="Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad">PB&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Cincinnati,_Chicago_and_St._Louis_Railroad" title="Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad">PCC&STL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Company" title="Pennsylvania Company">PCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Electric" title="Pacific Electric">PE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_and_Eastern_Railway" title="Peoria and Eastern Railway">P&E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Marquette_Railway" title="Pere Marquette Railway">PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Reading_Railroad" title="Port Reading Railroad">PRDG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg_and_Shawmut_Railroad" title="Pittsburg and Shawmut Railroad">P&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhandle_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway">P&SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_Shawmut_and_Northern_Railroad" title="Pittsburg, Shawmut and Northern Railroad">PS&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_and_Aransas_Pass_Railway" title="San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway">SA&AP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_and_Binghamton_Railroad" title="Syracuse and Binghamton Railroad">SB&NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_and_Arizona_Railway" title="San Diego and Arizona Railway">SD&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Prescott_and_Phoenix_Railway" title="Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway">SFP&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane_and_Inland_Empire_Railroad" title="Spokane and Inland Empire Railroad">S&IE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_and_Grand_Island_Railway" title="St. Joseph and Grand Island Railway">SJ&GI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Brownsville_and_Mexico_Railway" title="St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway">SLB&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Iron_Mountain_and_Southern_Railway" title="St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway">SLIM&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_and_Greenville_Railway" title="Columbus and Greenville Railway">SOUMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Southwestern_Railway_of_Texas" title="St. Louis Southwestern Railway of Texas">SSWTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_and_Brazos_Valley_Railway" title="Trinity and Brazos Valley Railway">T&BV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texarkana_and_Fort_Smith_Railway" title="Texarkana and Fort Smith Railway">T&FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_and_Northern_Railway" title="Texas and Northern Railway">T&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_and_Ohio_Central_Railway" title="Toledo and Ohio Central Railway">T&OC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_St._Louis_and_Western_Railroad" title="Toledo, St. Louis and Western Railroad">TSTL&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_and_Delaware_Railroad" title="Ulster and Delaware Railroad">U&D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Railway" title="Utah Railway">UTAH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalia_Railroad_(1905%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandalia Railroad (1905–17)">VAND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Shreveport_and_Pacific_Railway" title="Vicksburg, Shreveport and Pacific Railway">VS&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey_and_Seashore_Railroad" title="West Jersey and Seashore Railroad">WJ&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_and_Lake_Erie_Railway_(1916%E2%80%9388)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway (1916–88)">W&LE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_and_West_Virginia_Railway" title="Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railway">WPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Fredericksburg_and_Potomac_Railroad" title="Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad">WSN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wichita_Valley_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wichita Valley Railway (page does not exist)">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_and_Mississippi_Valley_Railroad" title="Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad">Y&MV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Class_I_railroads_(1910%E2%80%931929)" title="Timeline of Class I railroads (1910–1929)">1910–1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Class_I_railroads_(1930%E2%80%931976)" title="Timeline of Class I railroads (1930–1976)">1930–1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Class_I_railroads_(1977%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of Class I railroads (1977–present)">1977–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Railroads in <i>italics</i> meet the revenue specifications for Class I status, but are not technically Class I railroads due to being passenger-only railroads with no freight component.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135434#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012227772X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150718211">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/279960-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80081555">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15162364t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15162364t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35727008">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/12061395">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007604694105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/1966">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&oldid=1257475824">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Pacific_Railway&oldid=1257475824</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Category:Northern Pacific Railway">Northern Pacific Railway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_companies_established_in_1896" title="Category:Railway companies established in 1896">Railway companies established in 1896</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_companies_disestablished_in_1970" title="Category:Railway companies disestablished in 1970">Railway companies disestablished in 1970</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Predecessors_of_the_Burlington_Northern_Railroad" title="Category:Predecessors of the Burlington Northern Railroad">Predecessors of the Burlington Northern Railroad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Class_I_railroads_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Former Class I railroads in the United States">Former Class I railroads in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Category:Companies based in Saint Paul, Minnesota">Companies based in Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_components_in_the_Dow_Jones_Transportation_Average" title="Category:Former components in the Dow Jones Transportation Average">Former components in the Dow Jones Transportation Average</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_Idaho_railroads" title="Category:Defunct Idaho railroads">Defunct Idaho railroads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_Minnesota_railroads" title="Category:Defunct Minnesota railroads">Defunct Minnesota railroads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_Montana_railroads" title="Category:Defunct Montana railroads">Defunct Montana railroads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_North_Dakota_railroads" title="Category:Defunct North Dakota railroads">Defunct North Dakota railroads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_Oregon_railroads" title="Category:Defunct Oregon railroads">Defunct Oregon railroads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_Washington_(state)_railroads" title="Category:Defunct Washington (state) railroads">Defunct Washington (state) railroads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_Wisconsin_railroads" title="Category:Defunct Wisconsin railroads">Defunct Wisconsin railroads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crow_Wing_County,_Minnesota" title="Category:Crow Wing County, Minnesota">Crow Wing County, Minnesota</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rail_lines_receiving_land_grants" title="Category:Rail lines receiving land grants">Rail lines receiving land grants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Missoula,_Montana" title="Category:History of Missoula, Montana">History of Missoula, Montana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1896_establishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1896 establishments in the United States">1896 establishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970_disestablishments_in_Minnesota" title="Category:1970 disestablishments in Minnesota">1970 disestablishments in Minnesota</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_companies_disestablished_in_1970" title="Category:American companies disestablished in 1970">American companies disestablished in 1970</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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