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미국의 반중 감정 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

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class=""><span>기부</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&amp;returnto=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다" class=""><span>계정 만들기</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&amp;returnto=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&amp;returnto=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&amp;returnto=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-초기_중국인의_미국_이민" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#초기_중국인의_미국_이민"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>초기 중국인의 미국 이민</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-초기_중국인의_미국_이민-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>초기 중국인의 미국 이민 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-초기_중국인의_미국_이민-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-중국배제법과_법적_차별" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#중국배제법과_법적_차별"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>중국배제법과 법적 차별</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-중국배제법과_법적_차별-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-중국노동과_1882년_중국배제법" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#중국노동과_1882년_중국배제법"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>중국노동과 1882년 중국배제법</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-중국노동과_1882년_중국배제법-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-냉전" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#냉전"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>냉전</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-냉전-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>냉전 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-냉전-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-건쉐센_추방_사건" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#건쉐센_추방_사건"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>건쉐센 추방 사건</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-건쉐센_추방_사건-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21세기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21세기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>21세기</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21세기-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>21세기 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-21세기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-울프_수정판" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#울프_수정판"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>울프 수정판</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-울프_수정판-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-도널드_트럼프의_선거운동과_대통령직" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#도널드_트럼프의_선거운동과_대통령직"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>도널드 트럼프의 선거운동과 대통령직</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-도널드_트럼프의_선거운동과_대통령직-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2016년_대통령_선거운동" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016년_대통령_선거운동"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>2016년 대통령 선거운동</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016년_대통령_선거운동-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-대통령직_(2017~21년)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#대통령직_(2017~21년)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>대통령직 (2017~21년)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-대통령직_(2017~21년)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-코로나19_범유행" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#코로나19_범유행"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>코로나19 범유행</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-코로나19_범유행-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-조_바이든의_대통령_임기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#조_바이든의_대통령_임기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>조 바이든의 대통령 임기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-조_바이든의_대통령_임기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-부동산에_대한_명의개서" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#부동산에_대한_명의개서"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>부동산에 대한 명의개서</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-부동산에_대한_명의개서-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-간첩_혐의" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#간첩_혐의"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>간첩 혐의</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-간첩_혐의-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>간첩 혐의 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-간첩_혐의-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-시샤오싱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#시샤오싱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>시샤오싱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-시샤오싱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-후안밍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#후안밍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>후안밍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-후안밍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-탕후안" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#탕후안"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>탕후안</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-탕후안-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-바이마다지에안광" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#바이마다지에안광"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>바이마다지에안광</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-바이마다지에안광-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-참고문헌_및_참고" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#참고문헌_및_참고"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>참고문헌 및 참고</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-참고문헌_및_참고-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">미국의 반중 감정</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 3개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="المشاعر المعادية للصينيين في الولايات المتحدة – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المشاعر المعادية للصينيين في الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%8D%E5%8D%8E%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA" title="美国反华情绪 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国反华情绪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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century">19세기</a>에 시작되어<sup id="cite_ref-McClain19945_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClain19945-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 21세기까지 계속되고 있다. 그것은 편견, 인종 차별적 이민 제한, 살인, 왕따, 대학살 및 기타 폭력 행위를 포함하여 역사 전반에 걸쳐 많은 형태로 나타났다. 미국의 반중국 정서와 폭력은 중국인들이 세계 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" class="extiw" title="en:First transcontinental railroad">최초의 대륙횡단 철도 건설</a>에 고용된 1860년대에 처음으로 나타났다. 그것의 기원은 부분적으로 일자리를 얻기 위한 백인들과의 경쟁에서 비롯되었으며 중국에서 살고 일했으며<sup id="cite_ref-Kearney,_Dennis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kearney,_Dennis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 끊임없이 현지인들에 대한 부정적이고 근거 없는 보고서를 작성한 미국인들의 보고서에서 찾을 수 있다. </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Chinese_violence_in_California" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Chinese violence in California">캘리포니아에서 중국인에 대한 폭력</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Oregon#Anti-Chinese_exclusion_laws,_expulsions,_massacres:_1862–1920s" class="extiw" title="en:Racism in Oregon">오리건</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Chinese_violence_in_Washington" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Chinese violence in Washington">워싱턴</a>은 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" class="extiw" title="en:Pogrom">포그롬</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Denver" class="extiw" title="en:Chinatown, Denver">덴버 차이나타운</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Denver#Racial_discrimination_and_anti-Chinese_riot_of_1880" class="extiw" title="en:Chinatown, Denver">파괴</a>를 포함한 추방, 그리고 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="extiw" title="en:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871">1871년 로스앤젤레스 중국인 학살</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Springs_massacre" class="extiw" title="en:Rock Springs massacre">록 스프링스 학살</a>, 그리고 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hells_Canyon_Massacre" class="extiw" title="en:Hells Canyon Massacre">헬스 캐년 학살</a>과 같은 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre" class="extiw" title="en:Massacre">대학살</a>을 포함하여 많은 형태를 띠었다.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 반중국 정서는 1882년 연방 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese Exclusion Act">중국인 배제법</a>으로 이어졌고, 이 법은 중국계 사람들의 귀화와 더 이상의 이민을 금지했다. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Peril" class="extiw" title="en:Yellow Peril">"황색 위험"</a>에 대한 논의 속에서, 반중국 정서는 결국 모든 아시아인으로 확장되었고, 1924년의 더 넓은 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Exclusion_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Asian Exclusion Act">아시아인 배제법</a>으로 이어졌다.<sup id="cite_ref-Guisepi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guisepi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" class="extiw" title="en:Sino-Soviet split">중-소 분단</a>과 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" class="extiw" title="en:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972년 리처드 닉슨의 중국 방문</a> 이후 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" class="extiw" title="en:China–United States relations">미국과 중국의 관계</a>가 정상화되었지만 냉전 종식 이후 미국에서 반중 감정이 증가했으며, 특히 2010년대 이후 중국이 초강대국으로 부상함에 따라 그 증가는 세계 유일의 초강대국으로서 미국의 위치에 주요한 위협으로 인식되고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2019년 이후 중국 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan" class="extiw" title="en:Wuhan">우한</a>에서 처음 보고된 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" class="extiw" title="en:COVID-19 pandemic">코로나19 팬데믹</a>으로 인해 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="extiw" title="en:Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">외국인 혐오와 인종차별</a>은 더욱 심화되었으며, 중국인, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese people">중국계 사람</a> 또는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" class="extiw" title="en:Overseas Chinese">중국인으로 인식되는 모든 사람</a>에 대한 차별, 인종차별 및 폭력은 증가했다.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>6,500명의 응답자를 기반으로 2023년 4월 27일 발표된 조사 결과에 따르면 지난 12개월 동안 거의 75%의 중국계 미국인이 인종차별을 경험했으며, 7%는 재산 파괴, 9%는 신체적 폭행 또는 협박, 20%는 언어 또는 온라인 괴롭힘, 46%는 불평등한 대우를 받았다.<sup id="cite_ref-survey_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="초기_중국인의_미국_이민"><span id=".EC.B4.88.EA.B8.B0_.EC.A4.91.EA.B5.AD.EC.9D.B8.EC.9D.98_.EB.AF.B8.EA.B5.AD_.EC.9D.B4.EB.AF.BC"></span>초기 중국인의 미국 이민</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="부분 편집: 초기 중국인의 미국 이민"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:The_Chinese_Question_(February_1871),_by_Thomas_Nast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png/220px-The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png/330px-The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png/440px-The_Chinese_Question_%28February_1871%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png 2x" data-file-width="3760" data-file-height="5560" /></a><figcaption>1871년에 제작된 '토머스 나스트' 만화에 등장하는 반항적인 컬럼비아호는 고아원을 불태운 성난 아일랜드의 린치 폭도들로부터 무방비 상태의 중국인 남성을 보호하는 내용을 담고 있다. 뒤쪽 광고판은 선동적인 반중국 성향의 브로드시트들로 가득 차 있다.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/220px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/330px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/440px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>1882년 편집만화</figcaption></figure> <p>1785년 볼티모어에 세 명의 중국 선원이 도착한 것은 미국 내 중국인의 최초 기록이었다. 19세기 중반 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="extiw" title="en:California Gold Rush">캘리포니아 골드 러시</a>를 시작으로 미국, 특히 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:West Coast of the United States">서해안 주</a>들은 많은 수의 중국인 이주 노동자들을 징집했다. 초기 중국 이민자들은 금광 광부로 일했고, 이후 첫 번째 대륙횡단 철도 건설과 같은 큰 노동 프로젝트에서 일했다. 중국에서 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="extiw" title="en:Qing Dynasty">청 왕조</a>의 쇠퇴, 불안정과 빈곤은 많은 중국인들, 특히 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong" class="extiw" title="en:Guangdong">광둥성</a> 출신의 중국인들이 더 안정적인 삶을 찾아 해외로 이주하게 만들었고, 이는 미국 산업의 빠른 성장과 동시에 이루어졌다. 고용주들은 중국인들을 가난한 환경에서도 불평 없이 계속 일할 "신뢰할 수 있는" 노동자로 여겼다.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>중국 이주노동자들은 미국에서 상당한 편견에 부딪혔는데, 특히 백인 사회의 하층을 점령한 사람들에 의해 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolies" class="extiw" title="en:Coolies">중국인</a>들은 정치인들과 노동 지도자들에 의해 임금 수준이 침체된 데 대한 희생양으로 사용되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-Kearney,_Dennis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kearney,_Dennis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 중국인들이 물리적으로 폭행을 당한 사례로는 1871년 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles" class="extiw" title="en:Los Angeles">로스앤젤레스</a>에서 발생한 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese massacre of 1871">중국인 대학살</a>과 1982년 디트로이트에서 발생한 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Vincent_Chin" class="extiw" title="en:Murder of Vincent Chin">빈센트 친 살해 사건</a> 등이 있다. 1909년 미국 뉴욕에서 발생한 엘시 시겔 살해 사건은 중국인 사회 전체를 비난하며 물리적 폭력으로 이어졌다. "엘시 시겔 살해 사건은 즉시 신문 1면을 장악했는데, 이 사건은 미국 전역의 지역사회에서 중국인 남성들이 "순결하고" "선덕한" 젊은 백인 여성들에게 위험하다고 묘사했다.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" class="extiw" title="en:Samuel Gompers">새뮤얼 곰퍼스</a>와 같은 지도자들이 이끄는 신흥 미국 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions" class="extiw" title="en:Trade unions">노동조합</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또한 중국 노동자들을 백인 노동자들에 대한 경쟁자로 간주하는 노골적인 반중국 입장을 취했다. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" class="extiw" title="en:Industrial Workers of the World">국제 노동조합 세계산업노동자</a>들의 출현으로 노동조합원들은 중국 노동자들을 미국 노동자 계급의 일부로 받아들이기 시작했다.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>이 시기 동안, "노란 위험"이라는 문구는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" class="extiw" title="en:William Randolph Hearst">윌리엄 랜돌프 허스트</a><sup id="cite_ref-YP_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YP-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>가 소유한 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers" class="extiw" title="en:Newspapers">신문</a>에 의해 미국에서 널리 퍼졌다. 그것은 또한 1911년에 "노란 위험"을 출판한 영향력 있는 미국 종교인 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._G._Rupert" class="extiw" title="en:G. G. Rupert">G.G. 루퍼트</a>의 인기 있는 책의 제목이기도 했다. 기독교 성경 구절인 요한계시록 16장 12절의<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> "동쪽에서 온 왕들"이라는 구절에 근거하여, 루퍼트는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" class="extiw" title="en:Qing dynasty">중국</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" class="extiw" title="en:India">인도</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" class="extiw" title="en:Empire of Japan">일본</a> 그리고 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" class="extiw" title="en:Korea under Japanese rule">한국</a>이 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" class="extiw" title="en:Western world">서양</a>을 공격하고 있지만, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="extiw" title="en:Jesus Christ">예수 그리스도</a>가 그들을 막을 것이라고 주장했다.<sup id="cite_ref-NYU_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYU-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1982년 그의 책 "노란 위험: 미국 소설의 중국인들, 1850–1940"에서, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Wu" class="extiw" title="en:William F. Wu">윌리엄 F. 우</a>는 "30년대 펄프 잡지들은 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Manchu" class="extiw" title="en:Fu Manchu">푸 만추</a>를 느슨하게 기반으로 한 많은 노란 위험 등장인물들을 가지고 있었다. 대부분은 중국 혈통이었지만, 그 당시의 지정학 때문에, 점점 더 많은 사람들이 일본도 위협으로 보고 있었다."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>서부의 주들에서는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" class="extiw" title="en:Tombstone, Arizona">애리조나 주의 툼스톤</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" class="extiw" title="en:San Francisco">샌프란시스코</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, 그리고 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" class="extiw" title="en:Santa Rosa, California">캘리포니아 주의 산타 로사.</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>와 같은 도시들에서 "반중 리그"가 형성되었다. 반중 폭동, 추방 및 학살이 서부의 여러 지역에서 발생했다: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese massacre of 1871">로스앤젤레스, 캘리포니아 (1871)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_riot_of_1877" class="extiw" title="en:San Francisco riot of 1877">샌프란시스코, 캘리포니아 (1877)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Denver" class="extiw" title="en:Chinatown, Denver">덴버, 캘리포니아 (1880)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_Chinese_expulsion_from_Eureka" class="extiw" title="en:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka">유레카, 캘리포니아 (1885)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Springs_massacre" class="extiw" title="en:Rock Springs massacre">록 스프링스, WY (1885)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_Chinese_expulsion_from_Tacoma" class="extiw" title="en:1885 Chinese expulsion from Tacoma">타코마, 워싱턴 주 (1885)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_riot_of_1886" class="extiw" title="en:Seattle riot of 1886">시애틀, 워싱턴 주 (1886)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hells_Canyon_massacre" class="extiw" title="en:Hells Canyon massacre">중국 학살 코브, OR (1887)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="중국배제법과_법적_차별"><span id=".EC.A4.91.EA.B5.AD.EB.B0.B0.EC.A0.9C.EB.B2.95.EA.B3.BC_.EB.B2.95.EC.A0.81_.EC.B0.A8.EB.B3.84"></span>중국배제법과 법적 차별</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="부분 편집: 중국배제법과 법적 차별"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:The_Wasp_1881-08-26_Immigration_East_and_West.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Wasp_1881-08-26_Immigration_East_and_West.jpg/220px-The_Wasp_1881-08-26_Immigration_East_and_West.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Wasp_1881-08-26_Immigration_East_and_West.jpg/330px-The_Wasp_1881-08-26_Immigration_East_and_West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Wasp_1881-08-26_Immigration_East_and_West.jpg/440px-The_Wasp_1881-08-26_Immigration_East_and_West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="2930" /></a><figcaption>왼쪽 패널에 덕목으로 나타난 유럽 이민자들의 비교와 중국 이민자들은 질병을 대표하는 뱀으로 나타난 반면, 와스프(San Francisco), Vol. 7, 1881</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Willard_B._Farwell,_Official_Map_of_Chinatown_1885,_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1093_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Willard_B._Farwell%2C_Official_Map_of_Chinatown_1885%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1093_01.jpg/220px-Willard_B._Farwell%2C_Official_Map_of_Chinatown_1885%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1093_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Willard_B._Farwell%2C_Official_Map_of_Chinatown_1885%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1093_01.jpg/330px-Willard_B._Farwell%2C_Official_Map_of_Chinatown_1885%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1093_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Willard_B._Farwell%2C_Official_Map_of_Chinatown_1885%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1093_01.jpg/440px-Willard_B._Farwell%2C_Official_Map_of_Chinatown_1885%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1093_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7054" data-file-height="2878" /></a><figcaption>이 지도는 1885년 샌프란시스코 감독위원회가 설립한 특별위원회의 공식 보고서의 일부로 출판되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-BoS-85_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoS-85-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Walker_cartoon_about_the_risks_of_European_nations_fighting_over_Asian_territory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walker_cartoon_about_the_risks_of_European_nations_fighting_over_Asian_territory.jpg/220px-Walker_cartoon_about_the_risks_of_European_nations_fighting_over_Asian_territory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walker_cartoon_about_the_risks_of_European_nations_fighting_over_Asian_territory.jpg/330px-Walker_cartoon_about_the_risks_of_European_nations_fighting_over_Asian_territory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walker_cartoon_about_the_risks_of_European_nations_fighting_over_Asian_territory.jpg/440px-Walker_cartoon_about_the_risks_of_European_nations_fighting_over_Asian_territory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="1468" /></a><figcaption>1904년, 아시아 영토를 놓고 싸우는 동안 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Peril" class="extiw" title="en:Yellow Peril">황혼의 위험</a>을 제국의 열강들에게 경고하는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Sam" class="extiw" title="en:Uncle Sam">샘 아저씨</a>의 만화</figcaption></figure> <p>1862년, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Coolie_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Coolie Act">쿨리 방지법</a>은 중국 이민자들에게 그들의 소득의 절반 이상의 비율로 특별히 세금을 부과하여 그들의 일자리와 그 당시 유행했던 노란 위험 트로피 당 경제적 참여를 억제했다. </p><p>1870년대와 1880년대에는 중국인에 대해 다양한 법적 차별 조치가 취해졌다. 주목할 만한 예는 샌프란시스코가 1859년부터 1870년까지 중국인 학동들을 분리한 후 1870년에 법이 개정되어 중국인 아이들을 교육해야 하는 요건이 완전히 삭제될 수 있었다는 것이다. 법의 개정은 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_v._Hurley" class="extiw" title="en:Tape v. Hurley">Tape v. Hurley</a>, 66 Cal. 473 (1885)으로 이어졌는데, 법원이 중국계 미국인 학생인 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tape" class="extiw" title="en:Mary Tape">Mary Tape</a>을 그녀의 혈통에 근거하여 공립학교에서 제외하는 것은 불법이라고 판결한 캘리포니아 대법원의 획기적인 법원 사건이다. 그러나 이 법안은 교육 위원회가 패소하고 분리 학교가 설립된 후 샌프란시스코 교육감 Andrew J. Molder의 촉구로 통과되었다. </p><p>또 다른 주요 법안은 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" class="extiw" title="en:Naturalization Act of 1870">1870년의 귀화법</a>으로, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans" class="extiw" title="en:African Americans">아프리카계 미국인들</a>에게 시민권을 확대해주었지만, 그들과 다른 아시아인들이 미국 사회에 동화될 수 없다는 이유로 중국인들의 귀화를 금지했다. 시민이 될 수 없게 된 중국 이민자들은 투표와 배심원으로 일하는 것이 금지되었고, 수십 개의 주에서 시민이 아닌 사람들이 부동산을 구입하는 것을 금지하는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_land_laws" class="extiw" title="en:Alien land laws">외계인 토지법</a>을 통과시켜 그들이 영구적인 집과 사업체를 설립하는 것을 막았다. "비교할 수 없는" 인종이라는 생각은 중국계 미국인들에 대한 배제 운동에서 흔한 주장이 되었다. 특히, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" class="extiw" title="en:Plessy v. Ferguson">플레시 대 퍼거슨</a> (1896)에 대한 단독 반대 의견에서도 당시 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="extiw" title="en:United States Supreme Court">대법원</a> 판사였던 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" class="extiw" title="en:John Marshall Harlan">존 마샬 할란</a>은 중국인들에 대해 다음과 같이 썼다: "우리의 인종과 너무 달라서 그에 속한 사람들이 미국의 시민이 되는 것을 허용하지 않는다. 그에 속한 사람들은 거의 예외 없이 우리나라에서 완전히 배제된다. 저는 중국인 인종을 암시한다."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1873년, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigtail_Ordinance" class="extiw" title="en:Pigtail Ordinance">피그테일 조례</a>는 청 왕조 이민자들이 나중에 관례적으로 중국으로 재입국할 수 있도록 해야 하는 이들의 머리 모양을 금지함으로써 청의 이민을 줄이기 위한, 주로 의무적인 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" class="extiw" title="en:Queue (hairstyle)">줄 머리 모양</a>을 목표로 삼았다. 시 위원회는 이를 통과시켰지만 시장은 거부권을 행사했다. 시의회는 1876년에 이를 제정했지만 1879년에 위헌으로 규정되었다. </p><p>미국에서는 "황색 위험"이라는 주장에 대한 외국인 혐오적 두려움으로 인해 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" class="extiw" title="en:Page Act of 1875">1875년 페이지 법</a>이 시행되었는데, 이 법은 중국 여성들을 황색 위험에 따라 미국 입국을 배제하고 용녀 고정관념을 가지고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1882년 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)">중국인 배제법</a>은 10년 후 중국인이 강제 추방이나 강제 노동의 위험이 있는 입국 증명서로 등록하고 증명서를 확보하도록 요구하는 기어리 법에 의해 확장되었으며, 법정 절차에서 중국인을 증인으로 퇴출시키고, 법적 절차에서 인신 보호 영장의 수령자로 중국인을 퇴출시켰다. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" class="extiw" title="en:Immigration Act of 1917">1917년 이민법</a>은 그 후 원주민주의적 영향 아래 "아시아 금지 구역"을 만들었다. </p><p>1879년 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_California" class="extiw" title="en:State of California">캘리포니아 주</a> 헌법은 주 및 지방 정부에 의한 중국인의 고용과 캘리포니아에 법인화된 기업에 의한 고용을 금지하였고, 또한 중국인을 제거할 권한을 캘리포니아 지방 정부에 위임하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1880년, 샌프란시스코시의 선출된 공무원들은 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors" class="extiw" title="en:San Francisco Board of Supervisors">감독위원회</a>의 허가 없이 목조 건물에서 세탁소를 운영하는 것을 불법으로 만드는 조례를 통과시켰다. 그 조례는 감독위원회에 허가를 내거나 보류할 권한을 위임했다. 그 당시, 320개의 세탁소 중 약 95%가 목조 건물에서 운영되었다. 그 세탁소의 약 3분의 2는 중국인들이 소유하고 있었다. 비록 그 도시의 목조 건물 세탁소 소유주들의 대부분이 허가를 신청했지만, 사실상 모든 비중국인 신청자들이 허가를 받은 반면, 그 도시의 목조 건물 세탁소 소유주들은 모든 중국인 소유주로부터 200개의 신청에 대해 단 한 개의 허가만 허가를 받았다.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 그러나, 이것은 1886년 대법원 사건인 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" class="extiw" title="en:Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo v. Hopkins</a>로 이어졌는데, 그것은 대법원이 그것의 면에서는 인종 중립적이지만, 편견적인 방식으로 운영되는 법이 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="extiw" title="en:U.S. Constitution">미국 헌법</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="en:Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">수정 제14조</a>의 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Equal Protection Clause">평등 보호 조항</a>에 대한 침해라고 판결한 첫 번째 사건이었다.<sup id="cite_ref-citation_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citation-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>차별적인 법들, 특히 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)">1882년의 중국인 배제법</a>은 중국으로부터의 더 이상의 이민을 제한하는 것을 목표로 하고 있었다.<sup id="cite_ref-yeefow_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yeefow-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 그것은 사람들을 인종적으로 배제하고 법에 의해 의도적으로 보호되지 않은 채로 둔 최초의 법이었다. 1882년의 중국인 배제법은 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Repeal_Act_of_1943" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943">1943년의 중국인 배제 폐지법</a>에 의해 폐지되었다. 중국인 배제법은 제한된 대학생들의 미국 입국을 허용했지만, 그러한 이민자들이 접근하기는 점점 더 어려워졌다. 1900년까지, 법들은 부유한 가정 출신이 아니면 중국 학생들이 입국하는 것을 제한했고, 그들은 중국에서 제공되지 않는 프로그램에서 공부를 찾았고, 그들의 학업을 마친 후에 중국으로 돌아가도록 요구했다.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 중국 학생들에 대한 심한 차별은 미국이 중국에서 국제적인 교육 기회를 확장하는 것을 어렵게 만들었고, 미국 대학들의 그들의 기관의 명성을 향상시키는 능력을 제한했다. </p><p>"황색 위험"이라는 주장에 대한 미국의 외국인 혐오 공포는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" class="extiw" title="en:Page Act of 1875">1875년 페이지 법</a>의 시행으로 이어졌다.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1882년 중국인 배제법은 10년 후 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geary_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Geary Act">기어리 법</a>에 의해 확장되었다. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" class="extiw" title="en:Immigration Act of 1917">1917년 이민법</a>은 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" class="extiw" title="en:Nativism (politics)">원주민</a>의 영향 아래 "아시아 금지 구역"을 만들었다. 그것은 모든 지리적 아시아에서 모든 이민을 없앴다. 중국인 배제법은 미국 역사상 자유 이민에 대한 가장 중요한 제한 중 하나였다. 그 법은 중국인 "숙련되고 비숙련 노동자 및 광산에 고용된 중국인"을 10년 동안 투옥 및 추방의 처벌을 받으며 입국에서 제외했다. 많은 중국인들은 인종 때문에 가차 없이 맞았다.<sup id="cite_ref-mem_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mem-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usn_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usn-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이민을 원하는 소수의 중국 비노동자들은 중국 정부로부터 이민 자격이 있다는 인증을 받아야 했는데, 이는 증명하기 어려운 경향이 있었다.<sup id="cite_ref-usn_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usn-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1921년 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Emergency Quota Act">긴급 할당법</a> 그 후 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" class="extiw" title="en:Immigration Act of 1924">1924년 이민법</a>은 국가 기원에 따라 이민을 제한했다. 긴급 할당법이 1910년의 인구 조사를 사용한 반면, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="extiw" title="en:White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">WASP</a> 공동체의 외국인 혐오 공포는 남유럽과 동유럽뿐만 아니라 아시아로부터의 증가하는 이민에 대응한 1924년의 이민법의 사용을 위해 백인 앵글로색슨 개신교(WASP) 인구에게 더 유리한 1890년 인구 조사의 채택으로 이어졌다. </p><p>1922년 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Cable Act">케이블 법</a>은 외국인 배우자와 함께 해외에 거주하는 경우 미국 여성의 시민권을 박탈하는 것을 추가했고, 외국인 남편과 결혼하는 경우 미국인을 귀화에서 인종적으로 배제했으며, 미국에 거주하는 여성이 다시 말해 외국인과 결혼하지 않도록 시민권을 유지하도록 요구했으며, 1922년 이전에 시민권을 상실한 해외 거주 미국인이 미국으로 송환하는 절차를 보장하지 않았다. 이후 1930년 개정으로 이러한 반이민 조항이 삭제되었다. </p><p>1927년, 대법원은 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lum_v._Rice" class="extiw" title="en:Lum v. Rice">Lum v. Rice</a>에서 미시시피주가 흑인 학생들을 위한 지역 학교에 다니도록 요구할 수 있다고 판결했다. 대법원장과 전 대통령 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" class="extiw" title="en:William Howard Taft">윌리엄 하워드 태프트</a>의 만장일치 의견은 공교육에서의 인종 차별이 수정헌법 제14조에 위배되지 않으며, 이후 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" class="extiw" title="en:Brown v. Board of Education">브라운 대 교육위원회</a>의 결정이 모두 위헌이라고 결정할 때까지 그러한 차별이 더욱 광범위해질 수 있도록 허용했다. </p><p>1929년에, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" class="extiw" title="en:National Origins Formula">국민 기원 공식</a>은 실제 인구에 비례하여 할당량을 할당함으로써 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicity" class="extiw" title="en:Ethnicity">민족성</a>의 현 상태 분포를 명시적으로 유지했다. 그 생각은 이민이 "국민적 성격"을 바꾸는 것이 허용되지 않는다는 것이었다. 연간 총 이민 한도는 150,000으로 제한되었다. 아시아인은 제외되었지만 아메리카 대륙 국가의 거주자는 제한을 받지 않았기 때문에 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_immigration_legislation" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States immigration legislation">이민법</a>에서 인종 차별을 공식화했다. 이 제도는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" class="extiw" title="en:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">1965년 이민 및 국적법</a>으로 폐지되었다. </p><p>1943년 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnuson_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Magnuson Act">매그너슨 법</a>은 매년 105명의 중국인 이민자를 허용했는데, 그 자체는 1924년 이민법의 연장이었고 1965년 이민법이 폐지될 때까지 법 또는 사실상의 중국인 이민자의 재산 소유권에 대한 의도적으로 계산이 잘못되어 명백하게 계속 금지되었다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="중국노동과_1882년_중국배제법"><span id=".EC.A4.91.EA.B5.AD.EB.85.B8.EB.8F.99.EA.B3.BC_1882.EB.85.84_.EC.A4.91.EA.B5.AD.EB.B0.B0.EC.A0.9C.EB.B2.95"></span>중국노동과 1882년 중국배제법</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="부분 편집: 중국노동과 1882년 중국배제법"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>주요 기사&#160;: 중국배제법</i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg/220px-The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg/330px-The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg/440px-The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2514" /></a><figcaption>1886년 '매직워셔' 세제 광고: 중국인은 반드시 가야 합니다</figcaption></figure> <p>통계에 따르면, 1820년과 1840년 사이에, 단지 11명의 중국인들만이 미국으로 이민을 갔다. 하지만, 많은 중국인들이 청나라 말기 때문에 괴로움 속에 살고 있었다. 미국은 캘리포니아의 골드러시, 철도 건설, 그리고 그로 인한 많은 노동력 수요 덕분에 더 안정적인 삶을 제공했다. 1848년부터, 많은 중국인들이 미국으로 이민을 선택했다. 1851년 캘리포니아 주지사 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McDougal" class="extiw" title="en:John McDougal">존 맥두걸</a>은 중국인들을 캘리포니아에 "가장 가치 있는 이민자"라고 칭찬했다.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>더 많은 노동자들을 고용하기 위해, 미국과 중국은 1868년 벌링게임 조약을 체결했다.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" class="extiw" title="en:Burlingame Treaty">벌링게임 조약</a>은 중국인들이 미국에 자유롭게 드나들 수 있는 권리, 미국 내 거주권, 그리고 미국 내 중국인들에 대한 미국의 가장 우대적인 대우를 포함한 여러 권리들을 제공했다. 그 조약은 1853년부터 1873년까지 20년 동안 이민을 촉진했고, 1880년까지 거의 105,000명의 중국인들이 미국으로 이민 가는 결과를 가져왔다.<sup id="cite_ref-Chin-2013_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chin-2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1882년은 캘리포니아에서 선거의 해였다. 더 많은 표를 확보하기 위해 캘리포니아 정치인들은 단호한 반중 입장을 취했다. 의회에서 캘리포니아 공화당 상원의원인 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="extiw" title="en:John Franklin Miller (senator)">존 밀러</a>는 더 이상의 중국인 이민자를 금지하는 법안을 지지한다고 길게 말했는데, 이 법안은 공화당 대통령인 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" class="extiw" title="en:Rutherford B. Hayes">러더퍼드 B. 헤이스</a>가 거부했던 이전 의회 법안과 거의 동일하다. 밀러 상원의원은 1879년 캘리포니아와 네바다 주에서 있었던 반중 국민투표가 대중의 지지를 증명하는 큰 표차로 통과된 것을 인용하면서, 이민 중국인 노동자들을 20년간 금지하는 동의안을 제출했다.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 그 동의안은 그 후 8일 동안 상원에서 논의되었다. 서부 주 출신의 모든 상원의원들과 남부 민주당의 대부분은 밀러의 제안을 지지했고, 동부 주 상원의원에 대해서는 강력하게 반대했다. 격렬한 토론 끝에, 그 동의안은 결국 15표 중 29표로 상원을 통과했고, 이후 3월 23일 하원에서 167표 대 66표(55표 기권)로 통과되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-Chin-2013_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chin-2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" class="extiw" title="en:Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> 대통령은 1882년 4월 4일에 거부권을 행사했는데, 그것은 중국으로부터의 이민을 제한하지만 금지하지 않았던 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angell_Treaty" class="extiw" title="en:Angell Treaty">Angell 조약</a>의 조항들을 위반했기 때문이다. 의회는 거부권을 뒤집을 수 없었고, 원래의 20년 금지 대신에 10년 동안 이민을 금지했던 법안의 버전을 통과시켰다. 1882년 5월 6일, Miller의 제안은 Arthur 대통령에 의해 서명되었고, 1882년의 중국 배제법이 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-Chin-2013_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chin-2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>법안을 둘러싼 논쟁 중에 도입된 개정안들은 중국인 이민자들의 귀화를 금지하였고<sup id="cite_ref-Chin-2013_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chin-2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LoC-CEA2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC-CEA2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 중국인 배제법의 초기 10년간의 금지가 끝난 후, 1892년 기어리법에 의해 중국인 배제가 연장되었고, 1902년에 영구화되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-LoC-CEA2_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC-CEA2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1904-05년 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" class="extiw" title="en:Russo-Japanese War">러일 전쟁</a>은 황해 위험에 대한 미국인들의 두려움을 중국에서 일본으로 옮겼다.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="냉전"><span id=".EB.83.89.EC.A0.84"></span>냉전</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="부분 편집: 냉전"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>주요 기사: 레드 스러</i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Hsue-shen_Tsien_with_his_family_onboard_SS_President_Cleveland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hsue-shen_Tsien_with_his_family_onboard_SS_President_Cleveland.jpg/220px-Hsue-shen_Tsien_with_his_family_onboard_SS_President_Cleveland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hsue-shen_Tsien_with_his_family_onboard_SS_President_Cleveland.jpg/330px-Hsue-shen_Tsien_with_his_family_onboard_SS_President_Cleveland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hsue-shen_Tsien_with_his_family_onboard_SS_President_Cleveland.jpg/440px-Hsue-shen_Tsien_with_his_family_onboard_SS_President_Cleveland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="4505" /></a><figcaption>1955년 로스앤젤레스에서 출발하기 전 SS 회장 클리블랜드에 탑승한 첸과 그의 가족. 그는 결코 미국으로 돌아오지 않았다.</figcaption></figure> <p>냉전 기간 동안 반중 감정은 주로 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese Civil War">중국 내전</a>과 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War" class="extiw" title="en:Korean War">한국 전쟁</a>에 중국의 개입으로 인해 공산주의 스파이에 대한 대중의 두려움이 증가한 것과 맞물린 붉은 공포와 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism" class="extiw" title="en:McCarthyism">매카시즘</a>의 결과였다.<sup id="cite_ref-Schr_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schr-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 그 시대 동안, 공산주의자 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage" class="extiw" title="en:Espionage">스파이</a>들은 수백 명에 의해 투옥되었고, 그들 중 약 1만 2천 명이 일자리를 잃었다.<sup id="cite_ref-Schr_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schr-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 투옥되거나, 일자리를 잃거나, 위원회의 심문을 받은 사람들 중 많은 수는 공산당과 어떤 종류의 과거 또는 현재의 관련이 있다. 그러나 그들 중 대다수에게 국가에 해를 끼칠 가능성과 그들의 공산주의 계열의 성격은 모두 미약했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Schr2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schr2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이 희생자들 중에는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese Americans">중국계 미국인</a>들도 포함되어 있는데, 그들은 종종 중국 공산당에 가입한 것으로 의심을 받았다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="건쉐센_추방_사건"><span id=".EA.B1.B4.EC.89.90.EC.84.BC_.EC.B6.94.EB.B0.A9_.EC.82.AC.EA.B1.B4"></span>건쉐센 추방 사건</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="부분 편집: 건쉐센 추방 사건"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>가장 주목할 만한 예는 중국 최고의 과학자 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" class="extiw" title="en:Qian Xuesen">건쉐센</a>의 사례다. 그가 공산주의자라는 주장이 제기되었고, 1950년 6월 그의 보안 허가가 취소되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-caltech1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caltech1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" class="extiw" title="en:Federal Bureau of Investigation">연방수사국</a>은 1938년 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Communist_Party" class="extiw" title="en:American Communist Party">미국 공산당</a> 문서에 그의 이름이 적힌 문서를 찾아냈고, 그것을 취소의 명분으로 삼았다. 허가 없이 건쉐센은 자신의 경력을 계속할 수 없음을 알게 되었고, 2주 안에 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" class="extiw" title="en:Mao Zedong">마오쩌둥</a> 정부 아래에 있던 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China" class="extiw" title="en:Mainland China">중국 본토</a>로 돌아갈 계획을 발표했다. 당시 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undersecretary_of_the_Navy" class="extiw" title="en:Undersecretary of the Navy">해군 차관</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_A._Kimball" class="extiw" title="en:Dan A. Kimball">댄 킴볼</a>은 건쉐센을 미국에 머물게 하려고 했다. </p><p>이 나라가 한 짓 중 가장 어리석은 짓이었다. 그는 저와 마찬가지로 공산주의자가 아니었다. 그래서 우리는 그를 강제로 쫓아냈다.<sup id="cite_ref-caltech12_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caltech12-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>건 전 총리는 향후 5년간 가택연금 상태에서 보냈으며, 여기에는 어떠한 연구 (기밀) 의무도 없이 교편을 잡을 수 있는 허가와 함께 지속적인 감시가 포함되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-caltech1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caltech1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Caltech는 건 전 총리를 변호하기 위해 변호사 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Cooper_(attorney)" class="extiw" title="en:Grant Cooper (attorney)">Grant Cooper</a>를 임명했다. 1955년, 미국은 한국 전쟁 중에 붙잡힌 다섯 명의 미국인 조종사와 교환하여 그를 중국으로 추방했다. 후에, 그는 현대 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_space_program" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese space program">중국 우주 프로그램</a>의 아버지가 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21세기"><span id="21.EC.84.B8.EA.B8.B0"></span>21세기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="부분 편집: 21세기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>21세기 미국에서의 현대적인 반중 감정은 중국이 상승하는 지정학적 권력으로서의 역할 때문에 발생한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 중국의 지정학적 부상에 대한 인식은 세계 무대에서 널리 퍼져있어 '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" class="extiw" title="en:China&#39;s peaceful rise">중국의 평화로운 부상</a>'이 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor" class="extiw" title="en:Global Language Monitor">글로벌 언어 모니터</a>에 의해 21세기의 최고 뉴스 이야기로 지정되었다. 이는 글로벌 인쇄 및 전자 미디어, 인터넷 및 블로고스피어, 그리고 소셜 미디어에서 나타나는 횟수로 측정되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_elections,_2010" class="extiw" title="en:United States elections, 2010">2010년 미국 선거</a> 동안, 중국과의 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade" class="extiw" title="en:Free trade">자유 무역</a>에 대한 후보자들의 지지 주장에 초점을 맞춘 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_campaigning" class="extiw" title="en:Negative campaigning">부정적인 광고</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chi_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chi-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>들이 미국의 주요 정당들에 의해 많이 방영되었다. 중국에 대한 불길한 목소리를 동반한 주식 이미지들 중 일부는 사실 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" class="extiw" title="en:Chinatown, San Francisco">샌프란시스코의 차이나타운</a>에 대한 것이었다.<sup id="cite_ref-lyden_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lyden-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 특히, 중국에 의한 2030년의 서구 정복을 묘사하는 "중국 교수"라는 광고는 중국어를 연기하기 위해 현지 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American" class="extiw" title="en:Asian American">아시아계 미국인</a> 엑스트라들을 사용했지만, 배우들은 촬영의 본질에 대해 알지 못했다.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 칼럼니스트 제프 양은 캠페인에서 "중국과 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese-American" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese-American">중국계 미국인</a>들 사이의 모호한 선"이 있었다고 말했다.<sup id="cite_ref-lyden_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lyden-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> "중국 교수"의 제작자인 래리 매카시는 "이 광고는 미국에 관한 것이지 중국에 관한 것이 아닙니다"라고 말하며 그의 작품을 옹호했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이 비디오에 대해 논평하는 다른 사설들은 이 비디오를 반중국적인 것이 아니라고 불렀다.<sup id="cite_ref-Chi_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chi-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="울프_수정판"><span id=".EC.9A.B8.ED.94.84_.EC.88.98.EC.A0.95.ED.8C.90"></span>울프 수정판</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="부분 편집: 울프 수정판"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Wolf Amendment">울프 수정안</a>의 구성 요소로서, 많은 미국 우주 연구원들이 중국 국영 기업 또는 단체와 제휴한 중국 시민들과 일하는 것이 금지되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-guardiannasa_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardiannasa-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2011년 4월, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" class="extiw" title="en:112th United States Congress">112차 미국 의회</a>는 스파이 우려 때문에 나사가 중국인 방문객들을 나사 시설에 수용하기 위해 자금을 사용하는 것을 금지했다.<sup id="cite_ref-justice1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justice1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2010년 초, 미국 하원의원 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Culberson" class="extiw" title="en:John Culberson">John Culberson</a>은 Barack Obama 대통령에게 나사와 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" class="extiw" title="en:China National Space Administration">중국 국가 우주국</a>(CNSA) 사이에 더 이상의 접촉을 허용하지 말라고 촉구했다.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="도널드_트럼프의_선거운동과_대통령직"><span id=".EB.8F.84.EB.84.90.EB.93.9C_.ED.8A.B8.EB.9F.BC.ED.94.84.EC.9D.98_.EC.84.A0.EA.B1.B0.EC.9A.B4.EB.8F.99.EA.B3.BC_.EB.8C.80.ED.86.B5.EB.A0.B9.EC.A7.81"></span>도널드 트럼프의 선거운동과 대통령직</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="부분 편집: 도널드 트럼프의 선거운동과 대통령직"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016년_대통령_선거운동"><span id="2016.EB.85.84_.EB.8C.80.ED.86.B5.EB.A0.B9_.EC.84.A0.EA.B1.B0.EC.9A.B4.EB.8F.99"></span>2016년 대통령 선거운동</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="부분 편집: 2016년 대통령 선거운동"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2015년 11월, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump" class="extiw" title="en:Donald Trump">도널드 트럼프</a>는 취임 첫날 중국을 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi_currency_value" class="extiw" title="en:Renminbi currency value">환율조작국</a>으로 지정하겠다고 약속했다.<sup id="cite_ref-PalmerSchreckinger_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PalmerSchreckinger-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 그는 중국의 해적 행위, 미국 상품의 위조, 미국의 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret" class="extiw" title="en:Trade secret">영업 비밀</a>과 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property" class="extiw" title="en:Intellectual property">지적 재산</a>의 도용에 대해 "신속하고, 강력하고, 명백한" 조치를 약속했다. 그는 또한 중국의 "불법 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_subsidy" class="extiw" title="en:Export subsidy">수출 보조금</a>과 느슨한 노동 및 환경 기준"을 비난했다.<sup id="cite_ref-PalmerSchreckinger_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PalmerSchreckinger-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2016년 1월, 트럼프는 "미국 노동자들에게 평평한 운동장"을 주기 위해 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China" class="extiw" title="en:List of the largest trading partners of China">중국의 대미 수출품</a>에 45%의 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff" class="extiw" title="en:Tariff">관세</a>를 부과할 것을 제안했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Haberman_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haberman-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Appelaum2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appelaum2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_bonds" class="extiw" title="en:US bonds">미국 채권</a> 판매와 같은 관세 이행에 대한 잠재적인 중국의 보복에 대해 질문을 받았을 때, 트럼프는 그러한 시나리오는 가능성이 낮다고 판단했다: "그들은 우리의 통화를 추락시키지 않을 것이다. 그들은 그들의 경제를 추락시킬 것이다. 그것이 그들이 그것을 시작한다면 그들이 할 것이다."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2016년 5월 연설에서 트럼프는 잠재적인 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" class="extiw" title="en:2018 China–United States trade war">중국과의 무역 전쟁</a>에 대한 우려에 "우리는 중국과의 무역에서 5천억 달러를 잃고 있다. 무역 전쟁이 있어도 도대체 누가 신경 쓰겠습니까?"<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 트럼프는 2016년 5월에도 중국이 자유 무역으로 미국을 "강간질"하고 있다고 말했다.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="대통령직_(2017~21년)"><span id=".EB.8C.80.ED.86.B5.EB.A0.B9.EC.A7.81_.282017.7E21.EB.85.84.29"></span>대통령직 (2017~21년)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="부분 편집: 대통령직 (2017~21년)"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2018년 1월, 트럼프는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" class="extiw" title="en:China–United States trade war">중국과 무역 전쟁</a>을 시작했고 그는 또한 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_student" class="extiw" title="en:Foreign student">외국인 학생들</a>과 중국 국적의 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiting_scholar" class="extiw" title="en:Visiting scholar">방문 학자</a>들에게 새로운 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_visa" class="extiw" title="en:Travel visa">비자</a> 제한을 가하기 시작했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Perlez-2019_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perlez-2019-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 많은 영향을 받은 사람들은 그들이 그들의 비자 갱신에 지연을 경험하거나 심지어 그들의 비자의 전면적인 취소를 경험했다고 말했다.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perlez-2019_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perlez-2019-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2018년에, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" class="extiw" title="en:Stephen Miller (political advisor)">스티븐 밀러</a> 대통령 고문은 모든 중국인들이 미국에서 공부하기 위해 비자를 얻는 것을 금지할 것을 제안했다.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2019년 2월 발표된 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="extiw" title="en:Gallup (company)">갤럽</a> 여론조사 결과에 따르면, 미국 응답자의 21%가 중국을 미국의 가장 큰 적으로 꼽았는데, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" class="extiw" title="en:Russia">러시아</a> 다음으로 많다.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2019년 4월, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_A._Wray" class="extiw" title="en:Christopher A. Wray">크리스토퍼 레이</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" class="extiw" title="en:Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI 국장</a>은 중국이 "사회 전체의 위협"을 가했다고 말했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Perlez-2019_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perlez-2019-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2019년 5월, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiron_Skinner" class="extiw" title="en:Kiron Skinner">키론 스키너</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Policy_Planning" class="extiw" title="en:Director of Policy Planning">정책기획국장</a>은 중국이 "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race" class="extiw" title="en:Caucasian race">백인</a>이 아닌 미국의 첫 번째 위대한 권력 경쟁자"라고 말했다.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>현재의 관계 악화는 미국 내 반중 감정의 급증으로 이어졌다.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2019년 8월 발표된 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" class="extiw" title="en:Pew Research Center">퓨 리서치 센터</a>의 여론 조사에 따르면, 미국인의 60%가 중국에 대해 부정적인 의견을 가지고 있으며, 26%만이 긍정적인 견해를 가지고 있다. 같은 여론 조사에서 미국 내 응답자의 24%가 중국을 러시아와 함께 미국의 가장 큰 적으로 지목했다.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2020년 3월, 트럼프는 2020년 2월, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization" class="extiw" title="en:World Health Organization">세계보건기구(WHO)</a>가 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS%E2%80%91CoV%E2%80%912" class="extiw" title="en:SARS‑CoV‑2">SARS-CoV-2</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" class="extiw" title="en:Coronavirus">코로나바이러스</a>를 "중국 바이러스" 또는 "우한 바이러스"로 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profiling" class="extiw" title="en:Racial profiling">인종적 프로파일링</a>하지 말 것을 대중에게 강력히 권고했음에도 불구하고, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">미국에서 발생</a>을 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump#&quot;Chinese_Virus&quot;_and_&quot;Kung_Flu&quot;" class="extiw" title="en:Racial views of Donald Trump">"중국 바이러스"</a>라고 칭했다.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또한, 이 시기에 미국에서는 "우플루"와 "쿵플루"라는 인종차별적 용어가 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19" class="extiw" title="en:COVID-19">코로나19</a>를 경멸적 및 외국인 혐오적으로 지칭하는 방식으로 등장했다. 이 용어는 바이러스가 처음 발견된 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan" class="extiw" title="en:Wuhan">우한</a> 또는 전통적인 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Martial_Arts" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese Martial Arts">중국 무술</a>, 우슈 및 쿵푸의 용어를 사용하여 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau" class="extiw" title="en:Portmanteau">합성어</a>를 통해 중국과 연결되며, 트럼프 대통령과 그의 행정부 구성원들이 공식 자격으로 사용했다.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이 용어들의 사용은 인종적으로 둔감하다는 인식으로 인해 광범위한 비판을 받았다.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2020년 5월, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" class="extiw" title="en:West Virginia">웨스트버지니아주</a>에서 자란 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese Americans">중국계 미국인</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS" class="extiw" title="en:CBS">CBS</a> 기자 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weijia_Jiang" class="extiw" title="en:Weijia Jiang">웨이지아 지앙</a>은 백악관 코로나바이러스 브리핑에서 트럼프에게 검사에 대한 자신의 입장을 질문했고 그는 그녀에게 중국에 질문하라고 말했다. 이 기자는 트럼프에게 왜 그녀를 지목했느냐고 물으며 그녀가 중국에 질문해야 한다고 말했으며, 이로 인해 브리핑이 갑자기 종료되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2020년 7월 23일 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" class="extiw" title="en:Mike Pompeo">마이크 폼페이오</a> 당시 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" class="extiw" title="en:United States Secretary of State">미국 국무장관</a>은 중국 정부와의 이른바 '깜깜이 포용'의 종식을 선언하고 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping" class="extiw" title="en:Xi Jinping">시진핑</a><sup id="cite_ref-Xi&#39;s_title_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xi&#39;s_title-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese Communist Party">중국 공산당</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="extiw" title="en:General Secretary of the Communist Party of China">총서기</a>를 "파산된 전체주의 이데올로기의 진정한 신봉자"라고 비판하기도 했다.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2020년 12월, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" class="extiw" title="en:Tennessee">테네시주</a> 상원의원 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" class="extiw" title="en:Marsha Blackburn">마샤 블랙번</a>은 트위터를 통해 "중국은 부정행위와 절도의 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China" class="extiw" title="en:History of China">5000년 역사</a>를 가지고 있다. 어떤 것들은 절대 변하지 않을 것이다..."라고 말하며 그녀의 트윗이 중국계 미국인들을 모욕했다고 주장하며 중국계 미국인 민권 운동가들의 반발을 초래했다.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="코로나19_범유행"><span id=".EC.BD.94.EB.A1.9C.EB.82.9819_.EB.B2.94.EC.9C.A0.ED.96.89"></span>코로나19 범유행</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="부분 편집: 코로나19 범유행"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>참고 항목: 미국 § 코로나19 범유행과 관련된 외국인 혐오 및 인종차별</i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:NYC,_anti-xenophobia_poster_amid_coronavirus_pandemic,_Canal_St,_6_Line--.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NYC%2C_anti-xenophobia_poster_amid_coronavirus_pandemic%2C_Canal_St%2C_6_Line--.jpg/220px-NYC%2C_anti-xenophobia_poster_amid_coronavirus_pandemic%2C_Canal_St%2C_6_Line--.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NYC%2C_anti-xenophobia_poster_amid_coronavirus_pandemic%2C_Canal_St%2C_6_Line--.jpg/330px-NYC%2C_anti-xenophobia_poster_amid_coronavirus_pandemic%2C_Canal_St%2C_6_Line--.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NYC%2C_anti-xenophobia_poster_amid_coronavirus_pandemic%2C_Canal_St%2C_6_Line--.jpg/440px-NYC%2C_anti-xenophobia_poster_amid_coronavirus_pandemic%2C_Canal_St%2C_6_Line--.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>신종 코로나바이러스 감염증(코로나19) 대유행 속 뉴욕 지하철역의 비공식<sup id="cite_ref-poster_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poster-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 제노포비아 포스터</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" class="extiw" title="en:COVID-19 pandemic">코로나19 범유행</a>은 2019년 12월 중국 후베이성 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan" class="extiw" title="en:Wuhan">우한</a>시에서 처음 보고되었으며, 그 결과 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Chinese sentiment">중국인 혐오 행위</a>와 표현이 점점 더 많이 발생하고 있으며, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_people" class="extiw" title="en:East Asian people">동아시아 혈통의 사람들</a>에 대한 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice" class="extiw" title="en:Prejudice">편견</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia" class="extiw" title="en:Xenophobia">외국인 혐오</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination" class="extiw" title="en:Discrimination">차별</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="extiw" title="en:Ethnic violence">폭력</a> 및 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" class="extiw" title="en:Racism">인종차별</a> 사건이 발생하고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2020년 6월 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" class="extiw" title="en:Pew Research Center">퓨 리서치 연구</a>에 따르면 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans" class="extiw" title="en:Asian Americans">아시아계 미국인</a>의 58%가 팬데믹 이후 아시아계 미국인에 대한 인종차별적 관점이 증가했다고 믿고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Arts_%26_Science" class="extiw" title="en:New York University College of Arts &amp; Science">뉴욕 대학교 예술 과학 대학</a>의 연구는 미국인들 사이에 전반적으로 반 아시아 정서가 증가하지 않았으며, 대신 "이미 편견을 가진 사람들"이 팬데믹으로 인해 그들의 편견에 공개적으로 행동할 수 있는 권한이 있다고 느꼈다는 것을 시사했다.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="조_바이든의_대통령_임기"><span id=".EC.A1.B0_.EB.B0.94.EC.9D.B4.EB.93.A0.EC.9D.98_.EB.8C.80.ED.86.B5.EB.A0.B9_.EC.9E.84.EA.B8.B0"></span>조 바이든의 대통령 임기</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="부분 편집: 조 바이든의 대통령 임기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2021년 1월 20일 바이든 대통령 취임 이후 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Joe_Biden" class="extiw" title="en:President Joe Biden">조 바이든 대통령</a>은 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cold_War#Biden_presidency" class="extiw" title="en:Second Cold War">중국과의 긴장</a>을 민주주의와 독재의 경쟁으로 묘사했다. 연구에 따르면 미국과 중국의 관계를 위대한 권력 경쟁으로 간주하는 것이 백인 미국인들의 반 아시아 감정을 자극한다고 한다. 2021년 6월 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Times" class="extiw" title="en:Asia Times">아시아 타임즈</a>에서 블라디미르 엔리케와 메디카 데이비드 에브너가 실시한 분석에 따르면, 그러한 양국 간의 군사적 대립이 실현될 경우 백인 미국인들은 중국과의 전쟁을 지지할 가능성이 더 높다고 한다. "인종적으로 분개한" 것으로 묘사된 백인 미국인들은 2012년에 중국이 주요 지정학적 위협이라고 인식할 가능성이 36% 포인트 높았고 2016년에 비해 20% 포인트 높았다.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_AAPI_Hate" class="extiw" title="en:Stop AAPI Hate">Stop AAPI Hate</a>가 발표한 보고서는 2020년부터 2022년까지 발생한 사건을 보고한 AAPI(아시아계 미국인 및 태평양 섬 주민) 개인의 43%를 인종적으로 중국인으로 나열했다. 2021년 한 조사에 따르면 AAPI의 49%는 외출이 안전하다고 느끼고 65%는 가족과 노인의 안전에 대해 걱정하고, 부모의 32%는 자신의 자녀가 학교에서 반 AAPI 차별의 희생자가 될 것을 우려하고, AAPI Hate를 중단하기 위해 증오 사건을 보고한 아시아계 미국인의 95%는 미국을 자신들에게 위험하다고 보았고, 증오 사건을 경험한 아시아계 노인의 98%는 미국이 아시아인에게 신체적으로 더 위험해졌다고 믿었고, 49%는 불안 또는 우울증을 보고했으며 72%는 자신들에 대한 증오를 가장 큰 스트레스원으로 꼽았다.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>전국 조사에 따르면 2021년 3월부터 2022년 3월 사이에 최소 300만 명의 AAPI가 증오 사건을 경험했다고 추정했다. AAPI Hate 중지에 따르면, 보고된 증오 사건의 20%는 희생양을 포함하며, 96%는 아시아계와 아시아계 미국인들에게 코로나19 전염병의 책임을 돌리며, 4%는 중국 공산당을 위한 스파이 활동과 같은 국가 안보 이유로, 1%는 경제적 위협이라고 한다. AAPI Hate 중지에 따르면 민주당원과 공화당원 모두 "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" class="extiw" title="en:China–United States trade war">중국을 미국의 존재에 대한 경제적 위협</a>으로 그리는 수사"를 사용하며, 동아시아인과 아시아계 미국인을 전체적으로 희생양으로 삼는 데 사용되는 언어를 미러링한다.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2021년 토비타 차우(Tobita Chow)가 실시한 보고서는 표를 사용하여 "중국은 미국을 속이고 있다", "당신은 거짓말쟁이, 사기꾼이다" 또는 "중국은 스파이 또는 영향력 위협이다", "당신은 스파이다, 당신은 CCP이다"와 같은 반 아시아 사건에 표현된 "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" class="extiw" title="en:China&#39;s peaceful rise">중국 위협</a>" 내러티브와 정서의 유사성을 보여준다. 차우에 따르면, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_imperialism" class="extiw" title="en:American imperialism">미국의 세계 지배</a>가 세계 경제 문제와 취약한 경제 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" class="extiw" title="en:China&#39;s peaceful rise">성장</a>으로 악화되고 지정학적으로 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_century" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese century">더욱 강력해진 중국</a>에 의해 대체될 위험에 처해 있다고 인식하는 미국 예외주의 지지자들은 국가 간 제로섬 경쟁을 촉진하는 불안감에 기여한다고 한다. 중국에 대한 논의에서 두 사람은 중국이 미국 패권에 대한 위협이며 미국과 미국에 대한 실존적 위협이라고 주장하며, 개연성의 차이와 상관없이 종종 상호 교환적으로 사용된다. 차우는 미국 예외주의에 대한 깊은 헌신이 이 두 주장을 서로 동일하게 만들 수 있다고 말한다. 반중 메시지는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Strategic_Competition_between_the_United_States_and_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="extiw" title="en:United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party">중국에 대항</a>하기 위해 필요한 인프라, 연구, 기술 및 일자리 창출에 대한 투자를 촉진하는 여러 경제 정책에 대한 초당적 지지를 구축하는 데 사용되었다. 군수 산업 단지와 같은 일부 특수 이익 집단은 "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" class="extiw" title="en:China&#39;s peaceful rise">중국 위협</a>" 내러티브로부터 실질적인 이익을 얻고 그 이유로 이를 홍보한다. 차우는 "중국에 대한 내러티브는 중국인에 대한 대중의 인식을 형성할 수 있다"며 그 반대도 사실이며, 여기서 중국인에 대한 내러티브는 중국에 대한 인식을 정당화한다고 말한다.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2023년 4월 27일 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" class="extiw" title="en:Columbia University">컬럼비아 대학교</a>와 100인 위원회는 중국계 미국인에 대한 설문조사 결과를 발표했다. 미국 전역의 6,500명의 참가자의 답변을 바탕으로 한 설문조사 결과에 따르면 중국계 미국인의 74%가 지난 12개월 동안 인종차별을 경험했다. 5명 중 1명은 지난 12개월 동안 여러 차례 언어 또는 온라인 괴롭힘을 보고했다. 응답자의 거의 절반(46%)이 다른 사람들과 비교하여 불평등한 대우를 보고했다. 거의 10명 중 1명(9%)은 신체적 폭행 또는 협박을, 7%는 재산 파괴를 보고했다.<sup id="cite_ref-survey_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2023년 STAATUS Index 조사에 따르면 미국인의 절반 가까이가 중국에 대한 부정적인 시각이 반 아시아적 공격이나 사건에 기여했다고 생각한다. 반 아시아 혐오의 이유 중 33%는 중국을 경제적 위협으로 보는 것이 기여 요인이라고 생각하고 47%는 중국을 스파이 위협으로 보는 것이 기여 요인이라고 생각한다.<sup id="cite_ref-STAATUS23_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STAATUS23-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2022년 9월 제출되어 2023년 6월 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="extiw" title="en:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">미국 국립과학원 회보에 발표된 연구</a> 기사에 따르면 중국계 학자들이 미국에서 상당한 불안감을 느끼고 있다고 한다. 83%는 작년에 비전문적인 환경에서 모욕을 받았고 72%는 연구원으로서 안전하지 않다고 느끼고 35%는 미국에서 환영 받지 못한다고 느끼고 61%는 미국을 떠날 생각을 했다.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="부동산에_대한_명의개서"><span id=".EB.B6.80.EB.8F.99.EC.82.B0.EC.97.90_.EB.8C.80.ED.95.9C_.EB.AA.85.EC.9D.98.EA.B0.9C.EC.84.9C"></span>부동산에 대한 명의개서</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="부분 편집: 부동산에 대한 명의개서"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SB 147로 알려진 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" class="extiw" title="en:Republican Party of Texas">공화당</a>의 주 대표들에 의해 2023년 상정된 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Senate" class="extiw" title="en:Texas Senate">텍사스 상원</a> 법안은 특히 아시아계 미국인 단체들에 의해 강력한 반발에 부딪혔다.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이 법안은 "특정 외국인 또는 외국인 단체"가 중국에 소속되거나 출신이 있는 단체들을 포함하여 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" class="extiw" title="en:Texas">텍사스</a> 주에서 부동산을 취득하는 것을 금지할 것이다.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이 법안은 또한 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" class="extiw" title="en:Governor of Texas">텍사스 주지사</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Abbott" class="extiw" title="en:Greg Abbott">그렉 애벗</a>의 지지를 받았다.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 비평가들은 이 법안을 인종차별적인 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese Exclusion Act">중국인 배제법</a>과 비교하고 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Judicial review in the United States">위헌</a>이라고 불렀다.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 다른 이들은 또한 이 법안이 특히 중국인들과 동아시아인들을 대상으로 하는 더 많은 인종차별적인 입법에 부정적인 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowball_effect" class="extiw" title="en:Snowball effect">눈덩이 효과</a>를 초래할 수 있다고 덧붙였다.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Houston" class="extiw" title="en:Mayor of Houston">휴스턴 시장</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Turner" class="extiw" title="en:Sylvester Turner">실베스터 터너</a>는 이 법안을 "딱 잘못됐다"며 "다른 어떤 것보다 분열을 초래하고 있다"고 언급했다.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 주 대표 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Wu" class="extiw" title="en:Gene Wu">진 우</a>는 "이런 종류의 법안. 솔직히 말해서 이 증가하는 반 아시아 및 반이민 정서는 우리 공동체와 우리 도시에 대한 직접적인 공격입니다"라고 덧붙였다.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이 법안은 망명 신청자, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawful_permanent_residents" class="extiw" title="en:Lawful permanent residents">합법적인 영주권자</a>, 유효한 비자 소지자 또는 이중 국적자에 대해 어떤 예외도 부여하지 않는다.<sup id="cite_ref-sb147nbc_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb147nbc-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이 법안에 반대하는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" class="extiw" title="en:Houston">휴스턴</a> 거리의 추가 시위는 2023년 2월 아시아계 미국인 단체와 동맹국들에 의해 열렸다.<sup id="cite_ref-sb147nbc_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb147nbc-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>민주당이 장악하고 있는 버지니아 주 상원도 최근 "외국 적대자들"에 의한 토지 소유 금지 법안을 통과시켰는데, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agricultural_Law_Center" class="extiw" title="en:National Agricultural Law Center">국립농업법센터</a>에 따르면 적어도 18개 주가 중국과 관련된 기업들의 농지 소유를 제한하는 것을 고려했다고 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2023년 5월 8일, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" class="extiw" title="en:Florida">플로리다</a> 주지사 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" class="extiw" title="en:Ron DeSantis">론 드산티스</a>는 중국 시민들의 주 내 토지 매수를 금지하는 법안 SB 264 및 HB 1355에 서명했다. 비평가들은 이 법안들이 중국인들과 다른 이민자들에 대한 차별에 기여할 수 있다고 경고했다. 민주당 주 하원의원 안나 V. 에스카마니는 아시아계 미국인들에 대한 영향에 대해 우려를 표명했다. 아시아계 미국인 단체들은 이 법안들을 외계인 토지법 및 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese Exclusion Act">중국인 배제법</a>과 비교했다.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="간첩_혐의"><span id=".EA.B0.84.EC.B2.A9_.ED.98.90.EC.9D.98"></span>간첩 혐의</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="부분 편집: 간첩 혐의"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>트럼프 행정부 하에서 법무부는 추정되는 중국 스파이를 목표로 하는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Initiative" class="extiw" title="en:China Initiative">중국 이니셔티브</a>를 시작했다. 2018년 도널드 트럼프의 FBI 국장 크리스토퍼 A. 레이는 공개적으로 중국계 스파이의 학생들과 연구원들에게 전화를 걸어 FBI가 중국을 "정부 전체의 위협뿐만 아니라 사회 전체의 대응"을 요구하는 사회 전체의 위협으로 보고 있다고 말했다. </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACLU" class="extiw" title="en:ACLU">ACLU</a>는 이 계획이 중국계 미국인 과학자들에게 광범위하고 정당화되지 않은 의혹을 제기하고 부당하게 수사와 기소의 대상으로 삼았다고 말했다. 결과적으로 발생한 기소들 중 몇몇은 잘못된 근거에 기반을 두고 있으며, 이들은 피해를 입은 사람들의 삶에 파괴적인 결과를 초래했다. </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden_administration" class="extiw" title="en:Biden administration">바이든 행정부</a>는 이를 끝내라는 시민권 단체들의 요구에도 불구하고 이 계획을 계속했다. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans_Advancing_Justice_Southern_California" class="extiw" title="en:Asian Americans Advancing Justice Southern California">정의를 진전시키는 아시아계 미국인들</a>은 "연방 정부의 인종, 인종, 국가 기원 프로파일링과 아시아계 미국인과 아시아계 이민자들에 대한 차별적인 조사와 기소에 깊은 우려를 표했다."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2021년 미국에서 거의 2,000명의 과학자들을 대상으로 한 설문조사는 시민권에 관계없이 중국계 과학자들의 절반 이상이 미국 정부의 감시를 두려워하는 것으로 나타났다.<sup id="cite_ref-security2_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-security2-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>법무부는 중국계 미국인과 중국계 주민에 대한 부당한 대우에 대한 인식을 이유로 2022년 2월 22일 종료된 계획을 종료했다.<sup id="cite_ref-security3_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-security3-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="시샤오싱"><span id=".EC.8B.9C.EC.83.A4.EC.98.A4.EC.8B.B1"></span>시샤오싱</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="부분 편집: 시샤오싱"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2015년, 경찰은 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University" class="extiw" title="en:Temple University">템플 대학교</a> 물리학 교수인 시 샤오싱의 집을 급습하여 그의 아내와 두 딸 앞에서 그를 총구로 체포했다. 법무부(DOJ)는 이 과학자가 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductor" class="extiw" title="en:Superconductor">초전도체</a> 연구에 사용되는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_pocket_heater" class="extiw" title="en:Rotating pocket heater">포켓 히터</a>의 디자인인 영업 비밀을 중국에 불법적으로 보낸 혐의로 기소하고 80년의 징역과 100만 달러의 벌금으로 그를 위협했다. 과학자의 딸 조이스 Xi는 "뉴스캐스터들이 우리 집을 둘러싸고 창문을 통해 촬영을 시도했다. FBI는 우리의 모든 소지품을 뒤졌고 우리 삶의 많은 사적인 세부사항을 포함하는 전자제품과 문서를 가져갔다. 몇 달 동안, 우리는 FBI의 협박과 감시에 대한 두려움 속에 살았다. 우리는 뉴스 곳곳에 아빠의 얼굴이 도배되어 있는 것을 감안할 때 공공장소에서 우리의 안전을 걱정했다. 아빠는 일을 할 수 없었고, 그의 명성은 산산조각이 났다."라고 말했다.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>템플 대학교는 그 교수에게 행정 휴가를 강요했고 물리학과의 의장직을 정지시켰다. 그는 또한 그의 연구실에 접근하거나 그의 학생들과 직접 소통하는 것이 금지되었다. FBI 요원들이 몇 달 - 아마도 몇 년 동안 그의 전화를 듣고 이메일을 읽었다는 것이 나중에 알게 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2015년 DOJ는 수사관들이 시 주석이 공유한 정보에 영업비밀이 포함되지 않은 것으로 밝혀지자 혐의를 돌연 취하했다.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2021년, 시 주석은 필라델피아 법원이 그의 법적 손해배상 청구를 기각함에 따라 상환을 거부당했다.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="후안밍"><span id=".ED.9B.84.EC.95.88.EB.B0.8D"></span>후안밍</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="부분 편집: 후안밍"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2020년 2월, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" class="extiw" title="en:University of Tennessee">테네시 대학</a>의 후안밍 교수가 차이나 이니셔티브에 따라 기소되었다. 그는 차이나 이니셔티브에 따라 중국과의 관계를 공개하지 않은 혐의로 체포되고 기소된 여러 중국 태생 연구원 중 한 명이었다.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2021년 6월 후의 재판에서 FBI 요원은 교수를 중국 스파이라고 거짓으로 고발하여 근거 없는 정보를 사용하여 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Fly_List" class="extiw" title="en:No Fly List">연방 비행금지 명단</a>에 올리고 2년 동안 그와 그의 아들을 스파이로 했다고 인정했다. FBI 요원인 쿠즈팀 사디쿠 또한 허위 정보를 사용하여 후가 미국 정부를 위한 스파이가 되도록 압력을 넣었다고 인정했다. 국제적으로 인정받는 용접 기술 전문가인 후가 중국을 위해 스파이 활동을 한 적이 있음을 시사하는 증거는 발견되지 않았다.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 변호인은 후가 중국 스파이가 없는 곳에서 중국 스파이를 찾기로 결심한 연방 요원들의 표적이 되었고, 요원들이 스파이 혐의를 확보하지 못하자 대신 사기 혐의로 전환했다고 주장했다.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>이번 사건은 오심으로 판결되면서 법무부가 중국 간첩을 색출하는 데 과도한 영향을 준 것 아니냐는 우려가 나오고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="탕후안"><span id=".ED.83.95.ED.9B.84.EC.95.88"></span>탕후안</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="부분 편집: 탕후안"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2020년 9월, 중국 암 연구가 탕후안(Tang Juan)은 중국 군대와의 관계를 은폐한 혐의로 기소된 미국 당국에 체포되어 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest" class="extiw" title="en:House arrest">가택연금</a>되었다. 탕은 보석이 거부되었고 나중에 가택 연금에 처했다. 2021년, 그녀는 그녀의 사건이 재판에 회부되지 않은 채 10개월 동안 감옥과 가택 연금 상태로 보낸 후 석방되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>이후 그녀는 중국군 소속이 아니라 중국군 시설에서 민간인으로만 근무했던 것으로 드러났다.<sup id="cite_ref-auto22_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto22-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="바이마다지에안광"><span id=".EB.B0.94.EC.9D.B4.EB.A7.88.EB.8B.A4.EC.A7.80.EC.97.90.EC.95.88.EA.B4.91"></span>바이마다지에안광</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="부분 편집: 바이마다지에안광"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" class="extiw" title="en:New York City Police Department">뉴욕시 경찰국</a>(NYPD)의 경찰관인 바이마다지에 안광은 중국을 위해 스파이 활동을 한 혐의로 2020년 9월 연방 구치소에서 체포되었다. 전직 해병은 이후 재판을 기다리는 동안 보석으로 풀려나기 전까지 6개월 동안 연방 구치소에서 생활했다. 갑자기 연방 검찰은 2021년 1월 추가 설명 없이 그에 대한 혐의를 취하했다.<sup id="cite_ref-BAPO_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAPO-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 그는 구금에 대한 보상을 전혀 받지 못했고 경찰로서의 직업을 잃었다.<sup id="cite_ref-BAPO2_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAPO2-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="참고문헌_및_참고"><span id=".EC.B0.B8.EA.B3.A0.EB.AC.B8.ED.97.8C_.EB.B0.8F_.EC.B0.B8.EA.B3.A0"></span>참고문헌 및 참고</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="부분 편집: 참고문헌 및 참고"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McClain19945-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-McClain19945_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">McClain, Charles J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofequali0000mccl">&#12298;In search of equality: the Chinese struggle against discrimination in 19th-century America&#12299;</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-520-08337-7" title="특수:책찾기/0-520-08337-7"><bdi>0-520-08337-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=In+search+of+equality%3A+the+Chinese+struggle+against+discrimination+in+19th-century+America&amp;rft.place=Berkeley&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=0-520-08337-7&amp;rft.aulast=McClain&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofequali0000mccl&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kearney,_Dennis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kearney,_Dennis_2-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kearney,_Dennis_2-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kearney, Dennis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5046/%7C">&#8220;<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Our Misery and Despair": Kearney Blasts Chinese Immigration&#8221;</a>. &#12298;historymatters.gmu.edu&#12299;<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2022년 10월 11일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=historymatters.gmu.edu&amp;rft.atitle=%22Our+Misery+and+Despair%22%3A+Kearney+Blasts+Chinese+Immigration&amp;rft.au=Kearney%2C+Dennis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorymatters.gmu.edu%2Fd%2F5046%2F%257C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&amp;dat=19961030&amp;id=QUxWAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6139,7927840">&#8220;Race riot tore apart Denver's Chinatown&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Eugene Register-Guard&#12299;. 1996년 10월 30일<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 28일에 확인함</span> &#8211; Google newspapers 경유.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Eugene+Register-Guard&amp;rft.atitle=Race+riot+tore+apart+Denver%27s+Chinatown&amp;rft.date=1996-10-30&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1310%26dat%3D19961030%26id%3DQUxWAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6139%2C7927840&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gyory, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427093024/https://books.google.com/books?id=x8OggvKjZSgC">&#12298;Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act&#12299;</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 10쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9780807847398" title="특수:책찾기/9780807847398"><bdi>9780807847398</bdi></a>. 2016년 4월 27일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x8OggvKjZSgC">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 7월 27일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Closing+the+Gate%3A+Race%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Chinese+Exclusion+Act&amp;rft.place=Chapel+Hill&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=9780807847398&amp;rft.aulast=Gyory&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx8OggvKjZSgC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Grad, Shelby (2021년 3월 18일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-03-18/reflecting-los-angeles-chinatown-massacre-after-atlanta-shootings">&#8220;The racist massacre that killed 10% of L.A.'s Chinese population and brought shame to the city&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Los Angeles Times&#12299;<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2022년 2월 8일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.atitle=The+racist+massacre+that+killed+10%25+of+L.A.%27s+Chinese+population+and+brought+shame+to+the+city&amp;rft.date=2021-03-18&amp;rft.aulast=Grad&amp;rft.aufirst=Shelby&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fcalifornia%2Fstory%2F2021-03-18%2Freflecting-los-angeles-chinatown-massacre-after-atlanta-shootings&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guisepi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Guisepi_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Guisepi, Robert A. (2007년 1월 29일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527055848/http://history-world.org/asian_americans.htm">&#8220;Asian Americans&#8221;</a>. &#12298;World History International&#12299;. 2011년 5월 27일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-world.org/asian_americans.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2008년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=World+History+International&amp;rft.atitle=Asian+Americans&amp;rft.date=2007-01-29&amp;rft.aulast=Guisepi&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-world.org%2Fasian_americans.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Art, Robert J (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25767046">&#8220;The United States and the Rise of China: Implications for the Long Haul&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Political Science Quarterly&#12299; <b>125</b> (3): 359–391. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-165X.2010.tb00678.x">10.1002/j.1538-165X.2010.tb00678.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195">0032-3195</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/25767046">25767046</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 2022년 2월 8일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&amp;rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+the+Rise+of+China%3A+Implications+for+the+Long+Haul&amp;rft.volume=125&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=359-391&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.issn=0032-3195&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25767046&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-165X.2010.tb00678.x&amp;rft.aulast=Art&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+J&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25767046&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2020" class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2020/02/12/coronavirus-fear-of-asians-rooted-in-long-american-history-of-prejudicial-policies/">&#8220;Berkeley News; Coronavirus: Fear of Asians rooted in long American history of prejudicial policies&#8221;</a>, &#12298;<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California,_Berkeley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California, Berkeley (없는 문서)">University of California, Berkeley</a>&#12299;, 2020년 2월 12일<span class="reference-accessdate">, 2020년 9월 20일에 확인함</span>, <q>History is resurfacing again, with China becoming a stronger country and more competitive and a threat to U.S. dominance today, just like Japan was a threat during the Second World War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&amp;rft.atitle=Berkeley+News%3B+Coronavirus%3A+Fear+of+Asians+rooted+in+long+American+history+of+prejudicial+policies&amp;rft.date=2020-02-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.berkeley.edu%2F2020%2F02%2F12%2Fcoronavirus-fear-of-asians-rooted-in-long-american-history-of-prejudicial-policies%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Griffiths, James Griffiths (2019년 5월 25일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/05/24/business/us-china-trade-war-japan-intl/index.html">&#8220;The US won a trade war against Japan. But China is a whole new ball game&#8221;</a>. &#12298;CNN&#12299;<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2022년 1월 4일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft.atitle=The+US+won+a+trade+war+against+Japan.+But+China+is+a+whole+new+ball+game&amp;rft.date=2019-05-25&amp;rft.aulast=Griffiths&amp;rft.aufirst=James+Griffiths&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F05%2F24%2Fbusiness%2Fus-china-trade-war-japan-intl%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Reny, Tyler T.; Barreto, Matt A. (2020년 5월 28일). &#8220;Xenophobia in the time of pandemic: othering, anti-Asian attitudes, and COVID-19&#8221;. &#12298;Politics, Groups, and Identities&#12299; <b>10</b> (2): 209–232. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F21565503.2020.1769693">10.1080/21565503.2020.1769693</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2156-5503">2156-5503</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219749159">219749159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Politics%2C+Groups%2C+and+Identities&amp;rft.atitle=Xenophobia+in+the+time+of+pandemic%3A+othering%2C+anti-Asian+attitudes%2C+and+COVID-19&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=209-232&amp;rft.date=2020-05-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219749159&amp;rft.issn=2156-5503&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21565503.2020.1769693&amp;rft.aulast=Reny&amp;rft.aufirst=Tyler+T.&amp;rft.au=Barreto%2C+Matt+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">White, Alexandre I. R. (2020년 4월 18일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154503">&#8220;Historical linkages: epidemic threat, economic risk, and xenophobia&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The Lancet&#12299; (영어) <b>395</b> (10232): 1250–1251. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2820%2930737-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30737-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154503">7154503</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32224298">32224298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&amp;rft.atitle=Historical+linkages%3A+epidemic+threat%2C+economic+risk%2C+and+xenophobia&amp;rft.volume=395&amp;rft.issue=10232&amp;rft.pages=1250-1251&amp;rft.date=2020-04-18&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7154503&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32224298&amp;rft.issn=0140-6736&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2820%2930737-6&amp;rft.aulast=White&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexandre+I.+R.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7154503&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Devakumar, Delan; Shannon, Geordan; Bhopal, Sunil S; Abubakar, Ibrahim (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7146645">&#8220;Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The Lancet&#12299; <b>395</b> (10231): 1194. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2820%2930792-3">10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30792-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7146645">7146645</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32246915">32246915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&amp;rft.atitle=Racism+and+discrimination+in+COVID-19+responses&amp;rft.volume=395&amp;rft.issue=10231&amp;rft.pages=1194&amp;rft.date=2020-04&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7146645&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32246915&amp;rft.issn=0140-6736&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2820%2930792-3&amp;rft.aulast=Devakumar&amp;rft.aufirst=Delan&amp;rft.au=Shannon%2C+Geordan&amp;rft.au=Bhopal%2C+Sunil+S&amp;rft.au=Abubakar%2C+Ibrahim&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7146645&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/07/01/many-black-and-asian-americans-say-they-have-experienced-discrimination-amid-the-covid-19-outbreak/">&#8220;Many Black, Asian Americans Say They Have Experienced Discrimination Amid Coronavirus&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Pew Research Center's Social &amp; Demographic Trends Project&#12299; (미국 영어). 2020년 7월 1일<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 7월 1일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Social+%26+Demographic+Trends+Project&amp;rft.atitle=Many+Black%2C+Asian+Americans+Say+They+Have+Experienced+Discrimination+Amid+Coronavirus&amp;rft.date=2020-07-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewsocialtrends.org%2F2020%2F07%2F01%2Fmany-black-and-asian-americans-say-they-have-experienced-discrimination-amid-the-covid-19-outbreak%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Chelsea Daniels, Paul DiMaggio, G. Cristina Mora, Hana Shepherd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/populationCenter/documents/Has%20Pandemic%20Threat%20Stoked%20Xenophobia%20aggregate%2012%202%202020%20w%20cover%20page.pdf">&#8220;Does Pandemic Threat Stoke Xenophobia?&#8221;</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_University_College_of_Arts_%26_Science&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="New York University College of Arts &amp; Science (없는 문서)">New York University College of Arts &amp; Science</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 2021년 5월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Does+Pandemic+Threat+Stoke+Xenophobia%3F&amp;rft.pub=New+York+University+College+of+Arts+%26+Science&amp;rft.au=Chelsea+Daniels%2C+Paul+DiMaggio%2C+G.+Cristina+Mora%2C+Hana+Shepherd&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fas.nyu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fnyu-as%2FpopulationCenter%2Fdocuments%2FHas%2520Pandemic%2520Threat%2520Stoked%2520Xenophobia%2520aggregate%252012%25202%25202020%2520w%2520cover%2520page.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">링크</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-survey-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-survey_15-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-survey_15-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.committee100.org/press_release/national-survey-data-shows-nearly-3-out-of-every-4-chinese-americans-have-experienced-racial-discrimination-in-the-past-12-months/">&#8220;National Survey Data Shows Nearly 3 Out Of Every 4 Chinese Americans Have Experienced Racial Discrimination In The Past 12 Months&#8221;</a>. 2023년 5월 2일.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=National+Survey+Data+Shows+Nearly+3+Out+Of+Every+4+Chinese+Americans+Have+Experienced+Racial+Discrimination+In+The+Past+12+Months&amp;rft.date=2023-05-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.committee100.org%2Fpress_release%2Fnational-survey-data-shows-nearly-3-out-of-every-4-chinese-americans-have-experienced-racial-discrimination-in-the-past-12-months%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Norton, Henry K. (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509090327/http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist6/chinhate.html">&#12298;The Story of California From the Earliest Days to the Present&#12299;</a>. Chicago: A.C. McClurg &amp; Co. 283–296쪽. 2008년 5월 9일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist6/chinhate.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 10월 2일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Story+of+California+From+the+Earliest+Days+to+the+Present&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pages=283-296&amp;rft.pub=A.C.+McClurg+%26+Co.&amp;rft.date=1924&amp;rft.aulast=Norton&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry+K.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfmuseum.net%2Fhist6%2Fchinhate.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ling, Huping (2004). &#12298;Chinese St. Louis: From Enclave to Cultural Community&#12299;. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_University_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Temple University Press (없는 문서)">Temple University Press</a>. 68쪽. <q>The murder of Elsie Sigel immediately grabbed the front pages of newspapers, which portrayed Chinese men as dangerous to "innocent" and "virtuous" young white women. This murder led to a surge in the harassment of Chinese in communities across the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chinese+St.+Louis%3A+From+Enclave+to+Cultural+Community&amp;rft.pages=68&amp;rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Ling&amp;rft.aufirst=Huping&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Gompers&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Gompers (없는 문서)">Gompers, Samuel</a>; Gustadt, Herman (1902). &#12298;Meat vs. Rice: American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism: Which Shall Survive?&#12299;. <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="American Federation of Labor (없는 문서)">American Federation of Labor</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Meat+vs.+Rice%3A+American+Manhood+against+Asiatic+Coolieism%3A+Which+Shall+Survive%3F&amp;rft.pub=American+Federation+of+Labor&amp;rft.date=1902&amp;rft.aulast=Gompers&amp;rft.aufirst=Samuel&amp;rft.au=Gustadt%2C+Herman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Him_Mark_Lai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Him Mark Lai (없는 문서)">Lai, Him Mark</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madeline_Y._Hsu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Madeline Y. Hsu (없는 문서)">Hsu, Madeline Y.</a> (2010). &#12298;Chinese American Transnational Politics&#12299;. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Illinois_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Illinois Press (없는 문서)">University of Illinois Press</a>. 53–54쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chinese+American+Transnational+Politics&amp;rft.pages=53-54&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.au=Lai%2C+Him+Mark&amp;rft.au=Hsu%2C+Madeline+Y.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YP-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-YP_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721072208/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746032,00.html">&#8220;Foreign News: Again, Yellow Peril&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Time&#12299;. 1933년 9월 11일. 2013년 7월 21일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746032,00.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 10월 2일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft.atitle=Foreign+News%3A+Again%2C+Yellow+Peril&amp;rft.date=1933-09-11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C746032%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118114642/http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=revelation%2016%3A12-16%3A12&amp;version=50">&#8220;Revelation 16:12 (New King James Version)&#8221;</a>. BibleGateway.com. 2007년 11월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=revelation%2016:12-16:12&amp;version=50">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2007년 11월 5일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Revelation+16%3A12+%28New+King+James+Version%29&amp;rft.pub=BibleGateway.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3Drevelation%252016%3A12-16%3A12%26version%3D50&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYU-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYU_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013201844/http://boas.wordpress.com/2006/08/19/nyus-archivist-of-the-yellow-peril-exhibit/">&#8220;NYU's "Archivist of the Yellow Peril" Exhibit&#8221;</a>. Boas Blog. 2006년 8월 19일. 2007년 10월 13일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boas.wordpress.com/2006/08/19/nyus-archivist-of-the-yellow-peril-exhibit/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2007년 11월 5일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NYU%27s+%22Archivist+of+the+Yellow+Peril%22+Exhibit&amp;rft.pub=Boas+Blog&amp;rft.date=2006-08-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboas.wordpress.com%2F2006%2F08%2F19%2Fnyus-archivist-of-the-yellow-peril-exhibit%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Katayama, Lisa (2008년 8월 29일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407181304/http://io9.com/5043319/the-yellow-peril-fu-manchu-and-the-ethnic-future">&#8220;The Yellow Peril, Fu Manchu, and the Ethnic Future&#8221;</a>. &#12298;io9&#12299;. 2012년 4월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://io9.com/5043319/the-yellow-peril-fu-manchu-and-the-ethnic-future">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 10월 2일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=io9&amp;rft.atitle=The+Yellow+Peril%2C+Fu+Manchu%2C+and+the+Ethnic+Future&amp;rft.date=2008-08-29&amp;rft.au=Katayama%2C+Lisa&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fio9.com%2F5043319%2Fthe-yellow-peril-fu-manchu-and-the-ethnic-future&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tombstonetraveltips.com/us-immigration-1800s.html">&#8220;US Immigration 1800s&#8221;</a>. &#12298;TombstoneTravelTips&#12299;. Picture Rocks Networking. 2022년 4월 13일.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=TombstoneTravelTips&amp;rft.atitle=US+Immigration+1800s&amp;rft.date=2022-04-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tombstonetraveltips.com%2Fus-immigration-1800s.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=131096">&#8220;Hoptown Chinese Section 1879&#8221;</a>. Historical Marker Database.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hoptown+Chinese+Section+1879&amp;rft.pub=Historical+Marker+Database&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmdb.org%2Fm.asp%3Fm%3D131096&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bernhardt, Jeff (1886년 4월 28일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&amp;d=DAC18860428.2.26">&#8220;THE ANTI-CHINESE LEAGUE&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Daily Alta California&#12299; <b>40</b> (13393).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Daily+Alta+California&amp;rft.atitle=THE+ANTI-CHINESE+LEAGUE&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=13393&amp;rft.date=1886-04-28&amp;rft.aulast=Bernhardt&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeff&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DDAC18860428.2.26&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Elliott, Jeff (2018년 6월 6일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://santarosahistory.com/wordpress/2018/06/santa-rosa-1886-the-chinese-must-go-maybe/">&#8220;THE YEAR OF THE ANTI-CHINESE LEAGUE&#8221;</a>. Santa Rosa History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=THE+YEAR+OF+THE+ANTI-CHINESE+LEAGUE&amp;rft.pub=Santa+Rosa+History&amp;rft.date=2018-06-06&amp;rft.aulast=Elliott&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeff&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsantarosahistory.com%2Fwordpress%2F2018%2F06%2Fsanta-rosa-1886-the-chinese-must-go-maybe%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoS-85-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BoS-85_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Farwell, Willard B. (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616203801/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100158894">&#12298;The Chinese at home and abroad: together with the Report of the Special Committee of the Board of Supervisors of San Francisco on the Condition of the Chinese quarter of that city&#12299;</a>. San Francisco: A.L. Bancroft &amp; Co. 2018년 6월 16일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100158894">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 6월 16일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chinese+at+home+and+abroad%3A+together+with+the+Report+of+the+Special+Committee+of+the+Board+of+Supervisors+of+San+Francisco+on+the+Condition+of+the+Chinese+quarter+of+that+city&amp;rft.place=San+Francisco&amp;rft.pub=A.L.+Bancroft+%26+Co.&amp;rft.date=1885&amp;rft.au=Farwell%2C+Willard+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F100158894&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Chin, Gabriel J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514172544/http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/immigr10.htm">&#8220;Harlan, Chinese and Chinese Americans&#8221;</a>. University of Dayton Law School. 2011년 5월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/immigr10.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 10월 2일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Harlan%2C+Chinese+and+Chinese+Americans&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Dayton+Law+School&amp;rft.aulast=Chin&amp;rft.aufirst=Gabriel+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.udayton.edu%2Frace%2F02rights%2Fimmigr10.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto12_30-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto12_30-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/ulysses-s-grant-chinese-immigration-and-the-page-act-of-1875.htm">&#8220;Ulysses S. Grant, Chinese Immigration, and the Page Act of 1875&#8221;</a>. &#12298;www.nps.gov&#12299;. National Park Service. 2021년 3월 24일<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2021년 4월 16일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Ulysses+S.+Grant%2C+Chinese+Immigration%2C+and+the+Page+Act+of+1875&amp;rft.date=2021-03-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2F000%2Fulysses-s-grant-chinese-immigration-and-the-page-act-of-1875.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Article XIX of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.cdn.sos.ca.gov/collections/1879/archive/1879-constitution.pdf">Constitution of the State of California of 1879</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426045727/https://archives.cdn.sos.ca.gov/collections/1879/archive/1879-constitution.pdf">보관됨</a> 4월 26, 2020 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Whitman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James Whitman (없는 문서)">Whitman, James</a> (2017) <i>Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Princeton University Press (없는 문서)">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 35. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r38117996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9780691172422" title="특수:책찾기/9780691172422">9780691172422</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">only one out of approximately eighty non-Chinese applicants was denied a permit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919061701/http://www.lawnix.com/cases/yick-wo-hopkins.html">&#8220;Yick Wo v. Hopkins – Case Brief Summary&#8221;</a>. &#12298;www.lawnix.com&#12299;. 2018년 9월 19일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawnix.com/cases/yick-wo-hopkins.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2021년 4월 15일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.lawnix.com&amp;rft.atitle=Yick+Wo+v.+Hopkins+%E2%80%93+Case+Brief+Summary&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawnix.com%2Fcases%2Fyick-wo-hopkins.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citation-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-citation_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yick Wo v. Hopkins</i>,&#32;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_118" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 118">118</a>&#32;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports" class="extiw" title="en:United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/118/356/">356</a>&#32;(1886). <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80:Usgovpd&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="틀:Usgovpd (없는 문서)">틀:Usgovpd</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yeefow-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-yeefow_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003143938/http://www.yeefow.com/past/1882.html">&#8220;An Evidentiary Timeline on the History of Sacramento's Chinatown: 1882 – American Sinophobia, The Chinese Exclusion Act and "The Driving Out<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>&#8221;</a>. Friends of the Yee Fow Museum, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacramento,_California&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacramento, California (없는 문서)">Sacramento, California</a>. 2011년 10월 3일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yeefow.com/past/1882.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2021년 4월 15일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=An+Evidentiary+Timeline+on+the+History+of+Sacramento%27s+Chinatown%3A+1882+%E2%80%93+American+Sinophobia%2C+The+Chinese+Exclusion+Act+and+%22The+Driving+Out%22&amp;rft.pub=Friends+of+the+Yee+Fow+Museum%2C+Sacramento%2C+California&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yeefow.com%2Fpast%2F1882.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Moon, Krystyn R. (May 2018). &#8220;Immigration Restrictions and International Education: Early Tensions in the Pacific Northwest, 1890s–1910s&#8221;. &#12298;History of Education Quarterly&#12299; <b>58</b> (2): 261–294. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2018.2">10.1017/heq.2018.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150233388">150233388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&amp;rft.atitle=Immigration+Restrictions+and+International+Education%3A+Early+Tensions+in+the+Pacific+Northwest%2C+1890s%E2%80%931910s&amp;rft.volume=58&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=261-294&amp;rft.date=2018-05&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fheq.2018.2&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150233388&amp;rft.aulast=Moon&amp;rft.aufirst=Krystyn+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mem-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mem_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090810043800/http://memory.loc.gov/learn//features/immig/chinese6.html">&#8220;Exclusion&#8221;</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 2003년 9월 1일. 2009년 8월 10일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/learn//features/immig/chinese6.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2021년 4월 15일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Exclusion&amp;rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&amp;rft.date=2003-09-01&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Flearn%2F%2Ffeatures%2Fimmig%2Fchinese6.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usn-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usn_39-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usn_39-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070328223654/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page47.htm">&#8220;The People's Vote: Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)&#8221;</a>. &#12298;US News&#12299;. 2007년 3월 28일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page47.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=US+News&amp;rft.atitle=The+People%27s+Vote%3A+Chinese+Exclusion+Act+%281882%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fusnews%2Fdocuments%2Fdocpages%2Fdocument_page47.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chen, An (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619190050/http://www.csiel.org/Upload/ueditor/files/2016-10-24/C%20.626%EF%BC%8C%E8%AF%84%E9%BB%84%E7%A5%B8%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AC%E6%BA%90_%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%A8%EF%BC%88%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89-bd4a2d13-b095-42d2-913c-28dd17eb58da.pdf">&#8220;On the Source, Essence of "Yellow Peril" Doctrine and Its Latest Hegemony "Variant" – the "China Threat" Doctrine: From the Perspective of Historical Mainstream of Sino-Foreign Economic Interactions and Their Inherent Jurisprudential Principles&#8221;</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. &#12298;The Journal of World Investment &amp; Trade&#12299; <b>13</b>: 1–58. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163%2F221190012X621526">10.1163/221190012X621526</a>. 2018년 6월 19일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csiel.org/Upload/ueditor/files/2016-10-24/C%20.626%EF%BC%8C%E8%AF%84%E9%BB%84%E7%A5%B8%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AC%E6%BA%90_%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%A8%EF%BC%88%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89-bd4a2d13-b095-42d2-913c-28dd17eb58da.pdf">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 6월 19일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+World+Investment+%26+Trade&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Source%2C+Essence+of+%22Yellow+Peril%22+Doctrine+and+Its+Latest+Hegemony+%22Variant%22+%E2%80%93+the+%22China+Threat%22+Doctrine%3A+From+the+Perspective+of+Historical+Mainstream+of+Sino-Foreign+Economic+Interactions+and+Their+Inherent+Jurisprudential+Principles&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=1-58&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F221190012X621526&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C+An&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csiel.org%2FUpload%2Fueditor%2Ffiles%2F2016-10-24%2FC%2520.626%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25AF%2584%25E9%25BB%2584%25E7%25A5%25B8%25E8%25AE%25BA%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%259C%25AC%25E6%25BA%2590_%25E6%259C%25AC%25E8%25B4%25A8%25EF%25BC%2588%25E8%258B%25B1%25E6%2596%2587%25E7%2589%2588%25EF%25BC%2589-bd4a2d13-b095-42d2-913c-28dd17eb58da.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schrecker, John (March 2010). &#8220;<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>For the Equality of Men - For the Equality of Nations": Anson Burlingame and China's First Embassy to the United States, 1868&#8221;. &#12298;Journal of American-East Asian Relations&#12299; <b>17</b> (1): 9–34. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163%2F187656110X523717">10.1163/187656110X523717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American-East+Asian+Relations&amp;rft.atitle=%22For+the+Equality+of+Men+-+For+the+Equality+of+Nations%22%3A+Anson+Burlingame+and+China%27s+First+Embassy+to+the+United+States%2C+1868&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=9-34&amp;rft.date=2010-03&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187656110X523717&amp;rft.aulast=Schrecker&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://burlingame.wikispaces.com/file/view/Burlingame+JAEAR.pdf">Alternate URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619190057/https://burlingame.wikispaces.com/file/view/Burlingame+JAEAR.pdf">보관됨</a> 6월 19, 2018 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chin-2013-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chin-2013_42-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chin-2013_42-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chin-2013_42-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chin-2013_42-3">라</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chin, Philip (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619190019/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/85234407/chinese-exclusion-act-1882">&#8220;The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Chinese American Forum&#12299; <b>28</b> (3): 8–13. 2018년 6월 19일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/85234407/chinese-exclusion-act-1882">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 6월 19일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chinese+American+Forum&amp;rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Exclusion+Act+of+1882&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=8-13&amp;rft.date=2013-01&amp;rft.au=Chin%2C+Philip&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F85234407%2Fchinese-exclusion-act-1882&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>&#160;Direct URLs: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chineseamericanheroes.org/history/Chinese%20Exclusion%20Act%20Part%201.pdf">Part 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912184536/http://www.chineseamericanheroes.org/history/Chinese%20Exclusion%20Act%20Part%201.pdf">보관됨</a> 9월 12, 2015 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chineseamericanheroes.org/history/Chinese%20Exclusion%20Act%20Part%202.pdf">Part 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912123726/http://www.chineseamericanheroes.org/history/Chinese%20Exclusion%20Act%20Part%202.pdf">보관됨</a> 9월 12, 2015 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chineseamericanheroes.org/history/Chinese%20Exclusion%20Act%20Part%203.pdf">Part 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912131112/http://www.chineseamericanheroes.org/history/Chinese%20Exclusion%20Act%20Part%203.pdf">보관됨</a> 9월 12, 2015 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619213756/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&amp;d=DAC18820301.2.42">&#8220;Senator Miller's Great Anti-Chinese Speech&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Daily Alta California&#12299;. 1882년 3월 1일. 2018년 6월 19일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&amp;d=DAC18820301.2.42">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 6월 19일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Daily+Alta+California&amp;rft.atitle=Senator+Miller%27s+Great+Anti-Chinese+Speech&amp;rft.date=1882-03-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcdnc%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DDAC18820301.2.42&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoC-CEA2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LoC-CEA2_44-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LoC-CEA2_44-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619213839/https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/chinese.html">&#8220;Primary Documents in American History: Chinese Exclusion Act&#8221;</a>. The Library of Congress. 2018년 6월 19일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/chinese.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 6월 19일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Primary+Documents+in+American+History%3A+Chinese+Exclusion+Act&amp;rft.pub=The+Library+of+Congress&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fprogram%2Fbib%2Fourdocs%2Fchinese.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lyman, Stanford M. (Summer 2000). &#8220;The "Yellow Peril" Mystique: Origins and Vicissitudes of a Racist Discourse&#8221;. &#12298;International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society&#12299; (<a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>) <b>13</b> (4): 699. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022931309651">10.1023/A:1022931309651</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/20020056">20020056</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141218786">141218786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society&amp;rft.atitle=The+%22Yellow+Peril%22+Mystique%3A+Origins+and+Vicissitudes+of+a+Racist+Discourse&amp;rft.ssn=summer&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=699&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141218786&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20020056&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1022931309651&amp;rft.aulast=Lyman&amp;rft.aufirst=Stanford+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schr-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schr_46-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schr_46-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schrecker, Ellen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manyarecrimesmcc00schr">&#12298;Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America&#12299;</a>. Little, Brown. xiii쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-316-77470-7" title="특수:책찾기/0-316-77470-7"><bdi>0-316-77470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Many+Are+the+Crimes%3A+McCarthyism+in+America&amp;rft.pages=xiii&amp;rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=0-316-77470-7&amp;rft.aulast=Schrecker&amp;rft.aufirst=Ellen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanyarecrimesmcc00schr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schr2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schr2_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schrecker, Ellen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manyarecrimesmcc00schr/page/4">&#12298;Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America&#12299;</a>. Little, Brown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manyarecrimesmcc00schr/page/4">4</a>쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-316-77470-7" title="특수:책찾기/0-316-77470-7"><bdi>0-316-77470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Many+Are+the+Crimes%3A+McCarthyism+in+America&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=0-316-77470-7&amp;rft.aulast=Schrecker&amp;rft.aufirst=Ellen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanyarecrimesmcc00schr%2Fpage%2F4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caltech1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-caltech1_48-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-caltech1_48-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928124208/http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id=39604">&#8220;Tsien Hsue-Shen Dies&#8221;</a>. 2009년 11월 2일. 2011년 9월 28일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id%3D39604">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 10월 2일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tsien+Hsue-Shen+Dies&amp;rft.date=2009-11-02&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoday.caltech.edu%2Ftoday%2Fstory-display.tcl%3Fstory_id%253D39604&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caltech12-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-caltech12_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928124208/http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id=39604">&#8220;Tsien Hsue-Shen Dies&#8221;</a>. 2009년 11월 2일. 2011년 9월 28일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id%3D39604">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 10월 2일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tsien+Hsue-Shen+Dies&amp;rft.date=2009-11-02&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoday.caltech.edu%2Ftoday%2Fstory-display.tcl%3Fstory_id%253D39604&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013065539/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-06/us-trained-scientist-was-deported-then-became-father-chinese-rocketry">&#8220;Meet the US-trained scientist who was deported to China, and became a national hero&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Pri.org&#12299;. 2017년 2월 6일. 2017년 10월 13일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-06/us-trained-scientist-was-deported-then-became-father-chinese-rocketry">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2017년 10월 13일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Pri.org&amp;rft.atitle=Meet+the+US-trained+scientist+who+was+deported+to+China%2C+and+became+a+national+hero&amp;rft.date=2017-02-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2017-02-06%2Fus-trained-scientist-was-deported-then-became-father-chinese-rocketry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028024529/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/world/asia/04qian.html">&#8220;Qian Xuesen, Father of China's Space Program, Dies at 98&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The New York Times&#12299;. 2009년 11월 3일. 2017년 10월 28일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/world/asia/04qian.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2017년 12월 20일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Qian+Xuesen%2C+Father+of+China%27s+Space+Program%2C+Dies+at+98&amp;rft.date=2009-11-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F04%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F04qian.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115040111/https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-qian-xuesen1-2009nov01-story.html">&#8220;Qian Xuesen dies at 98; rocket scientist helped establish Jet Propulsion Laboratory&#8221;</a>. &#12298;<a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>&#12299;. 2014년 9월 17일. 2020년 1월 15일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-qian-xuesen1-2009nov01-story.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 4월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Qian+Xuesen+dies+at+98%3B+rocket+scientist+helped+establish+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&amp;rft.date=2014-09-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fla-me-qian-xuesen1-2009nov01-story.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927095901/http://www.ycwb.com/ePaper/xkb/html/2011-05/07/content_1105830.htm">&#8220;21世纪新闻排行中国崛起居首位&#8221;</a> (중국어). 2011년 9월 27일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ycwb.com/ePaper/xkb/html/2011-05/07/content_1105830.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 10월 2일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=21%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E6%8E%92%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%A6%96%E4%BD%8D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ycwb.com%2FePaper%2Fxkb%2Fhtml%2F2011-05%2F07%2Fcontent_1105830.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chi-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chi_54-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chi_54-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Chi, Frank (2010년 11월 8일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191752/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/blogs/the_angle/2010/11/campaign_ads_ch.html">&#8220;In campaign ads, China is fair game; Chinese-Americans are not&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The Boston Globe&#12299;. 2016년 3월 3일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/blogs/the_angle/2010/11/campaign_ads_ch.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 4월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&amp;rft.atitle=In+campaign+ads%2C+China+is+fair+game%3B+Chinese-Americans+are+not&amp;rft.date=2010-11-08&amp;rft.aulast=Chi&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fbostonglobe%2Feditorial_opinion%2Fblogs%2Fthe_angle%2F2010%2F11%2Fcampaign_ads_ch.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lyden-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lyden_55-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lyden_55-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lyden, Jacki (2010년 10월 27일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126011025/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130860571">&#8220;Critics Say Political Ads Hint Of Xenophobia&#8221;</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" class="mw-disambig" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 2010년 11월 26일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130860571">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2010년 12월 5일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Critics+Say+Political+Ads+Hint+Of+Xenophobia&amp;rft.date=2010-10-27&amp;rft.aulast=Lyden&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacki&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D130860571&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Yang, Jeff (2010년 10월 27일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125112803/http://www.npr.org/blogs/tellmemore/2010/10/27/130865009/playing-the-china-card">&#8220;Politicians Play The China Card&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Tell Me More&#12299; (<a href="/wiki/NPR" class="mw-disambig" title="NPR">NPR</a>). 2010년 11월 25일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/tellmemore/2010/10/27/130865009/playing-the-china-card">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2010년 12월 5일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Tell+Me+More&amp;rft.atitle=Politicians+Play+The+China+Card&amp;rft.date=2010-10-27&amp;rft.aulast=Yang&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeff&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Ftellmemore%2F2010%2F10%2F27%2F130865009%2Fplaying-the-china-card&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_57-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_57-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Smith, Ben (2010년 10월 22일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111093028/http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/1010/Behind_the_Chinese_Professor.html">&#8220;Behind The Chinese Professor&#8221;</a>. 2012년 1월 11일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/1010/Behind_the_Chinese_Professor.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 10월 2일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Behind+The+Chinese+Professor&amp;rft.date=2010-10-22&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fblogs%2Fbensmith%2F1010%2FBehind_the_Chinese_Professor.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Fallows, James (2010년 10월 21일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170112145929/http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/10/the-phenomenal-chinese-professor-ad/64982/">&#8220;The Phenomenal Chinese Professor Ad&#8221;</a>. 2017년 1월 12일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/10/the-phenomenal-chinese-professor-ad/64982">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2017년 3월 5일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Phenomenal+Chinese+Professor+Ad&amp;rft.date=2010-10-21&amp;rft.aulast=Fallows&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2010%2F10%2Fthe-phenomenal-chinese-professor-ad%2F64982&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardiannasa-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-guardiannasa_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ian Sample. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001734/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/oct/05/us-scientists-boycott-nasa-china-ban">&#8220;US scientists boycott Nasa conference over China ban&#8221;</a>. &#12298;<a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>&#12299;. 2013년 10월 5일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/oct/05/us-scientists-boycott-nasa-china-ban">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2013년 10월 5일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=US+scientists+boycott+Nasa+conference+over+China+ban&amp;rft.au=Ian+Sample&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2013%2Foct%2F05%2Fus-scientists-boycott-nasa-china-ban&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-justice1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-justice1_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSeitz2011" class="citation">Seitz, Virginia (2011년 9월 11일), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713080223/http://www.justice.gov/olc/2011/conduct-diplomacy.pdf">&#8220;Memorandum Opinion for the General Counsel, Office of Science and Technology Policy&#8221;</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, &#12298;Office of Legal Counsel&#12299; <b>35</b>, 2012년 7월 13일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/olc/2011/conduct-diplomacy.pdf">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">, 2012년 5월 23일에 확인함</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Office+of+Legal+Counsel&amp;rft.atitle=Memorandum+Opinion+for+the+General+Counsel%2C+Office+of+Science+and+Technology+Policy&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.date=2011-09-11&amp;rft.aulast=Seitz&amp;rft.aufirst=Virginia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Folc%2F2011%2Fconduct-diplomacy.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Culberson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Culberson (없는 문서)">Culberson, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130915190451/http://culberson.house.gov/bolden-in-beijing/">&#8220;Bolden to Beijing?&#8221;</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_of_Representatives&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="United States House of Representatives (없는 문서)">United States House of Representatives</a>. 2013년 9월 15일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culberson.house.gov/bolden-in-beijing/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2013년 10월 5일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bolden+to+Beijing%3F&amp;rft.pub=United+States+House+of+Representatives&amp;rft.au=Culberson%2C+John&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fculberson.house.gov%2Fbolden-in-beijing%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131132346/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ibrYS4QQxp6thtEhJ3eNUxpbFY3Q?docId=CNG.565ee48525115af679ae1f1a39cb58f1.12b1">&#8220;NASA chief to visit China&#8221;</a>. AFP. 2014년 1월 31일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ibrYS4QQxp6thtEhJ3eNUxpbFY3Q?docId=CNG.565ee48525115af679ae1f1a39cb58f1.12b1">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2013년 10월 5일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+chief+to+visit+China&amp;rft.pub=AFP&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5ibrYS4QQxp6thtEhJ3eNUxpbFY3Q%3FdocId%3DCNG.565ee48525115af679ae1f1a39cb58f1.12b1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PalmerSchreckinger-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PalmerSchreckinger_63-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PalmerSchreckinger_63-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Doug Palmer &amp; Ben Schreckinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2015/11/donald-trump-china-currency-manipulation-215679">Trump's trade views vows to declare China a currency manipulator on Day One</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307214223/https://www.politico.com/story/2015/11/donald-trump-china-currency-manipulation-215679">보관됨</a> 3월 7, 2018 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>, <i>Politico</i> (November 10, 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haberman-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Haberman_64-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haberman, Maggie (January 7, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/07/donald-trump-says-he-favors-big-tariffs-on-chinese-exports/">Donald Trump Says He Favors Big Tariffs on Chinese Exports</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160721091226/http://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/07/donald-trump-says-he-favors-big-tariffs-on-chinese-exports/">보관됨</a> 7월 21, 2016 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appelaum2-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Appelaum2_65-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Appelaum, Binyamin (March 10, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/11/us/politics/-trade-donald-trump-breaks-200-years-economic-orthodoxy-mercantilism.html">On Trade, Donald Trump Breaks With 200 Years of Economic Orthodoxy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160925032503/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/11/us/politics/-trade-donald-trump-breaks-200-years-economic-orthodoxy-mercantilism.html">보관됨</a> 9월 25, 2016 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530174412/http://www.foxnews.com/transcript/2016/02/11/donald-trump-on-trade-deficit-with-china/">&#8220;Donald Trump on the trade deficit with China&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Fox News&#12299;. 2016년 2월 11일. 2016년 5월 30일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/transcript/2016/02/11/donald-trump-on-trade-deficit-with-china/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2016년 5월 24일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Fox+News&amp;rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+on+the+trade+deficit+with+China&amp;rft.date=2016-02-11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Ftranscript%2F2016%2F02%2F11%2Fdonald-trump-on-trade-deficit-with-china%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521161053/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/05/20/trump-who-the-hell-cares-if-theres-a-trade-war/">&#8220;Trump: 'Who the hell cares if there's a trade war?<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The Washington Post&#12299;. 2016년 5월 21일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/05/20/trump-who-the-hell-cares-if-theres-a-trade-war/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2016년 5월 21일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Trump%3A+%27Who+the+hell+cares+if+there%27s+a+trade+war%3F%27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2016%2F05%2F20%2Ftrump-who-the-hell-cares-if-theres-a-trade-war%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623195544/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-36185275/china-accused-of-trade-rape-by-donald-trump">&#8220;China accused of trade 'rape' by Donald Trump&#8221;</a>. &#12298;BBC News&#12299;. 2016년 5월 2일. 2019년 6월 23일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-36185275/china-accused-of-trade-rape-by-donald-trump">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 6월 23일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=China+accused+of+trade+%27rape%27+by+Donald+Trump&amp;rft.date=2016-05-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fworld-us-canada-36185275%2Fchina-accused-of-trade-rape-by-donald-trump&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perlez-2019-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Perlez-2019_69-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Perlez-2019_69-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Perlez-2019_69-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Perlez, Jane (2019년 4월 14일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714104329/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/14/world/asia/china-academics-fbi-visa-bans.html">&#8220;F.B.I. Bars Some China Scholars From Visiting U.S. Over Spying Fears&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The New York Times&#12299;. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 2019년 7월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/14/world/asia/china-academics-fbi-visa-bans.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 7월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=F.B.I.+Bars+Some+China+Scholars+From+Visiting+U.S.+Over+Spying+Fears&amp;rft.date=2019-04-14&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Perlez&amp;rft.aufirst=Jane&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F14%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-academics-fbi-visa-bans.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Yoon-Hendricks, Alexandra (2018년 7월 25일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714182433/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/25/us/politics/visa-restrictions-chinese-students.html">&#8220;Visa Restrictions for Chinese Students Alarm Academia&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The New York Times&#12299;. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 2019년 7월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/25/us/politics/visa-restrictions-chinese-students.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 7월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Visa+Restrictions+for+Chinese+Students+Alarm+Academia&amp;rft.date=2018-07-25&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Yoon-Hendricks&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexandra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F25%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fvisa-restrictions-chinese-students.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714182433/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/chinese-students-in-limbo-as-wait-for-us-visas-stretches-for-months">&#8220;Chinese students in limbo as wait for US visas stretches for months&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The Straits Times&#12299;. 2019년 4월 2일. 2019년 7월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/chinese-students-in-limbo-as-wait-for-us-visas-stretches-for-months">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 7월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Chinese+students+in+limbo+as+wait+for+US+visas+stretches+for+months&amp;rft.date=2019-04-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Feast-asia%2Fchinese-students-in-limbo-as-wait-for-us-visas-stretches-for-months&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714042258/https://www.npr.org/2019/04/25/716032871/visas-are-the-newest-weapon-in-u-s-china-rivalry">&#8220;Visas Are The Newest Weapon In U.S.-China Rivalry&#8221;</a>. &#12298;NPR&#12299;. 2019년 7월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/04/25/716032871/visas-are-the-newest-weapon-in-u-s-china-rivalry">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 7월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=NPR&amp;rft.atitle=Visas+Are+The+Newest+Weapon+In+U.S.-China+Rivalry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F04%2F25%2F716032871%2Fvisas-are-the-newest-weapon-in-u-s-china-rivalry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714222943/https://www.ft.com/content/fc413158-c5f1-11e8-82bf-ab93d0a9b321">&#8220;US considered ban on student visas for Chinese nationals&#8221;</a>. &#12298;<a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>&#12299;. 2019년 7월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/fc413158-c5f1-11e8-82bf-ab93d0a9b321">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 7월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=US+considered+ban+on+student+visas+for+Chinese+nationals&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Ffc413158-c5f1-11e8-82bf-ab93d0a9b321&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Adams, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714182430/https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2018/10/03/stephen-miller-tried-to-end-visas-for-chinese-students/">&#8220;Stephen Miller Tried To End Visas For Chinese Students&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Forbes&#12299;. 2019년 7월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2018/10/03/stephen-miller-tried-to-end-visas-for-chinese-students/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 7월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=Stephen+Miller+Tried+To+End+Visas+For+Chinese+Students&amp;rft.aulast=Adams&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fsusanadams%2F2018%2F10%2F03%2Fstephen-miller-tried-to-end-visas-for-chinese-students%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Fang, Tianyu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415014411/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/28/the-man-who-took-china-to-space/">&#8220;The Man Who Took China to Space&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Foreign Policy&#12299;. 2019년 4월 15일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/28/the-man-who-took-china-to-space/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 7월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&amp;rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Took+China+to+Space&amp;rft.aulast=Fang&amp;rft.aufirst=Tianyu&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F03%2F28%2Fthe-man-who-took-china-to-space%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804093729/https://news.gallup.com/poll/247100/majority-americans-consider-russia-critical-threat.aspx">&#8220;Majority of Americans Now Consider Russia a Critical Threat&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Gallup.com&#12299;. 2019년 2월 27일. 2019년 8월 4일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/247100/majority-americans-consider-russia-critical-threat.aspx">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 7월 23일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Gallup.com&amp;rft.atitle=Majority+of+Americans+Now+Consider+Russia+a+Critical+Threat&amp;rft.date=2019-02-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F247100%2Fmajority-americans-consider-russia-critical-threat.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714182434/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3007903/china-determined-steal-economic-ladder-us-expense-fbi-chief">&#8220;China 'determined to steal up economic ladder at US' expense': FBI chief&#8221;</a>. &#12298;South China Morning Post&#12299;. 2019년 4월 27일. 2019년 7월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3007903/china-determined-steal-economic-ladder-us-expense-fbi-chief">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 7월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&amp;rft.atitle=China+%27determined+to+steal+up+economic+ladder+at+US%27+expense%27%3A+FBI+chief&amp;rft.date=2019-04-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3007903%2Fchina-determined-steal-economic-ladder-us-expense-fbi-chief&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Panda, Ankit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183256/https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/a-civilizational-clash-isnt-the-way-to-frame-competition-with-china/">&#8220;A Civilizational Clash Isn't the Way to Frame US Competition With China&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The Diplomat&#12299;. 2019년 6월 4일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/a-civilizational-clash-isnt-the-way-to-frame-competition-with-china/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 7월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&amp;rft.atitle=A+Civilizational+Clash+Isn%27t+the+Way+to+Frame+US+Competition+With+China&amp;rft.au=Panda%2C+Ankit&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2019%2F05%2Fa-civilizational-clash-isnt-the-way-to-frame-competition-with-china%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714182432/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3011763/slip-or-signal-what-us-officials-clash-civilisations-remarks-suggest">&#8220;Were US official's 'clash of civilisations' remarks a slip or something else?&#8221;</a>. &#12298;South China Morning Post&#12299;. 2019년 5월 25일. 2019년 7월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3011763/slip-or-signal-what-us-officials-clash-civilisations-remarks-suggest">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 7월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Were+US+official%27s+%27clash+of+civilisations%27+remarks+a+slip+or+something+else%3F&amp;rft.date=2019-05-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Farticle%2F3011763%2Fslip-or-signal-what-us-officials-clash-civilisations-remarks-suggest&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Musgrave, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807120404/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/05/02/the-slip-that-revealed-the-real-trump-doctrine/">&#8220;The Slip That Revealed the Real Trump Doctrine&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Foreign Policy&#12299;. 2019년 8월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/05/02/the-slip-that-revealed-the-real-trump-doctrine/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 7월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&amp;rft.atitle=The+Slip+That+Revealed+the+Real+Trump+Doctrine&amp;rft.aulast=Musgrave&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F05%2F02%2Fthe-slip-that-revealed-the-real-trump-doctrine%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Swanson, Ana (2019년 7월 20일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720234508/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/20/us/politics/china-red-scare-washington.html">&#8220;A New Red Scare Is Reshaping Washington&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The New York Times&#12299;. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 2019년 7월 20일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/20/us/politics/china-red-scare-washington.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 8월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=A+New+Red+Scare+Is+Reshaping+Washington&amp;rft.date=2019-07-20&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Swanson&amp;rft.aufirst=Ana&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F07%2F20%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fchina-red-scare-washington.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803013743/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2165704/caught-crossfire-chinese-americans-feel-heat-tensions-flare">&#8220;Caught in the middle: Chinese-Americans feel heat as tensions flare&#8221;</a>. &#12298;South China Morning Post&#12299;. 2018년 9월 25일. 2019년 8월 3일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2165704/caught-crossfire-chinese-americans-feel-heat-tensions-flare">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 8월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Caught+in+the+middle%3A+Chinese-Americans+feel+heat+as+tensions+flare&amp;rft.date=2018-09-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fdiplomacy%2Farticle%2F2165704%2Fcaught-crossfire-chinese-americans-feel-heat-tensions-flare&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190814180501/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/08/13/u-s-views-of-china-turn-sharply-negative-amid-trade-tensions/">&#8220;U.S. Views of China Amid Trade War Turn Sharply Negative&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project&#12299;. 2019년 8월 13일. 2019년 8월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/08/13/u-s-views-of-china-turn-sharply-negative-amid-trade-tensions/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 8월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Global+Attitudes+Project&amp;rft.atitle=U.S.+Views+of+China+Amid+Trade+War+Turn+Sharply+Negative&amp;rft.date=2019-08-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2019%2F08%2F13%2Fu-s-views-of-china-turn-sharply-negative-amid-trade-tensions%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wu, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329033946/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/03/18/coronavirus-sen-john-cornyn-says-chinese-eating-bats-spread-virus/2869342001/">&#8220;GOP senator says China 'to blame' for coronavirus spread because of 'culture where people eat bats and snakes and dogs<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>&#8221;</a>. &#12298;USA Today&#12299;. 2020년 3월 29일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/03/18/coronavirus-sen-john-cornyn-says-chinese-eating-bats-spread-virus/2869342001/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 3월 19일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft.atitle=GOP+senator+says+China+%27to+blame%27+for+coronavirus+spread+because+of+%27culture+where+people+eat+bats+and+snakes+and+dogs%27&amp;rft.aulast=Wu&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F03%2F18%2Fcoronavirus-sen-john-cornyn-says-chinese-eating-bats-spread-virus%2F2869342001%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Forgey, Quint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318232256/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/18/trump-pandemic-drumbeat-coronavirus-135392">&#8220;Trump on 'Chinese virus' label: 'It's not racist at all<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>&#8221;</a>. &#12298;POLITICO&#12299;. 2020년 3월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/18/trump-pandemic-drumbeat-coronavirus-135392">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=POLITICO&amp;rft.atitle=Trump+on+%27Chinese+virus%27+label%3A+%27It%27s+not+racist+at+all%27&amp;rft.aulast=Forgey&amp;rft.aufirst=Quint&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F03%2F18%2Ftrump-pandemic-drumbeat-coronavirus-135392&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Fischer, Sara (2020년 3월 17일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329004708/https://www.axios.com/coronavirus-china-wuhan-republicans-e9c2cd35-c5bb-42df-9e30-94364548d1fb.html">&#8220;The WHO said to stop calling it "Chinese" coronavirus, but Republicans didn't listen&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Axios&#12299;. 2020년 3월 29일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/coronavirus-china-wuhan-republicans-e9c2cd35-c5bb-42df-9e30-94364548d1fb.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 3월 19일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Axios&amp;rft.atitle=The+WHO+said+to+stop+calling+it+%22Chinese%22+coronavirus%2C+but+Republicans+didn%27t+listen&amp;rft.date=2020-03-17&amp;rft.aulast=Fischer&amp;rft.aufirst=Sara&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Fcoronavirus-china-wuhan-republicans-e9c2cd35-c5bb-42df-9e30-94364548d1fb.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Filipovic, Jill (2020년 3월 18일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153217/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/18/opinions/trumps-malicious-use-of-chinese-virus-filipovic/index.html">&#8220;Trump's malicious use of 'Chinese virus<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>&#8221;</a>. &#12298;CNN&#12299;. 2020년 3월 29일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/18/opinions/trumps-malicious-use-of-chinese-virus-filipovic/index.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 6월 6일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft.atitle=Trump%27s+malicious+use+of+%27Chinese+virus%27&amp;rft.date=2020-03-18&amp;rft.aulast=Filipovic&amp;rft.aufirst=Jill&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F03%2F18%2Fopinions%2Ftrumps-malicious-use-of-chinese-virus-filipovic%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/pompeo-united-message-pushing-g-7-call-it-wuhan-virus">&#8220;Pompeo calls for united 'message' after reportedly pushing G-7 members to call it 'Wuhan virus<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Fox News&#12299;. 2020년 3월 25일<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 7월 15일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Fox+News&amp;rft.atitle=Pompeo+calls+for+united+%27message%27+after+reportedly+pushing+G-7+members+to+call+it+%27Wuhan+virus%27&amp;rft.date=2020-03-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpompeo-united-message-pushing-g-7-call-it-wuhan-virus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-coronavirus-china-virus-white-house-kung-flu">&#8220;Trump doubles down on 'China virus,' demands to know who in White House used phrase 'Kung Flu<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Fox News&#12299;. 2020년 3월 18일<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Fox+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trump+doubles+down+on+%27China+virus%2C%27+demands+to+know+who+in+White+House+used+phrase+%27Kung+Flu%27&amp;rft.date=2020-03-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-coronavirus-china-virus-white-house-kung-flu&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329202750/https://www.salon.com/2020/03/19/a-last-desperate-pivot-trump-and-his-allies-go-full-racist-on-coronavirus/">&#8220;A last, desperate pivot: Trump and his allies go full racist on coronavirus&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Salon&#12299;. 2020년 3월 19일. 2020년 3월 29일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2020/03/19/a-last-desperate-pivot-trump-and-his-allies-go-full-racist-on-coronavirus/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 3월 19일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Salon&amp;rft.atitle=A+last%2C+desperate+pivot%3A+Trump+and+his+allies+go+full+racist+on+coronavirus&amp;rft.date=2020-03-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2020%2F03%2F19%2Fa-last-desperate-pivot-trump-and-his-allies-go-full-racist-on-coronavirus%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Choi, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514232533/https://www.businessinsider.com/cbs-weijia-jiang-china-trump-press-conference-2020-5">&#8220;<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Why are you saying that to me': Chinese American reporter calls Trump out on his anti-China remarks and suggests he's singling her out&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Business Insider&#12299;. 2020년 5월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/cbs-weijia-jiang-china-trump-press-conference-2020-5">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 5월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&amp;rft.atitle=%27Why+are+you+saying+that+to+me%27%3A+Chinese+American+reporter+calls+Trump+out+on+his+anti-China+remarks+and+suggests+he%27s+singling+her+out&amp;rft.aulast=Choi&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fcbs-weijia-jiang-china-trump-press-conference-2020-5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ellison, Sarah; Izadi, Elahe (2020년 5월 12일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515160514/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/trumps-ask-china-response-to-cbss-weijia-jiang-shocked-the-room--and-was-part-of-a-pattern/2020/05/12/a04bed28-947d-11ea-82b4-c8db161ff6e5_story.html">&#8220;Trump's 'ask China' response to CBS's Weijia Jiang shocked the room — and was part of a pattern&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Washington Post&#12299;. 2020년 5월 15일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/trumps-ask-china-response-to-cbss-weijia-jiang-shocked-the-room--and-was-part-of-a-pattern/2020/05/12/a04bed28-947d-11ea-82b4-c8db161ff6e5_story.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 5월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Trump%27s+%27ask+China%27+response+to+CBS%27s+Weijia+Jiang+shocked+the+room+%E2%80%94+and+was+part+of+a+pattern&amp;rft.date=2020-05-12&amp;rft.aulast=Ellison&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarah&amp;rft.au=Izadi%2C+Elahe&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Ftrumps-ask-china-response-to-cbss-weijia-jiang-shocked-the-room--and-was-part-of-a-pattern%2F2020%2F05%2F12%2Fa04bed28-947d-11ea-82b4-c8db161ff6e5_story.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xi&#39;s_title-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Xi&#39;s_title_93-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Churchill, Owen (2020년 7월 25일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/3094669/us-officials-switch-calling-chinas-xi-jinping">&#8220;US officials now call Xi Jinping 'general secretary' instead of China's 'president' – but why?&#8221;</a>. &#12298;South China Morning Post&#12299;<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 7월 25일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&amp;rft.atitle=US+officials+now+call+Xi+Jinping+%27general+secretary%27+instead+of+China%27s+%27president%27+%E2%80%93+but+why%3F&amp;rft.date=2020-07-25&amp;rft.aulast=Churchill&amp;rft.aufirst=Owen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Funited-states-canada%2Farticle%2F3094669%2Fus-officials-switch-calling-chinas-xi-jinping&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Re, Gregg (2020년 7월 23일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/pompeo-announces-end-blind-engagement-communist-china">&#8220;Pompeo announces end of 'blind engagement' with communist China: 'Distrust but verify<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Fox News&#12299;<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 7월 23일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Fox+News&amp;rft.atitle=Pompeo+announces+end+of+%27blind+engagement%27+with+communist+China%3A+%27Distrust+but+verify%27&amp;rft.date=2020-07-23&amp;rft.aulast=Re&amp;rft.aufirst=Gregg&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpompeo-announces-end-blind-engagement-communist-china&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsmv.com/news/davidson_county/chinese-americans-protesting-sen-marsha-blackburn/article_6f87c2bc-3cfb-11eb-9020-5fe1f9cabef1.html">Chinese Americans protesting Sen. Marsha Blackburn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128200355/https://www.wsmv.com/news/davidson_county/chinese-americans-protesting-sen-marsha-blackburn/article_6f87c2bc-3cfb-11eb-9020-5fe1f9cabef1.html">보관됨</a> 1월 28, 2021 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a> News 4 Nashville. December 12, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poster-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-poster_96-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">O'Hara, Mary Emily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adweek.com/creativity/faux-subway-posters-urge-nyc-commuters-to-curb-anti-asian-hate/">&#8220;Mock Subway Posters Urge New Yorkers to Curb Anti-Asian Hate&#8221;</a>. &#12298;www.adweek.com&#12299;<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 7월 12일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=www.adweek.com&amp;rft.atitle=Mock+Subway+Posters+Urge+New+Yorkers+to+Curb+Anti-Asian+Hate&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Hara&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary+Emily&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Fcreativity%2Ffaux-subway-posters-urge-nyc-commuters-to-curb-anti-asian-hate%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Reny, Tyler T.; Barreto, Matt A. (2020년 5월 28일). &#8220;Xenophobia in the time of pandemic: othering, anti-Asian attitudes, and COVID-19&#8221;. &#12298;Politics, Groups, and Identities&#12299; <b>10</b> (2): 209–232. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F21565503.2020.1769693">10.1080/21565503.2020.1769693</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219749159">219749159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Politics%2C+Groups%2C+and+Identities&amp;rft.atitle=Xenophobia+in+the+time+of+pandemic%3A+othering%2C+anti-Asian+attitudes%2C+and+COVID-19&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=209-232&amp;rft.date=2020-05-28&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21565503.2020.1769693&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219749159&amp;rft.aulast=Reny&amp;rft.aufirst=Tyler+T.&amp;rft.au=Barreto%2C+Matt+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">White, Alexandre I. R. (2020년 4월 18일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154503">&#8220;Historical linkages: epidemic threat, economic risk, and xenophobia&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The Lancet&#12299; <b>395</b> (10232): 1250–1251. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2820%2930737-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30737-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154503">7154503</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32224298">32224298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&amp;rft.atitle=Historical+linkages%3A+epidemic+threat%2C+economic+risk%2C+and+xenophobia&amp;rft.volume=395&amp;rft.issue=10232&amp;rft.pages=1250-1251&amp;rft.date=2020-04-18&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7154503&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32224298&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2820%2930737-6&amp;rft.aulast=White&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexandre+I.+R.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7154503&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Devakumar, Delan; Shannon, Geordan; Bhopal, Sunil S; Abubakar, Ibrahim (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7146645">&#8220;Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The Lancet&#12299; <b>395</b> (10231): 1194. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2820%2930792-3">10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30792-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7146645">7146645</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32246915">32246915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&amp;rft.atitle=Racism+and+discrimination+in+COVID-19+responses&amp;rft.volume=395&amp;rft.issue=10231&amp;rft.pages=1194&amp;rft.date=2020-04&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7146645&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32246915&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2820%2930792-3&amp;rft.aulast=Devakumar&amp;rft.aufirst=Delan&amp;rft.au=Shannon%2C+Geordan&amp;rft.au=Bhopal%2C+Sunil+S&amp;rft.au=Abubakar%2C+Ibrahim&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7146645&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/07/01/many-black-and-asian-americans-say-they-have-experienced-discrimination-amid-the-covid-19-outbreak/">&#8220;Many Black, Asian Americans Say They Have Experienced Discrimination Amid Coronavirus&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Pew Research Center's Social &amp; Demographic Trends Project&#12299;. 2020년 7월 1일<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 7월 1일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Social+%26+Demographic+Trends+Project&amp;rft.atitle=Many+Black%2C+Asian+Americans+Say+They+Have+Experienced+Discrimination+Amid+Coronavirus&amp;rft.date=2020-07-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewsocialtrends.org%2F2020%2F07%2F01%2Fmany-black-and-asian-americans-say-they-have-experienced-discrimination-amid-the-covid-19-outbreak%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Daniels, Chelsea; DiMaggio, Paul; Mora, G. Cristina; Shepherd, Hana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/populationCenter/documents/Has%20Pandemic%20Threat%20Stoked%20Xenophobia%20aggregate%2012%202%202020%20w%20cover%20page.pdf">&#8220;Does Pandemic Threat Stoke Xenophobia?&#8221;</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_University_College_of_Arts_%26_Science&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="New York University College of Arts &amp; Science (없는 문서)">New York University College of Arts &amp; Science</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 2021년 5월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Does+Pandemic+Threat+Stoke+Xenophobia%3F&amp;rft.pub=New+York+University+College+of+Arts+%26+Science&amp;rft.au=Daniels%2C+Chelsea&amp;rft.au=DiMaggio%2C+Paul&amp;rft.au=Mora%2C+G.+Cristina&amp;rft.au=Shepherd%2C+Hana&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fas.nyu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fnyu-as%2FpopulationCenter%2Fdocuments%2FHas%2520Pandemic%2520Threat%2520Stoked%2520Xenophobia%2520aggregate%252012%25202%25202020%2520w%2520cover%2520page.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiatimes.com/2021/06/white-americans-more-likely-to-support-war-with-china/">&#8220;White Americans more likely to support war with China&#8221;</a>. 2021년 6월 17일.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=White+Americans+more+likely+to+support+war+with+China&amp;rft.date=2021-06-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiatimes.com%2F2021%2F06%2Fwhite-americans-more-likely-to-support-war-with-china%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stopaapihate.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Stop-AAPI-Hate-Year-2-Report.pdf">Stop AAPI Hate Year 2 Report</a> stopaapihate.org July 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stopaapihate.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Stop-AAPI-Hate-Scapegoating-Report.pdf">Stop AAPI Hate Scapegoating Report</a> stopaapihate.org October 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peoplesaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/JIG_AntiAsianRacismReport_2021_0608.pdf">Anti Asian Racism Report 2021</a> peoplesaction.org June 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STAATUS23-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-STAATUS23_106-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://staatus-index.s3.amazonaws.com/2023/STAATUS_Index_2023.pdf">&#8220;STAATUS Index 2023: Attitudes towards Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders&#8221;</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=STAATUS+Index+2023%3A+Attitudes+towards+Asian+Americans+and+Pacific+Islanders&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstaatus-index.s3.amazonaws.com%2F2023%2FSTAATUS_Index_2023.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2216248120">https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2216248120</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Choi, Hojun (2023년 1월 29일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130003707/https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/01/29/chinese-americans-gather-in-downtown-dallas-to-oppose-hateful-racist-senate-bills/">&#8220;Chinese Americans gather in downtown Dallas to oppose 'hateful' state Senate bills&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Dallas News&#12299;. 2023년 1월 30일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2023/01/29/chinese-americans-gather-in-downtown-dallas-to-oppose-hateful-racist-senate-bills/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Dallas+News&amp;rft.atitle=Chinese+Americans+gather+in+downtown+Dallas+to+oppose+%27hateful%27+state+Senate+bills&amp;rft.date=2023-01-29&amp;rft.aulast=Choi&amp;rft.aufirst=Hojun&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2F01%2F29%2Fchinese-americans-gather-in-downtown-dallas-to-oppose-hateful-racist-senate-bills%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lois_Kolkhorst&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lois Kolkhorst (없는 문서)">Rep. Lois Kolkhorst (R)</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayes_Middleton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayes Middleton (없는 문서)">Rep. Mayes Middleton (R)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119171118/https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=88R&amp;Bill=SB147">&#8220;Texas Legislature Online – 88(R) History for SB 147&#8221;</a>. &#12298;capitol.texas.gov&#12299;. 2023년 1월 19일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=88R&amp;Bill=SB147">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=capitol.texas.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Texas+Legislature+Online+%E2%80%93+88%28R%29+History+for+SB+147&amp;rft.au=Rep.+Lois+Kolkhorst+%28R%29&amp;rft.au=Rep.+Mayes+Middleton+%28R%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapitol.texas.gov%2FBillLookup%2FHistory.aspx%3FLegSess%3D88R%26Bill%3DSB147&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brown, Ashley (2023년 1월 23일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124164125/https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/politics/2023/01/23/442087/local-state-officials-condemn-proposed-bill-that-forbids-people-businesses-from-certain-countries-from-owning-texas-land/">&#8220;Local, state officials condemn proposed bill that forbids people, businesses from certain countries from owning Texas land&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Houston Public Media&#12299;. 2023년 1월 24일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/politics/2023/01/23/442087/local-state-officials-condemn-proposed-bill-that-forbids-people-businesses-from-certain-countries-from-owning-texas-land/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Houston+Public+Media&amp;rft.atitle=Local%2C+state+officials+condemn+proposed+bill+that+forbids+people%2C+businesses+from+certain+countries+from+owning+Texas+land&amp;rft.date=2023-01-23&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Ashley&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonpublicmedia.org%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2F01%2F23%2F442087%2Flocal-state-officials-condemn-proposed-bill-that-forbids-people-businesses-from-certain-countries-from-owning-texas-land%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mizan, Nusaiba (2023년 1월 30일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131002609/https://www.statesman.com/story/news/politics/politifact/2023/01/30/senate-bill-147-protest-texas-china-iran-north-korea-russia/69847738007">&#8220;<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>It's about human rights': Rally at Capitol protests Senate proposal to ban land purchases&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Austin American-Statesman&#12299;. 2023년 1월 31일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statesman.com/story/news/politics/politifact/2023/01/30/senate-bill-147-protest-texas-china-iran-north-korea-russia/69847738007/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Austin+American-Statesman&amp;rft.atitle=%27It%27s+about+human+rights%27%3A+Rally+at+Capitol+protests+Senate+proposal+to+ban+land+purchases&amp;rft.date=2023-01-30&amp;rft.aulast=Mizan&amp;rft.aufirst=Nusaiba&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statesman.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fpolitifact%2F2023%2F01%2F30%2Fsenate-bill-147-protest-texas-china-iran-north-korea-russia%2F69847738007%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Yu, Leo (2023년 1월 24일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125000449/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/outlook/article/abbott-land-ban-china-iran-northkorea-asian-hate-17738983.php">&#8220;Banning Chinese from buying land has a racist past&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Houston Chronicle&#12299;. 2023년 1월 25일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/outlook/article/abbott-land-ban-china-iran-northkorea-asian-hate-17738983.php">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&amp;rft.atitle=Banning+Chinese+from+buying+land+has+a+racist+past&amp;rft.date=2023-01-24&amp;rft.aulast=Yu&amp;rft.aufirst=Leo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonchronicle.com%2Fopinion%2Foutlook%2Farticle%2Fabbott-land-ban-china-iran-northkorea-asian-hate-17738983.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Liebelson, Dana (2023년 2월 8일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216202300/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-02-08/sb-147-texas-bill-targeting-property-ownership-rattles-texans-of-chinese-descent">&#8220;A bill banning Chinese citizens from buying property has some wondering if they're welcome in Texas&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Los Angeles Times&#12299;. 2023년 2월 16일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-02-08/sb-147-texas-bill-targeting-property-ownership-rattles-texans-of-chinese-descent">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.atitle=A+bill+banning+Chinese+citizens+from+buying+property+has+some+wondering+if+they%27re+welcome+in+Texas&amp;rft.date=2023-02-08&amp;rft.aulast=Liebelson&amp;rft.aufirst=Dana&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld-nation%2Fstory%2F2023-02-08%2Fsb-147-texas-bill-targeting-property-ownership-rattles-texans-of-chinese-descent&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ruiz, Anayeli (2023년 1월 23일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127095622/https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/texas/sb147-houston-protest/285-1cffb019-3a14-49a9-bbfc-9e93ac8e9b53">&#8220;<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>This is just a bad bill' | Houston city leaders join in protest against SB 147&#8221;</a>. &#12298;khou.com&#12299;. 2023년 1월 27일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/texas/sb147-houston-protest/285-1cffb019-3a14-49a9-bbfc-9e93ac8e9b53">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=khou.com&amp;rft.atitle=%27This+is+just+a+bad+bill%27+%7C+Houston+city+leaders+join+in+protest+against+SB+147&amp;rft.date=2023-01-23&amp;rft.aulast=Ruiz&amp;rft.aufirst=Anayeli&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khou.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Ftexas%2Fsb147-houston-protest%2F285-1cffb019-3a14-49a9-bbfc-9e93ac8e9b53&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dunbar, Betty; Ko, Andrew; Barth, Marshall (2023년 2월 14일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230214121651/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/story/2023-02-14/letters-to-the-editor-will-texas-anti-asian-legislation-bring-back-racist-housing-covenants">&#8220;Will Texas' anti-Asian legislation bring back racist housing covenants?&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Los Angeles Times&#12299;. 2023년 2월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/story/2023-02-14/letters-to-the-editor-will-texas-anti-asian-legislation-bring-back-racist-housing-covenants">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Will+Texas%27+anti-Asian+legislation+bring+back+racist+housing+covenants%3F&amp;rft.date=2023-02-14&amp;rft.aulast=Dunbar&amp;rft.aufirst=Betty&amp;rft.au=Ko%2C+Andrew&amp;rft.au=Barth%2C+Marshall&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fletters-to-the-editor%2Fstory%2F2023-02-14%2Fletters-to-the-editor-will-texas-anti-asian-legislation-bring-back-racist-housing-covenants&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Taylor, Brittany (2023년 1월 23일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123203826/https://www.click2houston.com/news/local/2023/01/23/watch-live-mayor-turner-joins-community-state-leaders-to-condemn-senate-bill-147/">&#8220;Mayor Turner joins voices condemning SB 147, legislation called 'racist' that aims to ban citizens, businesses from China, Iran, North Korea, Russia from purchasing land in Texas&#8221;</a>. &#12298;KPRC&#12299;. 2023년 1월 23일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.click2houston.com/news/local/2023/01/23/watch-live-mayor-turner-joins-community-state-leaders-to-condemn-senate-bill-147/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=KPRC&amp;rft.atitle=Mayor+Turner+joins+voices+condemning+SB+147%2C+legislation+called+%27racist%27+that+aims+to+ban+citizens%2C+businesses+from+China%2C+Iran%2C+North+Korea%2C+Russia+from+purchasing+land+in+Texas&amp;rft.date=2023-01-23&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;rft.aufirst=Brittany&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.click2houston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2023%2F01%2F23%2Fwatch-live-mayor-turner-joins-community-state-leaders-to-condemn-senate-bill-147%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Turner, Re'Chelle (2023년 2월 11일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212073955/https://www.click2houston.com/news/local/2023/02/11/asian-american-community-members-and-elected-officials-speak-out-against-senate-bill-147/">&#8220;Asian American community members and elected officials speak out against Senate Bill 147&#8221;</a>. &#12298;KPRC&#12299;. 2023년 2월 12일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.click2houston.com/news/local/2023/02/11/asian-american-community-members-and-elected-officials-speak-out-against-senate-bill-147/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=KPRC&amp;rft.atitle=Asian+American+community+members+and+elected+officials+speak+out+against+Senate+Bill+147&amp;rft.date=2023-02-11&amp;rft.aulast=Turner&amp;rft.aufirst=Re%27Chelle&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.click2houston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2023%2F02%2F11%2Fasian-american-community-members-and-elected-officials-speak-out-against-senate-bill-147%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sb147nbc-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sb147nbc_118-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sb147nbc_118-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Venkatraman, Sakshi (2023년 2월 16일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216214656/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/chinese-citizens-texas-are-incensed-proposal-ban-buying-property-state-rcna70836">&#8220;Chinese citizens in Texas are incensed over a proposal to ban them from buying property in the state&#8221;</a>. &#12298;NBC News&#12299;. 2023년 2월 16일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/chinese-citizens-texas-are-incensed-proposal-ban-buying-property-state-rcna70836">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Chinese+citizens+in+Texas+are+incensed+over+a+proposal+to+ban+them+from+buying+property+in+the+state&amp;rft.date=2023-02-16&amp;rft.aulast=Venkatraman&amp;rft.aufirst=Sakshi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fasian-america%2Fchinese-citizens-texas-are-incensed-proposal-ban-buying-property-state-rcna70836&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Anstey, Chris (2023년 3월 11일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2023-03-11/america-s-anti-china-restrictions-are-going-local-new-economy-saturday">&#8220;America's Anti-China Restrictions Are Going Local&#8221;</a>. Bloomberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=America%27s+Anti-China+Restrictions+Are+Going+Local&amp;rft.date=2023-03-11&amp;rft.aulast=Anstey&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Fnewsletters%2F2023-03-11%2Famerica-s-anti-china-restrictions-are-going-local-new-economy-saturday&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Anstey, Chris (2023년 3월 11일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2023-03-11/america-s-anti-china-restrictions-are-going-local-new-economy-saturday">&#8220;America's Anti-China Restrictions Are Going Local&#8221;</a>. Bloomberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=America%27s+Anti-China+Restrictions+Are+Going+Local&amp;rft.date=2023-03-11&amp;rft.aulast=Anstey&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Fnewsletters%2F2023-03-11%2Famerica-s-anti-china-restrictions-are-going-local-new-economy-saturday&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asamnews.com/2023/05/06/bill-banning-chinese-from-owning-land-in-florida-passes-in-the-house/">&#8220;Bill banning Chinese from owning land in Florida passes in the House&#8221;</a>. 2023년 5월 6일.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bill+banning+Chinese+from+owning+land+in+Florida+passes+in+the+House&amp;rft.date=2023-05-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasamnews.com%2F2023%2F05%2F06%2Fbill-banning-chinese-from-owning-land-in-florida-passes-in-the-house%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advancingjustice-aajc.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/Letter%20to%20President-elect%20Biden%20Re%20the%20China%20Initiative.pdf">&#8220;Letter to President-elect Biden Re the China Initiative&#8221;</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Asian Americans Advancing Justice. 2021년 1월 5일<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2022년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Letter+to+President-elect+Biden+Re+the+China+Initiative&amp;rft.pub=Asian+Americans+Advancing+Justice&amp;rft.date=2021-01-05&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadvancingjustice-aajc.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021-01%2FLetter%2520to%2520President-elect%2520Biden%2520Re%2520the%2520China%2520Initiative.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-security2-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-security2_123-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">German, Michael; Liang, Alex (January 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79698/why-ending-the-justice-departments-china-initiative-is-vital-to-u-s-security/">"Why Ending the Justice Department's “China Initiative” is Vital to U.S. Security"</a>. <i>justsecurity.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627143510/https://www.justsecurity.org/79698/why-ending-the-justice-departments-china-initiative-is-vital-to-u-s-security/">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved July 6, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-security3-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-security3_124-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">German, Michael; Liang, Alex (January 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79698/why-ending-the-justice-departments-china-initiative-is-vital-to-u-s-security/">"Why Ending the Justice Department's “China Initiative” is Vital to U.S. Security"</a>. <i>justsecurity.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627143510/https://www.justsecurity.org/79698/why-ending-the-justice-departments-china-initiative-is-vital-to-u-s-security/">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved July 6, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/voices/2021/04/27/chinese-american-professor-bias-fbi-attacks-government-column/7385996002/">&#8220;The FBI wrongly accused my father of spying for China. Government has a role in anti-Asian violence&#8221;</a>. &#12298;<a href="/wiki/USA_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>&#12299;.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft.atitle=The+FBI+wrongly+accused+my+father+of+spying+for+China.+Government+has+a+role+in+anti-Asian+violence&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion%2Fvoices%2F2021%2F04%2F27%2Fchinese-american-professor-bias-fbi-attacks-government-column%2F7385996002%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_126-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/news/">&#8220;ACLU News &amp; Commentary&#8221;</a>. &#12298;American Civil Liberties Union&#12299;.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&amp;rft.atitle=ACLU+News+%26+Commentary&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fnews%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Johnson, Kevin (2015년 9월 11일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/09/11/federal-charges-dropped-chinese-physicist-justice/72100324/">&#8220;Justice Dept. drops charges against Temple physicist&#8221;</a>. &#12298;USA Today&#12299;<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 1일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Justice+Dept.+drops+charges+against+Temple+physicist&amp;rft.date=2015-09-11&amp;rft.aulast=Johnson&amp;rft.aufirst=Kevin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2015%2F09%2F11%2Ffederal-charges-dropped-chinese-physicist-justice%2F72100324%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/lawsuits-immigration-philadelphia-arrests-china-35af848dd11d999dd045654d0f0e7ce0">&#8220;US judge tosses claims by Chinese-born professor over arrest&#8221;</a>. &#12298;<a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>&#12299;. 2021년 4월 20일.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&amp;rft.atitle=US+judge+tosses+claims+by+Chinese-born+professor+over+arrest&amp;rft.date=2021-04-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Flawsuits-immigration-philadelphia-arrests-china-35af848dd11d999dd045654d0f0e7ce0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_129-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_129-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_129-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Yong, Charissa (2021년 6월 17일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/mistrial-declared-in-us-case-of-tennessee-scientist-accused-of-hiding-china-work">&#8220;Mistrial declared in US case of Tennessee scientist accused of hiding China work&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The Straits Times&#12299;.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Mistrial+declared+in+US+case+of+Tennessee+scientist+accused+of+hiding+China+work&amp;rft.date=2021-06-17&amp;rft.aulast=Yong&amp;rft.aufirst=Charissa&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fworld%2Funited-states%2Fmistrial-declared-in-us-case-of-tennessee-scientist-accused-of-hiding-china-work&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Satterfield, Jamie (2021년 6월 13일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2021/06/14/federal-agents-falsely-accused-university-of-tennessee-professor-spying-china/7649378002/">&#8220;Trial reveals federal agents falsely accused a UT professor born in China of spying&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Knoxville News Sentinel&#12299;<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 1일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Knoxville+News+Sentinel&amp;rft.atitle=Trial+reveals+federal+agents+falsely+accused+a+UT+professor+born+in+China+of+spying&amp;rft.date=2021-06-13&amp;rft.aulast=Satterfield&amp;rft.aufirst=Jamie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knoxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2F2021%2F06%2F14%2Ffederal-agents-falsely-accused-university-of-tennessee-professor-spying-china%2F7649378002%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3142243/us-seeks-drop-visa-fraud-charge-against-researcher-accused">&#8220;US seeks to drop charge against researcher accused of hiding ties to PLA&#8221;</a>. 2021년 7월 23일.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=US+seeks+to+drop+charge+against+researcher+accused+of+hiding+ties+to+PLA&amp;rft.date=2021-07-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fdiplomacy%2Farticle%2F3142243%2Fus-seeks-drop-visa-fraud-charge-against-researcher-accused&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto22-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto22_132-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Fromer, Jacob (2020년 8월 29일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3099363/lawyers-chinese-scientist-tang-juan-return-us-court-seeking">&#8220;Chinese scientist Tang Juan to be released on bail&#8221;</a>. &#12298;South China Morning Post&#12299;.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Chinese+scientist+Tang+Juan+to+be+released+on+bail&amp;rft.date=2020-08-29&amp;rft.aulast=Fromer&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacob&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fmilitary%2Farticle%2F3099363%2Flawyers-chinese-scientist-tang-juan-return-us-court-seeking&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAPO-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BAPO_133-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">O’Brien, Rebecca Davis (2023년 2월 10일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210173214/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/10/nyregion/nypd-officer-spying-china-charges-dropped.html">&#8220;Can a Police Officer Accused of Spying for China Ever Clear His Name?&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The New York Times&#12299;. 2023년 2월 10일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/10/nyregion/nypd-officer-spying-china-charges-dropped.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Can+a+Police+Officer+Accused+of+Spying+for+China+Ever+Clear+His+Name%3F&amp;rft.date=2023-02-10&amp;rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Brien&amp;rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Davis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F02%2F10%2Fnyregion%2Fnypd-officer-spying-china-charges-dropped.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAPO2-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BAPO2_134-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">O’Brien, Rebecca Davis (2023년 2월 10일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210173214/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/10/nyregion/nypd-officer-spying-china-charges-dropped.html">&#8220;Can a Police Officer Accused of Spying for China Ever Clear His Name?&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The New York Times&#12299;. 2023년 2월 10일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/10/nyregion/nypd-officer-spying-china-charges-dropped.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 2월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Can+a+Police+Officer+Accused+of+Spying+for+China+Ever+Clear+His+Name%3F&amp;rft.date=2023-02-10&amp;rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Brien&amp;rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Davis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F02%2F10%2Fnyregion%2Fnypd-officer-spying-china-charges-dropped.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91+%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EA%B3%B5%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="반공주의">반공주의</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%E2%80%93%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84" title="미국–중국 관계">미국–중국 관계</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD-%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="미국-중국 무역 전쟁">미국-중국 무역 전쟁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="중화민국의 역사">중화민국의 역사</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="중화인민공화국의 역사">중화인민공화국의 역사</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%B8%EC%A2%85%EC%B0%A8%EB%B3%84" title="미국의 인종차별">미국의 인종차별</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EB%82%B4_%EB%8F%99%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%97%90_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C_%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%95%EA%B4%80%EB%85%90" title="미국내 동아시아인에 대한 고정관념">미국내 동아시아인에 대한 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