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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">History of racial discrimination</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chinese_Question_(February_1871),_by_Thomas_Nast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png/220px-The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png/330px-The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png/440px-The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png 2x" data-file-width="3760" data-file-height="5560" /></a><figcaption>A defiant <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia (name)">Columbia</a> in an 1871 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> cartoon, shown protecting a defenseless Chinese man from an angry Irish lynch mob that has just burned down an orphanage. The billboard behind is full of inflammatory anti-Chinese broadsheets.</figcaption></figure> Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States began in the 19th century, shortly after <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese immigrants</a> first arrived in North America,<a href="#cite_note-McClain1994-1">[1]</a> and continues into the 21st century. It has taken many forms throughout history, including prejudice, racist immigration restrictions, murder, bullying, massacre, and other acts of violence. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a> and violence in the country first manifested in the 1860s, when Chinese people were employed in the building of the world's <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">first transcontinental railroad</a>. Its origins can be traced partly to competition with white people for jobs,<a href="#cite_note-Kearney,_Dennis-2">[2]</a> and reports of Americans who had lived and worked in China and wrote relentlessly negative and unsubstantiated reports of locals. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_violence_in_California" title="Anti-Chinese violence in California">Violence against Chinese in California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_violence_in_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Chinese violence in Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_violence_in_Washington" title="Anti-Chinese violence in Washington">Washington</a>, and throughout the country took many forms, including <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>; expulsions, including the <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Denver#Racial_discrimination_and_anti-Chinese_riot_of_1880" title="Chinatown, Denver">destruction</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Denver" title="Chinatown, Denver">Chinatown in Denver</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chinese_massacre_of_1871" title="Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871">Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Springs_massacre" title="Rock Springs massacre">Rock Springs massacre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hells_Canyon_massacre" title="Hells Canyon massacre">Hells Canyon massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Anti-Chinese sentiment led to the federal <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> of 1882, which banned the naturalization and further immigration of people of Chinese descent. Amid discussions of "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a>", anti-Chinese sentiment was eventually extended to all Asians, leading to the broader <a href="/wiki/Asian_Exclusion_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Exclusion Act">Asian Exclusion Act</a> of 1924.<a href="#cite_note-Guisepi-6">[6]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">relations between the US and China</a> normalized after the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a>, anti-Chinese sentiment has increased in the United States since the end of the Cold War, especially since the 2010s, and its increase has been attributed to China's rise as a superpower, which is perceived as a primary threat to America's position as the world's sole superpower.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Since 2019, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">xenophobia and racism</a> further intensified due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, which was first reported in the Chinese city of <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, with increased discrimination, racism, and violence against <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a>, people of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese descent</a> or anyone perceived to be Chinese, especially Asians.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> According to survey results released on April 27, 2023 based on 6,500 respondents, nearly 75% of Chinese Americans have experienced racism in the past twelve months with 7% having suffered property destruction, 9% physical assault or intimidation, 20% verbal or online harassment, and 46% unequal treatment.<a href="#cite_note-survey-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Chinese_immigration_to_the_United_States">Early Chinese immigration to the United States</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early Chinese immigration to the United States">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/220px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/330px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/440px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>1882 editorial cartoon</figcaption></figure> The arrival of three Chinese seamen in Baltimore in 1785 marked the first record of Chinese people in the United States. Starting with the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> in the middle 19th century, the United States – particularly the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> states – enlisted large numbers of Chinese migrant laborers. Early Chinese immigrants worked as gold miners, and later on subsequent large labor projects, such as the building of the first transcontinental railroad. The decline of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> in China, instability and poverty caused many Chinese, especially from the province of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, to emigrate overseas in search of a more stable life, and this coincided with the rapid growth of American industry. Chinese people were considered by employers as "reliable" workers who would continue working, without complaint, even under destitute conditions.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In the 1850s, the stock character <a href="/wiki/John_Chinaman" title="John Chinaman">John Chinaman</a> began appearing in <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrel</a> songs.<a href="#cite_note-Crean-17">[17]</a>: 26  John Chinaman was caricatured as effeminate and unmanly, with many songs centering on his failed pursuit of white women.<a href="#cite_note-Crean-17">[17]</a>: 26  Chinese migrant workers encountered considerable prejudice in the United States, especially by the people who occupied the lower layers in white society, and Chinese "<a href="/wiki/Coolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolies">coolies</a>" were used as a scapegoat for depressed wage levels by politicians and labor leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Kearney,_Dennis-2">[2]</a> Cases in which Chinese people were physically assaulted include the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese massacre of 1871">Chinese massacre of 1871</a> in Los Angeles and the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Vincent_Chin" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Vincent Chin">murder of Vincent Chin</a> in Detroit. The 1909 murder of <a href="/wiki/Elsie_Sigel" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsie Sigel">Elsie Sigel</a> in New York, for which a Chinese person was suspected, was blamed on the entire Chinese community and led to physical violence. "The murder of Elsie Sigel immediately grabbed the front pages of newspapers, which portrayed Chinese men as dangerous to "innocent" and "virtuous" young white women. This murder led to a surge in the harassment of Chinese in communities across the United States."<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The emerging American trade unions, under such leaders as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a>, also took an outspoken anti-Chinese position,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> regarding Chinese laborers as competitors to white laborers. Only with the emergence of the international trade union <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> did trade unionists start to accept Chinese workers as part of the American working-class.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> During this period, the phrase "yellow peril" was popularized in the U.S. by newspapers owned by <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>.<a href="#cite_note-YP-21">[21]</a> It was also the title of a popular book by an influential U.S. religious figure, <a href="/wiki/G._G._Rupert" title="G. G. Rupert">G. G. Rupert</a>, who published The Yellow Peril; or, Orient vs. Occident in 1911. Based on the phrase "the kings from the East" in the Christian scriptural verse Revelation 16:12,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Rupert made the claim that <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a>, India, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a> were attacking the West, but that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> would stop them.<a href="#cite_note-NYU-23">[23]</a> In his 1982 book The Yellow Peril: Chinese Americans in American fiction, 1850–1940, <a href="/wiki/William_F._Wu" title="William F. Wu">William F. Wu</a> states that "Pulp magazines in the 30s had a lot of yellow peril characters loosely based on <a href="/wiki/Fu_Manchu" title="Fu Manchu">Fu Manchu</a>... Most were of Chinese descent, but because of the geopolitics at the time, a growing number of people were seeing Japan as a threat, too."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> argued many Chinese immigrants were lack of educated behavior at the time so that many Americans' impressions on them came to a bad end, and even major American hotels started boycotts for them.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the western states, "Anti-Chinese Leagues" were formed in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone, Arizona</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> San Francisco,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Anti-Chinese riots, expulsions and massacres broke out in several western localities: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese massacre of 1871">Los Angeles, CA (1871)</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_riot_of_1877" title="San Francisco riot of 1877">San Francisco, CA (1877)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Denver" title="Chinatown, Denver">Denver, CO (1880)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1885_Chinese_expulsion_from_Eureka" title="1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka">Eureka, CA (1885)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_Springs_massacre" title="Rock Springs massacre">Rock Springs, WY (1885)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1885_Chinese_expulsion_from_Tacoma" class="mw-redirect" title="1885 Chinese expulsion from Tacoma">Tacoma, WA (1885)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_riot_of_1886" title="Seattle riot of 1886">Seattle, WA (1886)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hells_Canyon_massacre" title="Hells Canyon massacre">Chinese Massacre Cove, OR (1887)</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Exclusion_Act_and_legal_discrimination">Chinese Exclusion Act and legal discrimination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chinese Exclusion Act and legal discrimination">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States">Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Wasp_1881-08-26_Immigration_East_and_West.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Wasp_1881-08-26_Immigration_East_and_West.jpg/350px-The_Wasp_1881-08-26_Immigration_East_and_West.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Wasp_1881-08-26_Immigration_East_and_West.jpg/525px-The_Wasp_1881-08-26_Immigration_East_and_West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Wasp_1881-08-26_Immigration_East_and_West.jpg/700px-The_Wasp_1881-08-26_Immigration_East_and_West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="2930" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of European immigrants, represented in the left panel as virtues, while Chinese immigrants are represented by a serpent representing maladies, The Wasp (San Francisco), Vol. 7, 1881</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willard_B._Farwell,_Official_Map_of_Chinatown_1885,_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1093_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Willard_B._Farwell%2C_Official_Map_of_Chinatown_1885%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1093_01.jpg/350px-Willard_B._Farwell%2C_Official_Map_of_Chinatown_1885%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1093_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Willard_B._Farwell%2C_Official_Map_of_Chinatown_1885%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1093_01.jpg/525px-Willard_B._Farwell%2C_Official_Map_of_Chinatown_1885%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1093_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Willard_B._Farwell%2C_Official_Map_of_Chinatown_1885%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1093_01.jpg/700px-Willard_B._Farwell%2C_Official_Map_of_Chinatown_1885%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1093_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7054" data-file-height="2878" /></a><figcaption>This map was published in 1885 as part of an official report of a Special Committee established by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors "on the Condition of the Chinese Quarter".<a href="#cite_note-BoS-85-30">[30]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walker_cartoon_about_the_risks_of_European_nations_fighting_over_Asian_territory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walker_cartoon_about_the_risks_of_European_nations_fighting_over_Asian_territory.jpg/220px-Walker_cartoon_about_the_risks_of_European_nations_fighting_over_Asian_territory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walker_cartoon_about_the_risks_of_European_nations_fighting_over_Asian_territory.jpg/330px-Walker_cartoon_about_the_risks_of_European_nations_fighting_over_Asian_territory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walker_cartoon_about_the_risks_of_European_nations_fighting_over_Asian_territory.jpg/440px-Walker_cartoon_about_the_risks_of_European_nations_fighting_over_Asian_territory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="1468" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon of <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> warning the imperial powers of awakening the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a> while fighting over Asian territory, 1904</figcaption></figure> In 1862, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Coolie_Act" title="Anti-Coolie Act">Anti-Coolie Act</a> specifically taxed Chinese immigrants at rates over half their income to suppress their jobs and economic participation per yellow peril tropes popular at that time. In the 1870s and 1880s, various legal discriminatory measures were taken against Chinese people. A notable example is that after San Francisco segregated its Chinese school children from 1859 until 1870, the law was amended in 1870 so the requirement to educate Chinese children could be dropped entirely. The amendment of the law led to <a href="/wiki/Tape_v._Hurley" title="Tape v. Hurley">Tape v. Hurley</a>, 66 Cal. 473 (1885), a landmark court case in the California Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the exclusion of a Chinese American student, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tape" title="Mary Tape">Mary Tape</a>, from public school based on her ancestry was unlawful. However, the legislation was passed at the urging of the San Francisco Superintendent of Schools Andrew J. Moulder after the school board lost its case and a segregated school was established. Another key piece of legislation was the <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act of 1870</a>, which extended citizenship rights to African Americans but barred Chinese from naturalization on the grounds that they and other Asians could not be assimilated into American society. Unable to become citizens, Chinese immigrants were prohibited from voting and serving on juries, and dozens of states passed <a href="/wiki/Alien_land_laws" title="Alien land laws">alien land laws</a> that prohibited non-citizens from purchasing real estate, thus preventing them from establishing permanent homes and businesses. The idea of an "unassimilable" race became a common argument in the exclusionary movement against Chinese Americans. In particular, even in his lone dissent against <a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> (1896), then-<a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">John Marshall Harlan</a> wrote of Chinese people as: "a race so different from our own that we do not permit those belonging to it to become citizens of the United States. Persons belonging to it are, with few exceptions, absolutely excluded from our country. I allude to the Chinese race."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1873, the <a href="/wiki/Pigtail_Ordinance" title="Pigtail Ordinance">Pigtail Ordinance</a> targeted Qing dynasty immigrants' largely mandatory <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queue hairstyle</a> which intended to reduce Qing immigration by banning their hairstyle which they must have to enable customary later re-entry to China. The city board passed it but the mayor vetoed it. The city council enacted it in 1876 but was struck down as unconstitutional in 1879. In the US, xenophobic fear of the alleged "Yellow Peril" led to the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act of 1875</a> which excluded Chinese women from entering the US per yellow peril and dragon lady stereotypes,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-32">[32]</a> the 1882 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)">Chinese Exclusion Act</a>, expanded ten years later by the <a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act</a> which required Chinese to register and secure a certificate as proof of entry at risk of deportation or hard labor, removed Chinese as witnesses in court proceedings, and removed Chinese as recipients of habeas corpus in legal proceedings. The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act of 1917</a> then created an "Asian Barred Zone" under <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a> influence. The 1879 Constitution of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="State of California">State of California</a> prohibited the employment of Chinese people by state and local governments, as well as by businesses which were incorporated in California. Also, it delegated the power to remove Chinese people to the local governments of California.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1880, the elected officials of the city of San Francisco passed an ordinance which made it illegal to operate a laundry in a wooden building without a permit from the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors" title="San Francisco Board of Supervisors">Board of Supervisors</a>. The ordinance delegated the power to grant or withhold the permits upon the Board of Supervisors. At the time, about 95% of the city's 320 laundries were operated in wooden buildings. Approximately two-thirds of those laundries were owned by Chinese people. Although most of the city's wooden building laundry owners applied for a permit, only one permit was granted of the two hundred applications from any Chinese owner, while virtually all non-Chinese applicants were granted a permit.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> However, this led to the 1886 Supreme Court case <a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo v. Hopkins</a>, that was the first case where the Supreme Court ruled that a law that is race-neutral on its face, but is administered in a prejudicial manner, is an infringement of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-citation-37">[37]</a> Discriminatory laws, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882</a>, were aimed at restricting further immigration from China.<a href="#cite_note-yeefow-38">[38]</a> It was the first law to racially exclude persons and leave them intentionally unprotected by law. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Repeal_Act_of_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943">Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943</a>. The Chinese Exclusion Act allowed limited college students entry into the US, however, it became increasingly difficult for such immigrants to gain access. By 1900, laws restricted Chinese students from entering the country unless they came from a wealthy family, they sought studies in programs not offered in China, and required a return to China after completing their studies.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Heavy discrimination against Chinese students made it difficult for the US to expand international education opportunities in China and limited the ability of US colleges and universities from improving the reputation of their institutions. In the USA xenophobic fears against the alleged "Yellow Peril" led to the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act of 1875</a> which excluded Chinese women from entering the US per yellow peril and dragon lady stereotypes,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-32">[32]</a> the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, expanded ten years later by the <a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act</a> . The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act of 1917</a> then created an "Asian Barred Zone" under <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a> influence. It eliminated all immigration from all of geographical Asia. The Chinese Exclusion Act was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in U.S. history. The Act excluded Chinese "skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining" from entering the country for ten years under penalty of imprisonment and deportation. Many Chinese were relentlessly beaten just because of their race.<a href="#cite_note-mem-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-usn-41">[41]</a> The few Chinese non-laborers who wished to immigrate had to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate, which tended to be difficult to prove.<a href="#cite_note-usn-41">[41]</a> The 1921 <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act</a> then the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a> restricted immigration according to national origins. While the Emergency Quota Act used the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Census of the United States">census</a> of 1910, xenophobic fears in the <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">WASP</a> community lead to the adoption of the 1890 census, more favorable to White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) population, for the uses of the Immigration Act of 1924, which responded to rising immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, as well as Asia. In 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act</a> added the forfeiture of an American woman's citizenship if she lived abroad with a foreigner spouse, racially excluded Americans from naturalizing if married to a foreign husband, required women living in the United States to retain their citizenship in other words to not marry foreigners, and ensured no procedures for Americans living abroad who had lost one's citizenship prior to 1922 to repatriate back to the US. Its 1930 amendments later removed these anti-immigrant clauses. In 1927, the Supreme Court held in <a href="/wiki/Lum_v._Rice" title="Lum v. Rice">Lum v. Rice</a> that Mississippi could require a Chinese child to attend the local school for Black students since she was not white under that state's law. The unanimous opinion by Chief Justice, and former president, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> held that racial segregation in public education did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, allowing such discrimination to become much more widespread until the later <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> decision held it all unconstitutional. In 1929, the <a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a> explicitly kept the status quo distribution of <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a> by allocating quotas in proportion to the actual population. The idea was that immigration would not be allowed to change the "national character". Total annual immigration was capped at 150,000. Asians were excluded but residents of nations in the Americas were not restricted, thus making official the racial discrimination in <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_immigration_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States immigration legislation">immigration laws</a>. This system was repealed with the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a>. In 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act</a> allowed 105 Chinese immigrants annually, itself an extension of the Immigration Act of 1924 and further intentionally miscalculated downward and explicitly continued bans against Chinese immigrants' property-ownership rights both by law or de facto until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 repealed the such. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_labor_and_the_Chinese_Exclusion_Act_of_1882">Chinese labor and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chinese labor and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg/220px-The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg/330px-The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg/440px-The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2514" /></a><figcaption>An 1886 advertisement for "Magic Washer" detergent: The Chinese Must Go</figcaption></figure> According to statistics, between 1820 and 1840, only 11 Chinese people emigrated to the United States. However, many Chinese were living in distress due to the end of the Qing Dynasty. The United States offered a more stable life, thanks to the gold rush in California, the construction of railways, and the resulting large demand for labor. Beginning in 1848, many Chinese chose to immigrate to the US. California Governor <a href="/wiki/John_McDougal" title="John McDougal">John McDougal</a> in 1851 praised Chinese people as "the most valuable immigrants" to California.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> To recruit more laborers, the United States and China signed the <a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a> in 1868.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The Burlingame Treaty provided several rights, including that Chinese people can freely enter and leave the United States; the right of abode in the United States; and the United States most-favored treatment of Chinese nationals in the United States. The Treaty stimulated immigration for the 20 years between 1853 and 1873, and resulted in the immigration of nearly 105,000 Chinese to the United States by 1880.<a href="#cite_note-Chin-2013-44">[44]</a> 1882 was an election year in California. To secure more votes, California politicians adopted a staunch anti-China stance. In Congress, California Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">John Miller</a> spoke at length in support of a bill to prohibit further Chinese immigrants, substantially the same as one from the prior session of Congress that had been vetoed by Republican President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>. Senator Miller submitted a motion to ban the immigration Chinese laborers for 20 years, citing the passage of the 1879 anti-Chinese referendums in California and Nevada by huge margins as proof of popular support.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The motion was discussed in the Senate over the next eight days. All the Senators from western states and most of the southern Democratic Party supported Miller's proposal, strenuously objected to the eastern states senator. After intense debate, the motion eventually passed the Senate by a vote of 29 of 15; it would go on to pass in the House of Representatives on March 23, by 167 votes to 66 votes (55 abstentions).<a href="#cite_note-Chin-2013-44">[44]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> vetoed the bill on April 4, 1882, as it violated the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Angell_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Angell Treaty">Angell Treaty</a>, which restricted but did not ban immigration from China. Congress was unable to overturn the veto, and passed a version of the bill that banned immigration for ten years in lieu of the original twenty-year ban. On May 6, 1882, Miller's proposal was signed by President Arthur, and became the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.<a href="#cite_note-Chin-2013-44">[44]</a> It was the first United States immigration law to target a specific nationality or ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-Crean-17">[17]</a>: 25  Amendments introduced during the debate over the bill prohibited the naturalization of Chinese immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-Chin-2013-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-LoC-CEA-46">[46]</a> After the initial ten-year ban in the Chinese Exclusion Act ended, Chinese exclusion was extended in 1892 by the Geary Act and then made permanent in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-LoC-CEA-46">[46]</a>: 25  The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1904–05 shifted Americans' fears of the Yellow Peril from China to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cold War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hsue-shen_Tsien_with_his_family_onboard_SS_President_Cleveland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hsue-shen_Tsien_with_his_family_onboard_SS_President_Cleveland.jpg/220px-Hsue-shen_Tsien_with_his_family_onboard_SS_President_Cleveland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hsue-shen_Tsien_with_his_family_onboard_SS_President_Cleveland.jpg/330px-Hsue-shen_Tsien_with_his_family_onboard_SS_President_Cleveland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hsue-shen_Tsien_with_his_family_onboard_SS_President_Cleveland.jpg/440px-Hsue-shen_Tsien_with_his_family_onboard_SS_President_Cleveland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="4505" /></a><figcaption>Qian and his family aboard SS President Cleveland before its departure from Los Angeles, 1955. He never returned to the US.</figcaption></figure> Anti-Chinese sentiment during the Cold War was largely the result of the Red Scare and <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>, which coincided with increased popular fear of communist espionage because of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and China's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schr-48">[48]</a> During the era, suspected Communists were imprisoned by the hundreds, and some ten or twelve thousand of them lost their jobs.<a href="#cite_note-Schr-48">[48]</a> Many of those who were imprisoned, lost their jobs or were questioned by committees, had a real past or present connection of some kind with the Communist Party. However, for the vast majority of them, their potential to do harm to the nation and the nature of their communist affiliations were both tenuous.<a href="#cite_note-Schr2-49">[49]</a> Among these victims were Chinese Americans, who are often viewed with suspicion of being affiliated with the CCP. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deportation_of_Qian_Xuesen">Deportation of Qian Xuesen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Deportation of Qian Xuesen">edit</a>]</div> The most notable example is that of the top Chinese scientist <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a>. Allegations were made that he was a communist, and his security clearance was revoked in June 1950.<a href="#cite_note-caltech1-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> located an American Communist Party document from 1938 with his name on it, and used it as justification for the revocation. Without his clearance, Qian found himself unable to pursue his career, and within two weeks, he announced plans to return to <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, which had come under the government of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Undersecretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersecretary of the Navy">Undersecretary of the Navy</a> at the time, <a href="/wiki/Dan_A._Kimball" title="Dan A. Kimball">Dan A. Kimball</a>, tried to keep Qian in the US: <blockquote>It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated57-51">[51]</a></blockquote> Qian would spend the next five years under house arrest, which included constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any research (classified) duties.<a href="#cite_note-caltech1-50">[50]</a> Caltech appointed attorney <a href="/wiki/Grant_Cooper_(attorney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant Cooper (attorney)">Grant Cooper</a> to defend Qian. In 1955, the United States deported him to China in exchange for five American pilots captured during the Korean War. Later, he became the father of the modern <a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese space program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> Modern anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States may originate from American fears of China's role as a rising geopolitical power. Perceptions of China's geopolitical rise on the world stage have been so prevalent that the '<a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">rise of China</a>' has been named the top news story of the 21st century by the <a href="/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor" title="Global Language Monitor">Global Language Monitor</a>, as measured by number of appearances in the global print and electronic media, on the Internet and blogosphere, and in Social Media.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 2010">United States 2010 elections</a>, a significant number<a href="#cite_note-Chi-56">[56]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">negative advertisements</a> were run by both major American political parties that focused on a candidates' alleged support for <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> with China. Some of the stock images that accompanied ominous voiceovers about China were actually of <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">Chinatown, San Francisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lyden-57">[57]</a> In particular, an advertisement called "Chinese Professor", which portrays a 2030 conquest of the West by China, used local Asian American extras to play Chinese, but the actors were not informed of the nature of the shoot.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Columnist Jeff Yang said that in the campaign there was a "blurry line between Chinese and Chinese-Americans."<a href="#cite_note-lyden-57">[57]</a> Larry McCarthy, the producer of "Chinese Professor," defended his work by saying that "this ad is about America, it's not about China."<a href="#cite_note-Smith-59">[59]</a> Other editorials commenting on the video have called the video not anti-Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-Chi-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wolf_Amendment">Wolf Amendment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wolf Amendment">edit</a>]</div> As component of the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Amendment" title="Wolf Amendment">Wolf Amendment</a>, many American space researchers were prohibited from working with Chinese citizens affiliated with a Chinese state enterprise or entity.<a href="#cite_note-guardiannasa-61">[61]</a> In April 2011, the <a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th United States Congress</a> banned NASA from using its funds to host Chinese visitors at NASA facilities because of espionage concerns.<a href="#cite_note-justice1-62">[62]</a> Earlier in 2010, US Representative <a href="/wiki/John_Culberson" title="John Culberson">John Culberson</a>, had urged President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> not to allow further contact between NASA and the <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration</a> (CNSA).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Donald_Trump's_campaign_and_presidency">Donald Trump's campaign and presidency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Donald Trump's campaign and presidency">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_presidential_campaign">2016 presidential campaign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2016 presidential campaign">edit</a>]</div> In November 2015, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> promised to designate China as a <a href="/wiki/Renminbi_currency_value" title="Renminbi currency value">currency manipulator</a> on his first day in office.<a href="#cite_note-PalmerSchreckinger-65">[65]</a> He pledged "swift, robust and unequivocal" action against Chinese piracy, <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_consumer_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfeit consumer goods">counterfeit</a> American goods, and the theft of American <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a> and intellectual property. He also condemned China's "illegal <a href="/wiki/Export_subsidy" title="Export subsidy">export subsidies</a> and lax labor and environmental standards."<a href="#cite_note-PalmerSchreckinger-65">[65]</a> In January 2016, Trump proposed a 45% <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a> on <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China" title="List of the largest trading partners of China">Chinese exports to the United States</a> to give "American workers a level playing field."<a href="#cite_note-Haberman-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Appelaum2-67">[67]</a> When asked about potential Chinese retaliation to the implementation of tariffs, such as sales of <a href="/wiki/US_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="US bonds">US bonds</a>, Trump judged such a scenario to be unlikely: "They won't crash our currency. They will crash their economy. That's what they are going to do if they start playing that."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In a May 2016 speech, Trump responded to concerns regarding a potential <a href="/wiki/2018_China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 China–United States trade war">trade war with China</a>: "We're losing $500 billion in trade with China. Who the hell cares if there's a trade war?"<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Trump also said in May 2016 that China is "raping" the U.S. with free trade.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidency_(2017–21)">Presidency (2017–21)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Presidency (2017–21)">edit</a>]</div> In January 2018, Trump launched <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">a trade war with China</a> and he also began to impose new <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visa</a> restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign student">foreign students</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visiting_scholar" title="Visiting scholar">visiting scholars</a> of Chinese nationality;<a href="#cite_note-Perlez-2019-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> many affected said that they experienced delays in renewing their visas or even outright cancellations of their visas.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perlez-2019-71">[71]</a> In 2018, Presidential Advisor <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Stephen Miller</a> proposed banning all Chinese nationals from obtaining visas to study in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> According to the results of a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> poll which were published in February 2019, China was considered the greatest enemy of the United States by 21% percent of American respondents, only second to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In April 2019, <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI Director</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Wray" title="Christopher A. Wray">Christopher Wray</a> said that China posed a "whole of a society threat".<a href="#cite_note-Perlez-2019-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In May 2019, <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Policy_Planning" title="Director of Policy Planning">Director of Policy Planning</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiron_Skinner" title="Kiron Skinner">Kiron Skinner</a> said that China "is the first great power competitor of the US that is not <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">caucasian</a>."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The current deterioration of relations has led to a spike in anti-Chinese sentiment in the US.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> poll released in August 2019, 60 percent of Americans have negative opinions about China, with only 26 percent holding positive views. The same poll found that China was named as America's greatest enemy by 24 percent of respondents in US, tied along with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In March 2020, Trump referred to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">outbreak in the United States</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump#"Chinese_Virus"_and_"Kung_Flu"" title="Racial views of Donald Trump">"Chinese Virus"</a>, despite the fact that in February 2020, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> strongly advised the public not to <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racially profile</a> the <a href="/wiki/SARS%E2%80%91CoV%E2%80%912" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS‑CoV‑2">SARS‑CoV‑2</a> <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronavirus</a> as the "Chinese virus" or the "Wuhan virus".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Additionally, the racist terms "Wuflu" and "Kung Flu" emerged in the United States during this period as pejorative and xenophobic ways of referring to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>. These terms are linked to <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, where the virus was first detected, or China in general, via <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> with terms from traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Martial_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Martial Arts">Chinese Martial Arts</a>, Wushu and Kung Fu, and have been used by President Trump and members of his administration in an official capacity.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Use of these terms has drawn widespread criticism for their perceived racial insensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In May 2020, a <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>-raised <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese-American</a> <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> reporter, <a href="/wiki/Weijia_Jiang" title="Weijia Jiang">Weijia Jiang</a>, questioned Trump at a White House coronavirus briefing about his stance on testing and he told her to question China. The reporter responded to Trump by asking him why he singled her out by stating that she should question China, which led to an abrupt end to the briefing.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> On July 23, 2020, then-<a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> announced the end of what he called "blind engagement" with the Chinese government. He also criticized <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of China">general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a><a href="#cite_note-Xi's_title-95">[95]</a> as "a true believer in a bankrupt totalitarian ideology."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In December 2020, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Marsha Blackburn</a> tweeted that "China has a <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">5,000 year history</a> of cheating and stealing. Some things will never change...", resulting in a backlash by Chinese-American civil rights activists, arguing that her tweet insulted people of Chinese descent.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC,_anti-xenophobia_poster_amid_coronavirus_pandemic,_Canal_St,_6_Line--.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NYC%2C_anti-xenophobia_poster_amid_coronavirus_pandemic%2C_Canal_St%2C_6_Line--.jpg/220px-NYC%2C_anti-xenophobia_poster_amid_coronavirus_pandemic%2C_Canal_St%2C_6_Line--.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NYC%2C_anti-xenophobia_poster_amid_coronavirus_pandemic%2C_Canal_St%2C_6_Line--.jpg/330px-NYC%2C_anti-xenophobia_poster_amid_coronavirus_pandemic%2C_Canal_St%2C_6_Line--.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NYC%2C_anti-xenophobia_poster_amid_coronavirus_pandemic%2C_Canal_St%2C_6_Line--.jpg/440px-NYC%2C_anti-xenophobia_poster_amid_coronavirus_pandemic%2C_Canal_St%2C_6_Line--.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>An unofficial<a href="#cite_note-poster-98">[98]</a> anti-<a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> poster at a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> station amidst the COVID-19 pandemic</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#United_States" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic § United States</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> was first reported in the city of <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, Hubei, China, in December 2019, and as a result, acts and displays of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Sinophobia</a>, have increasingly occurred, as well as incidents of <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, discrimination, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">violence</a>, and racism against <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">people of East Asian ancestry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> According to a June 2020 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a> study, 58% of Asian Americans believe that racist views of them had increased since the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> A study by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Arts_%26_Science" title="New York University College of Arts & Science">New York University College of Arts & Science</a> found that there was no overall increase of Anti-Asian sentiment among the American population, instead it suggested that "already prejudiced persons" had felt authorized by the pandemic to act openly on their prejudices.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joe_Biden's_presidency">Joe Biden's presidency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Joe Biden's presidency">edit</a>]</div> Since the start of the Biden Presidency on January 20, 2021, <a href="/wiki/President_Joe_Biden" class="mw-redirect" title="President Joe Biden">President Joe Biden</a> has described <a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War#Biden_presidency" title="Second Cold War">tensions with China</a> as a competition between democracy and autocracy. Studies suggest that framing the relationship between the United States and China as a great power competition foments anti-Asian sentiment among White Americans. According to an analysis conducted by Vladimir Enrique and Medenica David Ebner at <a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a> in June 2021, White Americans are more likely to support war with China if such a military confrontation between the two countries ever materializes. White Americans described as "racially resentful" were 36 percentage points more likely than other White Americans to perceive China posing as a major geopolitical threat back in 2012 and 20 percentage points more likely compared in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> A report which was published by <a href="/wiki/Stop_AAPI_Hate" title="Stop AAPI Hate">Stop AAPI Hate</a> listed 43% of AAPI (Asian American and Pacific Islanders) individuals reporting incidents from 2020 to 2022 to be ethnically Chinese. A survey in 2021 found that 49% of AAPIs felt safe going out, 65% felt worried about the safety of family members and elders, 32% of parents were concerned their child would be a victim of anti-AAPI discrimination at school, 95% of Asian Americans who reported a hate incident to Stop AAPI Hate viewed the U.S. as dangerous to them, 98% of Asian elders who experienced hate incidents believed the U.S. has become more physically dangerous for Asians, 49% reported anxiety or depression, and 72% named hate against them as their greatest source of stress.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> A national survey estimated that at least three million AAPIs experienced hate incidents between March 2021 and March 2022. According to Stop AAPI Hate, 20% of reported hate incidents involve scapegoating, 96% of scapegoating incidents blame Asians and Asian Americans for the COVID-19 epidemic, 4% for national security reasons such as spying for the Chinese Communist Party, and 1% for being economic threats. Stop AAPI Hate notes that both Democrats and Republicans use "rhetoric that paints <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China as an economic threat to America's existence</a>", mirroring language used in scapegoating East Asians and Asian Americans at large.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> A report conducted by Tobita Chow in 2021 used a table to show parallels between the "<a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China threat</a>" narratives and sentiments expressed in anti-Asian incidents such as "China is cheating the US" and "You are a liar, a cheater", or "China is an espionage or influence threat" and "You are a spy, you are CCP". According to Chow, believers of American exceptionalism who perceive <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American global domination</a> to be at risk of being replaced by a <a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">rising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese century">more geopolitically assertive China</a>, exacerbated by global economic problems and weak economic growth, contribute to a sense of anxiety that fosters zero-sum competition between countries. In discussions about China, the two claims that China is a threat to American hegemony and that it is an existential threat to the US and Americans are often used interchangeably regardless of the difference in their plausibility. Chow says that a deep commitment to American exceptionalism can make these two claims identical to each other. Anti-China messaging has been used to build bipartisan support for a number of economic policies that promote investment in infrastructure, research, technology, and job creation as necessary to <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Strategic_Competition_between_the_United_States_and_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party">counter China</a>. Some special interest groups such as the military industrial complex stand to materially benefit from the "<a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China threat</a>" narratives and promote them for that reason. Chow says that "narratives about China can shape popular perceptions of Chinese people" and that the opposite is also true, where narratives of Chinese people also justify perceptions of China.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> On April 27, 2023, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and the Committee of 100 announced the results of a survey on Chinese Americans. According to the survey results based on the answers of 6,500 participants across the US, 74% of Chinese Americans have experienced racism in the past twelve months. One in five reported verbal or online harassment several times in the past twelve months. Nearly half the respondents (46%) reported unequal treatment compared to others. Almost one in ten (9%) reported physical assault or intimidation while 7% reported destruction of property.<a href="#cite_note-survey-15">[15]</a> According to the 2023 STAATUS Index survey, nearly half of Americans believe that negative views of China have contributed to anti-Asian attacks or incidents. Among the reasons for anti-Asian hate, 33% of respondents believe that viewing China as an economic threat is a contributing factor while 47% believe that viewing China as an espionage threat is a contributing factor.<a href="#cite_note-STAATUS23-108">[108]</a> A research article submitted in September 2022 and published in <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a> in June 2023 states that scholars of Chinese descent feel significant unease in the US: 83% received insults in a non-professional setting in the last year, 72% feel unsafe as a researcher, 35% feel unwelcome in the US, and 61% have considered leaving the US.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purchase_of_or_acquisition_of_title_to_real_property">Purchase of or acquisition of title to real property</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Purchase of or acquisition of title to real property">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Texas_Senate" title="Texas Senate">Texas Senate</a> bill tabled in 2023 by state representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Republican Party</a>, known as SB 147, was met with intense backlash particularly by Asian American groups.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The bill would prohibit "certain aliens or foreign entities" from acquiring real property in the state of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, including those with affiliations or origins from China.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The bill has also found support from <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> <a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Greg Abbott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Critics have compared the bill to the racist <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> and called it <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">unconstitutional</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Others also added that it may lead to a negative <a href="/wiki/Snowball_effect" title="Snowball effect">snowball effect</a> for further racist legislation, particularly targeting Chinese people and East Asians in general.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Turner" title="Sylvester Turner">Sylvester Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Houston">Mayor of Houston</a>, referred to the bill as "just down right wrong" and that "it is more divisive than anything else".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> State representative <a href="/wiki/Gene_Wu" title="Gene Wu">Gene Wu</a> added that "this type of legislation. This growing anti-Asian and anti-immigrant sentiment is a direct attack on our community and on our city, quite frankly."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The legislation does not give any exceptions to asylum seekers, <a href="/wiki/Lawful_permanent_residents" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawful permanent residents">lawful permanent residents</a>, valid visa holders or dual citizens.<a href="#cite_note-sb147nbc-120">[120]</a> Further protests in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> against the bill were held by Asian American groups and allies in February 2023.<a href="#cite_note-sb147nbc-120">[120]</a> Virginia's state Senate, which is controlled by Democrats, also recently passed a ban on land ownership by "foreign adversaries." In all, at least 18 states have considered limiting the ownership of farmland by entities linked to China, according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Agricultural_Law_Center" title="National Agricultural Law Center">National Agricultural Law Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On May 8, 2023, Florida governor <a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">Ron DeSantis</a> signed bills SB 264 and HB 1355 banning Chinese citizens from buying land in the state. Critics have warned that the bills could contribute to discrimination against the Chinese and other immigrants. Democrat state Rep. Anna V. Eskamani voiced concerns about the impact on Asian Americans. Asian American organizations compared the bills to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_Land_Laws&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alien Land Laws (page does not exist)">Alien Land Laws</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accusations_of_spying">Accusations of spying</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Accusations of spying">edit</a>]</div> Under the Trump administration, the Justice Department launched the <a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a> to target supposed Chinese spies. In 2018, Donald Trump's FBI Director Christopher A. Wray publicly called students and researchers of Chinese descent potential spies and said that the FBI views China "not just a whole-of-government threat but a whole-of-society threat" requiring a "whole-of-society response". The <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a> said the initiative cast broad, unjustified suspicion on Chinese American scientists and unfairly targeted them for investigation and prosecution. Several of the resulting prosecutions have been based on faulty grounds; they have resulted in devastating consequences for the lives of those affected.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden administration">Biden administration</a> continued the initiative, despite civil-rights organizations' calls to end it. The <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_Advancing_Justice_Southern_California" title="Asian Americans Advancing Justice Southern California">Asian Americans Advancing Justice</a> expressed "deep concern with the federal government's racial, ethnic, and national origin profiling and discriminatory investigations and prosecutions of Asian Americans and Asian immigrants".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> A 2021 survey of almost 2,000 scientists in the United States showed that more than half of scientists of Chinese descent, regardless of citizenship, feared surveillance from the US government.<a href="#cite_note-security-125">[125]</a> The Justice Department ended the initiative on February 22, 2022, citing perceptions of unfair treatment of Chinese Americans and residents of Chinese origin.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xi_Xiaoxing">Xi Xiaoxing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Xi Xiaoxing">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, police raided the home of <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> physics professor Xi Xiaoxing and arrested him at gunpoint in front of his wife and two daughters. The Justice Department (DOJ) accused the scientist of illegally sending trade secrets to China—the design of a <a href="/wiki/Rotating_pocket_heater" title="Rotating pocket heater">pocket heater</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">superconductor</a> research—and threatened him with 80 years in prison and $1 million in fines. The scientist's daughter Joyce Xi said, "Newscasters surrounded our home and tried to film through windows. The FBI rummaged through all our belongings and carried off electronics and documents containing many private details of our lives. For months, we lived in fear of FBI intimidation and surveillance. We worried about our safety in public, given that my dad's face was plastered all over the news. My dad was unable to work, and his reputation was shattered."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Temple University forced the professor to take administrative leave and suspended him as chair of the Physics Department. He was also banned from accessing his lab or communicating with his students directly. It was later learned that FBI agents had been listening to his phone calls and reading his emails for months – possibly years.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-128">[128]</a> In 2015, DOJ abruptly dropped the charges after investigators found that the information Xi shared did not include trade secrets.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In 2021, Xi was denied recourse after a Philadelphia court rejected his legal claims for damages.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hu_Anming">Hu Anming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hu Anming">edit</a>]</div> In February 2020, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a> professor Hu Anming was indicted under the China Initiative. He was one of several Chinese-born researchers arrested and accused of failing to disclose their ties with China under the China Initiative.<a href="#cite_note-auto-131">[131]</a> During Hu's trial in June 2021, an FBI agent admitted to falsely accusing the professor of being a Chinese spy, using baseless information to place him on the <a href="/wiki/No_Fly_List" title="No Fly List">federal no-fly list</a> and spying on him and his son for two years. The FBI agent, Kujtim Sadiku, also admitted to using the false information to press Hu to become a spy for the United States government. No evidence was ever discovered that suggested Hu, who is an internationally recognized welding technology expert, had ever spied for China.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The defense lawyer argued that Hu was targeted by federal agents determined to find Chinese spies where there were none, and when agents failed to secure an espionage charge, they turned instead to a charge of fraud.<a href="#cite_note-auto-131">[131]</a> The case was declared a mistrial, raising concerns over whether the Justice Department was over-reaching in its hunt for Chinese spies.<a href="#cite_note-auto-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tang_Juan">Tang Juan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tang Juan">edit</a>]</div> In September 2020, Chinese cancer researcher Tang Juan was arrested and jailed by U.S. authorities, who accused her of concealing ties to the Chinese military.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-133">[133]</a> Tang was denied bail and later placed under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>. In 2021, she was released after spending 10 months in jail and house arrest without her case ever making it to trial.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Later, it was revealed that she was not a member of the Chinese military but had only worked as a civilian at a Chinese military facility.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baimadajie_Angwang">Baimadajie Angwang</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Baimadajie Angwang">edit</a>]</div> Baimadajie Angwang, a police officer for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City Police Department</a> (NYPD), was arrested in September 2020 on federal charges of allegedly spying for China.<a href="#cite_note-BAPO-135">[135]</a> The former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine</a> subsequently six months in a federal detention center before he was freed on bail while awaiting trial. Abruptly, federal prosecutors would drop the charges against him in January 2021 without further explanation.<a href="#cite_note-BAPO-135">[135]</a> He was never compensated for his detention and lost his job as a police officer.<a href="#cite_note-BAPO-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-American sentiment in China">Anti-American sentiment in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment_in_China" title="Anti-Western sentiment in China">Anti-Western sentiment in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States</a></li> <li>Asian Americans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_activism" title="Asian American activism">Asian American activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li> <li>Chinese Americans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Asia–United States relations">East Asia–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">History of Asian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">History of Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">History of Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="History of the Republic of China">History of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">History of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Mass racial violence in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_East_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States">Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_groups_within_the_United_States" title="Stereotypes of groups within the United States">Stereotypes of groups within the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_AAPI_Hate" title="Stop AAPI Hate">Stop AAPI Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Asian_Hate" title="Stop Asian Hate">Stop Asian Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#United_States" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References and notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McClain1994-1"><a href="#cite_ref-McClain1994_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcClain1994" class="citation book cs1">McClain, Charles J. 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Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807847398" title="Special:BookSources/9780807847398"><bdi>9780807847398</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427093024/https://books.google.com/books?id=x8OggvKjZSgC">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2016. 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Retrieved October 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=io9&rft.atitle=The+Yellow+Peril%2C+Fu+Manchu%2C+and+the+Ethnic+Future&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft.au=Katayama%2C+Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fio9.com%2F5043319%2Fthe-yellow-peril-fu-manchu-and-the-ethnic-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Chinese+sentiment+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E8%AC%9B">"民族主義第六講" </a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9">三民主義 </a> (in Chinese) – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. <q>我們為什麼不能治中國呢？外國人從什麼地方可以看出來呢？依我個人的眼光看，外國人從齊家一方面，或者把中國家庭看不清楚；但是從修身一方面來看，我們中國人對於這些工夫，是很缺乏的。中國人一舉一動，都欠檢點，袛要和中國人來往過一次，便被他們看得很清楚。外國人對於中國的印象，除非是在中國住過了二三十年的外國人，或者是極大的哲學家像羅素那一樣的人，有很大的眼光，一到中國來，便可以看出中國的文化超過於歐美，才贊美中國；普通外國人，總說中國人沒有教化，是很野蠻的。推求這個原因，就是大家對於修身的工夫太缺乏；大者勿論，即一舉一動，極尋常的工夫，都不講究。譬如中國人初到美國的時候，美國人本來是平等看待，沒有什麼中美人的分別；後來美國大旅館都不准中國人住，大的酒店都不許中國人去吃飯，這就是由於中國人沒有自修的工夫。</q> [Why we can't ruling China? How does foreigners look it out? In my own eyes, from the hand of regulating families, foreigners may not see clearly for Chinese families; but on the hand of cultivating persons, we the Chinese are so lack of these efforts. Chinese peoples' behaviors all are lack of behave, once communicate with Chinese, they will seeing so clearly. For impressions on Chinese people, unless foreigners who lived in China over two or three decades, or great philosophers as Russell who has great vision, once come to China, will see Chinese culture is beyond European and American, so they praised China; ordinary foreigners always said Chinese people have no educating, they are barbarous. Examining the reason for this, is everyone are so lack of efforts on cultivating persons; not talk about the general hand, just every action, extremely usual behavior, all are not elegant. For example, when Chinese people came to America for the first time, Americans were initially seeing them equally, there is no distinction between Chinese and American; later major American inns all are forbade Chinese people to live in, major American hotels all are forbade Chinese people to take a meal, this is because Chinese people have no efforts for cultivating ourselves.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E8%AC%9B&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Chinese+sentiment+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tombstonetraveltips.com/us-immigration-1800s.html">"US Immigration 1800s"</a>. TombstoneTravelTips. Picture Rocks Networking. April 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TombstoneTravelTips&rft.atitle=US+Immigration+1800s&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tombstonetraveltips.com%2Fus-immigration-1800s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Chinese+sentiment+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=131096">"Hoptown Chinese Section 1879"</a>. 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Chinese American Forum. 28 (3): 8–13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619190019/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/85234407/chinese-exclusion-act-1882">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2018. 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Retrieved February 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Can+a+Police+Officer+Accused+of+Spying+for+China+Ever+Clear+His+Name%3F&rft.date=2023-02-10&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Brien&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F02%2F10%2Fnyregion%2Fnypd-officer-spying-china-charges-dropped.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Chinese+sentiment+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uncpress.org/book/9781469629438/two-faces-of-exclusion/">Lon Kurashige. 2016. Two Faces of Exclusion: The Untold History of Anti-Asian Racism in the United States (University of North Carolina Press, 2016).</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Black sentiment">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic & Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_American_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_American" title="Template:Chinese American"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_American" title="Template talk:Chinese American"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_American" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese American"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_American_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese American topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-born_Chinese" title="American-born Chinese">American-born Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhou Americans">Fuzhou Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_American" title="Hyphenated American">Hyphenated American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American history">Chinese American history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._immigration_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China">U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years:_History_of_the_Chinese_in_America" title="One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America">One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_location" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>California <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Chinese Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chinese Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Colorado" title="History of Chinese Americans in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Chinese immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li>Illinois (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of Chinese Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a>)</li> <li>Massachusetts (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_Boston" title="Chinese Americans in Boston">Boston</a>)</li> <li>Michigan (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Metro_Detroit" title="History of Chinese Americans in Metro Detroit">Detroit</a>)</li> <li>Mississippi (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_the_Mississippi_Delta" title="Chinese Americans in the Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>)</li> <li>Missouri (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_St._Louis" title="History of Chinese Americans in St. Louis">St. Louis</a>)</li> <li>New York (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">New York City</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Americans_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Chinese Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="Chinese Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of Chinese Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Washington State (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Seattle" title="History of Chinese Americans in Seattle">Seattle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-Chinese discrimination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States">Anti-Chinese legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Coolie_Act" title="Anti-Coolie Act">Anti-Coolie Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1867_Chinese_Labor_Strike" title="1867 Chinese Labor Strike">1867 Chinese Labor Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese massacre of 1871">Chinese massacre of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_riot_of_1877" title="San Francisco riot of 1877">San Francisco riot of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_v._Hurley" title="Tape v. Hurley">Tape v. Hurley</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Squak_Valley_Chinese_laborers,_1885" title="Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885">Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Springs_massacre" title="Rock Springs massacre">Rock Springs massacre</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacoma_riot_of_1885" title="Tacoma riot of 1885">Tacoma riot of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_riot_of_1886" title="Seattle riot of 1886">Seattle riot of 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo v. Hopkins</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hells_Canyon_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hells Canyon Massacre">Hells Canyon Massacre</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_race_riots_of_1907" title="Pacific Coast race riots of 1907">Pacific Coast race riots of 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingham_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellingham riots">Bellingham riots</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Vincent_Chin" title="Killing of Vincent Chin">Killing of Vincent Chin</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Akai_Gurley" title="Killing of Akai Gurley">Killing of Akai Gurley</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_the_United_States" title="Chinatowns in the United States">Chinatowns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamblee,_Georgia#Atlanta_Chinatown" title="Chamblee, Georgia">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Austin#Austin_Chinatown" title="Greater Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Baltimore" title="Chinatown, Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boise" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Boise">Boise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Boston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Quincy_(Quincy,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Quincy (Quincy, Massachusetts)">Quincy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Chicago" title="Chinatown, Chicago">Chicago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Argyle_Street_Historic_District" title="West Argyle Street Historic District">West Argyle Street</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinatown,_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Chinatown, Cleveland">Cleveland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatown,_Cleveland" title="Asiatown, Cleveland">Asiatown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="Chinese Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richardson,_Texas" title="Richardson, Texas">Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Denver" title="Chinatown, Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Detroit" title="Chinatown, Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Honolulu" title="Chinatown, Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Houston" title="Chinatown, Houston">Houston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Downtown_Houston" title="East Downtown Houston">East Downtown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Las_Vegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locke,_California" title="Locke, California">Locke, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Los_Angeles" title="Chinatown, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_enclaves_in_the_San_Gabriel_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley">San Gabriel Valley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Miami_Beach,_Florida#2000_census" title="North Miami Beach, Florida">North Miami Beach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montville,_Connecticut" title="Montville, Connecticut">Montville, Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edison,_New_Jersey" title="Edison, New Jersey">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Chinatown, Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_New_Orleans" title="Chinatown, New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Brooklyn" title="Chinatowns in Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Queens" title="Chinatowns in Queens">Queens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_District,_Oklahoma_City" title="Asia District, Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Philadelphia" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Phoenix" title="Chinatown, Phoenix">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown (Pittsburgh)">Pittsburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)">Squirrel Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese-Americans_in_Portland,_Maine" title="Chinese-Americans in Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Chinatown" title="Old Town Chinatown">Portland, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Providence">Providence, Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Salem,_Oregon" title="Chinatown, Salem, Oregon">Salem, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_St._Louis" title="Chinatown, St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Salt_Lake_City" title="Chinatown, Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Pacific_Thematic_Historic_District" title="Asian Pacific Thematic Historic District">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chinese Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">San Francisco Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Oakland">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_District,_San_Francisco" title="Richmond District, San Francisco">Richmond District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_District,_San_Francisco" title="Sunset District, San Francisco">Sunset District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_San_Jose,_California" title="Chinatowns in San Jose, California">San Jose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Seattle" title="History of Chinese Americans in Seattle">Seattle-Tacoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown%E2%80%93International_District,_Seattle" title="Chinatown–International District, Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Tacoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Tacoma">Tacoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Spokane" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Spokane">Spokane, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Washington,_D.C." title="Chinatown, Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland#Asian" title="Rockville, Maryland">Rockville, Maryland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnemucca,_Nevada#Chinatown" title="Winnemucca, Nevada">Winnemucca, Nevada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Food</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American Chinese cuisine</a></dd> <dt>Film</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Chinese_Americans" title="Category:Films about Chinese Americans">American Chinese films</a></dd> <dt>Terminology</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinaman%27s_chance" title="Chinaman's chance">Chinaman's chance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jook-sing" title="Jook-sing">Jook-sing</a></dd> <dt>Events</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Love_Boat_(study_tour)" title="Love Boat (study tour)">Love boat</a></dd> <dt>Education</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_school" title="Chinese school">Chinese school</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a></dd> <dt>Transportation</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinatown_bus_lines" title="Chinatown bus lines">Chinatown bus lines</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Chinese_in_America" title="Museum of Chinese in America">Museum of Chinese in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_American_Museum" title="Chinese American Museum">Chinese American Museum</a> (Los Angeles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_American_Museum_DC" title="Chinese American Museum DC">Chinese American Museum DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Historical_Society_of_America" title="Chinese Historical Society of America">Chinese Historical Society of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_Wah_Chung_%26_Co._Museum" title="Kam Wah Chung & Co. Museum">Kam Wah Chung & Co. Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Luke_Museum_of_the_Asian_Pacific_American_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience">Wing Luke Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wo_Hing_Society_Hall" title="Wo Hing Society Hall">Wo Hing Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese-American_organizations" title="Category:Chinese-American organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_American_associations" title="List of Chinese American associations">List of Chinese American associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_American_Citizens_Alliance" title="Chinese American Citizens Alliance">Chinese American Citizens Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_American_church" title="Chinese American church">Chinese American church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Community_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Community Centre">Chinese Community Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Consolidated_Benevolent_Association" title="Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association">Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Historical_Society_of_Southern_California" title="Chinese Historical Society of Southern California">Chinese Historical Society of Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Society_Halls_on_Maui" title="Chinese Society Halls on Maui">Chinese Society Halls on Maui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_On_Association" title="Ying On Association">Ying On Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Staff_and_Workers%27_Association" title="Chinese Staff and Workers' Association">Chinese Staff and Workers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_for_Affirmative_Action" title="Chinese for Affirmative Action">Chinese for Affirmative Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_100_(United_States)" title="Committee of 100 (United States)">Committee of 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Chinese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Chinese Americans">Organization of Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Kong_Tong" title="Bing Kong Tong">Bing Kong Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_Sing_Association" title="Hip Sing Association">Hip Sing Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathay_Bank" title="Cathay Bank">Cathay Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_International_Bank" title="United International Bank">United International Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Commerce_Bank" title="Global Commerce Bank">Global Commerce Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_West_Bank" title="East West Bank">East West Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_banks" title="Overseas Chinese banks">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Americans" title="List of Chinese Americans">List of Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_significant_Chinese-American_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations">List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_China–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:China–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:China–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_China–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_China,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of China, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of China, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_China_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of China to the United States">Ambassadors of China to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Beijing" title="Embassy of the United States, Beijing">Embassy of the United States, Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_China" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to China">Ambassadors of the United States to China</a></li> <li>Chinese Consulate-Generals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_China,_New_York" title="Consulate General of China, New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Consuls-General_of_China_in_New_York" title="List of Consuls-General of China in New York">Consuls-General of China, New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_China,_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate General of China, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_China,_Houston" title="Consulate General of China, Houston">Houston</a></li></ul></li> <li>American Consulate-Generals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Chengdu" title="Consulate General of the United States, Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Guangzhou" title="Consulate General of the United States, Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Hong_Kong_and_Macau" title="Consulate General of the United States, Hong Kong and Macau">Hong Kong and Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Shanghai" title="Consulate General of the United States, Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Shenyang" title="Consulate General of the United States, Shenyang">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Wuhan" title="Consulate General of the United States, Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs" title="Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs">Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_China_Coordination" title="Office of China Coordination">Office of China Coordination</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China">Diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresham-Yang_Treaty" title="Gresham-Yang Treaty">Gresham-Yang Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai International Settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Concession_(Shanghai)" title="American Concession (Shanghai)">American Concession (Shanghai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_for_China" title="United States Court for China">United States Court for China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_between_the_United_States_and_China_for_the_Relinquishment_of_Extraterritorial_Rights_in_China" title="Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China">Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Friendship,_Commerce_and_Navigation_between_the_United_States_of_America_and_the_Republic_of_China" title="Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China">Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Mission" title="Marshall Mission">Marshall Mission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_China" title="Loss of China">Loss of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_White_Paper" title="China White Paper">China White Paper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRC-US_Ambassadorial_Talks" title="PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks">PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Shanghai Communiqué">Shanghai Communiqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Communiqu%C3%A9s" title="Three Communiqués">Three Communiqués</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-China_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One-China policy">One-China policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_goes_to_China" title="Nixon goes to China">Nixon goes to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_China_Game" title="Nixon's China Game">Nixon's China Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Feldman" title="Harvey Feldman">Harvey Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ling-Ling_and_Hsing-Hsing" title="Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing">Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Deng_Xiaoping_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States">State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Rule_of_Law_Initiative" title="Presidential Rule of Law Initiative">Presidential Rule of Law Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Beijing–Washington hotline">Beijing–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_States" title="State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States">State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_States%E2%80%93China_Cybersecurity_Agreement" title="2015 United States–China Cybersecurity Agreement">2015 United States–China Cybersecurity Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_talks_in_Alaska" title="United States–China talks in Alaska">United States–China talks in Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_Working_Group" title="United States–China Working Group">United States–China Working Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Relief_Expedition" title="China Relief Expedition">China Relief Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_biological_warfare_in_the_Korean_War" title="Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War">Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait conflict">Cross-Strait conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_King_Kong" title="Operation King Kong">Operation King Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rover_incident" title="Rover incident">Rover incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chy_Lung_v._Freeman" title="Chy Lung v. Freeman">Chy Lung v. Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheong_Ah_Moy_v._United_States" title="Cheong Ah Moy v. United States">Cheong Ah Moy v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chae_Chan_Ping_v._United_States" title="Chae Chan Ping v. United States">Chae Chan Ping v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twain%E2%80%93Ament_indemnities_controversy" title="Twain–Ament indemnities controversy">Twain–Ament indemnities controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Chinese_boycott" title="1905 Chinese boycott">1905 Chinese boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monocacy_incident" title="USS Monocacy incident">USS Monocacy incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Air_Force_C-47_Crash_at_Yan%27an" title="1946 United States Air Force C-47 Crash at Yan'an">1946 United States Air Force C-47 Crash at Yan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Chong_case" title="Shen Chong case">Shen Chong case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamont_v._Postmaster_General" title="Lamont v. Postmaster General">Lamont v. Postmaster General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Na" title="Hu Na">Hu Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sabre_II" title="Project Sabre II">Project Sabre II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinhe_incident" title="Yinhe incident">Yinhe incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_campaign_finance_controversy" title="1996 United States campaign finance controversy">1996 United States campaign finance controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chung" title="Johnny Chung">Johnny Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chaoying" title="Liu Chaoying">Liu Chaoying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shady_RAT" title="Operation Shady RAT">Operation Shady RAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aurora" title="Operation Aurora">Operation Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(China)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (China)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_China_anti-Japanese_demonstrations" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations">2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Shao_Tong" title="Murder of Shao Tong">Murder of Shao Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_David_Louis_Sneddon" title="Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon">Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Tsai_call" title="Trump–Tsai call">Trump–Tsai call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Science_Products_v._Hebei_Welcome_Pharmaceuticals" title="Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals">Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Anming_Hu" title="Trial of Anming Hu">Trial of Anming Hu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerns_over_Chinese_involvement_in_5G_wireless_networks" title="Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks">Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Extradition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TikTok_v._Trump" title="TikTok v. Trump">TikTok v. Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._WeChat_Users_Alliance_v._Trump" title="U.S. WeChat Users Alliance v. Trump">U.S. WeChat Users Alliance v. Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense_China_Task_Force" title="United States Department of Defense China Task Force">United States Department of Defense China Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_visit_by_Nancy_Pelosi_to_Taiwan" title="2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan">2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese espionage in the United States">Chinese espionage in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">Cyberwarfare by China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_Chinese_spy_cases_persecuted_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of alleged Chinese spy cases persecuted in the United States">Alleged Chinese spy cases persecuted in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox_Report" title="Cox Report">Cox Report</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cox_Report_controversy" title="Timeline of the Cox Report controversy">Timeline of the Cox Report controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_China" title="American espionage in China">American espionage in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Francis_Redmond" title="Hugh Francis Redmond">Hugh Francis Redmond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Chinese_balloon_incident" title="2023 Chinese balloon incident">2023 balloon incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections">Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_security_cooperation" title="United States–China security cooperation">Military relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Patrol" title="Yangtze Patrol">Yangtze Patrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Dollar_incident" title="Alice Dollar incident">Alice Dollar incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Volunteer_Group" title="American Volunteer Group">American Volunteer Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cat_Squadron" title="Black Cat Squadron">Black Cat Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Chinese_Nationalist_air_force_(1937%E2%80%931945)" title="Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)">Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Air_Task_Force" title="China Air Task Force">China Air Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Marines" title="China Marines">China Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-American_Cooperative_Organization" title="Sino-American Cooperative Organization">Sino-American Cooperative Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIMPAC" title="RIMPAC">RIMPAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_China" title="United States sanctions against China">United States sanctions against China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._immigration_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China">U.S. immigration policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Relations_Act" title="Taiwan Relations Act">Taiwan Relations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12711" title="Executive Order 12711">Executive Order 12711</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Student_Protection_Act_of_1992" title="Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992">Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States-Hong_Kong_Policy_Act" title="United States-Hong Kong Policy Act">United States-Hong Kong Policy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Agreement_for_the_Surrender_of_Fugitive_Offenders" title="United States–Hong Kong Agreement for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders">United States–Hong Kong Agreement for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_Abortion_Condemnation_Act" title="Forced Abortion Condemnation Act">Forced Abortion Condemnation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Security_Enhancement_Act" title="Taiwan Security Enhancement Act">Taiwan Security Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_Relations_Act_of_2000" title="United States–China Relations Act of 2000">United States–China Relations Act of 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Amendment" title="Wolf Amendment">Wolf Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Travel_Act" title="Taiwan Travel Act">Taiwan Travel Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EQUITABLE_Act" title="EQUITABLE Act">EQUITABLE Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Be_Water_Act" title="Hong Kong Be Water Act">Hong Kong Be Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Human_Rights_and_Democracy_Act" title="Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act">Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Policy_and_Support_Act" title="Tibet Policy and Support Act">Tibet Policy and Support Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Allies_International_Protection_and_Enhancement_Initiative_Act" title="Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act">Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_10043" title="Proclamation 10043">Proclamation 10043</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Human_Rights_Policy_Act" title="Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act">Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Autonomy_Act" title="Hong Kong Autonomy Act">Hong Kong Autonomy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13936" title="Executive Order 13936">Executive Order 13936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13959" title="Executive Order 13959">Executive Order 13959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_Foreign_Companies_Accountable_Act" title="Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act">Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_14032" title="Executive Order 14032">Executive Order 14032</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Innovation_and_Competition_Act" title="United States Innovation and Competition Act">United States Innovation and Competition Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Forced_Labor_Prevention_Act" title="Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act">Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Economic relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_China_Trade" title="Old China Trade">Old China Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States-China_Economic_and_Security_Review_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission">United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Two" title="Group of Two">Group of Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Economic_Dialogue" title="Strategic Economic Dialogue">Strategic Economic Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace_Dialogue" title="Summer Palace Dialogue">Summer Palace Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93China_Strategic_and_Economic_Dialogue" title="U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue">U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Dialogue" title="Senior Dialogue">Senior Dialogue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trump_tariffs" title="Trump tariffs">Trump tariffs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_normal_trade_relations" title="Permanent normal trade relations">Permanent normal trade relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="History of China–United States relations">History of China–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hong Kong–United States relations">Hong Kong–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Macau–United States relations">Macau–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Taiwan–United States relations">Taiwan–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_China" title="Americans in China">Americans in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_mainland_China" title="Anti-American sentiment in mainland China">Anti-American sentiment in mainland China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruguanxue" title="Ruguanxue">Ruguanxue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimerica" title="Chimerica">Chimerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="China Lobby">China Lobby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_First" title="Asia First">Asia First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Hands" title="China Hands">China Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_watcher" title="China watcher">China watcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Cold_War" title="Artificial Intelligence Cold War">Artificial Intelligence Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_diplomacy" title="Triangular diplomacy">Triangular diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Evolution_theory" title="Peaceful Evolution theory">Peaceful Evolution theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(policy)" title="Linkage (policy)">Linkage (policy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)" title="String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)">String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides_Trap" title="Thucydides Trap">Thucydides Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_(business)" title="Hong (business)">Hong (business)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China" title="Air route authority between the United States and China">Air route authority between the United States and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Team_(U.S._politics)" title="Blue Team (U.S. politics)">Blue Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPE_(cable_system)" title="TPE (cable system)">TPE (cable system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_missions_in_China" title="Protestant missions in China">Protestant missions in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Coleman_Bridgman" title="Elijah Coleman Bridgman">Elijah Coleman Bridgman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divie_Bethune_McCartee" title="Divie Bethune McCartee">Divie Bethune McCartee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_1990_Institute" title="The 1990 Institute">The 1990 Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Indemnity_Scholarship" title="Boxer Indemnity Scholarship">Boxer Indemnity Scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aid_Society" title="China Aid Society">China Aid Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Educational_Mission" title="Chinese Educational Mission">Chinese Educational Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Democratic_Far_Eastern_Policy" title="Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy">Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional-Executive_Commission_on_China" title="Congressional-Executive Commission on China">Congressional-Executive Commission on China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Yuan_Science_and_Technology_Association" title="Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association">Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Alliance_on_China" title="Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China">Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Strategic_Competition_between_the_United_States_and_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party">United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissinger_Institute_on_China_and_the_United_States" title="Kissinger Institute on China and the United States">Kissinger Institute on China and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_on_United_States%E2%80%93China_Relations" title="National Committee on United States–China Relations">National Committee on United States–China Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Shansi_Memorial_Association" title="Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association">Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-American_Joint_Commission_on_Rural_Reconstruction" title="Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction">Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-China_Business_Council" title="US-China Business Council">US-China Business Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93China_Education_Trust" title="US–China Education Trust">US–China Education Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93China_Peoples_Friendship_Association" title="US–China Peoples Friendship Association">US–China Peoples Friendship Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_International_Academy" title="Massachusetts International Academy">Massachusetts International Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Summit_for_Young_Leaders_in_China" title="Harvard Summit for Young Leaders in China">Harvard Summit for Young Leaders in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Beijing" title="International School of Beijing">International School of Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theory" title="SARS conspiracy theory">SARS conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yixian_glazed_pottery_luohans" title="Yixian glazed pottery luohans">Yixian glazed pottery luohans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Bixi" title="Harvard Bixi">Harvard Bixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinton" title="William H. Hinton">William H. Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Record_of_the_United_States" title="Human Rights Record of the United States">Human Rights Record of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_pavilion_at_Expo_2010" title="USA pavilion at Expo 2010">USA pavilion at Expo 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Federal_State_of_China" title="New Federal State of China">New Federal State of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Human_Rights_Biweekly" title="China Human Rights Biweekly">China Human Rights Biweekly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East_Reporter" title="Far East Reporter">Far East Reporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke-UNC_China_Leadership_Summit" title="Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit">Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coming_Conflict_with_China" title="The Coming Conflict with China">The Coming Conflict with China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Great_Wall:_Six_Presidents_and_China" title="A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China">A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Chinese_Empire" title="The New Chinese Empire">The New Chinese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Investing_in_America" title="The Art of Investing in America">The Art of Investing in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_China" title="On China">On China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_War" title="Peaceful War">Peaceful War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Transpacific_Experiment" title="The Transpacific Experiment">The Transpacific Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_War:_How_China_Took_Over_While_America%27s_Elite_Slept" class="mw-redirect" title="Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept">Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Chinese_Battle_Plan" title="Red Chinese Battle Plan">Red Chinese Battle Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_Hustle" title="The China Hustle">The China Hustle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:China–United States relations">Category:China–United States relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-Chinese_sentiment_(Sinophobia)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Template:Anti-Chinese sentiment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Template talk:Anti-Chinese sentiment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Chinese sentiment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-Chinese_sentiment_(Sinophobia)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a> (Sinophobia)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unparalleled_Invasion" title="The Unparalleled Invasion">The Unparalleled Invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Minzoku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-Sinicization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By persecutor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Valckenier" title="Adriaan Valckenier">Adriaan Valckenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Bryant" title="Andrew Jackson Bryant">Andrew Jackson Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Kearney" title="Denis Kearney">Denis Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Plaek Phibunsongkhram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Mainland_China_conflict" title="Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Chinese_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Chinese Indians">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Chinese_Indonesians" title="Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Racism in Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Laos_and_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Malaysia" title="Racism in Malaysia">Racism in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Chinese_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Chinese people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment#Taiwan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Laos_and_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By institution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_Union" title="Anti-Chinese Union">Anti-Chinese Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Exclusion_League" title="Asiatic Exclusion League">Asiatic Exclusion League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Brotherhood_of_Railway_Employees" title="Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees">Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyoku_dantai" title="Uyoku dantai">Uyoku dantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By incident</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangley_Rebellion" title="Sangley Rebellion">Sangley Rebellion</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Sangley_Rebellion_(1639)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)">2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangley_Massacre_(1662)" title="Sangley Massacre (1662)">Sangley Massacre (1662)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782_Saigon_massacre" title="1782 Saigon massacre">1782 Saigon massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckland_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckland Riot">Buckland Riot</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambing_Flat_riots" title="Lambing Flat riots">Lambing Flat riots</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Coolie_Act" title="Anti-Coolie Act">Anti-Coolie Act</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese massacre of 1871">Chinese massacre of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigtail_Ordinance" title="Pigtail Ordinance">Pigtail Ordinance</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout_Creek_Outrage" title="Trout Creek Outrage">Trout Creek Outrage</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_riot_of_1877" title="San Francisco riot of 1877">San Francisco riot of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_head_tax" title="New Zealand head tax">New Zealand head tax</a> (1881–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> (1882–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Chinese_Immigration_(1885)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)">Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Immigration Act of 1885">Chinese Immigration Act of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Squak_Valley_Chinese_laborers,_1885" title="Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885">Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issaquah_riot_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Issaquah riot of 1885">Issaquah riot of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacoma_riot_of_1885" title="Tacoma riot of 1885">Tacoma riot of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Springs_massacre" title="Rock Springs massacre">Rock Springs massacre</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_Chinese_expulsion_from_Eureka" title="1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka">1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_head_tax_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese head tax in Canada">Chinese head tax in Canada</a> (1885–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_riot_of_1886" title="Seattle riot of 1886">Seattle riot of 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_anti-Chinese_riots,_1886" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886">Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hells_Canyon_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hells Canyon Massacre">Hells Canyon Massacre</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act</a> (1892–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Colliery_Co_of_British_Columbia_v_Bryden" title="Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden">Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden</a> (1899)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> (1901–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_anti-Asian_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver anti-Asian riots">Vancouver anti-Asian riots</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre%C3%B3n_massacre" title="Torreón massacre">Torreón massacre</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Kudus_riot" title="1918 Kudus riot">1918 Kudus riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_of_Chinese_people" title="Soviet deportations of Chinese people">Soviet deportations of Chinese people</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act,_1923" title="Chinese Immigration Act, 1923">Chinese Immigration Act, 1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanpaoshan_Incident" title="Wanpaoshan Incident">Wanpaoshan Incident</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937-1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942-1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">Three Alls Policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sook Ching massacre">Sook Ching massacre</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changkiao_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Changkiao massacre">Changkiao massacre</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Office_213/926" title="Home Office 213/926">Home Office 213/926</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bersiap" title="Bersiap">Bersiap</a> (1945–1947) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mergosono_massacre" title="Mergosono massacre">Mergosono massacre</a> (1947)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation_on_Chinese_Indonesians" title="Legislation on Chinese Indonesians">Legislation on Chinese Indonesians</a> (1950s-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Confession_Program" title="Chinese Confession Program">Chinese Confession Program</a> (1956–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Chinese-Indians" title="Internment of Chinese-Indians">Internment of Chinese-Indians</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">1964 race riots in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_anti-Chinese_riots_in_Burma" title="1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma">1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate#Controversy" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_May_incident_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May incident (Malaysia)">13 May incident (Malaysia)</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_race_riots_of_Singapore" title="1969 race riots of Singapore">1969 race riots of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malari_incident" title="Malari incident">Malari incident</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Banjarmasin_riot" title="1997 Banjarmasin riot">1997 Banjarmasin riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">May 1998 riots of Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nuku%CA%BBalofa_riots" title="2006 Nukuʻalofa riots">2006 Nukuʻalofa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abacus_Federal_Savings_Bank#Prosecution_and_exoneration" title="Abacus Federal Savings Bank">Abacus Bank prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kunming_bus_bombings" title="2008 Kunming bus bombings">2008 Kunming bus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kashgar_attacks" title="2011 Kashgar attacks">2011 Kashgar attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Amendment" title="Wolf Amendment">Wolf Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Tiananmen_Square_attack" title="2013 Tiananmen Square attack">2013 Tiananmen Square attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Vietnam_anti-China_protests" title="2014 Vietnam anti-China protests">2014 Vietnam anti-China protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">2014 Kunming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="April 2014 Ürümqi attack">April 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="May 2014 Ürümqi attack">May 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Plaza_Low_Yat_riot" title="2015 Plaza Low Yat riot">2015 Plaza Low Yat riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Aksu_colliery_attack" title="2015 Aksu colliery attack">2015 Aksu colliery attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trump_tariffs" title="Trump tariffs">Trump tariffs</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Cold_War" title="Artificial Intelligence Cold War">Artificial Intelligence Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Atlanta_spa_shootings" title="2021 Atlanta spa shootings">2021 Atlanta spa shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Solomon_Islands_unrest" title="2021 Solomon Islands unrest">2021 Solomon Islands unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Papua_New_Guinean_unrest" title="2024 Papua New Guinean unrest">2024 Papua New Guinean unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycotts_of_Chinese_products" title="Boycotts of Chinese products">Boycotts of Chinese products</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By victim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chae_Chan_Ping_v._United_States" title="Chae Chan Ping v. United States">Chae Chan Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fong_Yue_Ting_v._United_States" title="Fong Yue Ting v. United States">Fong Yue Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_v._Hurley" title="Tape v. Hurley">Mary Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">Wong Kim Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Vincent_Chin" title="Killing of Vincent Chin">Vincent Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ita_Martadinata_Haryono" title="Ita Martadinata Haryono">Ita Martadinata Haryono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velma_Demerson" title="Velma Demerson">Velma Demerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Ho_Lee" title="Wen Ho Lee">Wen Ho Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Anming_Hu" title="Trial of Anming Hu">Anming Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Danny_Chen" title="Suicide of Danny Chen">Danny Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ee_Lee" title="Murder of Ee Lee">Ee Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Gu" title="Eileen Gu">Eileen Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Feng_Tao" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Feng Tao">Franklin Feng Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_Chen_(engineer)" title="Gang Chen (engineer)">Gang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haoyang_Yu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haoyang Yu (page does not exist)">Haoyang Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jiansheng_Chen" title="Murder of Jiansheng Chen">Jiansheng Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiayang_Fan" title="Jiayang Fan">Jiayang Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immolation_of_Leung_Chi-cheung" class="mw-redirect" title="Immolation of Leung Chi-cheung">Leung Chi-cheung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Mi_Gao_Huang_Chen" title="Murder of Mi Gao Huang Chen">Mi Gao Huang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Chen_(hydrologist)" title="Sherry Chen (hydrologist)">Sherry Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teoh_Beng_Hock" title="Teoh Beng Hock">Teoh Beng Hock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoxing_Xi#False_accusation_of_spying" title="Xiaoxing Xi">Xiaoxing Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Yao_Pan_Ma" title="Killing of Yao Pan Ma">Yao Pan Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Michelle_Go" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Michelle Go">Michelle Go</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinaman" title="Chinaman">Chinaman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinaman%27s_chance" title="Chinaman's chance">Chinaman's chance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese,_Japanese,_dirty_knees" title="Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees">Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ching_chong" title="Ching chong">Ching chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chink" title="Chink">Chink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinky" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinky">Chinky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locust_(ethnic_slur)" title="Locust (ethnic slur)">Locust/Wongchung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_(word)" title="Shina (word)">Shina/Zhina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_man_of_Asia" title="Sick man of Asia">Sick man of Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Chinese imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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