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</button> <ul id="toc-Description_and_life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Adult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eggs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eggs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Eggs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eggs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Larva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Larva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Larva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Larva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pupa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pupa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pupa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pupa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding_by_adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding_by_adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Feeding by adults</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feeding_by_adults-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Feeding by adults subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Feeding_by_adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Host_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Host_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Host animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Host_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finding_hosts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finding_hosts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Finding hosts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finding_hosts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mouthparts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mouthparts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mouthparts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mouthparts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saliva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saliva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Saliva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saliva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egg_development_and_blood_digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egg_development_and_blood_digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Egg development and blood digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egg_development_and_blood_digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cosmopolitan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmopolitan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cosmopolitan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmopolitan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Effect of climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predators_and_parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators_and_parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Predators and parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators_and_parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pollination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Parasitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fossil record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>External</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Internal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interactions with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interactions with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vectors_of_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vectors_of_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Vectors of disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vectors_of_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repellents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repellents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Repellents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repellents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Bites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_human_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_human_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In human culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_human_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In human culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_human_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Greek mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Origin myths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosquito</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 165 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-165" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">165 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskiet" title="Muskiet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Muskiet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stechm%C3%BCcken" title="Stechmücken – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stechmücken" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%88%E1%89%A3_%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9D" title="የወባ ትንኝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የወባ ትንኝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بعوضيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بعوضيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicidae" title="Culicidae – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Culicidae" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A9%DC%90" title="ܒܩܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܩܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9" title="মহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicidae" title="Culicidae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Culicidae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikimew" title="Sikimew – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Sikimew" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91ati%27%C5%A9" title="Ñati'ũ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñati'ũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27uspi" title="Ch'uspi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ch'uspi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fcaqanadlar" title="Ağcaqanadlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağcaqanadlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آغجاقانادلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آغجاقانادلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legu" title="Legu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Legu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE" title="মশা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মশা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyamuk" title="Nyamuk – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Nyamuk" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ng" title="Báng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Báng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%B9%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80" title="Серәкәйҙәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Серәкәйҙәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Камары – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Камары – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Камары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B0" title="मच्छर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मच्छर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namok" title="Namok – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Namok" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Комари – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комари" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6sn" title="Gösn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gösn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komarac" title="Komarac – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Komarac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustik" title="Moustik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Moustik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BE%D2%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Боргооһон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Боргооһон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cul%C3%ADcids" title="Culícids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Culícids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Вăрăмтунасем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăрăмтунасем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicidae" title="Culicidae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Culicidae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A1rovit%C3%AD" title="Komárovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komárovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humhutu" title="Humhutu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Humhutu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyimbo" title="Nyimbo – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Nyimbo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosgito" title="Mosgito – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mosgito" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duu%C5%8Ba" title="Duuŋa – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Duuŋa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikmyg" title="Stikmyg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stikmyg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschgieder" title="Moschgieder – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Moschgieder" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stechm%C3%BCcken" title="Stechmücken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stechmücken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%CA%BC%C3%AD%CA%BCii_da%CA%BCaneez%C3%AD" title="Tsʼíʼii daʼaneezí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsʼíʼii daʼaneezí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistes%C3%A4%C3%A4sklased" title="Pistesääsklased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pistesääsklased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%B9" title="Κουνούπι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουνούπι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sins%C3%A0la" title="Sinsàla – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sinsàla" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicidae" title="Culicidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Culicidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskito" title="Moskito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Moskito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltxo" title="Eltxo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eltxo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D9%87" title="پشه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machchharr" title="Machchharr – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Machchharr" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustique" title="Moustique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moustique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicidae" title="Culicidae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Culicidae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mosquito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="ЗӀокмозий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЗӀокмозий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BBn-%C3%A9" title="Mûn-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mûn-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EA%B8%B0" title="모기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauro" title="Sauro – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sauro" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մոծակներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոծակներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B0" title="मच्छर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मच्छर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komarci" title="Komarci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Komarci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamu%27o" title="Lamu'o – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Lamu'o" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskito" title="Moskito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Moskito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamok" title="Lamok – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lamok" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyamuk" title="Nyamuk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nyamuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicidae" title="Culicidae – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Culicidae" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiktu%C4%A1iaq" title="Kiktuġiaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kiktuġiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BE" title="Къогъо – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Къогъо" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosk%C3%ADt%C3%B3flugur" title="Moskítóflugur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Moskítóflugur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicidae" title="Culicidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Culicidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="כולכיתיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כולכיתיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemud" title="Lemud – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lemud" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86" title="ಸೊಳ್ಳೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೊಳ್ಳೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuk" title="Amuk – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amuk" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კოღოები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოღოები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%DB%81" title="مۆہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مۆہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABga" title="Mëga – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Mëga" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Маса – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маса" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskito" title="Moskito – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Moskito" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umubu" title="Umubu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umubu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BC%D3%A7%D1%81)" title="Ном (пемӧс) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ном (пемӧс)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngungu" title="Ngungu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Ngungu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixmixk" title="Mixmixk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mixmixk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Чиркей – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чиркей" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicidae" title="Culicidae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Culicidae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C4%93l%C4%93jodi" title="Dzēlējodi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzēlējodi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustiken" title="Mustiken – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mustiken" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikrieji_uodai" title="Tikrieji uodai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tikrieji uodai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngungi" title="Ngungi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ngungi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin%27oit" title="Pin'oit – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pin'oit" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%BAnyogf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Szúnyogfélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szúnyogfélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Комарец – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Комарец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moka" title="Moka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Moka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="കൊതുക്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊതുക്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="डास – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डास" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بعوضيات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بعوضيات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%84" title="لل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyamuk" title="Nyamuk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nyamuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1_(%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C)" title="ꯀꯥꯡ (ꯇꯤꯜ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯥꯡ (ꯇꯤꯜ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%ADng-mu%C3%B2ng" title="Hŭng-muòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hŭng-muòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ခြင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခြင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steekmuggen" title="Steekmuggen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steekmuggen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87" title="लामखुट्टे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लामखुट्टे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB" title="カ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Чуьрк – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чуьрк" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steegmagen" title="Steegmagen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Steegmagen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikkmygg" title="Stikkmygg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stikkmygg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikkemygg" title="Stikkemygg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stikkemygg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moissal" title="Moissal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Moissal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%A5%D0%B0" title="Шыҥа – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шыҥа" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivinlar" title="Chivinlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chivinlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮੱਛਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੱਛਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stechm%C3%BCcken" title="Stechmücken – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Stechmücken" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%86%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="مچھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مچھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steekmuggen" title="Steekmuggen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Steekmuggen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komarowate" title="Komarowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komarowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicidae" title="Culicidae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Culicidae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9A%C3%A2n%C8%9Bar" title="Țânțar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țânțar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qhiti" title="Qhiti – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qhiti" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кровососущие комары – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кровососущие комары" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Бырдах – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бырдах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/likes" title="likes – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="likes" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1" title="ᱥᱤᱠᱬᱤᱡ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱠᱬᱤᱡ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzintzula" title="Tzintzula – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tzintzula" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midge" title="Midge – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Midge" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushkonja" title="Mushkonja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mushkonja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="මදුරු ගණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මදුරු ගණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mosquito" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%87%D8%B1" title="مڇر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مڇر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A1rovit%C3%A9" title="Komárovité – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Komárovité" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komarji" title="Komarji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Komarji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopruchowate" title="Kopruchowate – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kopruchowate" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaneeco" title="Kaneeco – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaneeco" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DB%95" title="مێشوولە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێشوولە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Комарци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Комарци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komarci" title="Komarci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Komarci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reungit" title="Reungit – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Reungit" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyttyset" title="Hyttyset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hyttyset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickmyggor" title="Stickmyggor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stickmyggor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamok" title="Lamok – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lamok" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="கொசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadast" title="Tadast – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tadast" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Черкиләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Черкиләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/kuy%27" title="kuy' – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="kuy'" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE" title="దోమ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దోమ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87" title="ยุง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D3%AF%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Хомӯшак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хомӯшак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಉಮಿಲ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಉಮಿಲ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivrisinek" title="Sivrisinek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sivrisinek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ыргак-сээктер – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ыргак-сээктер" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96" title="Комарі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комарі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%86%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="مچھر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مچھر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyungz" title="Nyungz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Nyungz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicidae" title="Culicidae – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Culicidae" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4s%27ked" title="Säs'ked – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Säs'ked" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%BB%97i" title="Muỗi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Muỗi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picron" title="Picron – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Picron" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namok" title="Namok – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Namok" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9A%8A%E5%AD%90" title="蚊子 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蚊子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8" title="קאמאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80f%E1%BB%8Dn" title="Ẹ̀fọn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀fọn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9A%8A" title="蚊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蚊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dsis" title="Kōsis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kōsis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9A%8A" title="蚊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蚊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkpuk" title="Mkpuk – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Mkpuk" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondui" title="Nondui – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Nondui" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agas" title="Agas – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Agas" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantana" title="Kantana – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Kantana" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%95%E1%A5%A7%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0" title="ᥕᥧᥒᥰ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥕᥧᥒᥰ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7367#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mosquito (disambiguation)">Mosquito (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Mosquito<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">99–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:177.69230769231px; width:42.307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:186.49230769231px; width:33.507692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:187.49230769231px; width:31.507692307692px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <small><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a>) – Recent</small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aedes_aegypti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aedes_aegypti.jpg/220px-Aedes_aegypti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aedes_aegypti.jpg/330px-Aedes_aegypti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aedes_aegypti.jpg/440px-Aedes_aegypti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Aedes_aegypti" title="Aedes aegypti">Aedes aegypti</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Disease_vector" title="Disease vector">vector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Culicidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">Diptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Culicoidea" title="Culicoidea">Culicoidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culicidae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Meigen" title="Johann Wilhelm Meigen">Meigen</a>, 1818<sup id="cite_ref-mosqInv_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mosqInv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subfamilies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosquito_genera#Subfamily_Anophelinae" title="List of mosquito genera">Anophelinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culicinae" title="Culicinae">Culicinae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosquito_genera" title="List of mosquito genera">112 genera</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Mosquitoes</b>, the <b>Culicidae</b>, are a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of small <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">flies</a> consisting of 3,600 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. The word <i>mosquito</i> (formed by <i><a href="/wiki/Musca_(fly)" title="Musca (fly)">mosca</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> <i>-ito</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is Spanish and Portuguese for <i>little fly</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-19-861271-0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-19-861271-0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosquitoes have a slender <a href="/wiki/Segmented_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmented body">segmented body</a>, one pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like legs, and specialized, highly elongated, <a href="/wiki/Piercing-sucking_mouthpart" class="mw-redirect" title="Piercing-sucking mouthpart">piercing-sucking mouthparts</a>. All mosquitoes drink <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> from <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>; females of some species have in addition adapted to drink blood. The group diversified during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period. <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biologists</a> view mosquitoes as <a href="/wiki/Micropredator" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropredator">micropredators</a>, small animals that <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitise</a> larger ones by drinking their blood without immediately killing them. <a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Medical parasitologists</a> view mosquitoes instead as <a href="/wiki/Disease_vector" title="Disease vector">vectors of disease</a>, carrying <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoan</a> parasites or <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viral</a> <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> from one <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a> to another. </p><p>The mosquito life cycle consists of four stages: <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">egg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adult</a>. Eggs are laid on the water surface; they hatch into <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">motile</a> larvae that feed on aquatic <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic material">organic material</a>. These larvae are important food sources for many freshwater animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly#Life_cycle" title="Dragonfly">dragonfly nymphs</a>, many fish, and some birds. Adult females of many species have mouthparts adapted to pierce the skin of a <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">feed on blood</a> of a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> hosts, and some <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, primarily other <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>. Some species only produce eggs after a blood meal. </p><p>The mosquito's <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> is transferred to the host during the bite, and can cause an itchy <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rash</a>. In addition, blood-feeding species can ingest pathogens while biting, and transmit them to other hosts. Those species include vectors of <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis">filariasis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arboviruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboviruses">arboviral</a> diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a>. By transmitting diseases, mosquitoes cause the deaths of over 725,000 people each year. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_and_life_cycle">Description and life cycle</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg/260px-Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg/390px-Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg/520px-Mosquito_Life-Cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Like all flies, mosquitoes go through four stages in their life cycles: <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">egg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imago" title="Imago">adult</a>. The first three stages—egg, larva, and pupa—are largely aquatic,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the eggs usually being laid in stagnant water.<sup id="cite_ref-Wigglesworth_1933_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigglesworth_1933-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They hatch to become <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>, which feed, grow, and molt until they change into <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupae</a>. The adult mosquito emerges from the mature pupa as it floats at the water surface. Mosquitoes have adult lifespans ranging from as short as a week to around a month. Some species overwinter as adults in <a href="/wiki/Diapause" title="Diapause">diapause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adult">Adult</h3></div> <p>Mosquitoes have one pair of wings, with distinct scales on the surface. Their wings are long and narrow, while the legs are long and thin. The body, usually grey or black, is slender, and typically 3–6 mm long. When at rest, mosquitoes hold their first pair of legs outwards, whereas the somewhat similar <a href="/wiki/Chironomidae" title="Chironomidae">Chironomid</a> midges hold these legs forwards.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">Anopheles</a></i> mosquitoes can fly for up to four hours continuously at 1 to 2 km/h (0.62 to 1.24 mph),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traveling up to 12 km (7.5 mi) in a night. Males beat their wings between 450 and 600 times per second, <a href="/wiki/Indirect_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect flight">driven indirectly</a> by muscles which vibrate the thorax.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosquitoes are mainly small flies; the largest are in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Toxorhynchites" title="Toxorhynchites">Toxorhynchites</a></i>, at up to 18 mm (0.71 in) in length and 24 mm (0.94 in) in wingspan.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Aedes" title="Aedes">Aedes</a></i> are much smaller, with a wingspan of 2.8 to 4.4 mm (0.11 to 0.17 in).<sup id="cite_ref-UF/IFAS_A._gambiae_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UF/IFAS_A._gambiae-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mosquitoes can develop from egg to adult in hot weather in as few as five days, but it may take up to a month.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_life_cycle_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_life_cycle-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At dawn or dusk, within days of pupating, males assemble in <a href="/wiki/Swarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Swarm">swarms</a>, mating when females fly in.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_Anopheles_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_Anopheles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female mates only once in her lifetime, attracted by the pheromones emitted by the male.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a species that need blood for the eggs to develop, the female finds a host and drinks a full meal of blood. She then rests for two or three days to digest the meal and allow her eggs to develop. She is then ready to lay the eggs and repeat the cycle of feeding and laying.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_Anopheles_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_Anopheles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females can live for up to three weeks in the wild, depending on temperature, humidity, their ability to obtain a blood meal, and avoiding being killed by their vertebrate hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_Anopheles_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_Anopheles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peach-Gries-2020_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peach-Gries-2020-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anatomy of an adult female mosquito"><img alt="Anatomy of an adult female mosquito" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg/300px-Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg/450px-Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg/600px-Culex_pipiens_diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="539" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anatomy of an adult female mosquito</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adult yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, typical of subfamily Culicinae. Male (left) has bushy antennae and longer palps than female (right)"><img alt="Adult yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, typical of subfamily Culicinae. Male (left) has bushy antennae and longer palps than female (right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg/300px-Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg/450px-Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg/600px-Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="2132" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adult yellow fever mosquito <i><a href="/wiki/Aedes_aegypti" title="Aedes aegypti">Aedes aegypti</a></i>, typical of subfamily <a href="/wiki/Culicinae" title="Culicinae">Culicinae</a>. Male (left) has bushy antennae and longer <a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts" title="Insect mouthparts">palps</a> than female (right)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eggs">Eggs</h3></div> <p>The eggs of most mosquitoes are laid in stagnant water, which may be a pond, a marsh, a temporary puddle, a water-filled hole in a tree, or the water-trapping leaf axils of a <a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">bromeliad</a>. Some lay near the water's edge while others attach their eggs to aquatic plants. A few, like <i><a href="/wiki/Opifex_fuscus" title="Opifex fuscus">Opifex fuscus</a></i>, can breed in salt-marshes.<sup id="cite_ref-Wigglesworth_1933_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigglesworth_1933-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Wyeomyia_smithii" title="Wyeomyia smithii">Wyeomyia smithii</a></i> breeds in the pitchers of <a href="/wiki/Pitcher_plant" title="Pitcher plant">pitcher plants</a>, its larvae feeding on decaying insects that have drowned there.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oviposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviposition">Oviposition</a>, egg-laying, varies between species. <i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">Anopheles</a></i> females fly over the water, touching down or <a href="/wiki/Dapping" title="Dapping">dapping</a> to place eggs on the surface one at a time; their eggs are roughly cigar-shaped and have floats down their sides. A female can lay 100–200 eggs in her lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_Anopheles_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_Anopheles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Aedes</i> females drop their eggs singly, on damp mud or other surfaces near water; their eggs hatch only when they are flooded.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang_Walker_Vulule_Miller_2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang_Walker_Vulule_Miller_2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females in genera such as <i>Culex</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Culiseta" title="Culiseta">Culiseta</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Uranotaenia" title="Uranotaenia">Uranotaenia</a></i> lay their eggs in floating rafts.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spielman,_D'Antonio_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spielman,_D'Antonio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Mansonia_(fly)" title="Mansonia (fly)">Mansonia</a></i> females in contrast lay their eggs in arrays, attached usually to the under-surfaces of waterlily pads.<sup id="cite_ref-Amorim_Sa_Rojas_Santos_Neto_2022_pp._631–637_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amorim_Sa_Rojas_Santos_Neto_2022_pp._631–637-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clutches of eggs of most mosquito species hatch simultaneously, but <i>Aedes</i> eggs in diapause hatch irregularly over an extended period.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang_Walker_Vulule_Miller_2006_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang_Walker_Vulule_Miller_2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anopheles_egg_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anopheles eggs with side floats"><img alt="Anopheles eggs with side floats" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Anopheles_egg_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/152px-Anopheles_egg_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Anopheles_egg_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/228px-Anopheles_egg_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Anopheles_egg_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/305px-Anopheles_egg_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">Anopheles</a></i> eggs with side floats</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Electron micrograph of a culicine egg"><img alt="Electron micrograph of a culicine egg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg/274px-Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg/412px-Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg/549px-Mosquito_egg_SEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Electron micrograph</a> of a culicine egg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelege1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Culex egg raft"><img alt="Culex egg raft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gelege1_%28cropped%29.jpg/256px-Gelege1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gelege1_%28cropped%29.jpg/384px-Gelege1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gelege1_%28cropped%29.jpg/511px-Gelege1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Culex</i> egg raft</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Larva">Larva</h3></div> <p>The mosquito larva's head has prominent mouth brushes used for feeding, a large <a href="/wiki/Thorax_(insect_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorax (insect anatomy)">thorax</a> with no legs, and a segmented <a href="/wiki/Abdomen#Arthropoda" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>. It breathes air through a siphon on its abdomen, so must come to the surface frequently. It spends most of its time feeding on <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, bacteria, and other microbes in the water's surface layer. It dives below the surface when disturbed. It swims either by propelling itself with its mouth brushes, or by jerkily wriggling its body. It develops through several stages, or <a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instars</a>, molting each time, after which it <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphoses</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_life_cycle_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_life_cycle-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Aedes</i> larvae, except when very young, can withstand drying; they go into <a href="/wiki/Diapause" title="Diapause">diapause</a> for several months if their pond dries out.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang_Walker_Vulule_Miller_2006_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang_Walker_Vulule_Miller_2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anopheles larva"><img alt="Anopheles larva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg/200px-AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg/300px-AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg/400px-AnophelesLarvaPhoto_CDCHarryWeinburgh_publicdomain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3555" data-file-height="2528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">Anopheles</a></i> larva</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anatomy of a Culex larva"><img alt="Anatomy of a Culex larva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg/200px-Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg/300px-Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg/400px-Culex_restuans_larva_diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anatomy of a <i><a href="/wiki/Culex" title="Culex">Culex</a></i> larva</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Culex_sp_larvae.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Culex larvae plus one pupa"><img alt="Culex larvae plus one pupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Culex_sp_larvae.png/200px-Culex_sp_larvae.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Culex_sp_larvae.png/300px-Culex_sp_larvae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Culex_sp_larvae.png/400px-Culex_sp_larvae.png 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="834" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Culex</i> larvae plus one pupa</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pupa">Pupa</h3></div> <p>The head and thorax of the <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a> are merged into a <a href="/wiki/Cephalothorax" title="Cephalothorax">cephalothorax</a>, with the abdomen curving around beneath it. The pupa or "tumbler" can swim actively by flipping its abdomen. Like the larva, the pupa of most species must come to the surface frequently to breathe, which they do through a pair of respiratory trumpets on their cephalothoraxes. They do not feed; they pass much of their time hanging from the surface of the water by their respiratory trumpets. If alarmed, they swim downwards by flipping their abdomens in much the same way as the larvae. If undisturbed, they soon float up again. The adult emerges from the pupa at the surface of the water and flies off.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_life_cycle_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_life_cycle-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 405px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosquito pupae, shortly before the adults emerged. The head and thorax are fused into the cephalothorax."><img alt="Mosquito pupae, shortly before the adults emerged. The head and thorax are fused into the cephalothorax." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg/400px-Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg/600px-Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg/800px-Underwater_view_of_mosquito_pupae_in_standing_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3765" data-file-height="1455" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosquito pupae, shortly before the adults emerged. The head and thorax are fused into the cephalothorax.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feeding_by_adults">Feeding by adults</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anautogeny" title="Anautogeny">Anautogeny</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg/220px-Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg/330px-Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg/440px-Mosquito_Tasmania_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1719" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Female <i><a href="/wiki/Aedes_notoscriptus" title="Aedes notoscriptus">Aedes notoscriptus</a></i> feeding on blood from a human arm. </figcaption></figure> <p>Both male and female mosquitoes feed on <a href="/wiki/Nectar_source" title="Nectar source">nectar</a>, aphid honeydew, and plant juices,<sup id="cite_ref-Peach-Gries-2020_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peach-Gries-2020-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in many species the females are also <a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">blood-sucking</a> <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">ectoparasites</a>. In some of those species, a blood meal is essential for egg production; in others, it just enables the female to lay more eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30846726_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30846726-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both plant materials and blood are useful sources of energy in the form of sugars. Blood supplies more concentrated nutrients, such as <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>, but the main function of blood meals is to obtain proteins for egg production.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyagi_2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyagi_2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMCA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMCA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosquitoes like <i><a href="/wiki/Toxorhynchites" title="Toxorhynchites">Toxorhynchites</a></i> reproduce autogenously, not needing blood meals. Disease vector mosquitoes like <i>Anopheles</i> and <i>Aedes</i> are <a href="/wiki/Anautogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Anautogenous">anautogenous</a>, requiring blood to lay eggs. Many <i>Culex</i> species are partially anautogenous, needing blood only for their second and subsequent clutches of eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Host_animals">Host animals</h3></div> <p>Blood-sucking mosquitoes favour particular host species, though they are less selective when food is short. Different mosquito species favor <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> including <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Culiseta_melanura" title="Culiseta melanura">Culiseta melanura</a></i> sucks the blood of <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerine</a> birds, but as mosquito numbers rise they attack mammals including horses and humans, causing epidemics of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_equine_encephalitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern equine encephalitis virus">Eastern equine encephalitis virus</a> in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehane2005_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehane2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loss of blood from many bites can add up to a large volume, occasionally causing the death of <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> as large as <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LSUAgCenter_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSUAgCenter-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a>-transmitting mosquitoes seek out <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a> and feed on their haemolymph,<sup id="cite_ref-George_Blanford_Thomas_Baker_2014_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George_Blanford_Thomas_Baker_2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> impeding their development.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chironius_scurrulus_(Yasuni)_(cropped)_with_mosquitoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Feeding on a snake"><img alt="Feeding on a snake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chironius_scurrulus_%28Yasuni%29_%28cropped%29_with_mosquitoes.jpg/239px-Chironius_scurrulus_%28Yasuni%29_%28cropped%29_with_mosquitoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chironius_scurrulus_%28Yasuni%29_%28cropped%29_with_mosquitoes.jpg/359px-Chironius_scurrulus_%28Yasuni%29_%28cropped%29_with_mosquitoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chironius_scurrulus_%28Yasuni%29_%28cropped%29_with_mosquitoes.jpg/477px-Chironius_scurrulus_%28Yasuni%29_%28cropped%29_with_mosquitoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Feeding on a snake</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_(14555480700)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Feeding on a frog"><img alt="Feeding on a frog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_%2814555480700%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/305px-Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_%2814555480700%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_%2814555480700%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/459px-Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_%2814555480700%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_%2814555480700%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/611px-Mosquitoes_vs._Frog_%2814555480700%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="889" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Feeding on a frog</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JJeffreyApapaneMosquito.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Feeding on a bird"><img alt="Feeding on a bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/JJeffreyApapaneMosquito.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="171" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Feeding on a bird</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finding_hosts">Finding hosts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg/330px-How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg/495px-How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg/660px-How_to_attract_mosquitoes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Blood-feeding female mosquitoes find their hosts using multiple cues, including exhaled <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, heat, and many different <a href="/wiki/Odorant" class="mw-redirect" title="Odorant">odorants</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most mosquito species are <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">crepuscular</a>, feeding at dawn or dusk, and resting in a cool place through the heat of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Asian_tiger_mosquito" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian tiger mosquito">Asian tiger mosquito</a>, are known to fly and feed during daytime.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female mosquitoes hunt for hosts by smelling substances such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/1-Octen-3-ol" title="1-Octen-3-ol">1-octen-3-ol</a> (mushroom alcohol, found in exhaled breath) produced from the host, and through visual recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Semiochemical" title="Semiochemical">semiochemical</a> that most strongly attracts <i><a href="/wiki/Culex" title="Culex">Culex</a> quinquefasciatus</i> is <a href="/wiki/Nonanal" title="Nonanal">nonanal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another attractant is <a href="/wiki/Sulcatone" title="Sulcatone">sulcatone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large part of the mosquito's sense of smell, or olfactory system, is devoted to sniffing out blood sources. Of 72 types of odor receptors on its antennae, at least 27 are tuned to detect chemicals found in perspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Aedes</i>, the search for a host takes place in two phases. First, the mosquito flies about until it detects a host's odorants; then it flies towards them, using the concentration of odorants as its guide.<sup id="cite_ref-Estrada_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrada-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosquitoes prefer to feed on people with <a href="/wiki/Type_O_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Type O blood">type O blood</a>, an abundance of skin bacteria, high body heat, and pregnant women.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chappell,_NPR_2013.07.12:_Mosquitos'_perceptions_of_humans_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell,_NPR_2013.07.12:_Mosquitos'_perceptions_of_humans-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals' attractiveness to mosquitoes has a <a href="/wiki/Heritable" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritable">heritable</a>, genetically controlled component.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The multitude of characteristics in a host observed by the mosquito allows it to select a host to feed on. This occurs when a mosquito notes the presence of CO<sub>2</sub>, as it then activates odour and visual search behaviours that it otherwise would not use. In terms of a mosquito’s olfactory system, chemical analysis has revealed that people who are highly attractive to mosquitoes produce significantly more <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A human's unique body odour indicates that the target is actually a human host rather than some other living warm-blooded animal (as the presence of CO<sub>2</sub> shows). Body odour, composed of <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> emitted from the skin of humans, is the most important cue used by mosquitoes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variation in skin odour is caused by body weight, hormones, genetic factors, and metabolic or genetic disorders. Infections such as malaria can influence an individual’s body odour. People infected by malaria produce relatively large amounts of <i>Plasmodium</i>-induced aldehydes in the skin, creating large cues for mosquitoes as it increases the attractiveness of an odour blend, imitating a "healthy" human odour. Infected individuals produce larger amounts of aldehydes <a href="/wiki/Heptanal" title="Heptanal">heptanal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octanal" title="Octanal">octanal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nonanal" title="Nonanal">nonanal</a>. These compounds are detected by mosquito antennae. Thus, people infected with malaria are more prone to mosquito biting.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contributing to a mosquito's ability to activate search behaviours, a mosquito's visual search system includes sensitivity to wavelengths from different colours. Mosquitoes are attracted to longer wavelengths, correlated to the colours of red and orange as seen by humans, and range through the spectrum of human skin tones. In addition, they have a strong attraction to dark, high-contrast objects, because of how longer wavelengths are perceived against a lighter-coloured background.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg/220px-Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg/330px-Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg/440px-Culex_mosquito_proboscis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="2147" /></a><figcaption>Scanning electron microscope image of the Labium tip of Culex mosquito</figcaption></figure> <p>Different species of mosquitoes have evolved different methods of identifying target hosts. Study of a domestic form and an animal-biting form of the mosquito <i>Aedes aegypti</i> showed that the evolution of preference for human odour is linked to increases in the expression of the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">olfactory receptor</a> AaegOr4. This recognises a compound present at high levels in human odour called <a href="/wiki/Sulcatone" title="Sulcatone">sulcatone</a>. However, the malaria mosquito <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> also has OR4 genes strongly activated by sulcatone, yet none of them are closely related to AaegOr4, suggesting that the two species have evolved to specialise in biting humans independently.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mouthparts">Mouthparts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts" title="Insect mouthparts">Insect mouthparts</a></div> <p>Female mosquito mouthparts are highly adapted to piercing skin and sucking blood. Males only drink sugary fluids, and have less specialized mouthparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Wahid_Sunahara_Mogi_2003_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wahid_Sunahara_Mogi_2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Externally, the most obvious feeding structure of the mosquito is the proboscis, composed of the <a href="/wiki/Labium_(insect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labium (insect)">labium</a>, U-shaped in section like a <a href="/wiki/Rain_gutter" title="Rain gutter">rain gutter</a>, which sheaths a bundle (fascicle) of six piercing mouthparts or stylets. These are two <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(insect_mouthpart)" title="Mandible (insect mouthpart)">mandibles</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Galea_(insects)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galea (insects)">maxillae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts#Hypopharynx" title="Insect mouthparts">hypopharynx</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Labrum_(arthropod_mouthpart)" title="Labrum (arthropod mouthpart)">labrum</a>. The labium bends back into a bow when the mosquito begins to bite, staying in contact with the skin and guiding the stylets downwards. The extremely sharp tips of the labrum and maxillae are moved backwards and forwards to saw their way into the skin, with just one thousandth of the force that would be needed to penetrate the skin with a needle, resulting in a painless insertion.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_mouthparts_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR_mouthparts-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Choo_Buss_Tan_Leal_2015_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choo_Buss_Tan_Leal_2015-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zahran_Sawires_Hamza_2022_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahran_Sawires_Hamza_2022-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 355px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 350px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Evolution of mosquito mouthparts, with grasshopper mouthparts (shown both in situ and separately) representing a more primitive condition. All the mouthparts except the labium are stylets, formed into a fascicle or bundle."><img alt="Evolution of mosquito mouthparts, with grasshopper mouthparts (shown both in situ and separately) representing a more primitive condition. All the mouthparts except the labium are stylets, formed into a fascicle or bundle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg/350px-Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg/525px-Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg/700px-Evolution_of_mosquito_mouthparts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Evolution of mosquito mouthparts, with <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshopper</a> mouthparts (shown both <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> and separately) representing a more primitive condition. All the mouthparts except the labium are stylets, formed into a fascicle or bundle.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 355px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 350px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feeding_mosquito,_mouthparts_labelled.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mouthparts of a female mosquito while feeding on blood, showing the flexible labium sheath supporting the piercing and sucking tube which penetrates the host's skin"><img alt="Mouthparts of a female mosquito while feeding on blood, showing the flexible labium sheath supporting the piercing and sucking tube which penetrates the host's skin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Feeding_mosquito%2C_mouthparts_labelled.svg/350px-Feeding_mosquito%2C_mouthparts_labelled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Feeding_mosquito%2C_mouthparts_labelled.svg/525px-Feeding_mosquito%2C_mouthparts_labelled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Feeding_mosquito%2C_mouthparts_labelled.svg/700px-Feeding_mosquito%2C_mouthparts_labelled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mouthparts of a female mosquito while feeding on blood, showing the flexible <a href="/wiki/Labium_(insect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labium (insect)">labium</a> sheath supporting the piercing and sucking tube which penetrates the host's skin</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saliva">Saliva</h3></div> <p>Mosquito saliva contains <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that aid in sugar feeding,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimicrobial agents">antimicrobial agents</a> that control bacterial growth in the sugar meal.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a mosquito to obtain a blood meal, it must circumvent its <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> host's physiological responses. Mosquito saliva blocks the host's <a href="/wiki/Hemostasis" title="Hemostasis">hemostasis</a> system, with proteins that reduce <a href="/wiki/Vascular_constriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular constriction">vascular constriction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_clotting" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clotting">blood clotting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelet</a> aggregation, to ensure the blood keeps flowing.<sup id="cite_ref-Valenzuela_Pham_Garfield_2002_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valenzuela_Pham_Garfield_2002-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It modulates the host's <a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune response</a> via a mixture of proteins which lower <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a>; create <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Valenzuela_Pham_Garfield_2002_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valenzuela_Pham_Garfield_2002-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suppress <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor" title="Tumor necrosis factor">tumor necrosis factor</a> release from activated <a href="/wiki/Mast_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast cells">mast cells</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suppress <a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">interleukin</a> (IL)-2 and <a href="/wiki/IFN-%CE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="IFN-γ">IFN-γ</a> production;<sup id="cite_ref-Cross_Cupp_Enriquez_1994_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross_Cupp_Enriquez_1994-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zeidner_Higgs_Happ_1999_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeidner_Higgs_Happ_1999-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suppress <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cell</a> populations;<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decrease expression of <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">interferon</a>−α/β, making virus infections more severe;<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increase <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_T_cell" title="Natural killer T cell">natural killer T cells</a> in the blood; and decrease cytokine production.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egg_development_and_blood_digestion">Egg development and blood digestion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg/220px-Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg/330px-Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg/440px-Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>An <i>Anopheles stephensi</i> female is engorged with blood and beginning to pass unwanted liquid fractions to make room in its gut for more of the solid nutrients.</figcaption></figure> <p>Females of many blood-feeding species need a blood meal to begin the process of egg development. A sufficiently large blood meal triggers a hormonal cascade that leads to egg development.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon completion of feeding, the mosquito withdraws her <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a>, and as the gut fills up, the stomach lining secretes a <a href="/wiki/Peritrophic_matrix" title="Peritrophic matrix">peritrophic membrane</a> that surrounds the blood. This keeps the blood separate from anything else in the stomach. Like many <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a> that survive on dilute liquid diets, many adult mosquitoes excrete surplus liquid even when feeding. This permits females to accumulate a full meal of nutrient solids. The blood meal is digested over a period of several days.<sup id="cite_ref-Curic_Hercog_Vrselja_Wagner_2014_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curic_Hercog_Vrselja_Wagner_2014-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once blood is in the stomach, the midgut synthesizes <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</a> enzymes, primarily <a href="/wiki/Trypsin" title="Trypsin">trypsin</a> assisted by <a href="/wiki/Aminopeptidase" title="Aminopeptidase">aminopeptidase</a>, that hydrolyze the blood <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> into free <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>. These are used in the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Vitellogenin" title="Vitellogenin">vitellogenin</a>, which in turn is made into egg yolk protein.<sup id="cite_ref-Billingsley_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billingsley-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmopolitan">Cosmopolitan</h3></div> <p>Mosquitoes have a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a>, occurring in every land region except Antarctica and a few islands with polar or <a href="/wiki/Subpolar_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpolar climate">subpolar climates</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, which is essentially free of mosquitoes.<sup id="cite_ref-Visindavefur.hi.is_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visindavefur.hi.is-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This absence is probably caused by Iceland's climate. Its weather is unpredictable, freezing but often warming suddenly in mid-winter, making mosquitoes emerge from pupae in diapause, and then freezing again before they can complete their life cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eggs of <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate zone</a> mosquitoes are more tolerant of cold than the eggs of species indigenous to warmer regions.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many can tolerate subzero temperatures, while adults of some species can survive winter by sheltering in microhabitats such as buildings or hollow trees.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In warm and humid tropical regions, some mosquito species are active for the entire year, but in temperate and cold regions they hibernate or enter <a href="/wiki/Diapause" title="Diapause">diapause</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> or subarctic mosquitoes, like some other arctic midges in families such as <a href="/wiki/Simuliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Simuliidae">Simuliidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceratopogonidae" title="Ceratopogonidae">Ceratopogonidae</a> may be active for only a few weeks annually as melt-water pools form on the permafrost. During that time, though, they emerge in huge numbers in some regions; a swarm may take up to 300 ml of blood per day from each animal in a <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a> herd.<sup id="cite_ref-n1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_climate_change">Effect of climate change</h3></div> <p>For a mosquito to transmit disease, there must be favorable seasonal conditions,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily humidity, temperature, and precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bai_Morton_Liu_2013_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bai_Morton_Liu_2013-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> affects the location and number of outbreaks in East Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> impacts the seasonal factors and in turn the dispersal of mosquitoes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30120891_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30120891-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate models can use historic data to recreate past outbreaks and to predict the risk of vector-borne disease, based on an area's forecasted climate.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29229233_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29229233-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosquito-borne diseases have long been most prevalent in East Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. An emergence in Europe was observed early in the 21st century. It is predicted that by 2030, the climate of southern Great Britain will be suitable for transmission of <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_vivax" title="Plasmodium vivax">Plasmodium vivax</a></i> malaria by <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes for two months of the year, and that by 2080, the same will be true for southern Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29219091_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29219091-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">Dengue fever</a>, too, is spreading northwards with climate change. The vector, the Asian tiger mosquito <i><a href="/wiki/Aedes_albopictus" title="Aedes albopictus">Aedes albopictus</a></i>, has by 2023 established across southern Europe and as far north as much of northern France, Belgium, Holland, and both <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> and West London in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Horton_2024_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horton_2024-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators_and_parasites">Predators and parasites</h3></div> <p>Mosquito larvae are among the commonest animals in ponds, and they form an important food source for freshwater <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>. Among the many aquatic insects that catch mosquito larvae are <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonfly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damselfly" title="Damselfly">damselfly</a> nymphs, <a href="/wiki/Whirligig_beetle" title="Whirligig beetle">whirligig beetles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_strider" class="mw-redirect" title="Water strider">water striders</a>. Vertebrate predators include fish such as catfish and the <a href="/wiki/Mosquitofish" title="Mosquitofish">mosquitofish</a>, amphibians including the <a href="/wiki/Scaphiopodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphiopodidae">spadefoot toad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Giant_tree_frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant tree frog">giant tree frog</a>, freshwater turtles such as the <a href="/wiki/Red-eared_slider" title="Red-eared slider">red-eared slider</a>, and birds such as ducks.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emerging adults are consumed at the pond surface by predatory flies including <a href="/wiki/Empididae" title="Empididae">Empididae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolichopodidae" title="Dolichopodidae">Dolichopodidae</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>. Flying adults are captured by dragonflies and damselflies, by birds such as <a href="/wiki/Apus_(bird)" title="Apus (bird)">swifts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallows</a>, and by vertebrates including <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Medlock_Snow_2008_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlock_Snow_2008-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mosquitoes are parasitised by <a href="/wiki/Hydrachnidia" title="Hydrachnidia">hydrachnid</a> mites, <a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">ciliates</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Glaucoma_(ciliate)" title="Glaucoma (ciliate)">Glaucoma</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">microsporidians</a> such as <i>Thelania</i>, and fungi including species of <a href="/wiki/Saprolegniaceae" title="Saprolegniaceae">Saprolegniaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entomophthoraceae" title="Entomophthoraceae">Entomophthoraceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Medlock_Snow_2008_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlock_Snow_2008-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollination">Pollination</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG/220px-Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG/330px-Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG/440px-Mosquito_on_marigold_flower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="1659" /></a><figcaption>A mosquito visiting a <a href="/wiki/Calendula" title="Calendula">marigold</a> flower for <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Several flowers including members of the <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pollinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollinated">pollinated</a> by mosquitoes, which visit to obtain sugar-rich <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>. They are attracted to flowers by a range of semiochemicals such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and terpenes. Mosquitoes have visited and pollinated flowers since the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period. It is possible that plant-sucking <a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">exapted</a> mosquitoes to blood-sucking.<sup id="cite_ref-Peach-Gries-2020_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peach-Gries-2020-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasitism">Parasitism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitism</a></div> <p>Ecologically, blood-feeding mosquitoes are <a href="/wiki/Micropredator" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropredator">micropredators</a>, small animals that feed on larger animals without immediately killing them. Evolutionary biologists see this as a form of <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitism</a>; in <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">Edward O. Wilson</a>'s phrase "Parasites ... are predators that eat prey in units of less than one."<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_2014_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_2014-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Micropredation is one of six major <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology#Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Behavioral ecology">evolutionarily stable strategies</a> within parasitism. It is distinguished by leaving the host still able to reproduce, unlike the activity of <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_castration" title="Parasitic castration">parasitic castrators</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoids</a>; and having multiple hosts, unlike conventional parasites.<sup id="cite_ref-Poulin_Randhawa_2011_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulin_Randhawa_2011-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poulin_Randhawa_2015_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulin_Randhawa_2015-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this perspective, mosquitoes are <a href="/wiki/Ectoparasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectoparasite">ectoparasites</a>, feeding on blood from the outside of their hosts, using their piercing mouthparts, rather than entering their bodies. Unlike some other ectoparasites such as <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">lice</a>, mosquitoes do not remain constantly on the body of the host, but visit only to feed.<sup id="cite_ref-Poulin_Randhawa_2015_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulin_Randhawa_2015-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fossilized mosquito encased in amber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg/170px-Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg/255px-Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg/340px-Culex_malariager_in_Dominican_amber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culex_malariager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culex malariager (page does not exist)"><i>Culex malariager</i></a> mosquito infected with the <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malarial</a> parasite <a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_dominicana" title="Plasmodium dominicana"><i>Plasmodium dominicana</i></a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican</a> amber of <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> age, 15–20 million years ago<sup id="cite_ref-Poinar_2014_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poinar_2014-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A 2023 study suggested that <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libanoculex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libanoculex (page does not exist)">Libanoculex intermedius</a></i> found in <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_amber" title="Lebanese amber">Lebanese amber</a>, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Barremian" title="Barremian">Barremian</a> age of the Early Cretaceous, around 125 million years ago was the oldest known mosquito.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However its identification as a mosquito is disputed, with other authors considering it to be a <a href="/wiki/Chaoboridae" title="Chaoboridae">chaoborid</a> fly instead.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three other unambiguous species of <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> mosquito are known. <i><a href="/wiki/Burmaculex_antiquus" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmaculex antiquus">Burmaculex antiquus</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priscoculex_burmanicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priscoculex burmanicus (page does not exist)">Priscoculex burmanicus</a></i> are known from <a href="/wiki/Burmese_amber" title="Burmese amber">Burmese amber</a> from Myanmar, which dates to the earliest part of the <a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a> age of the Late Cretaceous, around 99 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleoculicis_minutus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paleoculicis minutus (page does not exist)">Paleoculicis minutus</a></i>, is known from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_amber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian amber (page does not exist)">Canadian amber</a> from Alberta, Canada, which dates to the <a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> age of the Late Cretaceous, around 79 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>P. burmanicus</i> has been assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Anophelinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anophelinae">Anophelinae</a>, indicating that the split between this subfamily and the <a href="/wiki/Culicinae" title="Culicinae">Culicinae</a> took place over 99 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecular estimates suggest that this split occurred 197.5 million years ago, during the Early <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, but that major diversification did not take place until the Cretaceous.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosquito_genera" title="List of mosquito genera">List of mosquito genera</a></div> <p>Over 3,600 species of mosquitoes in 112 <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Alpha_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha taxonomy">described</a>. They are traditionally divided into two subfamilies, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosquito_genera#Subfamily_Anophelinae" title="List of mosquito genera">Anophelinae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Culicinae" title="Culicinae">Culicinae</a>, which carry different diseases. Roughly speaking, protozoal diseases like malaria are transmitted by anophelines, while viral diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a> are transmitted by culicines.<sup id="cite_ref-Molina-Cruz_Lehmann_Knöckel_2013_pp._530–537_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molina-Cruz_Lehmann_Knöckel_2013_pp._530–537-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Culicidae was introduced by the German entomologist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Meigen" title="Johann Wilhelm Meigen">Johann Wilhelm Meigen</a> in his seven-volume classification published in 1818–1838.<sup id="cite_ref-Meigen_1818_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meigen_1818-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosquito taxonomy was advanced in 1901 when the English entomologist <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Vincent_Theobald" title="Frederick Vincent Theobald">Frederick Vincent Theobald</a> published his 5-volume monograph on the Culicidae.<sup id="cite_ref-Theobald1901_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theobald1901-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum_(Natural_History)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum (Natural History)">British Museum (Natural History)</a> from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>, who had written that "in view of the possible connection of Malaria with mosquitoes, it is desirable to obtain exact knowledge of the different species of mosquitoes and allied insects in the various tropical colonies. I will therefore ask you ... to have collections made of the winged insects in the Colony which bite men or animals."<sup id="cite_ref-Harbach_Kitching_2016_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harbach_Kitching_2016-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="External">External</h4></div> <p>Mosquitoes are members of a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">true flies (order Diptera)</a>: the Culicidae (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">culex</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">culicis</i></span>, meaning "midge" or "gnat").<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-398-06179-3_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-398-06179-3-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are members of the infraorder <a href="/wiki/Culicomorpha" title="Culicomorpha">Culicomorpha</a> and superfamily <a href="/wiki/Culicoidea" title="Culicoidea">Culicoidea</a>. The phylogenetic tree is based on the FLYTREE project.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:110%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ptychopteromorpha" title="Ptychopteromorpha">Ptychopteromorpha</a> (phantom and primitive crane-flies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png/70px-Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png/105px-Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png/140px-Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Culicomorpha" title="Culicomorpha">Culicomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chironomidae" title="Chironomidae">Chironomidae</a> (non-biting midges) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chironomidae_indet._(Chironomidae)_(Unidentified_Non-biting_Midge)_-_(male_imago),_Arnhem,_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chironomidae_indet._%28Chironomidae%29_%28Unidentified_Non-biting_Midge%29_-_%28male_imago%29%2C_Arnhem%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg/70px-Chironomidae_indet._%28Chironomidae%29_%28Unidentified_Non-biting_Midge%29_-_%28male_imago%29%2C_Arnhem%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chironomidae_indet._%28Chironomidae%29_%28Unidentified_Non-biting_Midge%29_-_%28male_imago%29%2C_Arnhem%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg/105px-Chironomidae_indet._%28Chironomidae%29_%28Unidentified_Non-biting_Midge%29_-_%28male_imago%29%2C_Arnhem%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chironomidae_indet._%28Chironomidae%29_%28Unidentified_Non-biting_Midge%29_-_%28male_imago%29%2C_Arnhem%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg/140px-Chironomidae_indet._%28Chironomidae%29_%28Unidentified_Non-biting_Midge%29_-_%28male_imago%29%2C_Arnhem%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Simulioidea (blackflies and biting midges) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_11052_Biting_midge_on_human_skin_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/CSIRO_ScienceImage_11052_Biting_midge_on_human_skin_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_11052_Biting_midge_on_human_skin_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/CSIRO_ScienceImage_11052_Biting_midge_on_human_skin_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_11052_Biting_midge_on_human_skin_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/CSIRO_ScienceImage_11052_Biting_midge_on_human_skin_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_11052_Biting_midge_on_human_skin_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="397" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Culicoidea" title="Culicoidea">Culicoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dixidae" title="Dixidae">Dixidae</a> (meniscus midges) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dixa_nebulosa_adult_John_Curtis_British_Entomology_409.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dixa_nebulosa_adult_John_Curtis_British_Entomology_409.png/70px-Dixa_nebulosa_adult_John_Curtis_British_Entomology_409.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dixa_nebulosa_adult_John_Curtis_British_Entomology_409.png/105px-Dixa_nebulosa_adult_John_Curtis_British_Entomology_409.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dixa_nebulosa_adult_John_Curtis_British_Entomology_409.png/140px-Dixa_nebulosa_adult_John_Curtis_British_Entomology_409.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Corethrellidae" title="Corethrellidae">Corethrellidae</a> (frog-biting midges) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chaoboridae" title="Chaoboridae">Chaoboridae</a> (phantom midges) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaoborus_crystallinus_male_as_Corethra_plumicornis_(Walker_Insecta_Britanica_Vol_3_page_397_plate_XXV).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chaoborus_crystallinus_male_as_Corethra_plumicornis_%28Walker_Insecta_Britanica_Vol_3_page_397_plate_XXV%29.png/60px-Chaoborus_crystallinus_male_as_Corethra_plumicornis_%28Walker_Insecta_Britanica_Vol_3_page_397_plate_XXV%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chaoborus_crystallinus_male_as_Corethra_plumicornis_%28Walker_Insecta_Britanica_Vol_3_page_397_plate_XXV%29.png/90px-Chaoborus_crystallinus_male_as_Corethra_plumicornis_%28Walker_Insecta_Britanica_Vol_3_page_397_plate_XXV%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chaoborus_crystallinus_male_as_Corethra_plumicornis_%28Walker_Insecta_Britanica_Vol_3_page_397_plate_XXV%29.png/120px-Chaoborus_crystallinus_male_as_Corethra_plumicornis_%28Walker_Insecta_Britanica_Vol_3_page_397_plate_XXV%29.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="799" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Culicidae</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg/100px-Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg/150px-Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg/200px-Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="609" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>other midges and gnats <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg/70px-Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg/105px-Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg/140px-Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>all other flies, inc. <a href="/wiki/Brachycera" title="Brachycera">Brachycera</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrphidae_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Syrphidae_icon.jpg/70px-Syrphidae_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Syrphidae_icon.jpg/105px-Syrphidae_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Syrphidae_icon.jpg/140px-Syrphidae_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="327" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(true flies) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal">Internal</h4></div> <p>The two subfamilies of mosquitoes are <a href="/wiki/Anophelinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anophelinae">Anophelinae</a>, containing three genera and approximately 430 species, and <a href="/wiki/Culicinae" title="Culicinae">Culicinae</a>, which contains 11 tribes, 108 genera and 3,046 species. Kyanne Reidenbach and colleagues analysed mosquito <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetics</a> in 2009, using both nuclear DNA and morphology of 26 species. They note that Anophelinae is confirmed to be rather basal, but that the deeper parts of the tree are not well resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Reidenbach_Cook_Bertone_Harbach_2009_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reidenbach_Cook_Bertone_Harbach_2009-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:110%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Culicidae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>basal spp. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Anophelinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anophelinae">Anophelinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anopheles_gambiae_mosquito_feeding_1354.p_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Anopheles_gambiae_mosquito_feeding_1354.p_lores.jpg/125px-Anopheles_gambiae_mosquito_feeding_1354.p_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Anopheles_gambiae_mosquito_feeding_1354.p_lores.jpg/188px-Anopheles_gambiae_mosquito_feeding_1354.p_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Anopheles_gambiae_mosquito_feeding_1354.p_lores.jpg/250px-Anopheles_gambiae_mosquito_feeding_1354.p_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="465" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Culicinae" title="Culicinae">Culicinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>other spp. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aedini" title="Aedini">Aedini</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aedes_aegypti_feeding_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Aedes_aegypti_feeding_%28cropped%29.jpg/125px-Aedes_aegypti_feeding_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Aedes_aegypti_feeding_%28cropped%29.jpg/188px-Aedes_aegypti_feeding_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Aedes_aegypti_feeding_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Aedes_aegypti_feeding_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="746" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>other spp. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabethini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabethini (page does not exist)">Sabethini</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabethes_albiprivus_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sabethes_albiprivus_%28cropped%29.jpg/125px-Sabethes_albiprivus_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sabethes_albiprivus_%28cropped%29.jpg/188px-Sabethes_albiprivus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sabethes_albiprivus_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Sabethes_albiprivus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1175" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions_with_humans">Interactions with humans</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg/220px-Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg/330px-Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg/440px-Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="1629" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles_albimanus" title="Anopheles albimanus">Anopheles albimanus</a></i> feeding on a human arm. As mosquitoes are the only vectors of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, controlling them reduces its incidence.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vectors_of_disease">Vectors of disease</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">Mosquito-borne disease</a></div> <p>Mosquitoes are <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vectors</a> for many disease-causing <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> including <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoan</a> parasites. Nearly 700 million people acquire a <a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquito-borne illness">mosquito-borne illness</a> each year, resulting in over 725,000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-EBMED2014_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBMED2014-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common mosquito-borne viral diseases include <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2_014_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2_014-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a> transmitted mostly by <i><a href="/wiki/Aedes_aegypti" title="Aedes aegypti">Aedes aegypti</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_2009_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_2009-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parasitic diseases transmitted by mosquitoes include <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis" title="Lymphatic filariasis">lymphatic filariasis</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium" title="Plasmodium">Plasmodium</a></i> parasites that cause malaria are carried by female <i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">Anopheles</a></i> mosquitoes. Lymphatic filariasis, the main cause of <a href="/wiki/Elephantiasis_tropica" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephantiasis tropica">elephantiasis</a>, is spread by a wide variety of mosquitoes.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bacterial disease spread by <i>Culex</i> and <i>Culiseta</i> mosquitoes is <a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">tularemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21776596_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21776596-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control">Control</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_control" title="Mosquito control">Mosquito control</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosquito_Netting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mosquito_Netting.jpg/220px-Mosquito_Netting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mosquito_Netting.jpg/330px-Mosquito_Netting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mosquito_Netting.jpg/440px-Mosquito_Netting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Mosquito nets can prevent people being bitten while they sleep.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many measures have been tried for <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_control" title="Mosquito control">mosquito control</a>, including the elimination of breeding places, exclusion via <a href="/wiki/Window_screen" title="Window screen">window screens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_net" title="Mosquito net">mosquito nets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological control">biological control</a> with parasites such as fungi<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nematodes,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or predators such as fish,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jianguo-Dashu-1995_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jianguo-Dashu-1995-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Copepods" class="mw-redirect" title="Copepods">copepods</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonfly</a> nymphs and adults, and some species of lizard and <a href="/wiki/Gecko" title="Gecko">gecko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another approach is to <a href="/wiki/Sterile_insect_technique" title="Sterile insect technique">introduce large numbers of sterile males</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-twsE44_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsE44-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic modification methods including cytoplasmic incompatibility, chromosomal translocations, sex distortion and gene replacement, solutions seen as inexpensive and not subject to vector resistance, have been explored.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control of disease-carrying mosquitoes using <a href="/wiki/Gene_drive" title="Gene drive">gene drives</a> has been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repellents">Repellents</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insect_repellent" title="Insect repellent">Insect repellent</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg/220px-Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg/330px-Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg/440px-Insect_repellents_in_Finnish_store.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Insect_repellent" title="Insect repellent">Mosquito repellents</a> (including a <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_coil" title="Mosquito coil">mosquito coil</a>) in a <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> store</figcaption></figure> <p>Insect repellents are applied on skin and give short-term protection against mosquito bites. The chemical <a href="/wiki/DEET" title="DEET">DEET</a> repels some mosquitoes and other insects.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a>-recommended repellents are <a href="/wiki/Picaridin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picaridin">picaridin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">eucalyptus oil</a> (<a href="/wiki/P-Menthane-3,8-diol" title="P-Menthane-3,8-diol">PMD</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_butylacetylaminopropionate" title="Ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate">ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate</a> (IR3535).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pyrethrum" title="Pyrethrum">Pyrethrum</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">Chrysanthemum</a></i> species, particularly <i>C. cinerariifolium</i> and <i>C. coccineum</i>) is an effective plant-based repellent.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_insect_repellent" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic insect repellent">Electronic insect repellent</a> devices that produce <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasounds</a> intended to keep away insects (and mosquitoes) are marketed. No <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> or university study has shown that these devices prevent humans from being bitten by a mosquito.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bites">Bites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_bite_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquito bite allergies">Mosquito bite allergies</a></div> <p>Mosquito bites lead to a variety of skin reactions and more seriously to <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_bite_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquito bite allergies">mosquito bite allergies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawada_Inoue_Kawa_2017_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawada_Inoue_Kawa_2017-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a> to mosquito bites is an excessive reaction to mosquito saliva proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24364549_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24364549-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous species of mosquito can trigger such reactions, including <i><a href="/wiki/Aedes_aegypti" title="Aedes aegypti">Aedes aegypti</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aedes_vexans" title="Aedes vexans">A. vexans</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aedes_albopictus" title="Aedes albopictus">A. albopictus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles_sinensis" title="Anopheles sinensis">Anopheles sinensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Culex_pipiens" title="Culex pipiens">Culex pipiens</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tatsuno_Fujiyama_Matsuoka_Shimauchi_2016_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatsuno_Fujiyama_Matsuoka_Shimauchi_2016-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Aedes_communis" title="Aedes communis">Aedes communis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles_stephensi" title="Anopheles stephensi">Anopheles stephensi</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Peng_Simons_2007_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng_Simons_2007-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Culex_quinquefasciatus" title="Culex quinquefasciatus">C. quinquefasciatus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Culex_tritaeniorhynchus" title="Culex tritaeniorhynchus">C. tritaeniorhynchus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17169531_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17169531-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ochlerotatus_triseriatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochlerotatus triseriatus">Ochlerotatus triseriatus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23352522_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23352522-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cross-reactivity between salivary proteins of different mosquitoes implies that allergic responses may be caused by virtually any mosquito species.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23442453_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23442453-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment can be with <a href="/wiki/Antipruritic" title="Antipruritic">anti-itch</a> medications, including some taken orally, such as <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>, or applied to the skin like <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroids">corticosteroids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_ammonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous ammonia">Aqueous ammonia</a> (3.6%) also provides relief.<sup id="cite_ref-Ammonium_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammonium-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both topical heat<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cold may be useful as treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_human_culture">In human culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_mythology">Greek mythology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rackham-gnat_and_bull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rackham-gnat_and_bull.jpg/220px-Rackham-gnat_and_bull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Rackham-gnat_and_bull.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a>'s illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a> of "<a href="/wiki/The_Gnat_and_the_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gnat and the Bull">The Bull and the Mosquito</a>", 1912</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> beast fables including "The Elephant and the Mosquito" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Gnat_and_the_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gnat and the Bull">The Bull and the Mosquito</a>", with the general moral that the large beast does not even notice the small one, derive ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adrados1999_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adrados1999-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_myths">Origin myths</h3></div> <p>The peoples of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> have <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">origin myths</a> surrounding the mosquito. One <a href="/wiki/Ostiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostiak">Ostiak</a> myth tells of a man-eating giant, <i>Punegusse</i>, who is killed by a hero but will not stay dead. The hero eventually burns the giant, but the ashes of the fire become mosquitoes that continue to plague mankind. Other myths from the <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a>, Goldes (<a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Nanai people</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_peoples" title="Samoyedic peoples">Samoyed</a> have the insect arising from the ashes or fragments of some giant creature or demon. Similar tales found in Native North American myth, with the mosquito arising from the ashes of a man-eater, suggest a common origin. The <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> had a variant of the same myth, involving the fragments of the dead giant, <i>Andalma-Muus</i>, becoming mosquitoes and other insects.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> tells that in Japan, mosquitoes are seen as reincarnations of the dead, condemned by the errors of their former lives to the condition of <i>Jiki-ketsu-gaki</i>, or "blood-drinking <a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghost#In_Japan" title="Hungry ghost">pretas</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm/220px-seek%3D36-Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="147" data-durationhint="375" data-mwtitle="Winsor_McCay_(1912)_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_(1912)_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><i>How a Mosquito Operates</i> (1912)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay">Winsor McCay</a>'s 1912 film <i><a href="/wiki/How_a_Mosquito_Operates" title="How a Mosquito Operates">How a Mosquito Operates</a></i> was one of the earliest works of animation. It has been described as far ahead of its time in technical quality.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It depicts a giant mosquito tormenting a sleeping man.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twelve ships of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> have borne the name HMS <i>Mosquito</i> or the archaic form of the name, HMS <i>Musquito</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquito</a> was a high-speed aircraft manufactured between 1940 and 1950, and used in many roles.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian city of <a href="/wiki/Berezniki" title="Berezniki">Berezniki</a> annually celebrates its mosquitoes from the 17th of July to the 20th in a "most delicious girl" competition. In the competition, the girls stand for 20 minutes in their shorts and vests, and the one who receives the most bites wins.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mosqInv-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mosqInv_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarbach,_Ralph2008" class="citation web cs1">Harbach, Ralph (2 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818">"Family Culicidae Meigen, 1818"</a>. <i>Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003061320/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/family-culicidae-meigen-1818">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mosquito+Taxonomic+Inventory&rft.atitle=Family+Culicidae+Meigen%2C+1818&rft.date=2008-11-02&rft.au=Harbach%2C+Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info%2Ffamily-culicidae-meigen-1818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span>, see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list">Valid Species List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315103505/https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/valid-species-list">Archived</a> 2022-03-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dle.rae.es/?id=PuiMZGa">"mosquito"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724225319/http://dle.rae.es/?id=PuiMZGa">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=mosquito&rft.pub=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2F%3Fid%3DPuiMZGa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-19-861271-0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-19-861271-0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1993" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Lesley (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newshorteroxford00lesl"><i>The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles</i></a>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861271-1"><bdi>978-0-19-861271-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Shorter+Oxford+English+Dictionary+on+Historical+Principles&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861271-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewshorteroxford00lesl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mosquito.org/page/faq">"FAQs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Mosquito_Control_Association" title="American Mosquito Control Association">AMCA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716212718/https://www.mosquito.org/page/FAQ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQs&rft.pub=AMCA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosquito.org%2Fpage%2Ffaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wigglesworth_1933-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wigglesworth_1933_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wigglesworth_1933_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigglesworth1933" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Wigglesworth" title="Vincent Wigglesworth">Wigglesworth, Vincent B.</a> (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/content/10/1/27">"The Adaptation of Mosquito Larvae to Salt Water"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933JExpB..10...27W">1933JExpB..10...27W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.10.1.27">10.1242/jeb.10.1.27</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140624025943/http://jeb.biologists.org/content/10/1/27">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insects%3A+An+Outline+of+Entomology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=280&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-84616-2&rft.aulast=Gullan&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Cranston%2C+P.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlF5hBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spielman,_D'Antonio-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spielman,_D'Antonio_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielmanD'Antonio2001" class="citation book cs1">Spielman, Andrew; D'Antonio, M. (2001). 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperion (publisher)">Hyperion</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6781-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6781-3"><bdi>978-0-7868-6781-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+One%3A+Magnificent+Enemy&rft.btitle=Mosquito%3A+a+natural+history+of+our+most+persistent+and+deadly+foe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7868-6781-3&rft.aulast=Spielman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=D%27Antonio%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmosquitonaturalh00spie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amorim_Sa_Rojas_Santos_Neto_2022_pp._631–637-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amorim_Sa_Rojas_Santos_Neto_2022_pp._631–637_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmorimSaRojasSantos_Neto2022" class="citation journal cs1">Amorim, J. 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"Aquatic Macrophytes Hosting Immature Mansonia (Mansonia) Blanchard, 1901 (Diptera, Culicidae) in Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil". <i>Journal of Medical Entomology</i>. <b>59</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">631–</span>637. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjme%2Ftjab223">10.1093/jme/tjab223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35043213">35043213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Entomology&rft.atitle=Aquatic+Macrophytes+Hosting+Immature+Mansonia+%28Mansonia%29+Blanchard%2C+1901+%28Diptera%2C+Culicidae%29+in+Porto+Velho%2C+Rondonia+State%2C+Brazil&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E631-%3C%2Fspan%3E637&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjme%2Ftjab223&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35043213&rft.aulast=Amorim&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Sa%2C+I.+L.+R.&rft.au=Rojas%2C+M.+V.+R.&rft.au=Santos+Neto%2C+N.+F.&rft.au=Galardo%2C+A.+K.+R.&rft.au=Carvalho%2C+D.+P.&rft.au=Ribeiro%2C+K.+A.+N.&rft.au=Sallum%2C+M.+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30846726-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid30846726_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeachGriesZhaiYoung2019" class="citation journal cs1">Peach, Daniel A. H.; Gries, R.; Zhai, H.; Young, N.; Gries, G. (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6405845">"Multimodal floral cues guide mosquitoes to tansy inflorescences"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 3908. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...9.3908P">2019NatSR...9.3908P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-39748-4">10.1038/s41598-019-39748-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6405845">6405845</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30846726">30846726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Multimodal+floral+cues+guide+mosquitoes+to+tansy+inflorescences&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3908&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6405845%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30846726&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-39748-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...9.3908P&rft.aulast=Peach&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.+H.&rft.au=Gries%2C+R.&rft.au=Zhai%2C+H.&rft.au=Young%2C+N.&rft.au=Gries%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6405845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyagi_2004-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyagi_2004_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyagi2004" class="citation book cs1">Tyagi, B.K. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4g9fDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79"><i>The Invincible Deadly Mosquitoes</i></a>. Scientific Publishers. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-87741-30-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-87741-30-0"><bdi>978-93-87741-30-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129181746/https://books.google.com/books?id=4g9fDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>Only female mosquitoes require a blood meal (protein)...The number of egg formation and development in ovary of the female is directly dependent on quantum and nature supply of blood meal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invincible+Deadly+Mosquitoes&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Scientific+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-93-87741-30-0&rft.aulast=Tyagi&rft.aufirst=B.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4g9fDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMCA-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AMCA_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mosquito.org/page/biology">"Biology"</a>. <i>mosquito.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Mosquito_Control_Association" title="American Mosquito Control Association">American Mosquito Control Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210329163726/https://www.mosquito.org/page/biology">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>Acquiring a blood meal (protein) is essential for egg production, but mostly both male and female mosquitoes are nectar feeders for their nutrition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mosquito.org&rft.atitle=Biology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosquito.org%2Fpage%2Fbiology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawabeMoribayashi2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sawabe, K.; Moribayashi, A. 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"The Origin of the Mosquito", p.386</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mythology+of+All+Races&rft.atitle=Finno-Ugric+and+Siberian&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=IX.+%22The+Origin+of+the+Mosquito%22%2C+p.386&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Holmberg&rft.aufirst=Uno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythologyofallra41gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearn2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Hearn, Lafcadio</a> (2020) [1968]. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Action+Analysis+for+Animators&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-240-81218-2&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjylUYRFfcywC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanemaker2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Canemaker" title="John Canemaker">Canemaker, John</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vs82AQAAIAAJ"><i>Winsor McCay: His Life and Art</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Abrams_Books" title="Abrams Books">Abrams Books</a>. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-5941-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-5941-5"><bdi>978-0-8109-5941-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winsor+McCay%3A+His+Life+and+Art&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Abrams+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-5941-5&rft.aulast=Canemaker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvs82AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColledgeWarlow2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Colledge" title="J. J. Colledge">Colledge, J. J.</a>; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. <i><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="Ships of the Royal Navy">Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy</a></i> (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8"><bdi>978-1-86176-281-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+of+the+Royal+Navy%3A+The+Complete+Record+of+all+Fighting+Ships+of+the+Royal+Navy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Chatham+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86176-281-8&rft.aulast=Colledge&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Warlow%2C+Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span>, "Mosquito" and "Musquito".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html">"De Havilland Mosquito"</a>. The Aviation History Online Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111050938/http://www.aviation-history.com/dehavilland/mosquito.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Havilland+Mosquito&rft.pub=The+Aviation+History+Online+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviation-history.com%2Fdehavilland%2Fmosquito.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-33525015">"Russia: Mosquitoes honoured at annual festival"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia%3A+Mosquitoes+honoured+at+annual+festival&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs-news-from-elsewhere-33525015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Winegard, Timothy Charles (2019). <i>The mosquito: a human history of our deadliest predator</i>. Penguin Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1524743413" title="Special:BookSources/978-1524743413"><bdi>978-1524743413</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1111638283">1111638283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mosquito%3A+a+human+history+of+our+deadliest+predator&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1111638283&rft.isbn=978-1524743413&rft.aulast=Winegard&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culicidae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culicidae">Culicidae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mosquitoes" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Mosquitoes">Mosquitoes</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fmel.ifas.ufl.edu/mosquito-guide/">Mosquito at IFAS</a></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/life_cycle_of_the_mosquito">describing The Life Cycle of the Mosquito</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Parasitic_Insects,_Mites_and_Ticks:_Genera_of_Medical_and_Veterinary_Importance/Mosquitoes_and_similar">Parasitic Insects, Mites and Ticks: Genera of Medical and Veterinary Importance</a> Wikibooks</li></ul> <div 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<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a></li> <li>Subclass: <a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">Pterygota</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Neoptera" title="Neoptera">Neoptera</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">Holometabola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Nematocera280" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Nematocera" title="Nematocera">Nematocera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Axymyiomorpha28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;padding-right:10.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Axymyiidae" title="Axymyiidae">Axymyiomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axymyiidae" title="Axymyiidae">Axymyiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culicomorpha16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Culicomorpha" title="Culicomorpha">Culicomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Culicoidea" title="Culicoidea">Culicoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dixidae" title="Dixidae">Dixidae <small>(meniscus midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corethrellidae" title="Corethrellidae">Corethrellidae <small>(frog-biting midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoboridae" title="Chaoboridae">Chaoboridae <small>(phantom midges)</small></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culicidae <small>(mosquitoes)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chironomoidea" title="Chironomoidea">Chironomoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaleidae" title="Thaumaleidae">Thaumaleidae <small>(solitary midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_fly" title="Black fly">Simuliidae <small>(black flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceratopogonidae" title="Ceratopogonidae">Ceratopogonidae <small>(biting midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chironomidae" title="Chironomidae">Chironomidae <small>(non-biting midges)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Blephariceromorpha22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;padding-right:10.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Blephariceromorpha" title="Blephariceromorpha">Blephariceromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blephariceridae" title="Blephariceridae">Blephariceridae <small>(net-winged midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterophlebia" title="Deuterophlebia">Deuterophlebiidae <small>(mountain midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphomyiidae" title="Nymphomyiidae">Nymphomyiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bibionomorpha17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Bibionomorpha" title="Bibionomorpha">Bibionomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Bibionidae" title="Bibionidae">Bibionoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibionidae" title="Bibionidae">Bibionidae <small>(march flies, lovebugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Anisopodidae" title="Anisopodidae">Anisopodoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisopodidae" title="Anisopodidae">Anisopodidae <small>(wood gnats)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Sciaroidea" title="Sciaroidea">Sciaroidea</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(fungus gnats)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolitophila" title="Bolitophila">Bolitophilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecidomyiidae" title="Cecidomyiidae">Cecidomyiidae <small>(gall midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadocidiidae" title="Diadocidiidae">Diadocidiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditomyiidae" title="Ditomyiidae">Ditomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keroplatidae" title="Keroplatidae">Keroplatidae <small>(predatory fungus gnats)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lygistorrhinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lygistorrhinidae">Lygistorrhinidae <small>(long-beaked fungus gnats)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycetophilidae" title="Mycetophilidae">Mycetophilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangomaramidae" title="Rangomaramidae">Rangomaramidae <small>(long-winged fungus gnats)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciaridae" title="Sciaridae">Sciaridae <small>(dark-winged fungus gnats)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Perissommatomorpha38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;padding-right:10.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Perissommatidae" title="Perissommatidae">Perissommatomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perissommatidae" title="Perissommatidae">Perissommatidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Psychodomorpha18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Psychodomorpha" title="Psychodomorpha">Psychodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Scatopsoidea" title="Scatopsoidea">Scatopsoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canthyloscelidae" title="Canthyloscelidae">Canthyloscelidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatopsidae" title="Scatopsidae">Scatopsidae <small>(minute black scavenger flies, or dung midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeseguyidae" title="Valeseguyidae">Valeseguyidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Psychodidae" title="Psychodidae">Psychodoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychodidae" title="Psychodidae">Psychodidae <small>(moth flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ptychopteromorpha21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;padding-right:10.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Ptychopteromorpha" title="Ptychopteromorpha">Ptychopteromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptychopteridae" title="Ptychopteridae">Ptychopteridae <small>(phantom crane flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanyderidae" title="Tanyderidae">Tanyderidae <small>(primitive crane flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tipulomorpha16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Tipulomorpha" title="Tipulomorpha">Tipulomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Trichoceridae" title="Trichoceridae">Trichoceroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichoceridae" title="Trichoceridae">Trichoceridae <small>(winter crane flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Crane_fly" title="Crane fly">Tipuloidea</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(crane flies)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cylindrotomidae" title="Cylindrotomidae">Cylindrotomidae <small>(long-bodied crane flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoniidae" title="Limoniidae">Limoniidae <small>(limoniid crane flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediciidae" title="Pediciidae">Pediciidae <small>(hairy-eyed craneflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipulidae" title="Tipulidae">Tipulidae <small>(large crane flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Brachycera280" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Brachycera" title="Brachycera">Brachycera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asilomorpha15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Asilomorpha" title="Asilomorpha">Asilomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Asiloidea" title="Asiloidea">Asiloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apiocera" title="Apiocera">Apioceridae <small>(flower-loving flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsilocephalidae" title="Apsilocephalidae">Apsilocephalidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apystomyia" title="Apystomyia">Apystomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asilidae" title="Asilidae">Asilidae <small>(robber flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyliidae" title="Bombyliidae">Bombyliidae <small>(bee flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocoa" title="Evocoa">Evocoidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarimorphidae" title="Hilarimorphidae">Hilarimorphidae <small>(hilarimorphid flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mydas_fly" title="Mydas fly">Mydidae <small>(mydas flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythicomyiidae" title="Mythicomyiidae">Mythicomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenopinidae" title="Scenopinidae">Scenopinidae <small>(window flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therevidae" title="Therevidae">Therevidae <small>(stiletto flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Empidoidea" title="Empidoidea">Empidoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atelestidae" title="Atelestidae">Atelestidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolichopodidae" title="Dolichopodidae">Dolichopodidae <small>(long-legged flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empididae" title="Empididae">Empididae <small>(dagger flies, balloon flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homalocnemis" title="Homalocnemis">Homalocnemiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybotidae" title="Hybotidae">Hybotidae <small>(dance flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreogetonidae" title="Oreogetonidae">Oreogetonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragadidae" title="Ragadidae">Ragadidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Nemestrinoidea" title="Nemestrinoidea">Nemestrinoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acroceridae" title="Acroceridae">Acroceridae <small>(small-headed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemestrinidae" title="Nemestrinidae">Nemestrinidae <small>(tangle-veined flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muscomorpha" title="Muscomorpha">Muscomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aschiza11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.9em"><a href="/wiki/Aschiza" title="Aschiza">Aschiza</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Platypezoidea" title="Platypezoidea">Platypezoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironomyiidae" title="Ironomyiidae">Ironomyiidae <small>(ironic flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonchopteridae" title="Lonchopteridae">Lonchopteridae <small>(spear-winged flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opetiidae" title="Opetiidae">Opetiidae <small>(flat-footed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoridae" title="Phoridae">Phoridae <small>(scuttle flies, coffin flies, humpbacked flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platypezidae" title="Platypezidae">Platypezidae <small>(flat-footed flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Syrphoidea" title="Syrphoidea">Syrphoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipunculidae" title="Pipunculidae">Pipunculidae <small>(big-headed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoverfly" title="Hoverfly">Syrphidae <small>(hoverflies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.8em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Schizophora" title="Schizophora">Schizophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.7em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Acalyptratae" title="Acalyptratae">Acalyptratae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Conopidae" title="Conopidae">Conopoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conopidae" title="Conopidae">Conopidae <small>(thick-headed flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Tephritoidea" title="Tephritoidea">Tephritoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallopteridae" title="Pallopteridae">Pallopteridae <small>(flutter flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piophilidae" title="Piophilidae">Piophilidae <small>(cheese flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platystomatidae" title="Platystomatidae">Platystomatidae <small>(signal flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgotidae" title="Pyrgotidae">Pyrgotidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardiidae" title="Richardiidae">Richardiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephritidae" title="Tephritidae">Tephritidae <small>(peacock flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulidiidae" title="Ulidiidae">Ulidiidae <small>(picture-winged flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Nerioidea" title="Nerioidea">Nerioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypselosomatidae" title="Cypselosomatidae">Cypselosomatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropezidae" title="Micropezidae">Micropezidae <small>(stilt-legged flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neriidae" title="Neriidae">Neriidae <small>(cactus flies, banana stalk flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Diopsoidea" title="Diopsoidea">Diopsoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalk-eyed_fly" title="Stalk-eyed fly">Diopsidae <small>(stalk-eyed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobryidae" title="Gobryidae">Gobryidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megamerinidae" title="Megamerinidae">Megamerinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothybidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothybidae">Nothybidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilidae" title="Psilidae">Psilidae <small>(rust flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatiidae">Somatiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strongylophthalmyiidae" title="Strongylophthalmyiidae">Strongylophthalmyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syringogaster" title="Syringogaster">Syringogastridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanypezidae" title="Tanypezidae">Tanypezidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Sciomyzoidea" title="Sciomyzoidea">Sciomyzoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coelopidae" title="Coelopidae">Coelopidae <small>(kelp flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryomyzidae" title="Dryomyzidae">Dryomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helcomyzidae" title="Helcomyzidae">Helcomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helosciomyzidae" title="Helosciomyzidae">Helosciomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocheila" title="Heterocheila">Heterocheilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huttoninidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Huttoninidae">Huttoninidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalimyzidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalimyzidae">Natalimyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeomyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeomyiidae">Phaeomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropalomeridae" title="Ropalomeridae">Ropalomeridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciomyzidae" title="Sciomyzidae">Sciomyzidae <small>(marsh flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepsidae" title="Sepsidae">Sepsidae <small>(black scavenger flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Sphaeroceroidea" title="Sphaeroceroidea">Sphaeroceroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chyromyidae" title="Chyromyidae">Chyromyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heleomyzidae" title="Heleomyzidae">Heleomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannodastiidae" title="Nannodastiidae">Nannodastiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaeroceridae" title="Sphaeroceridae">Sphaeroceridae <small>(small dung flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lauxanioidea" title="Lauxanioidea">Lauxanioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celyphidae" title="Celyphidae">Celyphidae <small>(beetle-backed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaemyiidae" title="Chamaemyiidae">Chamaemyiidae <small>(aphid flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremifaniidae" title="Cremifaniidae">Cremifaniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauxaniidae" title="Lauxaniidae">Lauxaniidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Opomyzoidea" title="Opomyzoidea">Opomyzoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agromyzidae" title="Agromyzidae">Agromyzidae <small>(leaf miner flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthomyzidae" title="Anthomyzidae">Anthomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteiidae" title="Asteiidae">Asteiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulacigastridae" title="Aulacigastridae">Aulacigastridae <small>(sap flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusiidae" title="Clusiidae">Clusiidae <small>(lekking, or druid flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergusoninidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fergusoninidae">Fergusoninidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginidae">Marginidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neminidae" title="Neminidae">Neminidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochaetidae" title="Neurochaetidae">Neurochaetidae <small>(upside-down flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odiniidae" title="Odiniidae">Odiniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opomyzidae" title="Opomyzidae">Opomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periscelididae" title="Periscelididae">Periscelididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratomyzidae" title="Teratomyzidae">Teratomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenasteiidae" title="Xenasteiidae">Xenasteiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ephydroidea" title="Ephydroidea">Ephydroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camillidae" title="Camillidae">Camillidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtonotidae" title="Curtonotidae">Curtonotidae <small>(quasimodo flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diastatidae" title="Diastatidae">Diastatidae <small>(bog flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosophilidae" title="Drosophilidae">Drosophilidae <small>(vinegar and fruit flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephydridae" title="Ephydridae">Ephydridae <small>(shore flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormotomyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormotomyiidae">Mormotomyiidae <small>(frightful hairy fly)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Carnoidea" title="Carnoidea">Carnoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acartophthalmus" title="Acartophthalmus">Acartophthalmidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australimyzidae" title="Australimyzidae">Australimyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braulidae" title="Braulidae">Braulidae <small>(bee lice)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canacidae" title="Canacidae">Canacidae <small>(beach flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnidae" title="Carnidae">Carnidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropidae" title="Chloropidae">Chloropidae <small>(frit flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbiomyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Inbiomyiidae">Inbiomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milichiidae" title="Milichiidae">Milichiidae <small>(freeloader flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lonchaeoidea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptochetidae" title="Cryptochetidae">Cryptochetidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonchaeidae" title="Lonchaeidae">Lonchaeidae <small>(lance flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.7em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Calyptratae" title="Calyptratae">Calyptratae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:3em;"><a href="/wiki/Muscoidea" title="Muscoidea">Muscoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthomyiidae" title="Anthomyiidae">Anthomyiidae <small>(cabbage flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanniidae" title="Fanniidae">Fanniidae <small>(little house flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscidae" title="Muscidae">Muscidae <small>(house flies, stable flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scathophagidae" title="Scathophagidae">Scathophagidae <small>(dung flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:3em;"><a href="/wiki/Oestroidea" title="Oestroidea">Oestroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calliphoridae" title="Calliphoridae">Calliphoridae <small>(blow-flies: bluebottles, greenbottles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesembrinellidae" title="Mesembrinellidae">Mesembrinellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_batfly" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand batfly">Mystacinobiidae <small>(New Zealand batfly)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botfly" title="Botfly">Oestridae <small>(botflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhiniidae" title="Rhiniidae">Rhiniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinophoridae">Rhinophoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flesh_fly" title="Flesh fly">Sarcophagidae <small>(flesh flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachinidae" title="Tachinidae">Tachinidae <small>(tachina flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulurumyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulurumyiidae">Ulurumyiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hippoboscoidea" title="Hippoboscoidea">Hippoboscoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">Glossinidae <small>(tsetse flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippoboscidae" title="Hippoboscidae">Hippoboscidae <small>(louse flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nycteribiidae" title="Nycteribiidae">Nycteribiidae <small>(bat flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streblidae" title="Streblidae">Streblidae <small>(bat flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Stratiomyomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratiomyomorpha">Stratiomyomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Stratiomyoidea18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Stratiomyoidea" title="Stratiomyoidea">Stratiomyoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantophthalmidae" title="Pantophthalmidae">Pantophthalmidae <small>(timber flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratiomyidae" title="Stratiomyidae">Stratiomyidae <small>(soldier flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylomyidae" title="Xylomyidae">Xylomyidae <small>(wood soldier flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Tabanomorpha" title="Tabanomorpha">Tabanomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhagionoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhagionoidea (page does not exist)">Rhagionoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroleptis" title="Austroleptis">Austroleptidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolbomyia" title="Bolbomyia">Bolbomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhagionidae" title="Rhagionidae">Rhagionidae <small>(snipe flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Tabanoidea" title="Tabanoidea">Tabanoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athericidae" title="Athericidae">Athericidae <small>(water snipe flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreoleptidae" title="Oreoleptidae">Oreoleptidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecorhynchidae" title="Pelecorhynchidae">Pelecorhynchidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae">Tabanidae <small>(horse and deer flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vermileonidae" title="Vermileonidae">Vermileonomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vermileonoidea32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Vermileonidae" title="Vermileonidae">Vermileonoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vermileonidae" title="Vermileonidae">Vermileonidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Xylophagidae" title="Xylophagidae">Xylophagomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Xylophagoidea30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Xylophagidae" title="Xylophagidae">Xylophagoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylophagidae" title="Xylophagidae">Xylophagidae <small>(awl flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Diptera_families" title="List of Diptera families">List of families of Diptera</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3849" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3849" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Culicidae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7367" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7367">Q7367</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Culicidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Culicidae">Culicidae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Culicidae/">Culicidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Culicidae">Culicidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id17369">17369</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1730">1730</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/169">169</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/CCYMV">CCYMV</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/473">473</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CULIF">1CULIF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:11650">11650</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/ef7da5aa-e818-4835-bb5d-2221077b0f68">ef7da5aa-e818-4835-bb5d-2221077b0f68</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3346">3346</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/52134">52134</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=101749">101749</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/106720">106720</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=125930">125930</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000040182">NBNSYS0000040182</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7157">7157</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/83783aab-eef4-432f-acb5-9c17a8e155b0">83783aab-eef4-432f-acb5-9c17a8e155b0</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=269670">269670</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=138308">138308</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=150945">150945</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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