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<li id="toc-Early" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>After independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>During Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columbian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Columbian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculptures_and_Statues_of_Columbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculptures_and_Statues_of_Columbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sculptures and Statues of Columbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculptures_and_Statues_of_Columbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Civil War Monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WWI_Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WWI_Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>WWI Monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WWI_Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WWII_Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WWII_Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>WWII Monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WWII_Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Outside the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern appearances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85)" title="كولومبيا (اسم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولومبيا (اسم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="Колумбия (символ) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колумбия (символ)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(nom)" title="Columbia (nom) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Columbia (nom)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Personifikation)" title="Columbia (Personifikation) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Columbia (Personifikation)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(personificaci%C3%B3n)" title="Columbia (personificación) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Columbia (personificación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbia_(personigo)" title="Kolumbia (personigo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolumbia (personigo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(all%C3%A9gorie)" title="Columbia (allégorie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Columbia (allégorie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%AC%EB%9F%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_(%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84)" title="컬럼비아 (이름) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컬럼비아 (이름)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(personifikasi)" title="Columbia (personifikasi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Columbia (personifikasi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(personificazione)" title="Columbia (personificazione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Columbia (personificazione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="קולומביה (דמות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולומביה (דמות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D)" title="კოლუმბია (სიმბოლო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლუმბია (სიმბოლო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(megszem%C3%A9lyes%C3%ADt%C3%A9s)" title="Columbia (megszemélyesítés) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Columbia (megszemélyesítés)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia" title="Columbia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Columbia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(symbolische_naam)" title="Columbia (symbolische naam) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Columbia (symbolische naam)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2_(%E6%93%AC%E4%BA%BA%E5%8C%96)" title="コロンビア (擬人化) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コロンビア (擬人化)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(personifikasjon)" title="Columbia (personifikasjon) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Columbia (personifikasjon)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figuren_Columbia" title="Figuren Columbia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Figuren Columbia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(imi%C4%99)" title="Columbia (imię) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Columbia (imię)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%BAmbia_(personifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Colúmbia (personificação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colúmbia (personificação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="Колумбия (символ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колумбия (символ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(personifikim)" title="Columbia (personifikim) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Columbia (personifikim)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(henkil%C3%B6itym%C3%A4)" title="Columbia (henkilöitymä) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Columbia (henkilöitymä)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(namn)" title="Columbia (namn) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Columbia (namn)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="Колумбія (символ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колумбія (символ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85)" title="کولمبیا (تجسیم) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کولمبیا (تجسیم)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(t%C3%AAn)" title="Columbia (tên) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Columbia (tên)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)" title="哥伦比亚 (美国) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哥伦比亚 (美国)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1112443#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Columbia_(personification)" rel="discussion" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(name)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia (name)">Columbia (name)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Female national personification of the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Miss Columbia" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Miss_Columbia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Miss Columbia (disambiguation)">Miss Columbia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg/240px-ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg/360px-ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg/480px-ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Stahr" title="Paul Stahr">Paul Stahr</a>'s personified Columbia in an <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">American flag</a> gown and <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a>, from a <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> patriotic poster (c. 1917)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Columbia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kə-<span style="font-size:90%">LUM</span>-bee-ə</i></a>), also known as <b>Lady Columbia</b> or <b>Miss Columbia</b>, is a female <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">national personification</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It was also a historical name applied to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. The association has given rise to the names of many American places, objects, institutions and companies, including the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>; "<a href="/wiki/Hail,_Columbia" title="Hail, Columbia">Hail, Columbia</a>"; <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Rediviva" title="Columbia Rediviva">Columbia Rediviva</a></i>; and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>. Images of the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> (<i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>, erected in 1886) largely displaced <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">personified</a> Columbia as the female symbol of the United States by around 1920, and Lady Liberty was seen as both an aspect of Columbia<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a rendition of the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(personification)" title="Liberty (personification)">Goddess of Liberty</a>. She is the central element of the logo of <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> film studio <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a>. </p><p><i>Columbia</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponym</a>, used since the 1730s to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> that would form the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It originated from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> ending <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ia#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ia">-ia</a></i>, common in the Latin names of countries (paralleling <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia">Gallia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealandia_(personification)" title="Zealandia (personification)">Zealandia</a>, and others). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early">Early</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Personification_of_the_Americas" title="Personification of the Americas">Personification of the Americas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Four_Continents_(America),_Johann_Joachim_Kaendler_and_assistants,_Meissen_Porcelain_Factory,_c._1760,_hard-paste_porcelain_-_Wadsworth_Atheneum_-_Hartford,_CT_-_DSC05373.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Four_Continents_%28America%29%2C_Johann_Joachim_Kaendler_and_assistants%2C_Meissen_Porcelain_Factory%2C_c._1760%2C_hard-paste_porcelain_-_Wadsworth_Atheneum_-_Hartford%2C_CT_-_DSC05373.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Four_Continents_%28America%29%2C_Johann_Joachim_Kaendler_and_assistants%2C_Meissen_Porcelain_Factory%2C_c._1760%2C_hard-paste_porcelain_-_Wadsworth_Atheneum_-_Hartford%2C_CT_-_DSC05373.jpg/360px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Four_Continents_%28America%29%2C_Johann_Joachim_Kaendler_and_assistants%2C_Meissen_Porcelain_Factory%2C_c._1760%2C_hard-paste_porcelain_-_Wadsworth_Atheneum_-_Hartford%2C_CT_-_DSC05373.jpg/480px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="3465" /></a><figcaption>Personification of the Americas in <a href="/wiki/Meissen_porcelain" title="Meissen porcelain">Meissen porcelain</a>, c. 1760, from a set of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Continents" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Continents">Four Continents</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest type of personification of the Americas, seen in European art from the 16th century onwards, reflected the tropical regions in South and Central America from which the earliest European travelers reported back. Such images were most often used in sets of female <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personifications</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Four_continents" title="Four continents">four continents</a>. America was depicted as a woman who, like Africa, was only partly dressed, typically in bright feathers, which invariably formed her headdress. She often held a parrot, was seated on a <a href="/wiki/Caiman" title="Caiman">caiman</a> or alligator, with a <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopia</a>. Sometimes a severed head was a further attribute, or in prints scenes of cannibalism appeared in the background.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though versions of this depiction, tending as time went on to soften the rather savage image into an "Indian princess" type, and in churches emphasizing conversion to Christianity, served European artists well enough, by the 18th century they were becoming rejected by settlers in North America, who wanted figures representing themselves rather than the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> they were often in conflict with.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massachusetts Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sewall" title="Samuel Sewall">Samuel Sewall</a> used the name "Columbina" for the New World in 1697.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Columbia" for America first appeared in 1738<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the weekly publication of the debates of Parliament in <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cave" title="Edward Cave">Edward Cave</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine" title="The Gentleman's Magazine">The Gentleman's Magazine</a></i>. Publication of parliamentary debates was technically illegal, so the debates were issued under the thin disguise of <i>Reports of the Debates of the Senate of Lilliput</i> and fictitious names were used for most individuals and place names found in the record. Most of these were transparent anagrams or similar distortions of the real names and some few were taken directly from <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> while a few others were classical or neoclassical in style. Such were Ierne for Ireland, Iberia for Spain, Noveborac for New York (from <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a>, the Roman name for <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>) and Columbia for America—at the time used in the sense of "European colonies in the New World".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uncle_Sam%27s_Thanksgiving_Dinner_(November_1869),_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Uncle_Sam%27s_Thanksgiving_Dinner_%28November_1869%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg/240px-Uncle_Sam%27s_Thanksgiving_Dinner_%28November_1869%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Uncle_Sam%27s_Thanksgiving_Dinner_%28November_1869%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg/360px-Uncle_Sam%27s_Thanksgiving_Dinner_%28November_1869%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Uncle_Sam%27s_Thanksgiving_Dinner_%28November_1869%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg/480px-Uncle_Sam%27s_Thanksgiving_Dinner_%28November_1869%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Columbia and an early rendition of <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> in an 1869 Thomas Nast cartoon having Thanksgiving dinner with a diverse group of immigrants<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">Revolution</a>, the name Columbia had lost the comic overtone of its Lilliputian origins and had become established as an alternative, or poetic, name for America. While the name America is necessarily scanned with four syllables, according to 18th-century rules of English versification Columbia was normally scanned with three, which is often more metrically convenient. For instance, the name appears in a collection of complimentary poems written by Harvard graduates in 1761 on the occasion of the marriage and coronation of King George III.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><dl><dd>Behold, Britannia! in thy favour'd Isle;</dd> <dd>At distance, thou, Columbia! view thy Prince,</dd> <dd>For ancestors renowned, for virtues more;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The name Columbia rapidly came to be applied to a variety of items reflecting American identity. A ship built in Massachusetts in 1773 received the name <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Rediviva" title="Columbia Rediviva">Columbia Rediviva</a></i> and it later became famous as an exploring ship and lent its name to new Columbias. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_independence">After independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Progress_(John_Gast_painting).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg/240px-American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg/360px-American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg/480px-American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4815" data-file-height="3584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Gast_(painter)" title="John Gast (painter)">John Gast</a>'s 1872 painting <i><a href="/wiki/American_Progress" title="American Progress">American Progress</a></i> depicts Columbia as the Spirit of the Frontier, carrying telegraph lines across the Western frontier to fulfill <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Carolina_State_House,_Columbia,_Southeast_view_with_Strom_Thurmond_Statue_20160702_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Carolina_State_House%2C_Columbia%2C_Southeast_view_with_Strom_Thurmond_Statue_20160702_1.jpg/240px-South_Carolina_State_House%2C_Columbia%2C_Southeast_view_with_Strom_Thurmond_Statue_20160702_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Carolina_State_House%2C_Columbia%2C_Southeast_view_with_Strom_Thurmond_Statue_20160702_1.jpg/360px-South_Carolina_State_House%2C_Columbia%2C_Southeast_view_with_Strom_Thurmond_Statue_20160702_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Carolina_State_House%2C_Columbia%2C_Southeast_view_with_Strom_Thurmond_Statue_20160702_1.jpg/480px-South_Carolina_State_House%2C_Columbia%2C_Southeast_view_with_Strom_Thurmond_Statue_20160702_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5020" data-file-height="3949" /></a><figcaption>After the United States gained independence from Britain in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the new capital city of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> was <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With independence, the name became popular and was given to many <a href="/wiki/Columbia_County_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Columbia County (disambiguation)">counties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Township_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Columbia Township (disambiguation)">townships</a>, and towns as well as other institutions. </p> <ul><li>In 1784, the former King's College in New York City had its name changed to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_of_Columbia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College of Columbia University">Columbia College</a>, which became the nucleus of the present-day Ivy League <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.</li> <li>In 1786, the name Columbia was given to the <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">new capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. Columbia is also the name of at least 19 other towns in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a>, also known as the Society of St. Tammany, the Sons of St. Tammany, or the Columbian Order, was a political organization founded in 1786 and incorporated on May 12, 1789 as the Tammany Society.</li> <li>In 1791, three commissioners appointed by President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> named the area destined for the seat of the United States government the territory of Columbia. In 1801, it was organized as the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>.</li> <li>In 1792, the <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Rediviva" title="Columbia Rediviva">Columbia Rediviva</a></i> sailing ship gave its name to the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> in the American Northwest (much later, the <i>Rediviva</i> gave its name to the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>).</li> <li>In 1798, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hopkinson" title="Joseph Hopkinson">Joseph Hopkinson</a> wrote lyrics for <a href="/wiki/Philip_Phile" title="Philip Phile">Philip Phile</a>'s 1789 <a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_March" class="mw-redirect" title="The President's March">inaugural president's march</a> under the new title of "<a href="/wiki/Hail,_Columbia" title="Hail, Columbia">Hail, Columbia</a>". Once used as <i>de facto</i> national anthem of the United States, it is now used as the entrance march of the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>.</li> <li>In 1819, The name of the country <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>.</li> <li>In 1821, citizens of <a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Boone County, Missouri">Boone County, Missouri</a>, chose the name for their new city <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri">Columbia, Missouri</a>,</li> <li>In 1865 <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon" title="From the Earth to the Moon">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i>, the spacecraft to the Moon was fired from a giant <a href="/wiki/Columbiad#In_fiction" title="Columbiad">Columbiad</a> cannon.</li></ul> <p>In part, the more frequent usage of the name "Columbia" reflected a rising American <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassicism</a>, exemplified in the tendency to use Roman terms and symbols.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The selection of the <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">eagle</a> as the <a href="/wiki/National_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="National bird">national bird</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)#United_States" title="Eagle (heraldry)">heraldric use of the eagle</a>, the use of the term <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> to describe the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and the naming of <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.">Capitol Hill</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol building</a> were all conscious evocations of Roman precedents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Civil_War">During Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: During Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, the Union faced a coin shortage and issued <a href="/wiki/Fractional_currency" title="Fractional currency">Fractional currency</a> depicting busts of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and others, as well as allegorical figures such as Columbia and <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(personification)" title="Liberty (personification)">Liberty</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> also issued currency depicting allegorical figures such as Columbia and Liberty. However, Columbia depicted on these is very similar to the <a href="/wiki/Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment" title="Progress of Civilization Pediment">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> building. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSA-T3-$100-1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CSA-T3-%24100-1861.jpg/220px-CSA-T3-%24100-1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CSA-T3-%24100-1861.jpg/330px-CSA-T3-%24100-1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CSA-T3-%24100-1861.jpg/440px-CSA-T3-%24100-1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="1972" /></a><figcaption>Confederate $100 from 1861, train pulling into a station at center. Columbia at left.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSA-T41-$100-1862%E2%80%9363.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/CSA-T41-%24100-1862%E2%80%9363.jpg/220px-CSA-T41-%24100-1862%E2%80%9363.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/CSA-T41-%24100-1862%E2%80%9363.jpg/330px-CSA-T41-%24100-1862%E2%80%9363.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/CSA-T41-%24100-1862%E2%80%9363.jpg/440px-CSA-T41-%24100-1862%E2%80%9363.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6153" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>Confederate $100, slaves working a cotton field at center. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> at left, and Columbia at right.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Those on the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> side drew Columbia and the flag on envelopes to show their allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_War_envelope_showing_Columbia_with_sword_floating_above_marching_soldiers_LCCN2013645689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Civil_War_envelope_showing_Columbia_with_sword_floating_above_marching_soldiers_LCCN2013645689.jpg/220px-Civil_War_envelope_showing_Columbia_with_sword_floating_above_marching_soldiers_LCCN2013645689.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Civil_War_envelope_showing_Columbia_with_sword_floating_above_marching_soldiers_LCCN2013645689.jpg/330px-Civil_War_envelope_showing_Columbia_with_sword_floating_above_marching_soldiers_LCCN2013645689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Civil_War_envelope_showing_Columbia_with_sword_floating_above_marching_soldiers_LCCN2013645689.jpg/440px-Civil_War_envelope_showing_Columbia_with_sword_floating_above_marching_soldiers_LCCN2013645689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4503" data-file-height="2599" /></a><figcaption>Civil War envelope showing Columbia with sword floating above marching soldiers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_War_envelope_showing_Columbia_with_flag,_Massachusetts_state_seal,_and_Phrygian_cap_bearing_message_%22Loyal_to_the_Union%22_LCCN2011648671.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Civil_War_envelope_showing_Columbia_with_flag%2C_Massachusetts_state_seal%2C_and_Phrygian_cap_bearing_message_%22Loyal_to_the_Union%22_LCCN2011648671.jpg/220px-Civil_War_envelope_showing_Columbia_with_flag%2C_Massachusetts_state_seal%2C_and_Phrygian_cap_bearing_message_%22Loyal_to_the_Union%22_LCCN2011648671.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Civil_War_envelope_showing_Columbia_with_flag%2C_Massachusetts_state_seal%2C_and_Phrygian_cap_bearing_message_%22Loyal_to_the_Union%22_LCCN2011648671.jpg/330px-Civil_War_envelope_showing_Columbia_with_flag%2C_Massachusetts_state_seal%2C_and_Phrygian_cap_bearing_message_%22Loyal_to_the_Union%22_LCCN2011648671.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Civil_War_envelope_showing_Columbia_with_flag%2C_Massachusetts_state_seal%2C_and_Phrygian_cap_bearing_message_%22Loyal_to_the_Union%22_LCCN2011648671.jpg/440px-Civil_War_envelope_showing_Columbia_with_flag%2C_Massachusetts_state_seal%2C_and_Phrygian_cap_bearing_message_%22Loyal_to_the_Union%22_LCCN2011648671.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4389" data-file-height="2671" /></a><figcaption> Civil War envelope showing Columbia with flag, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> state seal, and <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a> bearing message "Loyal to the Union"</figcaption></figure> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Columbia,_the_Gem_of_the_Ocean" title="Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean">Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean</a>" became popular during the Civil War. The song has lyrics praising the Union in the third verse. (Today, this part is usually not sung.) <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div><blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>The Union, the Union forever,<br /> Our glorious nation's sweet hymn,<br /> May the wreaths it has won never wither,<br /> Nor the stars of its glory grow dim,<br /> May the service united ne'er sever,<br /> But they to their colors prove true.<br /> The Army and Navy forever,<br /> When borne by the red, white, and blue.<br /> 𝄆 When borne by the red, white, and blue. 𝄇<br /> The Army and Navy for ever,<br /> Three cheers for the red, white and blue.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> </div> <p>Her statue is used on many of the Civil War monuments. Some of them are listed in this page. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 20th century, women dressed up as Columbia in parades to appeal for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedwig_Reicher_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hedwig_Reicher_1913.jpg/220px-Hedwig_Reicher_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hedwig_Reicher_1913.jpg/330px-Hedwig_Reicher_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hedwig_Reicher_1913.jpg/440px-Hedwig_Reicher_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption> German actress <a href="/wiki/Hedwiga_Reicher" title="Hedwiga Reicher">Hedwiga Reicher</a>, dressed as Columbia, stands in front of the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Building_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)">Treasury Building</a> with other participants of the suffrage pageant in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918), the image of Columbia standing over a kneeling "doughboy" was issued in lieu of the <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> medal. She gave "to her son the accolade of the new chivalry of humanity" for injuries sustained in the World War. </p><p>In World War I, the name <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Bond">Liberty Bond</a> for savings bonds was heavily publicized, often with images from the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> (<i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>). The personification of Columbia fell out of use and was largely replaced by the Statue of Liberty as a feminine symbol of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a> adopted Columbia as its <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures#Logo" title="Columbia Pictures">logo</a> in 1924, she has since appeared as bearing a torch similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>, unlike 19th-century depictions of Columbia. The Columbia Pictures logo is the most famous and prominent display of Columbia to many current Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023, on the <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemorative medal">commemorative medal</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">U.S.Mint</a>, Columbia does not wear a <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a> and does not carry a weapon or shield as in the World War I poster. Instead, Columbia is holding an <a href="/wiki/American_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="American flag">American flag</a> and shaking hands with an <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans in United States">American Indian</a>. Between them sits a bust of Washington and the inscription "PEACE." Around them are elements symbolic of American life, both native and industrial. This medal is a reproduction of one issued in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coin" title="Commemorative coin">commemorative coin</a> issued in 2024 depicting <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(personification)" title="Liberty (personification)">Liberty</a>, the designers studied not only the liberty but also the portrayal of Columbia to depict liberty. The race of Liberty depicted on this coin is ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other national symbols such as <a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>, and Liberty, Columbia's appearance and depiction has changed over time as a <a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">national symbol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Columbian">Columbian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Columbian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adjective <i>Columbian</i> has been used to mean "of or from the United States of America" such as in the 1893 <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>. It has occasionally been proposed as an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_words_for_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative words for American">alternative word for American</a>. </p><p>Columbian should not be confused with the adjective <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a>, which refers to a time period before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personification">Personification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puck_cover2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Puck_cover2.jpg/240px-Puck_cover2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Puck_cover2.jpg/360px-Puck_cover2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Puck_cover2.jpg/480px-Puck_cover2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="3461" /></a><figcaption>The April 6, 1901 cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a></i> depicts Columbia wearing a warship bearing the words "world power" as her <a href="/wiki/Easter_bonnet" title="Easter bonnet">Easter bonnet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a quasi-mythical figure, Columbia first appears in the poetry of the African-American <a href="/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley">Phillis Wheatley</a> in October 1775, during the Revolutionary War:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>One century scarce perform'd its destined round,<br /> When Gallic powers Columbia's fury found;<br /> And so may you, whoever dares disgrace<br /> The land of freedom's heaven-defended race!<br /> Fix'd are the eyes of nations on the scales,<br /> For in their hopes Columbia's arm prevails.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Immune_Columbia_gold_obverse.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Immune_Columbia_gold_obverse.jpeg/220px-Immune_Columbia_gold_obverse.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Immune_Columbia_gold_obverse.jpeg/330px-Immune_Columbia_gold_obverse.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Immune_Columbia_gold_obverse.jpeg/440px-Immune_Columbia_gold_obverse.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="1618" /></a><figcaption>Immune Columbia (interpreted as America free from tribute) was produced at George Wyon's private mint, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 1785. Seated figure of Columbia with <a href="/wiki/Scales_of_justice_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scales of justice (symbol)">scales of justice</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Liberty cap</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Especially in the 19th century, Columbia was visualized as a <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (goddess)">goddess-like</a> female <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">national personification</a> of the United States and of liberty itself, comparable to the British <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Italia_Turrita" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia Turrita">Italia Turrita</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a>, often seen in <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoons</a> of the 19th and early 20th century. The personification was sometimes called Lady Columbia or Miss Columbia. Such an iconography usually personified America in the form of an Indian queen or Native American princess.<sup id="cite_ref-Virginia_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virginia-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image of the personified Columbia was never fixed, but she was most often presented as a woman between youth and middle age, wearing classically draped garments decorated with stars and stripes. A popular version gave her a red-and-white-striped dress and a blue blouse, shawl, or sash, spangled with white stars. Her headdress varied and sometimes it included feathers reminiscent of a Native American headdress while other times it was a <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreath</a>, but most often, it was a <a href="/wiki/Cap_of_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap of liberty">cap of liberty</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-NBN-MT-Butte-2566-1875-20-4943-A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/US-NBN-MT-Butte-2566-1875-20-4943-A.jpg/220px-US-NBN-MT-Butte-2566-1875-20-4943-A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/US-NBN-MT-Butte-2566-1875-20-4943-A.jpg/330px-US-NBN-MT-Butte-2566-1875-20-4943-A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/US-NBN-MT-Butte-2566-1875-20-4943-A.jpg/440px-US-NBN-MT-Butte-2566-1875-20-4943-A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3044" /></a><figcaption>20 Dollar <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bank Notes">National Bank Notes</a>.The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lexington" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lexington">Battle of Lexington</a> at left. Columbia carrying a flag and leading a procession at right. And above her is written " LOYALTY ". These notes were issued between 1863 and 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-Fractional_(4th_Issue)-$0.15-Fr.1269.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/US-Fractional_%284th_Issue%29-%240.15-Fr.1269.jpg/220px-US-Fractional_%284th_Issue%29-%240.15-Fr.1269.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/US-Fractional_%284th_Issue%29-%240.15-Fr.1269.jpg/330px-US-Fractional_%284th_Issue%29-%240.15-Fr.1269.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/US-Fractional_%284th_Issue%29-%240.15-Fr.1269.jpg/440px-US-Fractional_%284th_Issue%29-%240.15-Fr.1269.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2271" /></a><figcaption>The Bust of Columbia depicted on a 15-cent bank note. These notes were in use between 21 August 1862 and 15 February 1876<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1915-S_$2_1-2_Panama-Pacific_Quarter_Eagle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1915-S_%242_1-2_Panama-Pacific_Quarter_Eagle.jpg/220px-1915-S_%242_1-2_Panama-Pacific_Quarter_Eagle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1915-S_%242_1-2_Panama-Pacific_Quarter_Eagle.jpg/330px-1915-S_%242_1-2_Panama-Pacific_Quarter_Eagle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1915-S_%242_1-2_Panama-Pacific_Quarter_Eagle.jpg/440px-1915-S_%242_1-2_Panama-Pacific_Quarter_Eagle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption>2 1/2 dollar coin,issued in 1915 to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Panama-Pacific_International_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama-Pacific International Exposition">Panama-Pacific International Exposition</a>. Columbia is seated on a <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">hippocampus</a>, or mythological sea horse, and holding a <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1915_P50C_No_S_Panama-Pacific_Half_Dollar_(Judd-1791-1961,_Pollock-2029).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1915_P50C_No_S_Panama-Pacific_Half_Dollar_%28Judd-1791-1961%2C_Pollock-2029%29.jpg/220px-1915_P50C_No_S_Panama-Pacific_Half_Dollar_%28Judd-1791-1961%2C_Pollock-2029%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1915_P50C_No_S_Panama-Pacific_Half_Dollar_%28Judd-1791-1961%2C_Pollock-2029%29.jpg/330px-1915_P50C_No_S_Panama-Pacific_Half_Dollar_%28Judd-1791-1961%2C_Pollock-2029%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1915_P50C_No_S_Panama-Pacific_Half_Dollar_%28Judd-1791-1961%2C_Pollock-2029%29.jpg/440px-1915_P50C_No_S_Panama-Pacific_Half_Dollar_%28Judd-1791-1961%2C_Pollock-2029%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4722" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption>1/2 dollar coin,issued in 1915 to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Panama-Pacific_International_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama-Pacific International Exposition">Panama-Pacific International Exposition</a>. Columbia is standing, sunset in background. This was the first commemorative coin to carry the motto <a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust">In God We Trust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculptures_and_Statues_of_Columbia">Sculptures and Statues of Columbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sculptures and Statues of Columbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Statues of the personified Columbia may be found among others in the following places: </p> <ul><li>The 1863 <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a> atop the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> building, though not actually called Columbia, shares many of her iconic characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-hail-columbia_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hail-columbia-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-columbia-literata_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-literata-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The replica <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of the Republic">Statue of the Republic</a> (Golden Lady) in Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Park_(Chicago)" title="Jackson Park (Chicago)">Jackson Park</a> is often understood to be Columbia. It is one of the remaining icons of the 1893 <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment" title="Progress of Civilization Pediment">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> building.</li> <li>The Genius of America Pediment on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> building.</li> <li>Above the main entrance on the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Industries_Building" title="Arts and Industries Building">Arts and Industries Building</a>.(<a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Museum">Smithsonian Museum</a>) in Washington D.C.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Auditorium" title="Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium">Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium</a>, Washington D.C.</li> <li>Atop the <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_National_Monument" title="USS Maine National Monument">USS Maine National Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>, in Manhattan, New York City</li> <li>Atop Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Memorial Hall (Philadelphia)">Memorial Hall</a>, built 1876</li> <li>Atop the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_and_County_Building" title="Salt Lake City and County Building">Salt Lake City and County Building</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_Capitol_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado State Capitol Building">Colorado State Capitol Building</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Above the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Francis_Scott_Key_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Francis Scott Key (San Francisco)">Statue of Francis Scott Key</a> in San Francisco, California. The Statue of Francis Scott Key was removed, but the Statue of Columbia remains in place.</li> <li>Above the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key_Monument" title="Francis Scott Key Monument">Francis Scott Key Monument</a> in Baltimore, Maryland</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olivet_Cemetery_(Frederick,_Maryland)" title="Mount Olivet Cemetery (Frederick, Maryland)">Mount Olivet Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick</a>, Maryland.</li> <li>In the Bountiful Veteran's Park in <a href="/wiki/Bountiful,_Utah" title="Bountiful, Utah">Bountiful</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_Monuments">Civil War Monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Civil War Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atop the <a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Arch" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch">Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch</a> in Brooklyn, New York.</li> <li>Atop the <a href="/wiki/Soldiers_and_Sailors_Monument_(Troy,_New_York)" title="Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Troy, New York)">Soldiers and Sailors Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy, New York</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Illinois monument in the <a href="/wiki/Andersonville_National_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Andersonville National Cemetery">Andersonville National Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Civil War Monument at Central Park in Jacksonville, Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Atop the Steuben County Soldiers' Monument in <a href="/wiki/Angola,_Indiana" title="Angola, Indiana">Angola, Indiana</a>.</li> <li>Salisbury Soldiers' Monument. in Civil War Memorial Park ,<a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, Connecticut.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the Columbia Triumphant Park in <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Monmouth County">Monmouth County</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Call_to_Arms_-_Soldiers_%26_Sailors_Monument_(Troy,_New_York).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Call_to_Arms_-_Soldiers_%26_Sailors_Monument_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29.jpg/110px-The_Call_to_Arms_-_Soldiers_%26_Sailors_Monument_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Call_to_Arms_-_Soldiers_%26_Sailors_Monument_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29.jpg/165px-The_Call_to_Arms_-_Soldiers_%26_Sailors_Monument_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Call_to_Arms_-_Soldiers_%26_Sailors_Monument_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29.jpg/220px-The_Call_to_Arms_-_Soldiers_%26_Sailors_Monument_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><i>The Call to Arms</i> in <a href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy, New York</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WWI_Monuments">WWI Monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: WWI Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Victory_Monument_(Chicago)" title="Victory Monument (Chicago)">Victory Monument (Chicago)</a>. It was built to honor the African-American unit that served with distinction in France during WWI.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Littlefield_Fountain" title="Littlefield Fountain">Littlefield Fountain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>, Texas.</li> <li>Outside the <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Academy_of_International_Studies_6%E2%80%9312" title="Barack Obama Academy of International Studies 6–12">Barack Obama Academy of International Studies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania. It was restored in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The hospers Memorial Statues in <a href="/wiki/Hospers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospers">Hospers</a>, Iowa. This statue is colored and the model for Columbia is a local young woman.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Oak Park River Forest War Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park</a> ,Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The World War I memorial in Edgemont Park ,<a href="/wiki/Montclair,_New_Jersey" title="Montclair, New Jersey">Montclair</a>, New Jersey.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Victory Monument in The <a href="/wiki/Victory_Park_Historic_District" title="Victory Park Historic District">Victory Park Historic District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, New Hampshire.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WWII_Monuments">WWII Monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: WWII Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_Cemetery_of_the_Pacific" title="National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific">National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific</a> in Hawaii</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Memorial_to_the_Missing_of_World_War_II" title="West Coast Memorial to the Missing of World War II">West Coast Memorial to the Missing of World War II</a> in San Francisco, California.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_the_United_States">Outside the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Outside the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>On the wall of the New York Palace building in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>.</li> <li>On the wall of the Atlantic Chambers building in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial">Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colleville-sur-Mer" title="Colleville-sur-Mer">Colleville-sur-Mer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, France</li> <li>On the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_American_Monument" title="Château-Thierry American Monument">Château-Thierry American Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aisne" title="Aisne">Aisne</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_appearances">Modern appearances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern appearances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1800, the name Columbia has been used for <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Columbia (disambiguation)">a wide variety of items and places</a>: </p> <ul><li>The naming of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> and of the newly independent country of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> after Christopher Columbus in the early 19th century is discussed at <a href="/wiki/Colombia#Etymology" title="Colombia">Colombia § Etymology</a>.</li> <li>In the 1840s, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, which is now a province of Canada, was named by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. The details of the naming of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> and the Columbia provinces around it are discussed at <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia#Etymology" title="British Columbia">British Columbia § Etymology</a>.</li> <li>The element <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> was first called columbium, a name which some people still use today. The name columbium, coined by the chemist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Charles Hatchett</a> upon his discovery of the metal in 1801,<sup id="cite_ref-Hatchett1802_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatchett1802-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reflected that the type specimen of the <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> came from America.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_1809_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson_1809-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street" title="Street">Avenues and streets</a> in various cities and towns throughout the United States named Columbia Avenue or Columbia Street, such as the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Avenue_Historic_District" title="Columbia Avenue Historic District">Columbia Avenue Historic District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport, Iowa</a>, and various Columbia Avenues in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> cities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_Wisconsin" title="Columbia County, Wisconsin">Columbia County, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Columbia County, Pennsylvania">Columbia County, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Kentucky" title="Columbia, Kentucky">Columbia, Kentucky</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adair_County,_Kentucky" title="Adair County, Kentucky">Adair County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Pennsylvania" title="Columbia, Pennsylvania">Columbia, Pennsylvania</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Maryland" title="Columbia, Maryland">Columbia, Maryland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Maryland" title="Howard County, Maryland">Howard County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Connecticut" title="Columbia, Connecticut">Columbia, Connecticut</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tolland_County,_Connecticut" title="Tolland County, Connecticut">Tolland County</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> state capital of <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Richland_County,_South_Carolina" title="Richland County, South Carolina">Richland County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri">Columbia, Missouri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Boone County, Missouri">Boone County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Tennessee" title="Columbia, Tennessee">Columbia, Tennessee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maury_County,_Tennessee" title="Maury County, Tennessee">Maury County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Square,_Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Square, Savannah">Columbia Square, Savannah</a></li> <li>The name Columbia has been used as the name of many ships. For example <a href="/wiki/USS_Columbia_(SSN-771)" title="USS Columbia (SSN-771)">USS <i>Columbia</i> (SSN-771)</a> is named for three cities: <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Illinois" title="Columbia, Illinois">Columbia, Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri">Columbia, Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a>.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:771insig.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/771insig.png/150px-771insig.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/771insig.png/225px-771insig.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/771insig.png/300px-771insig.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>Badge of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Columbia_(SSN-771)" title="USS Columbia (SSN-771)">USS <i>Columbia</i> (SSN-771)</a>, A woman holding a <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">trident</a> and cities named Colombia are depicted.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_displayed_at_Dockside_Diner,_American_waterfront,_Tokyo_Disney_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Banner_displayed_at_Dockside_Diner%2C_American_waterfront%2C_Tokyo_Disney_Sea.jpg/220px-Banner_displayed_at_Dockside_Diner%2C_American_waterfront%2C_Tokyo_Disney_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Banner_displayed_at_Dockside_Diner%2C_American_waterfront%2C_Tokyo_Disney_Sea.jpg/330px-Banner_displayed_at_Dockside_Diner%2C_American_waterfront%2C_Tokyo_Disney_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Banner_displayed_at_Dockside_Diner%2C_American_waterfront%2C_Tokyo_Disney_Sea.jpg/440px-Banner_displayed_at_Dockside_Diner%2C_American_waterfront%2C_Tokyo_Disney_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4026" data-file-height="2608" /></a><figcaption>Banner commemorating the <a href="/wiki/SS_Columbia_(Tokyo_DisneySea)" title="SS Columbia (Tokyo DisneySea)">SS <i>Columbia</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/American_Waterfront_(Tokyo_DisneySea)" title="American Waterfront (Tokyo DisneySea)">American Waterfront</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_DisneySea" title="Tokyo DisneySea">Tokyo DisneySea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Columbia is depicted at left.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> university in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> that first adopted the name Columbia College in 1784 to replace King's College</li> <li>The song "<a href="/wiki/Hail,_Columbia" title="Hail, Columbia">Hail, Columbia</a>," an <a href="/wiki/American_patriotic_music" title="American patriotic music">American patriotic song</a>. It was considered with several other songs one of the unofficial <a href="/wiki/National_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthems">national anthems</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> until 1931, when "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>" was officially named the national anthem.</li> <li>The song "<a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Gem_of_the_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia, Gem of the Ocean">Columbia, Gem of the Ocean</a>" (1843) commemorates the United States under the name Columbia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>, founded in 1888, took its name from its headquarters in the District of Columbia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a>, named in 1924, uses a version of the personified Columbia as its logo after a great deal of experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>'s former legal name was the Columbia Broadcasting System, first used in 1928. The name derived from an investor, the Columbia Phonograph Manufacturing Company, which owned Columbia Records.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module#Command_module_(CM)" title="Apollo command and service module">Command Module</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> spacecraft, the first crewed mission to land on the Moon, was named <i><a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Columbia</a></i> (1969).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i></a>, built in 1975 to 1979, was named for the exploring ship <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Rediviva" title="Columbia Rediviva">Columbia</a></i>.</li> <li>A personified Columbia appears in <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam_(Vertigo)" title="Uncle Sam (Vertigo)">Uncle Sam</a></i>, a graphic novel about American history (1997).</li> <li>The setting of the steampunk video game <i><a href="/wiki/BioShock_Infinite" title="BioShock Infinite">BioShock Infinite</a></i> is the alternate reality city of Columbia, which makes frequent use of Columbia's image. Columbia herself is believed to be an archangel by the citizens.</li> <li>Columbia, played by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bell_Bundy" title="Laura Bell Bundy">Laura Bell Bundy</a>, appears in season two of the <a href="/wiki/Starz" title="Starz">Starz</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/American_Gods_(TV_series)" title="American Gods (TV series)">American Gods</a></i>, based on the 2001 <a href="/wiki/American_Gods" title="American Gods">novel of the same name</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/International_Typographical_Union" title="International Typographical Union">Columbia Typographical Union/CWA No. 101</a> is the oldest existing local union in the United States.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanking_Douglas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Political cartoon from 1860 depicting Stephen A. Douglas receiving a spanking from Columbia as Uncle Sam looks on approvingly"><img alt="Political cartoon from 1860 depicting Stephen A. Douglas receiving a spanking from Columbia as Uncle Sam looks on approvingly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spanking_Douglas.jpg/260px-Spanking_Douglas.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spanking_Douglas.jpg/390px-Spanking_Douglas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spanking_Douglas.jpg/520px-Spanking_Douglas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Political cartoon from 1860 depicting <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> receiving a spanking from Columbia as Uncle Sam looks on approvingly</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Progress_(John_Gast_painting).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In John Gast's 1872 painting American Progress, Columbia symbolizes the Spirit of the Frontier, advancing telegraph lines to fulfill manifest destiny."><img alt="In John Gast's 1872 painting American Progress, Columbia symbolizes the Spirit of the Frontier, advancing telegraph lines to fulfill manifest destiny." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg/260px-American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg/390px-American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg/520px-American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4815" data-file-height="3584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In <a href="/wiki/John_Gast_(painter)" title="John Gast (painter)">John Gast</a>'s 1872 painting <i><a href="/wiki/American_Progress" title="American Progress">American Progress</a></i>, Columbia symbolizes the Spirit of the Frontier, advancing telegraph lines to fulfill <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chinese_Question_(February_1871),_by_Thomas_Nast.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A defiant Columbia in an 1871 Thomas Nast cartoon shown protecting a defenseless Chinese man from an angry Irish lynch mob that has just burned down an orphanage"><img alt="A defiant Columbia in an 1871 Thomas Nast cartoon shown protecting a defenseless Chinese man from an angry Irish lynch mob that has just burned down an orphanage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png/176px-The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png/264px-The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png/351px-The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png 2x" data-file-width="3760" data-file-height="5560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A defiant Columbia in an 1871 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> cartoon shown protecting a defenseless Chinese man from an angry Irish lynch mob that has just burned down an orphanage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:And_Not_This_Man%3F_(August_1865),_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Columbia in an 1865 Thomas Nast cartoon asking the government to allow black soldiers to vote"><img alt="Columbia in an 1865 Thomas Nast cartoon asking the government to allow black soldiers to vote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/And_Not_This_Man%3F_%28August_1865%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg/179px-And_Not_This_Man%3F_%28August_1865%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/And_Not_This_Man%3F_%28August_1865%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg/269px-And_Not_This_Man%3F_%28August_1865%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/And_Not_This_Man%3F_%28August_1865%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg/359px-And_Not_This_Man%3F_%28August_1865%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2379" data-file-height="3448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Columbia in an 1865 Thomas Nast cartoon asking the government to allow black soldiers to vote</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beautiful_goddess_of_liberty,_Star_Spangled_Banner,_etc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carte de visite (c. 1866) featuring a woman dressed as Columbia and a man dressed as a Revolutionary War general"><img alt="Carte de visite (c. 1866) featuring a woman dressed as Columbia and a man dressed as a Revolutionary War general" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Beautiful_goddess_of_liberty%2C_Star_Spangled_Banner%2C_etc.jpg/164px-Beautiful_goddess_of_liberty%2C_Star_Spangled_Banner%2C_etc.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Beautiful_goddess_of_liberty%2C_Star_Spangled_Banner%2C_etc.jpg/246px-Beautiful_goddess_of_liberty%2C_Star_Spangled_Banner%2C_etc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Beautiful_goddess_of_liberty%2C_Star_Spangled_Banner%2C_etc.jpg/328px-Beautiful_goddess_of_liberty%2C_Star_Spangled_Banner%2C_etc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carte_de_visite" title="Carte de visite">Carte de visite</a> (c. 1866) featuring a woman dressed as Columbia and a man dressed as a <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> general</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judge-2-6-1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Columbia (representing the American people) reaches out to oppressed Cuba with blindfolded Uncle Sam in background (Judge, February 6, 1897; cartoon by Grant E. Hamilton)."><img alt="Columbia (representing the American people) reaches out to oppressed Cuba with blindfolded Uncle Sam in background (Judge, February 6, 1897; cartoon by Grant E. Hamilton)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Judge-2-6-1897.jpg/260px-Judge-2-6-1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Judge-2-6-1897.jpg/390px-Judge-2-6-1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Judge-2-6-1897.jpg/520px-Judge-2-6-1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Columbia (representing the American people) reaches out to oppressed Cuba with blindfolded Uncle Sam in background (<i><a href="/wiki/Judge_(magazine)" title="Judge (magazine)">Judge</a></i>, February 6, 1897; cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Grant_E._Hamilton" title="Grant E. Hamilton">Grant E. Hamilton</a>). </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ColumbiaHerselfSmall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Columbia from a Columbia Records phonograph cylinder package"><img alt="Columbia from a Columbia Records phonograph cylinder package" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ColumbiaHerselfSmall.jpg/163px-ColumbiaHerselfSmall.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ColumbiaHerselfSmall.jpg/244px-ColumbiaHerselfSmall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/ColumbiaHerselfSmall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Columbia from a <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">phonograph cylinder</a> package</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StatuePacificCemetery.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Columbia at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific"><img alt="Columbia at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/StatuePacificCemetery.png/166px-StatuePacificCemetery.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/StatuePacificCemetery.png/249px-StatuePacificCemetery.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/StatuePacificCemetery.png/332px-StatuePacificCemetery.png 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Columbia at the <a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_Cemetery_of_the_Pacific" title="National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific">National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WWI_early_Purple_Heart_issue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lady Columbia recognized World War I Doughboy soldier as having suffered injury due to his willingness to serve humanity."><img alt="Lady Columbia recognized World War I Doughboy soldier as having suffered injury due to his willingness to serve humanity." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/WWI_early_Purple_Heart_issue.jpg/168px-WWI_early_Purple_Heart_issue.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/WWI_early_Purple_Heart_issue.jpg/252px-WWI_early_Purple_Heart_issue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/WWI_early_Purple_Heart_issue.jpg/336px-WWI_early_Purple_Heart_issue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="2129" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lady Columbia recognized World War I <a href="/wiki/Doughboy" title="Doughboy">Doughboy</a> soldier as having suffered injury due to his willingness to serve humanity.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_Calls_-_Enlist_Now_for_U.S._Army_-_Halsted_-_Aderente.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Columbia Calls – Enlist Now for U.S. Army, World War I recruitment poster by Vincent Aderente"><img alt="Columbia Calls – Enlist Now for U.S. Army, World War I recruitment poster by Vincent Aderente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Columbia_Calls_-_Enlist_Now_for_U.S._Army_-_Halsted_-_Aderente.jpg/193px-Columbia_Calls_-_Enlist_Now_for_U.S._Army_-_Halsted_-_Aderente.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Columbia_Calls_-_Enlist_Now_for_U.S._Army_-_Halsted_-_Aderente.jpg/290px-Columbia_Calls_-_Enlist_Now_for_U.S._Army_-_Halsted_-_Aderente.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Columbia_Calls_-_Enlist_Now_for_U.S._Army_-_Halsted_-_Aderente.jpg/386px-Columbia_Calls_-_Enlist_Now_for_U.S._Army_-_Halsted_-_Aderente.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Columbia Calls – Enlist Now for U.S. Army, World War I recruitment poster by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Aderente" title="Vincent Aderente">Vincent Aderente</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:They_Shall_Not_Perish.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Columbia depicted in an American Committee for Relief in the Near East poster"><img alt="Columbia depicted in an American Committee for Relief in the Near East poster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/They_Shall_Not_Perish.png/171px-They_Shall_Not_Perish.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/They_Shall_Not_Perish.png/257px-They_Shall_Not_Perish.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/They_Shall_Not_Perish.png/343px-They_Shall_Not_Perish.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="833" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Columbia depicted in an <a href="/wiki/Near_East_Relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Near East Relief">American Committee for Relief in the Near East</a> poster</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch-1887-09-17-John_Bull._%22A_Hundred_Years_Old,_my_Dear!.png" class="mw-file-description" title="John Bull and Columbia in an 1887 Punch illustration."><img alt="John Bull and Columbia in an 1887 Punch illustration." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Punch-1887-09-17-John_Bull._%22A_Hundred_Years_Old%2C_my_Dear%21.png/230px-Punch-1887-09-17-John_Bull._%22A_Hundred_Years_Old%2C_my_Dear%21.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Punch-1887-09-17-John_Bull._%22A_Hundred_Years_Old%2C_my_Dear%21.png/344px-Punch-1887-09-17-John_Bull._%22A_Hundred_Years_Old%2C_my_Dear%21.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Punch-1887-09-17-John_Bull._%22A_Hundred_Years_Old%2C_my_Dear%21.png/459px-Punch-1887-09-17-John_Bull._%22A_Hundred_Years_Old%2C_my_Dear%21.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1132" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a> and Columbia in an 1887 <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)"><i>Punch</i></a> illustration.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> (<i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>), the more common female personification of the United States beginning in the 20th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">List of national personifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>, a similar symbol for Britain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a>, a similar symbol for France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Mother Russia</a>, a medieval feminine personification of Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(personification)" title="Germania (personification)">Germania</a>, a female personification of Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">Italia turrita</a>, a similar symbol for Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a>, a similar symbol for Mexico, albeit of religious nature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy" title="Goddess of Democracy">Goddess of Democracy</a>, a destroyed statue in Tiananmen Square</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Justice" title="Lady Justice">Lady Justice</a>, the personification of law and justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(personification)" title="Liberty (personification)">Liberty</a>, a goddess personification of Liberty</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Dewey2007" class="citation book cs1">Donald Dewey (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNI9046BaRAC&pg=PA13"><i>The Art of Ill Will: The Story of American Political Cartoons</i></a>. New York University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814719855" title="Special:BookSources/9780814719855"><bdi>9780814719855</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2020</span>. <q>(Minus the torch and the book, Columbia herself had been called 'Liberty' long before F. S. Bartholdi's sculpture was dedicated in New York harbor in 1886.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Ill+Will%3A+The+Story+of+American+Political+Cartoons&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780814719855&rft.au=Donald+Dewey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvNI9046BaRAC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+%28personification%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Le Corbellier, 210–218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Higham_(historian)" title="John Higham (historian)">Higham, John</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517731.pdf">"Indian Princess and Roman Goddess: The First Female Symbols of America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society</i>. <b>100</b>: 48<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2022</span>. <q>America alone was a savage. An early predilection for exhibiting her as a naked cannibal, toying with a severed head or a half-roasted human arm, gave way in the seventeenth century to less threatening but still muscular images. She became, for example, a barbaric queen, borne aloft in a giant conch shell, scattering baubles from her cornucopia to the European adventurers crowding below [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.atitle=Indian+Princess+and+Roman+Goddess%3A+The+First+Female+Symbols+of+America&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517731.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+%28personification%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higham, 55–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas J. 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Dick. <i>The Merchant Prince of Poverty Row: Harry Cohn of Columbia Pictures</i>. University Press of Kentucky. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merchant+Prince+of+Poverty+Row%3A+Harry+Cohn+of+Columbia+Pictures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.au=Bernard+F.+Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+%28personification%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_(personification)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Higham, John (1990). "Indian Princess and Roman Goddess: The First Female Symbols of America", <i>Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society</i>. 100: 50–51, JSTOR or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517731.pdf">PDF</a></li> <li>Le Corbeiller, Clare (1961), "Miss America and Her Sisters: Personifications of the Four Parts of the World", <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</i>, vol. 19, pp. 210–223, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3257853.pdf.bannered.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805162053/https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3257853.pdf.bannered.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Stewart" title="George R. Stewart">George R. Stewart</a> (1967). <i>Names on the Land</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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official United States national symbols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Template talk:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_symbols_of_the_United_States68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">Bald eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Grant_(tree)" title="General Grant (tree)">General Grant (tree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Creed" title="American Creed">American Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance" title="Pledge of Allegiance">Pledge of Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty (<i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac Park</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mottos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust">In God We Trust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/E_pluribus_unum" title="E pluribus unum">E pluribus unum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novus_ordo_seclorum" title="Novus ordo seclorum">Novus ordo seclorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuit_c%C5%93ptis" title="Annuit cœptis">Annuit cœptis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful" title="America the Beautiful">America the Beautiful</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Columbia,_the_Gem_of_the_Ocean" title="Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean">Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Stars_and_Stripes_Forever" title="The Stars and Stripes Forever">The Stars and Stripes Forever</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hail_to_the_Chief" title="Hail to the Chief">Hail to the Chief</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hail,_Columbia" title="Hail, Columbia">Hail, Columbia</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_(My_Country,_%27Tis_of_Thee)" class="mw-redirect" title="America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)">America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Bless_America" title="God Bless America">God Bless America</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Army_Goes_Rolling_Along" title="The Army Goes Rolling Along">The Army Goes Rolling Along</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh" title="Anchors Aweigh">Anchors Aweigh</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marines%27_Hymn" title="Marines' Hymn">Marines' Hymn</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Fidelis_(march)" title="Semper Fidelis (march)">Semper Fidelis</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_U.S._Air_Force_(song)" title="The U.S. Air Force (song)">The Air Force Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Paratus_(march)" title="Semper Paratus (march)">Semper Paratus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Supra_(march)" title="Semper Supra (march)">Semper Supra</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/National_Emblem" title="National Emblem">National Emblem March</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post_(march)" title="The Washington Post (march)">The Washington Post March</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You%27re_a_Grand_Old_Flag" title="You're a Grand Old Flag">You're a Grand Old Flag</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Land_Is_Your_Land" title="This Land Is Your Land">This Land Is Your Land</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom" title="Battle Cry of Freedom">Battle Cry of Freedom</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_personifications85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_personifications" title="Template:National personifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_personifications" title="Template talk:National personifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_personifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National personifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_personifications85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National personifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan, Iran and Tajikistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Albania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Albania_(statue)" title="Mother Albania (statue)">Mother Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_the_Americas" title="Personification of the Americas">Personification of the Americas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_representations_of_Argentina" title="Allegorical representations of Argentina">Effigies of Argentina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Armenia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Armenia" title="Mother Armenia">Mother Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy_from_Manly" title="Little Boy from Manly">Little Boy from Manly</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bangladesh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Belgicus" title="Leo Belgicus">Leo Belgicus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie da República">Efígie da República</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Thong_and_Neang_Neak" title="Preah Thong and Neang Neak">Preah Thong and Neang Neak</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Canuck" title="Johnny Canuck">Johnny Canuck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaso" title="Huaso">Huaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roto" title="Roto">Roto</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panda" class="mw-redirect" title="Panda">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Jade Emperor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Croatia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Croatia" title="Mother Croatia">Mother Croatia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czech Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cechie" title="Čechie">Čechie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Va%C5%A1ek" title="Czech Vašek">Czech Vašek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Soldier_%C5%A0vejk" title="The Good Soldier Švejk">Švejk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogier_the_Dane" title="Ogier the Dane">Holger Danske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Denmark" title="Mother Denmark">Mother Denmark</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_regina" title="Europa regina">Europa regina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Maiden" title="Finnish Maiden">Finnish Maiden</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_rooster" title="Gallic rooster">Gallic rooster</a></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartlis_Deda" title="Kartlis Deda">Kartvlis Deda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Michel" title="Deutscher Michel">Deutscher Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(personification)" title="Germania (personification)">Germania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_(personification)" title="Hellas (personification)">Hellas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Haiti <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ezili_Dantor" title="Ezili Dantor">Ezili Dantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Flon" title="Catherine Flon">Catherine Flon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Hungaria" title="Lady of Hungaria">Lady of Hungaria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iceland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Mountain" title="Lady of the Mountain">Lady of the Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Elephant">Indian Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Ibu Pertiwi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia_(personification)" title="Hibernia (personification)">Hibernia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ni_Houlihan" title="Kathleen Ni Houlihan">Kathleen Ni Houlihan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srulik" title="Srulik">Srulik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">Italia turrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(personification)" title="Roma (personification)">Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanjiku" title="Wanjiku">Wanjiku</a></li></ul></li> <li>Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungnyeo" title="Ungnyeo">Ungnyeo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Manas" title="Epic of Manas">Manas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lebanon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abed" title="Abu Abed">Abu Abed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malaysia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hang_Tuah" title="Hang Tuah">Hang Tuah</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melita_(personification)" title="Melita (personification)">Melita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Maiden" title="Dutch Maiden">Dutch Maiden</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_man" title="Southern man">Southern man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia_(personification)" title="Zealandia (personification)">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ola_Nordmann" title="Ola Nordmann">Ola Nordmann</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaheen_falcon" title="Shaheen falcon">Shaheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Māder-e Millat</a></li></ul></li> <li>Palestine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handala" title="Handala">Handala</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Motherland" title="Peruvian Motherland">Madre Patria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_dela_Cruz" title="Juan dela Cruz">Juan dela Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Clara" title="María Clara">Maria Clara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_(personification)" title="Polonia (personification)">Polonia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie da República">Efígie da República</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9_Povinho" title="Zé Povinho">Zé Povinho</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Mother Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Bear" title="Russian Bear">Russian Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li>Serbia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden" title="Kosovo Maiden">Kosovo Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Serbia" title="Mother Serbia">Mother Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Singapore <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_(personification)" title="Hispania (personification)">Hispania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Svea" title="Mother Svea">Mother Svea</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Siam Devadhiraj</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Mamay" title="Cossack Mamay">Cossack Mamay</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth#Dame_Wales" title="Joseph Morewood Staniforth">Dame Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Jonathan" title="Brother Jonathan">Brother Jonathan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(personification)" title="Liberty (personification)">Lady Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Justice" title="Lady Justice">Lady Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Yank" title="Billy Yank">Billy Yank</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Northern states</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Reb" title="Johnny Reb">Johnny Reb</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Southern states</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryballs" title="Countryballs">Countryballs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberty_symbols" title="Category:Liberty symbols">Other symbols of Liberty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles608" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles608" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1112443#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata711" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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