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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Floral nectaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Floral_nectaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Floral nectaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Floral_nectaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Secretion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extrafloral_nectaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extrafloral_nectaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Extrafloral nectaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extrafloral_nectaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_attractive_substances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_attractive_substances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Similar attractive substances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_attractive_substances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nectar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%82" title="رحيق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رحيق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ctar_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Néctar (botánica) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Néctar (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE" title="ফুলসুধা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফুলসুধা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA)" title="Нектар (цукрысты сок) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нектар (цукрысты сок)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA)" title="Нектар (растителен сок) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нектар (растителен сок)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8ctar" title="Nèctar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nèctar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neithdar" title="Neithdar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Neithdar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar_(planter)" title="Nektar (planter) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nektar (planter)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar_(Botanik)" title="Nektar (Botanik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nektar (Botanik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81_(%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Νέκταρ (βοτανική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νέκταρ (βοτανική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Улаз – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Улаз" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ctar_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Néctar (botánica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Néctar (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektaro" title="Nektaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nektaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF" title="شهد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar_(botanique)" title="Nectar (botanique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nectar (botanique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neachtar" title="Neachtar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Neachtar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neactair" title="Neactair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Neactair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ctar" title="Néctar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Néctar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дургал – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дургал" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%BD%83%EA%BF%80" title="꽃꿀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="꽃꿀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Նեկտար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեկտար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="मधुरस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मधुरस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektaro" title="Nektaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nektaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3masafi" title="Blómasafi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blómasafi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettare_(botanica)" title="Nettare (botanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nettare (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A3" title="צוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6" title="ಮಕರಂದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಕರಂದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნექტარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნექტარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Бал шырын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бал шырын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нектар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нектар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekt%C4%81rs" title="Nektārs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nektārs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektaras" title="Nektaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nektaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekt%C3%A1r" title="Nektár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nektár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нектар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нектар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BB" title="പൂന്തേൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൂന്തേൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნექტარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნექტარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar_(plant)" title="Nectar (plant) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nectar (plant)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%9C" title="蜜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蜜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar_(botanika)" title="Nektar (botanika) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nektar (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ctar" title="Néctar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Néctar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nectar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91upchu" title="Ñupchu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñupchu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA)" title="Нектар (сахаристый сок) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нектар (сахаристый сок)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92" title="මල් පැණි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මල් පැණි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nectar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="رس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekt%C3%A1r" title="Nektár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nektár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нектар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нектар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ktar" title="Néktar – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Néktar" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesi" title="Mesi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C9%A3us" title="Amɣus – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amɣus" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nektar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Нектар (ботаніка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нектар (ботаніка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%9C%9C" title="花蜜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="花蜜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8" title="נעקטאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נעקטאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%9C%9C" title="花蜜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="花蜜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%9C%9C" title="花蜜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="花蜜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171934#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sugar-rich liquid produced by many flowering plants, that attracts pollinators and insects</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nectar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nectar (disambiguation)">Nectar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nectar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nectar.jpg/220px-Nectar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nectar.jpg/330px-Nectar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nectar.jpg/440px-Nectar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Nectar of <a href="/wiki/Camellia" title="Camellia">camellia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buckwheat_flowers_macro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Buckwheat_flowers_macro.jpg/220px-Buckwheat_flowers_macro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Buckwheat_flowers_macro.jpg/330px-Buckwheat_flowers_macro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Buckwheat_flowers_macro.jpg/440px-Buckwheat_flowers_macro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>Orange-yellow nectaries and greenish nectar in <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a> flowers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg/220px-Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg/330px-Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg/440px-Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Australian_painted_lady" title="Australian painted lady">Australian painted lady</a> feeding on a flower's nectar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0rchideen_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/0rchideen_04.jpg/220px-0rchideen_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/0rchideen_04.jpg/330px-0rchideen_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/0rchideen_04.jpg/440px-0rchideen_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3799" data-file-height="2942" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnadenia_conopsea" title="Gymnadenia conopsea">Gymnadenia conopsea</a></i> flowers with nectar-filled <a href="/wiki/Spur_(botany)" title="Spur (botany)">spur</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nectar</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Viscous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscous">viscous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> in glands called <b>nectaries</b>, either within the <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> with which it attracts <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollinating</a> animals, or by <b>extrafloral nectaries</b>, which provide a nutrient source to animal <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualists</a>, which in turn provide <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory#Indirect_defenses" title="Plant defense against herbivory">herbivore protection</a>. Common nectar-consuming <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a> include <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoverfly" title="Hoverfly">hoverflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeyeater" title="Honeyeater">honeyeaters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bat#Fruit_and_nectar" title="Bat">bats</a>. Nectar plays a crucial role in the foraging economics and evolution of nectar-eating species; for example, nectar foraging behavior is largely responsible for the divergent evolution of the African honey bee, <a href="/wiki/African_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="African bee"><i>A. m. scutellata</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">western honey bee</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nectar is an economically important substance as it is the sugar source for <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>. It is also useful in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a> because the adult stages of some predatory insects feed on nectar. For example, a number of predacious or <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp" title="Parasitoid wasp">parasitoid wasps</a> (e.g., the social wasp species <i><a href="/wiki/Apoica_flavissima" title="Apoica flavissima">Apoica flavissima</a></i>) rely on nectar as a primary food source. In turn, these wasps then hunt agricultural pest insects as food for their young. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nectar is most often associated with flowering plants <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</a>, but it is also produced by other groups, including <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Nectar</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>νέκταρ</i>, the fabled drink of eternal life.<sup id="cite_ref-eol_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some derive the word from νε- or νη- "not" plus κτα- or κτεν- "kill"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, meaning "unkillable", thus "immortal". The common use of the word "nectar" to refer to the "sweet liquid in flowers", is first recorded in <a href="/wiki/AD" class="mw-redirect" title="AD">AD</a> 1600.<sup id="cite_ref-eol_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Floral_nectaries">Floral nectaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Floral nectaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A nectary or honey gland is floral <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> found in different locations in the flower and is one of several secretory floral structures, including <a href="/wiki/Elaiophore" title="Elaiophore">elaiophores</a> and osmophores, producing nectar, oil and scent respectively. The function of these structures is to attract potential <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a>, which may include insects, including <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>, and vertebrates such as <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>. Nectaries can occur on any floral part, but they may also represent a modified part or a novel structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall200796–98_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudall200796–98-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The different types of floral nectaries include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolson_et_al201741_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson_et_al201741-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">receptacle</a> (receptacular: extrastaminal, intrastaminal, interstaminal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">hypanthium</a> (hypanthial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepals">tepals</a> (perigonal, tepal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepals">sepals</a> (sepal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petal</a> (petal, corolla)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamen</a> (staminal, androecial: filament, anther, staminodal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistil</a> (gynoecial: stigmatic, stylar) <ul><li>pistillodes (pistillodal, carpellodial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovaries</a> (ovarian: non-septal, septal, gynopleural)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Most members of <a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a> have a nectariferous disc which surrounds the ovary base and derived from developing ovarian tissue. In most <a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a>, the nectary is at the base of the stamen filament. Many <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledons" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocotyledons">monocotyledons</a> have septal nectaries, which are at the unfused margins of the carpels. These exude nectar from small pores on the surface of the gynoecium. Nectaries may also vary in color, number, and symmetry.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmer,_Pat_2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmer,_Pat_2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nectaries can also be categorized as structural or non-structural. Structural nectaries refer to specific areas of tissue that exude nectar, such as the types of floral nectaries previously listed. Non-structural nectaries secrete nectar infrequently from non-differentiated tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolson_et_al2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson_et_al2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The different types of floral nectaries <a href="/wiki/Coevolved" class="mw-redirect" title="Coevolved">coevolved</a> depending on the pollinator that feeds on the plant's nectar. Nectar is secreted from <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermal</a> cells of the nectaries, which have a dense <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>, by means of <a href="/wiki/Trichomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichomes">trichomes</a> or modified <a href="/wiki/Stomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomata">stomata</a>. Adjacent vascular tissue conducts <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a> bringing <a href="/wiki/Sugars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugars">sugars</a> to the secretory region, where it is secreted from the cells through <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)" title="Vesicle (biology and chemistry)">vesicles</a> packaged by the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adjacent subepidermal cells may also be secretory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall200796–98_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudall200796–98-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flowers that have longer nectaries sometimes have a <a href="/wiki/Vascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular">vascular</a> strand in the nectary to assist in transport over a longer distance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall200796–98_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudall200796–98-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pollinators feed on the nectar and depending on the location of the nectary the pollinator assists in <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">outcrossing</a> of the plant as they brush against the reproductive organs, the <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistil</a>, of the plant and pick up or deposit <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nectar from floral nectaries is sometimes used as a reward to insects, such as <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, that protect the plant from predators. Many floral families have evolved a nectar <a href="/wiki/Spur_(botany)" title="Spur (botany)">spur</a>. These spurs are projections of various lengths formed from different tissues, such as the petals or sepals. They allow for pollinators to land on the elongated tissue and more easily reach the nectaries and obtain the nectar reward.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmer,_Pat_2011_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmer,_Pat_2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different characteristics of the spur, such as its length or position in the flower, may determine the type of pollinator that visits the flower.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defense from <a href="/wiki/Herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivory">herbivory</a> is often one of the roles of extrafloral nectaries. Floral nectaries can also be involved in defense. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Sugars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugars">sugars</a> found in nectar, certain <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> may also be found in nectar secreted by floral nectaries. In <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> plants, these proteins have <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antifungal" title="Antifungal">antifungal</a> properties and can be secreted to defend the <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">gynoecium</a> from certain pathogens.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Floral nectaries have <a href="/wiki/Evolved" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved">evolved</a> and diverged into the different types of nectaries due to the various pollinators that visit the flowers. In <a href="/wiki/Melastomataceae" title="Melastomataceae">Melastomataceae</a>, different types of floral nectaries have evolved and been lost many times. Flowers that ancestrally produced nectar and had nectaries may have lost their ability to produce nectar due to a lack of nectar consumption by pollinators, such as certain species of <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>. Instead they focused on energy allocation to <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> production. Species of <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</a> that have nectaries use the nectar to attract pollinators that consume the nectar, such as <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a>, septal nectaries (a form of gynoecial nectary) are common in species that are insect or bird pollinated. In species that are wind pollinated, nectaries are often absent because there is no pollinator.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In flowers that are generally pollinated by a long-tongued organism such as certain <a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>, butterflies, and birds, nectaries in the ovaries are common because they are able to reach the nectar reward when pollinating. Sepal and petal nectaries are often more common in species that are pollinated by short-tongued insects that cannot reach so far into the flower.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretion">Secretion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Secretion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nectar secretion increases as the flower is visited by pollinators. After pollination, the nectar is frequently reabsorbed into the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornburg2001_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornburg2001-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of nectar in flowers at any given time is variable due to many factors, including flower age,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plant location,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and habitat management.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extrafloral_nectaries">Extrafloral nectaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extrafloral nectaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Myrmecophily" title="Myrmecophily">Myrmecophily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_defenses_against_herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant defenses against herbivory">Plant defenses against herbivory</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Extrafloral_nectaries_of_a_Wild_Cherry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Extrafloral_nectaries_of_a_Wild_Cherry.jpg/220px-Extrafloral_nectaries_of_a_Wild_Cherry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Extrafloral_nectaries_of_a_Wild_Cherry.jpg/330px-Extrafloral_nectaries_of_a_Wild_Cherry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Extrafloral_nectaries_of_a_Wild_Cherry.jpg/440px-Extrafloral_nectaries_of_a_Wild_Cherry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="1622" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Extrafloral nectaries with droplets of nectar on the petiole of a wild cherry (<i><a href="/wiki/Prunus_avium" title="Prunus avium">Prunus avium</a></i>) leaf</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prunus_africana_nectaries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Prunus_africana_nectaries.jpg/220px-Prunus_africana_nectaries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Prunus_africana_nectaries.jpg/330px-Prunus_africana_nectaries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Prunus_africana_nectaries.jpg/440px-Prunus_africana_nectaries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2669" data-file-height="1647" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Extrafloral nectaries on a red stinkwood (<i><a href="/wiki/Prunus_africana" title="Prunus africana">Prunus africana</a></i>) leaf</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Extrafloral nectaries (also known as extranuptial nectaries) are specialised nectar-secreting plant glands that develop outside of flowers and are not involved in <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>, generally on the <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a> or <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> (foliar nectaries) and often in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Leaf_venation" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf venation">leaf venation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall200766–68_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudall200766–68-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heil_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heil-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are highly diverse in form, location, size, and mechanism. They have been described in virtually all above-ground plant parts—including <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a>, among others. They range from single-celled <a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">trichomes</a> to complex cup-like structures that may or may not be <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">vascularized</a>. Like floral nectaries, they consist of groups of glandular trichomes (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus" title="Hibiscus">Hibiscus</a></i> spp.) or elongated secretory epidermal cells. The latter are often associated with underlying vascular tissue. They may be associated with specialised pockets (<a href="/wiki/Domatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Domatia">domatia</a>), pits or raised regions (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a>). The leaves of some tropical <a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">eudicots</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">magnoliids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a>) possess pearl glands or bodies which are globular trichomes specialised to attract ants. They secrete matter that is particularly rich in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall200766–68_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudall200766–68-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weber&keeler2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber&keeler2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ants_on_Drynaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ants_on_Drynaria.jpg/170px-Ants_on_Drynaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ants_on_Drynaria.jpg/255px-Ants_on_Drynaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ants_on_Drynaria.jpg/340px-Ants_on_Drynaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">Ants</a> on extrafloral nectaries in the lower surface of a young <i><a href="/wiki/Drynaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Drynaria">Drynaria quercifolia</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Frond" title="Frond">frond</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While their function is not always clear, and may be related to regulation of sugars, in most cases they appear to facilitate plant insect relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall200766–68_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudall200766–68-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to floral nectaries, nectar produced outside the flower generally has a defensive function. The nectar attracts predatory insects which will eat both the nectar and any <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">plant-eating</a> insects around, thus functioning as "bodyguards".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foraging predatory insects show a preference for plants with extrafloral nectaries, particularly some species of <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>, which have been observed to defend the plants bearing them. <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i> is one example of a plant whose nectaries attract ants, which protect the plant from other insect <a href="/wiki/Herbivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivores">herbivores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall200766–68_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudall200766–68-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heil_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heil-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among <a href="/wiki/Passiflora" title="Passiflora">passion flowers</a>, for example, extrafloral nectaries prevent herbivores by attracting ants and deterring two species of butterflies from laying eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-sezen_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sezen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">carnivorous plants</a>, extrafloral nectaries are also used to attract insect <a href="/wiki/Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey">prey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loxura_atymnus-Kadavoor-2018-06-18-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Loxura_atymnus-Kadavoor-2018-06-18-001.jpg/220px-Loxura_atymnus-Kadavoor-2018-06-18-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Loxura_atymnus-Kadavoor-2018-06-18-001.jpg/330px-Loxura_atymnus-Kadavoor-2018-06-18-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Loxura_atymnus-Kadavoor-2018-06-18-001.jpg/440px-Loxura_atymnus-Kadavoor-2018-06-18-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5526" data-file-height="3690" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Loxura_atymnus" title="Loxura atymnus">Loxura atymnus</a></i> butterflies and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_crazy_ant" title="Yellow crazy ant">yellow crazy ants</a> consuming nectar secreted from the extrafloral nectaries of a <i><a href="/wiki/Spathoglottis_plicata" title="Spathoglottis plicata">Spathoglottis plicata</a></i> bud</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> understood that extrafloral nectar "though small in quantity, is greedily sought by insects" but believed that "their visits do not in any way benefit the plant".<sup id="cite_ref-mancuso_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mancuso-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he believed that extrafloral nectaries were <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretory</a> in nature (<a href="/wiki/Hydathode" title="Hydathode">hydathodes</a>). Their defensive functions were first recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Federico_Delpino" title="Federico Delpino">Federico Delpino</a> in his important <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a> <i>Funzione mirmecofila nel regno vegetale</i> (1886). Delpino's study was inspired by a disagreement with Darwin, with whom he corresponded regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-mancuso_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mancuso-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extrafloral nectaries have been reported in over 3941 species of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> belonging to 745 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> and 108 <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>, 99.7% of which belong to <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (angiosperms), comprising 1.0 to 1.8% of all known species. They are most common among <a href="/wiki/Eudicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudicot">eudicots</a>, occurring in 3642 species (of 654 genera and 89 families), particularly among <a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">rosids</a> which comprise more than half of the known occurrences. The families showing the most recorded occurrences of extrafloral nectaries are <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>, with 1069 species, <a href="/wiki/Passifloraceae" title="Passifloraceae">Passifloraceae</a>, with 438 species, and <a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a>, with 301 species. The genera with the most recorded occurrences are <i><a href="/wiki/Passiflora" title="Passiflora">Passiflora</a></i> (322 species, Passifloraceae), <i><a href="/wiki/Inga" title="Inga">Inga</a></i> (294 species, Fabaceae), and <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i> (204 species, Fabaceae).<sup id="cite_ref-weber&keeler2012_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber&keeler2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other genera with extrafloral nectaries include <i><a href="/wiki/Salix" class="mw-redirect" title="Salix">Salix</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Salicaceae" title="Salicaceae">Salicaceae</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Prunus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium" title="Gossypium">Gossypium</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-sezen_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sezen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nylanderia_flavipes_extrafloral_nectary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nylanderia_flavipes_extrafloral_nectary.jpg/170px-Nylanderia_flavipes_extrafloral_nectary.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nylanderia_flavipes_extrafloral_nectary.jpg/255px-Nylanderia_flavipes_extrafloral_nectary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nylanderia_flavipes_extrafloral_nectary.jpg/340px-Nylanderia_flavipes_extrafloral_nectary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylanderia_flavipes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nylanderia flavipes (page does not exist)">Nylanderia flavipes</a></i> ant visiting extrafloral nectaries of <i><a href="/wiki/Senna_(plant)" title="Senna (plant)">Senna</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Foliar nectaries have also been observed in 101 species of <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> belonging to eleven genera and six families, most of them belonging to <a href="/wiki/Cyatheales" title="Cyatheales">Cyatheales</a> (tree ferns) and <a href="/wiki/Polypodiales" title="Polypodiales">Polypodiales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weber&keeler2012_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber&keeler2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fern nectaries appear to have evolved around 135 million years ago, nearly simultaneously with angiosperms. However, fern nectaries did not diversify remarkably until nearly 100 million years later, in the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>, with weak support for a role played by arthropod herbivore diversifications.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are absent in <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">magnoliids</a>, and members of <a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a> among the eudicots.<sup id="cite_ref-weber&keeler2012_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber&keeler2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">Phylogenetic</a> studies and the wide distribution of extrafloral nectaries among vascular plants point to multiple independent <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> origins of extrafloral nectaries in at least 457 independent lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-weber&keeler2012_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber&keeler2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main ingredients in nectar are sugars in varying proportions of <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chalcoff_Ann._Bot._31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chalcoff_Ann._Bot.-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, nectars have diverse other <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a> serving to both attract pollinators and discourage predators.<sup id="cite_ref-psb_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psb-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolson_et_al2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson_et_al2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatiles</a> function to attract some species, whereas <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a> appear to provide a protective function.<sup id="cite_ref-psb_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psb-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Nicotiana attenuata</i>, a tobacco plant native to the US state of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, uses several <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> aromas to attract pollinating birds and moths. The strongest such aroma is <a href="/wiki/Benzylacetone" title="Benzylacetone">benzylacetone</a>, but the plant also adds bitter <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, which is less aromatic, so may not be detected by the bird until after taking a drink. Researchers speculate the purpose of this addition is to discourage the forager after only a sip, motivating it to visit other plants, therefore maximizing the pollination efficiency gained by the plant for a minimum nectar output.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolson_et_al2017_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson_et_al2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Aesculin" title="Aesculin">aesculin</a> are present in some nectars such as that of the <a href="/wiki/California_buckeye" class="mw-redirect" title="California buckeye">California buckeye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nectar contains water, <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>, and numerous other compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornburg2001_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornburg2001-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolson_et_al2017_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson_et_al2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkThornburg2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkThornburg2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_attractive_substances">Similar attractive substances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Similar attractive substances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some insect pollinated plants lack nectaries, but attract pollinators through other secretory structures. Elaiophores are similar to nectaries but are oil secreting. Osmophores are modified structural structures that produce volatile scents. In <a href="/wiki/Orchids" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchids">orchids</a>, these have <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a> qualities. Osmophores have thick domed or <a href="/wiki/Papillate" class="mw-redirect" title="Papillate">papillate</a> epidermis and dense cytoplasm. <i><a href="/wiki/Platanthera_bifolia" title="Platanthera bifolia">Platanthera bifolia</a></i> produces a nocturnal scent from the <a href="/wiki/Labellum_(botany)" title="Labellum (botany)">labellum</a> epidermis. <i><a href="/wiki/Ophrys" title="Ophrys">Ophrys</a></i> labella have dome-shaped, papillate, dark-staining epidermal cells forming osmophores. <i><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)" title="Narcissus (plant)">Narcissus</a></i> emit pollinator specific volatiles from the <a href="/wiki/Corona_(perianth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona (perianth)">corona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall200796–98_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudall200796–98-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectar_guide" title="Nectar guide">Nectar guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar_source" title="Nectar source">Nectar source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore">Nectarivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_nectar_sources_for_honey_bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern American nectar sources for honey bees">Northern American nectar sources for honey bees</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Apis_mellifera_scutellata.htm">"Killer Bees"</a>. <i>www.columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stromberg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkThornburg2009-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkThornburg2009_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkThornburg2009">Park & Thornburg 2009</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li>Baker, H.G. and Baker, I. (1975) Studies of nectar-constitution and pollinator-plant coevolution. In Coevolution of animals and plants. Gilbert, L.E. and Raven, P.H. ed. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, 100–140.</li> <li>Esau, K. (1977) Anatomy of seed plants. John Wiley & Sons, New York.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolson_et_al2017" class="citation book cs1">Nicolson, Susan W.; Nepi, Massimo; Pacini, Ettore, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0L1cTNozMw8C"><i>Nectaries and Nectar</i></a>. Dordrecht: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5937-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5937-7"><bdi>978-1-4020-5937-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nectaries+and+Nectar&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-5937-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0L1cTNozMw8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANectar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Roshchina, V.V. and Roshchina, V.D. (1993) The excretory function of higher plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudall2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Rudall" title="Paula Rudall">Rudall, Paula J.</a> (2007). <i>Anatomy of Flowering Plants: An Introduction to Structure and Development</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45948-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45948-8"><bdi>978-1-139-45948-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Flowering+Plants%3A+An+Introduction+to+Structure+and+Development&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45948-8&rft.aulast=Rudall&rft.aufirst=Paula+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANectar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerBaker1973" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, H.G.; Baker, I. (1973). "Amino acids in nectar and their evolutionary significance". <i>Nature</i>. <b>241</b> (5391): 543–545. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Natur.241..543B">1973Natur.241..543B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F241543b0">10.1038/241543b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4298075">4298075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Amino+acids+in+nectar+and+their+evolutionary+significance&rft.volume=241&rft.issue=5391&rft.pages=543-545&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4298075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F241543b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973Natur.241..543B&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=H.G.&rft.au=Baker%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANectar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Baker, H.G. and Baker, I. (1981) Chemical constituents of nectar in relation to pollination mechanisms and phylogeny. In Biochemical aspects of evolutionary biology. 131–171.</li> <li>Beutler, R. (1935) Nectar. Bee World 24:106–116, 128–136, 156–162.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurquezCorbet1991" class="citation journal cs1">Burquez, A.; Corbet, S.A. (1991). "Do flowers reabsorb nectar?". <i>Funct. Ecol</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 369–379. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991FuEco...5..369B">1991FuEco...5..369B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2389808">10.2307/2389808</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2389808">2389808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Funct.+Ecol.&rft.atitle=Do+flowers+reabsorb+nectar%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=369-379&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2389808%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2389808&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991FuEco...5..369B&rft.aulast=Burquez&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Corbet%2C+S.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANectar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterGrahamThornburg1999" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, C.; Graham, R.; Thornburg, R.W. (1999). "Nectarin I is a novel, soluble germin-like protein expressed in the nectar of Nicotiana sp". <i>Plant Mol. Biol</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 207–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006363508648">10.1023/A:1006363508648</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10579488">10579488</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18327851">18327851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Mol.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Nectarin+I+is+a+novel%2C+soluble+germin-like+protein+expressed+in+the+nectar+of+Nicotiana+sp.&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-216&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18327851%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10579488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1006363508648&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Graham%2C+R.&rft.au=Thornburg%2C+R.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANectar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeinzerTomsonBurgettIsaacson1977" class="citation journal cs1">Deinzer, M.L.; Tomson, P.M.; Burgett, D.M.; Isaacson, D.L. (1977). "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: Their occurrence in honey from tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.)". <i>Science</i>. <b>195</b> (4277): 497–499. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977Sci...195..497D">1977Sci...195..497D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.835011">10.1126/science.835011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/835011">835011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Pyrrolizidine+alkaloids%3A+Their+occurrence+in+honey+from+tansy+ragwort+%28Senecio+jacobaea+L.%29&rft.volume=195&rft.issue=4277&rft.pages=497-499&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F835011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.835011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977Sci...195..497D&rft.aulast=Deinzer&rft.aufirst=M.L.&rft.au=Tomson%2C+P.M.&rft.au=Burgett%2C+D.M.&rft.au=Isaacson%2C+D.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANectar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEcroydFranichKroeseSteward1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ecroyd, C.E.; Franich, R.A.; Kroese, H.W.; Steward, D. 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(1969) Flowers offering fatty oil instead of nectar. Abstracts XIth Internatl. Bot. Congr. Seattle.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Websites</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornburg2001" class="citation web cs1">Thornburg, Robert (4 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030910162730/http://www.bb.iastate.edu/necgex/Nectar.htm">"Nectar"</a>. <i>Nectary Gene Expression Index</i>. Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology,Iowa State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bb.iastate.edu/necgex/Nectar.htm">the original</a> on 10 September 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nectary+Gene+Expression+Index.&rft.atitle=Nectar&rft.date=2001-06-04&rft.aulast=Thornburg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bb.iastate.edu%2Fnecgex%2FNectar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANectar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nectar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nectar">Nectar</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323210940/http://en.lamieldeabejas.com/la-miel.html">Overview and summary of the honey bee (and Nectar) information. (News, Economy, Trade, Problems, etc)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cubits.org/hummingbirdgardening/db/hummingbirdplants/index.php">Hummingbird Plants Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213745/http://cubits.org/hummingbirdgardening/db/hummingbirdplants/index.php">Archived</a> 25 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botany" title="Template:Botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botany" title="Template talk:Botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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