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aria-controls="toc-Context-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Context subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Digital_Divide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Digital_Divide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Digital Divide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Digital_Divide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racial_divide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_divide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Racial divide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_divide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disability_divide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disability_divide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Disability divide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disability_divide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_divide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_divide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gender divide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_divide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBTQIA_divide,_and_repression_by_states_and_tech_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBTQIA_divide,_and_repression_by_states_and_tech_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>LGBTQIA divide, and repression by states and tech companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBTQIA_divide,_and_repression_by_states_and_tech_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_security_argument" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_security_argument"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The security argument</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_security_argument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Digital access</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Digital_access-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Digital access subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Digital_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Information_and_media_literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_and_media_literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Information and media literacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_and_media_literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Open standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Information_Society_and_freedom_of_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Information_Society_and_freedom_of_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The Information Society and freedom of expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Information_Society_and_freedom_of_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hacktivismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hacktivismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hacktivismo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hacktivismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_Network_Initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_Network_Initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Global Network Initiative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_Network_Initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Internet censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy_protections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_protections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Privacy protections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Privacy_protections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Privacy protections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Privacy_protections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Privacy,_surveillance_and_encryption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy,_surveillance_and_encryption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Privacy, surveillance and encryption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy,_surveillance_and_encryption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>International framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Regional framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>National framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_sector_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_sector_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Private sector implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_sector_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_of_confidential_sources_and_whistle-blowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_of_confidential_sources_and_whistle-blowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Protection of confidential sources and whistle-blowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_of_confidential_sources_and_whistle-blowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_pluralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_pluralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Media pluralism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_pluralism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media pluralism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media_pluralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internet_mobile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_mobile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Internet mobile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_mobile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcast_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Broadcast media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspaper_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspaper_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Newspaper industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspaper_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_framework_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_framework_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>International framework</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_framework_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International framework subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_framework_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UNESCO's_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO's_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>UNESCO's work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNESCO's_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Mandate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_International_Programme_for_Development_of_Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_International_Programme_for_Development_of_Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>The International Programme for Development of Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_International_Programme_for_Development_of_Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Internet_Universality_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Internet_Universality_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>The Internet Universality framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Internet_Universality_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_World_Bank_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_World_Bank_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>The World Bank initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_World_Bank_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>The World Summit on the Information Societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_framework_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_framework_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Regional framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_framework_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_framework_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_framework_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>National framework</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_framework_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle National framework subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_framework_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_information_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_information_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Freedom of information laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_information_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Private_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Private bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Consumer protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Investors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Freedom of information</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حرية تداول المعلومات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرية تداول المعلومات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99lumat_azadl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Məlumat azadlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məlumat azadlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalingkasan_sa_impormasyon" title="Katalingkasan sa impormasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Katalingkasan sa impormasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibertat_d%27informaci%C3%B3" title="Llibertat d'informació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibertat d'informació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svoboda_informac%C3%AD" title="Svoboda informací – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svoboda informací" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyddid_gwybodaeth" title="Rhyddid gwybodaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyddid gwybodaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationsfreiheit" title="Informationsfreiheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Informationsfreiheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infovabadus" title="Infovabadus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Infovabadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertad_de_informaci%C3%B3n" title="Libertad de información – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libertad de información" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informlibereco" title="Informlibereco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Informlibereco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="آزادی اطلاعات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزادی اطلاعات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acc%C3%A8s_%C3%A0_l%27information" title="Accès à l'information – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accès à l'information" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0" title="정보의 자유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정보의 자유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin_Bayanai" title="Yancin Bayanai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yancin Bayanai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տեղեկատվության ազատություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեղեկատվության ազատություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebebasan_informasi" title="Kebebasan informasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebebasan informasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A0_d%27informazione" title="Libertà d'informazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libertà d'informazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2" title="חופש המידע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חופש המידע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ინფორმაციის თავისუფლება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინფორმაციის თავისუფლება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Ақпарат бостандығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақпарат бостандығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertas_informationis" title="Libertas informationis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Libertas informationis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3szabads%C3%A1g" title="Információszabadság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Információszabadság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Слобода на информации – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Слобода на информации" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="വിവര സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിവര സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebebasan_maklumat" title="Kebebasan maklumat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebebasan maklumat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95" title="ꯈꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯕ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯕ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85_%D1%87%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D3%A9" title="Мэдээллийн эрх чөлөө – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэдээллийн эрх чөлөө" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrijheid_van_informatie" title="Vrijheid van informatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrijheid van informatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%85%AC%E9%96%8B" title="情報公開 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="情報公開" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjonsfrihet" title="Informasjonsfrihet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Informasjonsfrihet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axborot_erkinligi" title="Axborot erkinligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Axborot erkinligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="د اطلاعاتو ازادي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اطلاعاتو ازادي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informacja_publiczna" title="Informacja publiczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Informacja publiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberdade_de_informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Liberdade de informação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liberdade de informação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Свобода информации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свобода информации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Freedom of information" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Слобода информисања – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слобода информисања" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedonsaantivapaus" title="Tiedonsaantivapaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiedonsaantivapaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationsfrihet" title="Informationsfrihet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Informationsfrihet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தகவல் சுதந்திரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தகவல் சுதந்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="เสรีภาพทางข้อมูลข่าวสาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เสรีภาพทางข้อมูลข่าวสาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D2%9B%D1%83%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ҳуқуқ ба ахбор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуқуқ ба ахбор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_edinme_%C3%B6zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC" title="Bilgi edinme özgürlüğü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgi edinme özgürlüğü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Свобода інформації – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Свобода інформації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="آزادی اطلاعات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آزادی اطلاعات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_th%C3%B4ng_tin" title="Quyền được thông tin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyền được thông tin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="信息自由 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="信息自由" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="信息自由 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="信息自由" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26084#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_09-F9_protest_art,_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/225px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/338px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/450px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Flag" title="Free Speech Flag">Free Speech Flag</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/AACS_encryption_key_controversy" title="AACS encryption key controversy">HD DVD AACS</a> case</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Freedom of information</b> is freedom of a person or people to publish and have access to information. <b>Access to information</b> is the ability for an individual to seek, receive and impart information effectively. As articulated by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, it encompasses </p> <blockquote> <p>"scientific, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a>, and traditional knowledge; freedom of information, building of <a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">open knowledge</a> resources, including open <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Open standards">open standards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> and availability of data; preservation of <a href="/wiki/Digital_heritage" title="Digital heritage">digital heritage</a>; respect for cultural and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic diversity">linguistic diversity</a>, such as fostering access to local content in accessible languages; quality education for all, including lifelong and <a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">e-learning</a>; diffusion of new media and information <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> and skills, and social inclusion online, including addressing inequalities based on skills, education, gender, age, race, ethnicity, and accessibility by those with disabilities; and the development of connectivity and affordable ICTs, including mobile, the Internet, and broadband infrastructures".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Public access to government information, including through the open <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunshine Law">publication of information</a>, and formal <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of information laws">freedom of information laws</a>, is widely considered an important basic component of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and integrity in <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schapper_1–14_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schapper_1–14-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael Buckland defines six types of barriers that have to be overcome in order for access to information to be achieved: identification of the source, availability of the source, price of the user, cost to the provider, cognitive access, acceptability.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While "access to information", "right to information", "<a href="/wiki/Right_to_know" title="Right to know">right to know</a>" and "freedom of information" are sometimes used as synonyms, the diverse terminology does highlight particular (albeit related) dimensions of the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freedom of information is related to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>, which can apply to any medium, be it oral, writing, print, electronic, or through art forms. This means that the protection of freedom of speech as a right includes not only the content, but also the means of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freedom of information is a separate concept which sometimes comes into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a> in the content of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>. As with the right to freedom of expression, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a> is a recognized <a href="/wiki/Human_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Human right">human right</a> and freedom of information acts as an extension to this right.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of the United Kingdom has theorised it as being an extension of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, and a fundamental <a href="/wiki/Human_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Human right">human right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recognized in <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international law</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pirate_Parties_International" title="Pirate Parties International">international</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">United States Pirate Party</a> have established political platforms based largely on freedom of information issues.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been a significant increase in global access to the Internet, which reached just over 5.35 billion users in 2024, amounting to about 66 per cent of the world's population.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a> continues to exclude over half of the world's population, particularly women and girls, and especially in Africa<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a> as well as several <a href="/wiki/Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Small Island Developing States">Small Island Developing States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, individuals with disabilities can either be advantaged or further disadvantaged by the design of technologies or through the presence or absence of <a href="/wiki/Information_and_media_literacy" title="Information and media literacy">training and education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Digital_Divide">The Digital Divide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Digital Divide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></div> <p>Access to information faces great difficulties because of the global digital divide. A digital divide is an <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequality</a> with regard to access to, use of, or impact of <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communication technologies</a> (ICT).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The divide within countries (such as the <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide_in_the_United_States" title="Digital divide in the United States">digital divide in the United States</a>) may refer to inequalities between individuals, households, businesses, or geographic areas, usually at different <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> levels or other demographic categories.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The divide between differing countries or regions of the world is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">global digital divide</a>, examining this technological gap between developing and developed countries on an international scale.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racial_divide">Racial divide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Racial divide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although many groups in society are affected by a lack of access to computers or the internet, communities of color are specifically observed to be negatively affected by the digital divide. This is evident when it comes to observing home-internet access among different races and ethnicities. 81% of Whites and 83% of Asians have home internet access, compared to 70% of Hispanics, 68% of Blacks, 72% of American Indian/Alaska Natives, and 68% of Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders. Although income is a factor in home-internet access disparities, there are still racial and ethnic inequalities that are present among those within lower income groups. 58% of low income Whites are reported to have home-internet access in comparison to 51% of Hispanics and 50% of Blacks. This information is reported in a report titled "Digital Denied: The Impact of Systemic Racial Discrimination on Home-Internet Adoption" which was published by the DC-based public interest group Fress Press.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report concludes that structural barriers and discrimination that perpetuates bias against people of different races and ethnicities contribute to having an impact on the digital divide. The report also concludes that those who do not have internet access still have a high demand for it, and reduction in the price of home-internet access would allow for an increase in equitable participation and improve internet adoption by marginalized groups.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Digital censorship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">algorithmic bias</a> are observed to be present in the racial divide. Hate-speech rules as well as hate speech algorithms online platforms such as Facebook have favored white males and those belonging to elite groups in society over marginalized groups in society, such as women and people of color. In a collection of internal documents that were collected in a project conducted by ProPublica, Facebook's guidelines in regards to distinguishing hate speech and recognizing protected groups revealed slides that identified three groups, each one containing either female drivers, black children, or white men. When the question of which subset group is protected is presented, the correct answer was white men.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minority group language is negatively impacted by automated tools of hate detection due to human bias that ultimately decides what is considered hate speech and what is not.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Online platforms have also been observed to tolerate hateful content towards people of color but restrict content from people of color. Aboriginal memes on a Facebook page were posted with racially abusive content and comments depicting Aboriginal people as inferior. While the contents on the page were removed by the originators after an investigation conducted by the Australian Communications and Media Authority, Facebook did not delete the page and has allowed it to remain under the classification of controversial humor.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a post by an African American woman addressing her discomfort with being the only person of color in a small-town restaurant was met with racist and hateful messages. When reporting the online abuse to Facebook, her account was suspended by <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> for three days for posting the screenshots while those responsible for the racist comments she received were not suspended.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shared experiences between people of color can be at risk of being silenced under removal policies for online platforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disability_divide">Disability divide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disability divide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inequities in access to information technologies are present among individuals living with a disability in comparison to those who are not living with a disability. According to The Pew Internet 54% of households with a person who has a disability have home internet access compared to 81% of households that have home internet access and do not have a person who has a disability.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type of disability an individual has can prevent one from interacting with computer screens and smartphone screens, such as having a quadriplegia disability or having a disability in the hands. However, there is still a lack of access to technology and home internet access among those who have a cognitive and auditory disability as well. There is a concern of whether or not the increase in the use of information technologies will increase equality through offering opportunities for individuals living with disabilities or whether it will only add to the present inequalities and lead to individuals living with disabilities being left behind in society.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Issues such as the perception of disabilities in society, Federal and state government policy, corporate policy, mainstream computing technologies, and real-time online communication have been found to contribute to the impact of the digital divide on individuals with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People with disabilities are also the targets of online abuse. Online disability hate crimes have increased by 33% within the past year across the UK according to a report published by Leonard Cheshire.org.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accounts of online hate abuse towards people with disabilities were shared during an incident in 2019 when model Katie Price's son was the target of online abuse that was attributed to him having a disability. In response to the abuse, a campaign was launched by Katie Price to ensure that Britain's MP's held those who are guilty of perpetuating online abuse towards those with disabilities accountable. Online abuse towards individuals with disabilities is a factor that can discourage people from engaging online which could prevent people from learning information that could improve their lives. Many individuals living with disabilities face online abuse in the form of accusations of benefit fraud and "faking" their disability for financial gain, which in some cases leads to unnecessary investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_divide">Gender divide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gender divide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women's freedom of information and access to information globally is less than men's. Social barriers such as <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">illiteracy</a> and lack of digital empowerment have created stark inequalities in navigating the tools used for access to information, often exacerbating lack of awareness of issues that directly relate to women and gender, such as <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive health">sexual health</a>. There have also been examples of more extreme measures, such as local community authorities banning or restricting mobile phone use for girls and unmarried women in their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Wharton School of Public Policy, the expansion of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has resulted in multiple disparities that have had an impact on women's access to ICT with the gender gap being as high as 31% in some developing countries and 12% globally in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socioeconomic barriers that result from these disparities are known as what we call the digital divide. Among low-income countries and low-income regions alike, the high price of internet access presents a barrier to women since women are generally paid less and face an unequal dividend between paid and unpaid work. Cultural norms in certain countries may prohibit women from access to the internet and technology as well by preventing women from attaining a certain level of education or from being the breadwinners in their households, thus resulting in a lack of control in the household finances. However, even when women have access to ICT, the digital divide is still prevalent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBTQIA_divide,_and_repression_by_states_and_tech_companies"><span id="LGBTQIA_divide.2C_and_repression_by_states_and_tech_companies"></span>LGBTQIA divide, and repression by states and tech companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: LGBTQIA divide, and repression by states and tech companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of states, including some that have introduced new laws since 2010, notably censor voices from and content related to the <a href="/wiki/LGBTQI" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQI">LGBTQI</a> community, posing serious consequences to access to information about <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital platforms play a powerful role in limiting access to certain content, such as YouTube's 2017 decision to classify non-explicit videos with LGBTQIA themes as 'restricted', a classification designed to filter out "potentially inappropriate content".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The internet provides information that can create a safe space for marginalized groups such as the LGBTQIA community to connect with others and engage in honest dialogues and conversations that are affecting their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be viewed as an agent of change for the LGBTQIA community and provide a means of engaging in social justice. It can allow for LGBTQIA individuals who may be living in rural areas or in areas where they are isolated to gain access to information that are not within their rural system as well as gaining information from other LGBT individuals. This includes information such as healthcare, partners, and news. Gay Health provides online medical and health information and Gay and Lesbians Alliance Against Defamation contains online publications and news that focus on human rights campaigns and issues focused on LGBTQIA issues. The Internet also allows LGBTQIA individuals to maintain anonymity. Lack of access to the internet can hinder these things, due to lack of broadband access in remote rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LGBT Tech has emphasized launching newer technologies with 5G technology in order to help close the digital divide that can cause members of the LGBTQIA community to lose access to reliable and fast technology that can provide information on healthcare, economic opportunities, and safe communities.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also other factors that can prevent LGBTQIA members from accessing information online or subject them to having their information abused. Internet filters are also used to censor and restrict LGBTQIA content that is in relation to the LGBTQIA community in public schools and libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also the presence of online abuse by online predators that target LGBTQIA members by seeking out their personal information and providing them with inaccurate information. The use of the internet can provide a way for LGBTQIA individuals to gain access to information to deal with societal setbacks through therapeutic advice, social support systems, and an online environment that fosters a collaboration of ideas, concerns, and helps LGBTQIA individuals move forward. This can be fostered through human service professionals who can utilize the internet with evidence and evaluation to provide information to LGBTQIA individuals who are dealing with the circumstances of coming out and the possible repercussions that could follow as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_security_argument">The security argument</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The security argument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital age">digital age</a>, application of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and its corollaries (freedom of information, access to information) becomes more controversial as new means of communication and restrictions arise including government control or commercial methods putting personal information to danger.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_access">Digital access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digital access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freedom of information (or information freedom) also refers to the protection of the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> with regard to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>. Freedom of information may also concern <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> in an information technology context, i.e. the ability to access <a href="/wiki/Web_content" title="Web content">Web content</a>, without <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">restrictions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_and_media_literacy">Information and media literacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Information and media literacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Kuzmin and Parshakova, access to information entails learning in formal and informal education settings. It also entails fostering the competencies of <a href="/wiki/Information_and_media_literacy" title="Information and media literacy">information and media literacy</a> that enable users to be empowered and make full use of access to the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UNESCO's support for <a href="/wiki/Journalism_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalism education">journalism education</a> is an example of how <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> seeks to contribute to the provision of independent and verifiable information accessible in <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a>. Promoting access for disabled persons has been strengthened by the UNESCO-convened conference in 2014, which adopted the "New Delhi Declaration on Inclusive ICTs for Persons with Disabilities: Making Empowerment a Reality".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_standards">Open standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Open standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU), "Open Standards" are standards made available to the general public and developed (or approved) and maintained via a collaborative and consensus driven process. "Open Standards" facilitate <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> and data exchange among different products or services and are intended for widespread adoption." A UNESCO study considers that adopting open standards has the potential to contribute to the vision of a ‘digital commons’ in which citizens can freely find, share, and re-use information.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promoting <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a>, which is both free of cost and freely modifiable could help meet the particular needs of marginalized users advocacy on behalf of minority groups, such as targeted outreach, better provision of Internet access, tax incentives for private companies and organizations working to enhance access, and solving underlying issues of social and economic inequalities<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Information_Society_and_freedom_of_expression">The Information Society and freedom of expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Information Society and freedom of expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a> (WSIS) Declaration of Principles adopted in 2003 reaffirms <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and the universality, indivisibility and interdependence of all <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and fundamental freedoms. The Declaration also makes specific reference to the importance of the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> for the "<a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Information Society</a>" in stating: </p> <blockquote><p>We reaffirm, as an essential foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Information Society</a>, and as outlined in Article 19 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, that everyone has the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of opinion and expression</a>; that this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Communication is a fundamental social process, a basic human need and the foundation of all social organisation. It is central to the Information Society. Everyone, everywhere should have the opportunity to participate and no one should be excluded from the benefits the Information Society offers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The 2004 WSIS Declaration of Principles also acknowledged that "it is necessary to prevent the use of information resources and technologies for criminal and terrorist purposes, while respecting human rights".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolfgang Benedek comments that the WSIS Declaration only contains a number of references to human rights and does not spell out any procedures or mechanism to assure that human rights are considered in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hacktivismo">Hacktivismo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hacktivismo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hacktivismo" title="Hacktivismo">Hacktivismo</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">digital rights</a> group <a href="/wiki/Hacktivismo" title="Hacktivismo">Hacktivismo</a>, founded in 1999, argues that access to information is a basic <a href="/wiki/Human_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Human right">human right</a>. The group's beliefs are described fully in the "Hacktivismo Declaration" which calls for the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (ICCPR) to be applied to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. The Declaration recalls the duty of member states to the ICCPR to protect the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> with regard to the internet and in this context freedom of information.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hacktivismo Declaration recognizes "the importance to fight against human rights abuses with respect to reasonable access to information on the Internet" and calls upon the <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">hacker</a> community to "study ways and means of circumventing state sponsored <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> of the internet" and "implement technologies to challenge information rights violations". The Hacktivismo Declaration does, however, recognise that the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> is subject to limitations, stating "we recognized the right of governments to forbid the publication of properly categorized <a href="/wiki/State_secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="State secrets">state secrets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>, and matters related to personal <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(legal_ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege (legal ethics)">privilege</a>, among other accepted restrictions." However, the Hacktivist Declaration states "but we oppose the use of state power to control access to the works of critics, <a href="/wiki/Intellectuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectuals">intellectuals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artists" class="mw-redirect" title="Artists">artists</a>, or religious figures."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Network_Initiative">Global Network Initiative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Global Network Initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 29, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Network_Initiative" title="Global Network Initiative">Global Network Initiative</a> (GNI) was founded upon its "Principles on Freedom of Expression and Privacy". The Initiative was launched in the 60th Anniversary year of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (UDHR) and is based on internationally recognized laws and standards for <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> set out in the UDHR, the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (ICCPR) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> (ICESCR).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participants in the Initiative include the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a>, other major companies, human rights NGOs, investors, and academics.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to reports, <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a> was invited to the initial discussions but did not take part in the initiative. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harrington_Investments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harrington Investments (page does not exist)">Harrington Investments</a>, which proposed that Cisco establish a human rights board, has dismissed the GNI as a voluntary code of conduct not having any impact. Chief executive John Harrington called the GNI "meaningless noise" and instead calls for bylaws to be introduced that force boards of directors to accept human rights responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Glanville_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glanville-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_censorship">Internet censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Internet censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a></div> <p>Jo Glanville, editor of the <a href="/wiki/Index_on_Censorship" title="Index on Censorship">Index on Censorship</a>, states that "the internet has been a revolution for censorship as much as for free speech".<sup id="cite_ref-Glanville_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glanville-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of freedom of information has emerged in response to state sponsored censorship, monitoring and surveillance of the internet. Internet censorship includes the control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Reporters_without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters without Borders">Reporters without Borders</a> (RSF) "internet enemy list" the following states engage in pervasive internet censorship: <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A widely publicised example is the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Firewall of China">Great Firewall of China</a>" (in reference both to its role as a <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firewall (networking)">network firewall</a> and to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>). The system blocks content by preventing <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> from being routed through and consists of standard firewall and <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxy servers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <a href="/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)" title="Gateway (telecommunications)">gateways</a>. The system also selectively engages in <a href="/wiki/DNS_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS poisoning">DNS poisoning</a> when particular sites are requested. The government does not appear to be systematically examining Internet content, as this appears to be technically impractical.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China">Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China</a> is conducted under a wide variety of laws and administrative regulations. In accordance with these laws, more than sixty Internet regulations have been made by the People's Republic of China (PRC) government, and censorship systems are vigorously implemented by provincial branches of state-owned <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a>, business companies, and organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, speaking on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, declared 'we stand for a single internet where all of humanity has equal access to knowledge and ideas'. In her 'Remarks on Internet Freedom' she also draws attention to how 'even in authoritarian countries, information networks are helping people discover new facts and making governments more accountable', while reporting President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s pronouncement 'the more freely information flows, the stronger societies become'.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privacy_protections">Privacy protections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Privacy protections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy,_surveillance_and_encryption"><span id="Privacy.2C_surveillance_and_encryption"></span>Privacy, surveillance and encryption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Privacy, surveillance and encryption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The increasing access to and reliance on <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital media</a> to receive and produce information have increased the possibilities for States and private sector companies to track individuals’ behaviors, opinions and networks. States have increasingly adopted laws and policies to legalize monitoring of communication, justifying these practices with the need to defend their own citizens and national interests. In parts of Europe, new <a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">anti-terrorism laws</a> have enabled a greater degree of <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">government surveillance</a> and an increase in the ability of intelligence authorities to access citizens’ data. While legality is a precondition for legitimate limitations of human rights, the issue is also whether a given law is aligned to other criteria for justification such as necessity, proportionality and legitimate purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_framework">International framework</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> has taken a number of steps to highlight the importance of the universal right to privacy online. In 2015, in a resolution on the right to privacy in the digital age, it established a United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the Human Rights Council emphasized that the ‘unlawful or arbitrary surveillance and/ or interception of communications, as well as the unlawful or arbitrary collection of personal data, as highly intrusive acts, violate the right to privacy, can interfere with other human rights, including the right to freedom of expression and to hold opinions without interference’.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_framework">Regional framework</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Regional framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Number of regional efforts, particularly through the courts, to establish regulations that deal with data protection, privacy and surveillance, and which affect their relationship to journalistic uses. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>’s Convention 108, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_protection_of_individuals_with_regard_to_automatic_processing_of_personal_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention for the protection of individuals with regard to automatic processing of personal data">Convention for the protection of individuals with regard to automatic processing of personal data</a>, has undergone a modernization process to address new challenges to privacy. Since 2012, four new countries belonging to the Council of Europe have signed or ratified the Convention, as well as three countries that do not belong to the Council, from Africa and Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regional courts are also playing a noteworthy role in the development of online privacy regulations. In 2015 the European Court of Justice found that the so-called ‘Safe Harbour Agreement’, which allowed private companies to ‘legally transmit personal data from their European subscribers to the US’,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was not valid under <a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">European law</a> in that it did not offer sufficient protections for the data of European citizens or protect them from arbitrary surveillance. In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States Government</a> reached an agreement to replace Safe Harbour, the <a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US_Privacy_Shield" title="EU–US Privacy Shield">EU-U.S. Privacy Shield</a>, which includes data protection obligations on companies receiving personal data from the European Union, safeguards on United States government access to data, protection and redress for individuals, and an annual joint review to monitor implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>'s 2014 decision in the Google Spain case allowed people to claim a "<a href="/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten" title="Right to be forgotten">right to be forgotten</a>" or "right to be de-listed" in a much-debated approach to the balance between privacy, free expression and transparency.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Google Spain decision the "right to be forgotten" or "right to be de-listed" has been recognized in a number of countries across the world, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recital 153 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> General Data Protection Regulation<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states "Member States law should reconcile the rules governing freedom of expression and information, including journalistic...with the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this Regulation. The processing of personal data solely for journalistic purposes...should be subject to derogations or exemptions from certain provisions of this Regulation if necessary to reconcile the right to the protection of personal data with the right to freedom of expression and information, as enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_framework">National framework</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of countries around the world with data protection laws has also continued to grow. According to the World Trends Report 2017/2018, between 2012 and 2016, 20 UNESCO Member States adopted data protection laws for first time, bringing the global total to 101.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these new adoptions, nine were in Africa, four in Asia and the Pacific, three in Latin America and the Caribbean, two in the Arab region and one in Western Europe and North America. During the same period, 23 countries revised their data protection laws, reflecting the new challenges to data protection in the digital era.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Global Partners Digital, only four States have secured in national legislation a general right to encryption, and 31 have enacted national legislation that grants law enforcement agencies the power <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_encryption" title="Human rights and encryption">to intercept or decrypt encrypted communications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_sector_implications">Private sector implications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Private sector implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2010, to increase the protection of the information and communications of their users and to promote trust in their services’.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-profile examples of this have been <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>'s implementation of full <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">end-to-end encryption</a> in its messenger service,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s contestation of a law enforcement warrant to unlock an <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> used by the perpetrators of a terror attack.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_of_confidential_sources_and_whistle-blowing">Protection of confidential sources and whistle-blowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Protection of confidential sources and whistle-blowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rapid changes in the <a href="/wiki/Digital_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital environment">digital environment</a>, coupled with contemporary journalist practice that increasingly relies on digital communication technologies, pose new risks for the protection of journalism sources. Leading contemporary threats include <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> technologies, mandatory data retention policies, and disclosure of personal digital activities by third party intermediaries. Without a thorough understanding of how to shield their digital communications and traces, journalists and sources can unwittingly reveal identifying information.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employment of national security legislation, such as <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism laws">counter-terrorism laws</a>, to override existing legal protections for source protection is also becoming a common practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many regions, persistent secrecy laws or new cybersecurity laws threaten the protection of sources, such as when they give governments the right to intercept online communications in the interest of overly broad definitions of national security.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Developments in regards to source protection laws have occurred between 2007 and mid-2015 in 84 (69 per cent) of the 121 countries surveyed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arab region had the most notable developments, where 86 per cent of States had demonstrated shifts, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean (85 per cent), Asia and the Pacific (75 per cent), Western Europe and North America (66 per cent) and finally Africa, where 56 per cent of States examined had revised their source protection laws.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2015, at least 60 nations had adopted some form of whistle-blower protection.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the international level, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">United Nations Convention against Corruption</a> entered into force in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By July 2017, the majority of countries around the globe, 179 in total, had ratified the convention, which includes provisions for the protection of <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblowers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Member_States_that_are_Party_to_the_UN_Convention_against_Corruption.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Member_States_that_are_Party_to_the_UN_Convention_against_Corruption.svg/300px-Member_States_that_are_Party_to_the_UN_Convention_against_Corruption.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Member_States_that_are_Party_to_the_UN_Convention_against_Corruption.svg/450px-Member_States_that_are_Party_to_the_UN_Convention_against_Corruption.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Member_States_that_are_Party_to_the_UN_Convention_against_Corruption.svg/600px-Member_States_that_are_Party_to_the_UN_Convention_against_Corruption.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Since 2012, the addition of 23 UNESCO Member States that have ratified, accepted or acceded to the convention.</figcaption></figure> <p>Regional conventions against corruption that contain protection for whistle-blowers have also been widely ratified. These include the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_Against_Corruption" title="Inter-American Convention Against Corruption">Inter-American Convention Against Corruption</a>, which has been ratified by 33 Member States,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Convention_on_Preventing_and_Combating_Corruption" title="African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption">African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption</a>, which was ratified by 36 UNESCO Member States.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Council</a> adopted the Recommendation for Further Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_pluralism">Media pluralism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Media pluralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trends_Report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Trends Report (page does not exist)">World Trends Report</a>, access to a variety of media increased between 2012 and 2016. The internet has registered the highest growth in users supported by massive investments in infrastructure and significant uptake in mobile usage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_mobile">Internet mobile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Internet mobile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the work of the <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Commission_for_Sustainable_Development" title="Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development">Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development</a>, co-chaired by UNESCO, and the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">Internet Governance Forum</a>'s intersessional work on 'Connecting the Next Billion' are proof of the international commitments towards providing Internet access for all. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU), by the end of 2017, an estimated 48 per cent of individuals regularly connect to the internet, up from 34 per cent in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the significant increase in absolute numbers, however, in the same period the annual growth rate of internet users has slowed down, with five per cent annual growth in 2017, dropping from a 10 per cent growth rate in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of unique mobile cellular subscriptions increased from 3.89 billion in 2012 to 4.83 billion in 2016, two-thirds of the world’s population, with more than half of subscriptions located in Asia and the Pacific. The number of subscriptions is predicted to rise to 5.69 billion users in 2020. As of 2016, almost 60 per cent of the world’s population had access to a 4G broadband cellular network, up from almost 50 per cent in 2015 and 11 per cent in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The limits that users face on accessing information via mobile applications coincide with a broader process of fragmentation of the internet. <a href="/wiki/Zero-rating" title="Zero-rating">Zero-rating</a>, the practice of internet providers allowing users free connectivity to access specific content or applications for free, has offered some opportunities for individuals to surmount economic hurdles, but has also been accused by its critics as creating a ‘two-tiered’ internet. To address the issues with zero-rating, an alternative model has emerged in the concept of ‘equal rating’ and is being tested in experiments by <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Orange S.A.">Orange</a> in Africa. Equal rating prevents prioritization of one type of content and zero-rates all content up to a specified data cap. Some countries in the region had a handful of plans to choose from (across all mobile network operators) while others, such as <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, offered as many as 30 pre-paid and 34 post-paid plans.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_individuals_using_the_internet_2012-2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Percentage_of_individuals_using_the_internet_2012-2017.svg/300px-Percentage_of_individuals_using_the_internet_2012-2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Percentage_of_individuals_using_the_internet_2012-2017.svg/450px-Percentage_of_individuals_using_the_internet_2012-2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Percentage_of_individuals_using_the_internet_2012-2017.svg/600px-Percentage_of_individuals_using_the_internet_2012-2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of individuals using the internet (2012–2017)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast_media">Broadcast media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Broadcast media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Western Europe and North America, the primacy of television as a main source of information is being challenged by the internet, while in other regions, such as Africa, television is gaining greater audience share than radio, which has historically been the most widely accessed media platform.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Age plays a profound role in determining the balance between radio, television and the internet as the leading source of news. According to the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> Institute Digital News Report, in 36 countries and territories surveyed, 51 per cent of adults 55 years and older consider television as their main news source, compared to only 24 per cent of respondents between 18 and 24.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pattern is reversed when it comes to online media, chosen by 64 per cent of users between 18 and 24 as their primary source, but only by 28 per cent of users 55 and older.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Arab Youth Survey, in 2016, 45 percent of the young people interviewed considered social media as a major source of news.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satellite television has continued to add global or transnational alternatives to national viewing options for many audiences. Global news providers such as the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>, <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a> (formerly Russia Today) and the Spanish-language <a href="/wiki/EFE" title="EFE">Agencia EFE</a>, have used the internet and satellite television to better reach audiences across borders and have added specialist broadcasts to target specific foreign audiences. Reflecting a more outward looking orientation, China <a href="/wiki/Global_Television_Network" title="Global Television Network">Global Television Network</a> (CGTN), the multi-language and multi-channel grouping owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a>, changed its name from CCTV-NEWS in January 2017. After years of budget cuts and shrinking global operations, in 2016 BBC announced the launch of 12 new language services (in <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Afaan Oromo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>), branded as a component of its biggest expansion ‘since the 1940s’.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also expanding access to content are changes in usage patterns with non-linear viewing, as online streaming is becoming an important component of users’ experience. Since expanding its global service to 130 new countries in January 2016, Netflix experienced a surge in subscribers, surpassing 100 million subscribers in the second quarter of 2017, up from 40 million in 2012. The audience has also become more diverse with 47 per cent of users based outside of the United States, where the company began in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspaper_industry">Newspaper industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Newspaper industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Internet has challenged the press as an alternative source of information and opinion but has also provided a new platform for newspaper organizations to reach new audiences. Between 2012 and 2016, print newspaper circulation continued to fall in almost all regions, with the exception of Asia and the Pacific, where the dramatic increase in sales in a few select countries has offset falls in historically strong Asian markets such as Japan and the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a>. Between 2012 and 2016, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>’s print circulation grew by 89 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many newspapers make the transition to online platforms, revenues from digital subscriptions and <a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">digital advertising</a> have been growing significantly. How to capture more of this growth remains a pressing challenge for newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_framework_2">International framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: International framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNESCO's_work"><span id="UNESCO.27s_work"></span>UNESCO's work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: UNESCO's work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandate">Mandate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mandate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development</a>, adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in September 2015, includes Goal 16.10 to ‘ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements’.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> has been assigned as the custodian agency responsible for global reporting on indicator 16.10.2 regarding the ‘number of countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to information’.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This responsibility aligns with UNESCO's commitment to promote universal access to information, grounded in its constitutional mandate to ‘promote the free flow of ideas by word and image’. In 2015, UNESCO's General Conference proclaimed 28 September as the International Day for Universal Access to Information.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, participants of UNESCO's annual celebration of <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Day" title="World Press Freedom Day">World Press Freedom Day</a> adopted the Finlandia Declaration on access to information and fundamental freedoms, 250 years after the first freedom of information law was adopted in what is modern day <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>38th Session of the General Conference in 2015, Resolution 38 C/70 proclaiming 28 September as the "International Day for the Universal Access to Information"</li> <li>Article 19 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Brisbane Declaration<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dakar Declaration<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Finlandia Declaration<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Maputo Declaration<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>New Delhi Declaration<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Recommendation concerning the Promotion and Use of Multilingualism and Universal Access to Cyberspace 2003<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_International_Programme_for_Development_of_Communication">The International Programme for Development of Communication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: The International Programme for Development of Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_Programme_for_the_Development_of_Communication" title="International Programme for the Development of Communication">International Programme for the Development of Communication</a></div> <p>The International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) is a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO) programme aimed at strengthening the development of mass media in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>. Its mandate since 2003 is "... to contribute to sustainable development, democracy and good governance by fostering universal access to and distribution of information and knowledge by strengthening the capacities of the developing countries and countries in transition in the field of electronic media and the printed press."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Programme_for_the_Development_of_Communication" title="International Programme for the Development of Communication">International Programme for the Development of Communication</a> is responsible for the follow-up of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16 through indicators 16.10.1 and 16.10.2. Every two years, a report containing information from the Member States on the status of judicial inquiries on each of the killings condemned by UNESCO is submitted to the IPDC Council by UNESCO's Director-General.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journalists safety indicators are a tool developed by UNESCO which, according to UNESCO's website, aims on mapping the key features that can help assess safety of journalists, and help determine whether adequate follow-up is given to crimes committed against them. The IPDC Talks also allow the Programme to raise awareness on the importance of access to information.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IPDC is also the programme that monitors and reports on access to information laws around the world through the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">United Nations Secretary-General</a> global report on follow-up to SDGs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 September 2015, UNESCO adopted the <a href="/wiki/Access_to_Information_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to Information Day">International Day for the Universal Access to Information</a> during its 38th session.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the International Day, the IPDC organized the "IPDC Talks: Powering Sustainable Development with Access to Information" event, which gathered high-level participants.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual event aims on highlighting the "importance of access to information" for sustainable development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Internet_Universality_framework">The Internet Universality framework</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: The Internet Universality framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_Universality" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Universality">Internet Universality</a></div> <p>Internet Universality is the concept that "the Internet is much more than infrastructure and applications, it is a network of economic and <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social interactions</a> and relationships, which has the potential to enable human rights, empower individuals and communities, and facilitate <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. The concept is based on four principles stressing the Internet should be Human rights-based, Open, Accessible, and based on <a href="/wiki/Multistakeholder_governance_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Multistakeholder governance model">Multistakeholder</a> participation. These have been abbreviated as the R-O-A-M principles. Understanding the Internet in this way helps to draw together different facets of <a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Internet development</a>, concerned with technology and <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>, rights and development."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the concept internet universality UNESCO highlights access to information as a key to assess a better Internet environment. There is special relevance to the Internet of the broader principle of social inclusion. This puts forward the role of accessibility in overcoming <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divides</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_inequality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital inequality (page does not exist)">digital inequalities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">exclusions</a> based on skills, <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, language, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> or disability. It also points to the need for <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business models</a> for Internet activity, and to trust in the preservation, quality, integrity, security, and authenticity of information and knowledge. Accessibility is interlinked to rights and openness.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the ROAM principles, UNESCO is now developing Internet Universality indicators to help governments and other stakeholders assess their own national Internet environments and to promote the values associated with Internet Universality, such as access to information.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_World_Bank_initiatives">The World Bank initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: The World Bank initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> launched the World Bank policy on access to information, which constitutes a major shift in the World Bank's strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle binds the World Bank to disclose any requested information, unless it is on a "list of exception": </p> <ol><li>"<a href="/wiki/Personal_information_management" title="Personal information management">Personal information</a></li> <li>Communications of Governors and/or Executive Directors’ Offices</li> <li>Ethics Committee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney%E2%80%93client_privilege" title="Attorney–client privilege">Attorney-Client Privilege</a></li> <li>Security and Safety Information</li> <li>Separate Disclosure Regimes</li> <li>Confidential Client/Third Party Information</li> <li>Corporate Administrative</li> <li>Deliberative Information*</li> <li>Financial Information"<sup id="cite_ref-:7_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The World Bank is prone to Open Developments with its <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a>, Open Finance and <a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> repository.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societies">The World Summit on the Information Societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: The World Summit on the Information Societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a></div> <p>The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) was a two-phase United Nations-sponsored summit on information, communication and, in broad terms, the <a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">information society</a> that took place in 2003 in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> and in 2005 in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>. One of its chief aims was to bridge the <a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">global digital divide</a> separating rich countries from poor countries by spreading access to the Internet in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing world</a>. The conferences established 17 May as <a href="/wiki/World_Information_Society_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="World Information Society Day">World Information Society Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_framework_2">Regional framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Regional framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The results from UNESCO monitoring of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_16" title="Sustainable Development Goal 16">SDG 16</a>.10.2 show that 112 countries have now adopted freedom of information legislation or similar administrative regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, 22 adopted new legislation since 2012. At the regional level, Africa has seen the highest growth, with 10 countries adopting freedom of information legislation in the last five years, more than doubling the number of countries in the region to have such legislation from nine to 19. A similarly high growth rate has occurred in the Asia-Pacific region, where seven countries adopted freedom of information laws in the last five years, bringing the total to 22. In addition, during the reporting period, two countries in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab region</a>, two countries in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_the_Americas" title="United Nations geoscheme for the Americas">Latin America and the Caribbean</a>, and one country in Western Europe and North America adopted freedom of information legislation. The vast majority of the world's population now lives in a country with a freedom of information law, and several countries currently have freedom of information bills under consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_framework_2">National framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: National framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Member_States_by_region_with_a_freedom_of_information_law_or_policy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Member_States_by_region_with_a_freedom_of_information_law_or_policy.png/300px-Member_States_by_region_with_a_freedom_of_information_law_or_policy.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Member_States_by_region_with_a_freedom_of_information_law_or_policy.png/450px-Member_States_by_region_with_a_freedom_of_information_law_or_policy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Member_States_by_region_with_a_freedom_of_information_law_or_policy.png/600px-Member_States_by_region_with_a_freedom_of_information_law_or_policy.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>UNESCO Member States by region with a freedom of information law or policy</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_information_laws">Freedom of information laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Freedom of information laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of information laws by country</a></div> <p>In June 2006, nearly 70 countries had freedom of information legislation applying to information held by government bodies and in certain circumstances to private bodies. In 19 of these countries, the freedom of information legislation also applied to private bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Access_to_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to information">Access to information</a> was increasingly recognised as a prerequisite for transparency and accountability of governments, as facilitating consumers' ability to make informed choices, and as safeguarding citizens against mismanagement and corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-Schapper_1–14_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schapper_1–14-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led an increasing number of countries to enact freedom of information legislation in the past 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazhar_Siraj_2010_213_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazhar_Siraj_2010_213-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, private bodies have started to perform functions which were previously carried out by public bodies. Privatisation and de-regulation saw banks, telecommunications companies, hospitals and universities being run by private entities, leading to demands for the extension of freedom of information legislation to cover private bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there has been an increase in countries with freedom of information laws, their implementation and effectiveness vary considerably across the world. The Global Right to Information Rating is a programme providing advocates, legislators, reformers with tools to assess the strength of a legal framework.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In measuring the strength and legal framework of each country's freedom of information law using the Right to Information Rating, one notable trend appears.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Largely regardless of <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographic</a> location, top scoring countries tend to have younger laws.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">United Nations Secretary General</a>’s 2017 report on the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>, to which UNESCO contributed freedom of information-related information, of the 109 countries with available data on implementation of freedom of information laws, 43 per cent do not sufficiently provide for public outreach and 43 per cent have overly-wide definitions of exceptions to disclosure, which run counter to the aim of increased <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">transparency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the adoption of freedom of information laws; officials are often unfamiliar with the norms of transparency at the core of freedom of information or are unwilling to recognize them in practice. Journalists often do not make effective use of freedom of information laws for a multitude of reasons: official failure to respond to information requests, extensive delays, receipt of heavily redacted documents, arbitrarily steep fees for certain types of requests, and a lack of professional training.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Debates around public access to information have also focused on further developments in encouraging <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a> approaches to <a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">government transparency</a>. In 2009, the data.gov portal was launched in the United States, collecting in one place most of the government open data; in the years following, there was a wave of government data opening around the world. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership" title="Open Government Partnership">Open Government Partnership</a>, a multilateral network established in 2011, some 70 countries have now issued National Action Plans, the majority of which contain strong open data commitments designed to foster greater transparency, generate economic growth, empower citizens, fight corruption and more generally enhance governance. In 2015 the Open Data Charter was founded in a multistakeholder process in order to establish principles for ‘how governments should be publishing information’.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Charter has been adopted by 17 national governments half of which were from <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_the_Americas" title="United Nations geoscheme for the Americas">Latin America and the Caribbean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2017 Open Data Barometer, conducted by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a>, shows that while 79 out of the 115 countries surveyed have open government data portals, in most cases "the right <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policies</a> are not in place, nor is the breadth and quality of the data-sets released sufficient". In general, the Open Data Barometer found that government data is usually "incomplete, out of date, of low quality, and fragmented".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_bodies">Private bodies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Private bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the following 19 countries had freedom of information legislation that extended to government bodies and private bodies: Antigua and Barbuda, Angola, Armenia, Colombia, the Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Panama, Poland, Peru, South Africa, Turkey, Trinidad and Tobago, Slovakia, and the United Kingdom. The degree to which private bodies are covered under freedom of information legislation varies, in Angola, Armenia and Peru the legislation only applies to private companies that perform what are considered to be public functions. In the Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, Finland, Trinidad and Tobago, Slovakia, Poland and Iceland private bodies that receive public funding are subject to freedom of information legislation. Freedom of information legislation in Estonia, France and UK covers private bodies in certain sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Africa the access provisions of the Promotion of Access to Information Act have been used by individuals to establish why their loan application has been denied. The access provisions have also been used by minority shareholders in private companies and environmental groups, who were seeking information on the potential environmental damage caused by company projects.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consumer_protection">Consumer protection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Consumer protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Transnational_Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Commission on Transnational Corporations">United Nations Commission on Transnational Corporations</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Guidelines_for_Consumer_Protection" title="United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection">United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection</a> stipulating eight consumer rights, including "consumer access to adequate information to enable making informed choices according to individual wishes and needs". Access to information became regarded as a basic consumer right, and preventive disclosure, i.e. the disclosure of information on threats to human lives, health and safety, began to be emphasized.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Investors">Investors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Investors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secretive decision making by company directors and corporate scandal led to freedom of information legislation to be published for the benefits of investors. Such legislation was first adopted in Britain in the early 20th century, and later in North America and other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disclosure regimes for the benefit of investors regained attention at the beginning of the 21st century as a number of corporate scandals were linked to accounting fraud and company director secrecy.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with Enron, the subsequent scandals involving <a href="/wiki/Worldcom" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldcom">Worldcom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyco_International" title="Tyco International">Tyco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelphia_Communications_Corporation" title="Adelphia Communications Corporation">Adelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_Crossing" title="Global Crossing">Global Crossing</a> prompted the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a> to impose new information disclosure obligations on companies with the <a href="/wiki/Sarbanes-Oxley_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarbanes-Oxley Act">Sarbanes-Oxley Act</a> 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_public_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to public information">Access to public information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_For_Economic_Reforms" title="Action For Economic Reforms">Action For Economic Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna%27s_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_oversight" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen oversight">Citizen oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_vs._Copyright" title="Culture vs. Copyright">Culture vs. Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypherpunk" title="Cypherpunk">Cypherpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Information_Society_and_Media_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Information Society and Media (European Commission)">Directorate-General for Information Society and Media (European Commission)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of information laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama" title="Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Haven_Project" title="Free Haven Project">Free Haven Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_a_Free_Information_Infrastructure" title="Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure">Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenet">Freenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_number" title="Illegal number">Illegal number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Right_to_Know_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="International Right to Know Day">International Right to Know Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2P" title="I2P">I2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_activism" title="Information activism">Information activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_commissioner" title="Information commissioner">Information commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_ethics" title="Information ethics">Information ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">Information privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_wants_to_be_free" title="Information wants to be free">Information wants to be free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Internet freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Internet privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_for_loyalties_theory" title="Market for loyalties theory">Market for loyalties theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_law" title="Medical law">Medical law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netsukuku" title="Netsukuku">Netsukuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Music_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Music Model">Open Music Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_know" title="Right to know">Right to know</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act" title="Stop Online Piracy Act">Stop Online Piracy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor (anonymity network)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(humanities)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (humanities)">Transparency (humanities)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">Virtual private network</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002325/232563E.pdf"><i>Keystones to foster inclusive Knowledge Societies</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. 2015. p. 107. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111192039/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002325/232563E.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keystones+to+foster+inclusive+Knowledge+Societies&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0023%2F002325%2F232563E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=261065&set=005B054385_2_76&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1"><i>World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018</i></a>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00223-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00223-3"><bdi>978-0-521-00223-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117061039/https://books.google.com/books?id=wfNPdyiwbYQC&q=9780521002233&pg=PA148">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Social Systems Research Institute, University of Wisconsin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117061040/https://books.google.com/books?id=-L8frgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=adage.com&rft.atitle=Digital+Divide%3A+Segregation+Is+Alive+and+Well+in+Social+Media&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadage.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-big-tent%2Fdigital-divide-segregation-alive-social-media%2F148596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191113164723/https://www.districtdispatch.org/2014/06/filtered-access-uncensored-look-technology-lgbt-community/">"Filtered-Down Access: an uncensored look at technology and the LGBT community"</a>. 26 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.districtdispatch.org/2014/06/filtered-access-uncensored-look-technology-lgbt-community/">the original</a> on 13 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filtered-Down+Access%3A+an+uncensored+look+at+technology+and+the+LGBT+community&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.districtdispatch.org%2F2014%2F06%2Ffiltered-access-uncensored-look-technology-lgbt-community%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112193939/https://www.lgbttech.org/single-post/2018/06/29/5G-Technologies-Crucial-to-Closing-the-Digital-Divide">"Single Post | lgbttech"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lgbttech.org/single-post/2018/06/29/5G-Technologies-Crucial-to-Closing-the-Digital-Divide">the original</a> on 12 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Single+Post+%26%23124%3B+lgbttech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lgbttech.org%2Fsingle-post%2F2018%2F06%2F29%2F5G-Technologies-Crucial-to-Closing-the-Digital-Divide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn,_AndrewReeves,_Bruce2009" class="citation journal cs1">Quinn, Andrew; Reeves, Bruce (2009). 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UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100185-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100185-7"><bdi>978-92-3-100185-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626125249/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002465/246527E.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+rights+and+encryption&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100185-7&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=van+Hoboken%2C+Joris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0024%2F002465%2F246527e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127002816/http://ifapcom.ru/files/News/Images/2013/mil_eng_web.pdf#page=24">"Kuzmin, E., and Parshakova, A. (2013), Media and Information Literacy for Knowledge Societies. Translated by Butkova, T., Kuptsov, Y., and Parshakova, A. Moscow: Interregional Library Cooperation Centre for UNESCO"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifapcom.ru/files/News/Images/2013/mil_eng_web.pdf#page=24">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuzmin%2C+E.%2C+and+Parshakova%2C+A.+%282013%29%2C+Media+and+Information+Literacy+for+Knowledge+Societies.+Translated+by+Butkova%2C+T.%2C+Kuptsov%2C+Y.%2C+and+Parshakova%2C+A.+Moscow%3A+Interregional+Library+Cooperation+Centre+for+UNESCO.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifapcom.ru%2Ffiles%2FNews%2FImages%2F2013%2Fmil_eng_web.pdf%23page%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002246/224655e.pdf">"UNESCO (2013a), UNESCO Communication and Information Sector with UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Global Media and Information Literacy Assessment Framework: Country Readiness and Competencies. Paris: UNESCO"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622031233/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002246/224655e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+%282013a%29%2C+UNESCO+Communication+and+Information+Sector+with+UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics%2C+Global+Media+and+Information+Literacy+Assessment+Framework%3A+Country+Readiness+and+Competencies.+Paris%3A+UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0022%2F002246%2F224655e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlangMurray2005" class="citation book cs1">Klang, Mathias; Murray, Andrew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=USksfqPjwhUC&q=%22digital+rights%22+human+rights"><i>Human Rights in the Digital Age</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904385318" title="Special:BookSources/9781904385318"><bdi>9781904385318</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117060742/https://books.google.com/books?id=USksfqPjwhUC&q=%22digital+rights%22+human+rights">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781904385318&rft.aulast=Klang&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft.au=Murray%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUSksfqPjwhUC%26q%3D%2522digital%2Brights%2522%2Bhuman%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlangMurray2005" class="citation book cs1">Klang, Mathias; Murray, Andrew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=USksfqPjwhUC&q=%22digital+rights%22+human+rights"><i>Human Rights in the Digital Age</i></a>. Routledge. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904385318" title="Special:BookSources/9781904385318"><bdi>9781904385318</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117060742/https://books.google.com/books?id=USksfqPjwhUC&q=%22digital+rights%22+human+rights">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781904385318&rft.aulast=Klang&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft.au=Murray%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUSksfqPjwhUC%26q%3D%2522digital%2Brights%2522%2Bhuman%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedekVeronika_BauerMatthias_Kettemann2008" class="citation book cs1">Benedek, Wolfgang; Veronika Bauer; Matthias Kettemann (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ie7Yqiw85TcC&q=%22digital+rights%22+%22human+rights%22"><i>Internet Governance and the Information Society</i></a>. Eleven International Publishing. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-77596-56-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-77596-56-2"><bdi>978-90-77596-56-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117060743/https://books.google.com/books?id=ie7Yqiw85TcC&q=%22digital+rights%22+%22human+rights%22">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Governance+and+the+Information+Society&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Eleven+International+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-77596-56-2&rft.aulast=Benedek&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Veronika+Bauer&rft.au=Matthias+Kettemann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Die7Yqiw85TcC%26q%3D%2522digital%2Brights%2522%2B%2522human%2Brights%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cultdeadcow.com/">"cDc communications - CULT OF THE DEAD COW - Hacktivismo - Ninja Strike Force"</a>. <i>www.cultdeadcow.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512204709/https://www.cultdeadcow.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alternative+Perspectives+in+the+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Exclusion+of+Private+Sector+from+Freedom+of+Information+Laws%3A+Implications+from+a+Human+Rights+Perspective&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Mazhar+Siraj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japss.org%2Fupload%2F11._Mazhar%255B1%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazhar_Siraj2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mazhar Siraj (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806203144/http://www.japss.org/upload/11._Mazhar%5B1%5D.pdf">"Exclusion of Private Sector from Freedom of Information Laws: Implications from a Human Rights Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 216. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japss.org/upload/11._Mazhar%5B1%5D.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alternative+Perspectives+in+the+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Exclusion+of+Private+Sector+from+Freedom+of+Information+Laws%3A+Implications+from+a+Human+Rights+Perspective&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=216&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Mazhar+Siraj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japss.org%2Fupload%2F11._Mazhar%255B1%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazhar_Siraj2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mazhar Siraj (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806203144/http://www.japss.org/upload/11._Mazhar%5B1%5D.pdf">"Exclusion of Private Sector from Freedom of Information Laws: Implications from a Human Rights Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">216–</span>217. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japss.org/upload/11._Mazhar%5B1%5D.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alternative+Perspectives+in+the+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Exclusion+of+Private+Sector+from+Freedom+of+Information+Laws%3A+Implications+from+a+Human+Rights+Perspective&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E217&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Mazhar+Siraj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japss.org%2Fupload%2F11._Mazhar%255B1%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazhar_Siraj2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mazhar Siraj (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806203144/http://www.japss.org/upload/11._Mazhar%5B1%5D.pdf">"Exclusion of Private Sector from Freedom of Information Laws: Implications from a Human Rights Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 219. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japss.org/upload/11._Mazhar%5B1%5D.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alternative+Perspectives+in+the+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Exclusion+of+Private+Sector+from+Freedom+of+Information+Laws%3A+Implications+from+a+Human+Rights+Perspective&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=219&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Mazhar+Siraj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japss.org%2Fupload%2F11._Mazhar%255B1%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazhar_Siraj2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mazhar Siraj (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806203144/http://www.japss.org/upload/11._Mazhar%5B1%5D.pdf">"Exclusion of Private Sector from Freedom of Information Laws: Implications from a Human Rights Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 220. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japss.org/upload/11._Mazhar%5B1%5D.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alternative+Perspectives+in+the+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Exclusion+of+Private+Sector+from+Freedom+of+Information+Laws%3A+Implications+from+a+Human+Rights+Perspective&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=220&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Mazhar+Siraj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japss.org%2Fupload%2F11._Mazhar%255B1%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Attribution</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY SA 3.0 IGO (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=232563&set=0059EDFBB1_1_85&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002325/232563e.pdf"><i>Keystones to foster inclusive Knowledge Societies. Access to information and knowledge, Freedom of Expression, Privacy, and Ethics on a Global Internet</i></a>, 102, UNESCO.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY SA 3.0 IGO (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=261065&set=005AF2C2F6_1_126&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002610/261065e.pdf"><i>World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report</i></a>, 202, UNESCO.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326235657/http://commons.globalintegrity.org/2009/03/freedom-of-information-comparative.html">Freedom of Information: A Comparative Study</a>, a 57 country study by Global Integrity.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129120838/http://commons.globalintegrity.org/2008/02/internet-censorship-comparative-study.html">Internet Censorship: A Comparative Study</a>, a 55 country study by Global Integrity.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.right2info.org">Right2Info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031060912/http://www.right2info.org/">Archived</a> 31 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, good law and practice from around the world, including FOI and other relevant laws and constitutional provisions from some 100 countries.</li> <li>Mike Godwin, <a href="/wiki/Cyber_Rights:_Defending_Free_Speech_in_the_Digital_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber Rights: Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age">Cyber Rights: Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age</a></li> <li>Learn about the latest cases from the Information Commissioner and the Tribunal via the Freedom of Information Update Podcasts and Webcasts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.informationlaw.org.uk">http://www.informationlaw.org.uk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=5979">Amazon take down of WikiLeaks - Is the Free Internet Dead?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628081223/http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=5979">Archived</a> 28 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jay" title="Paul Jay">Paul Jay</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Real_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The Real News">The Real News</a> (TRNN) discusses the topic with <a href="/wiki/Marc_Rotenberg" title="Marc Rotenberg">Marc Rotenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Bray" title="Tim Bray">Tim Bray</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thoughtworks.com/rebecca-parsons">Rebecca Parsons of ThoughtWorks</a> - December 8, 2010 (video: 43:41)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Liberty">Liberty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_responsibility" title="Moral responsibility">Moral responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(personification)" title="Liberty (personification)">Personification of Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberty">Social liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial freedom">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_freedom" title="Intellectual freedom">Intellectual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_freedom" title="Morphological freedom">Morphological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By right</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_education" title="Freedom of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_ownership" title="Gun ownership">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Internet access</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_freedom" title="Morphological freedom">Morphological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_silence" title="Right to silence">Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten" title="Right to be forgotten">To be forgotten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberty, equality, brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Censorship55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Censorship" title="Template:Censorship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Censorship" title="Template talk:Censorship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Censorship55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_banned_by_governments" title="List of books banned by governments">books banned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">banned films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">circumvention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech and expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_student_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of student media">Student media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship" title="Television censorship">Televisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship#List_of_banned_television_series" title="Television censorship">banned televisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">banned video games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censor_bars" title="Censor bars">Censor bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">Chilling effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_censorship" title="Collateral censorship">Collateral censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concision_(media_studies)" title="Concision (media studies)">Concision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_silence_(expression)" title="Conspiracy of silence (expression)">Conspiracy of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">Content-control software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-banking" title="De-banking">De-banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">Minced oath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogging_(censorship)" title="Fogging (censorship)">Fogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">Gag order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">Gatekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallin%27s_spheres" title="Hallin's spheres">Hallin's spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler" title="Heckler">Heckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">Heckler's veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hush_money" title="Hush money">Hush money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police" title="Internet police">Internet police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinformation" title="Malinformation">Malinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_intranet" title="National intranet">National intranet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_theft" title="Newspaper theft">Newspaper theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_corridor" title="Opinion corridor">Opinion corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelization" title="Pixelization">Pixelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction" title="Redaction">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitization_(classified_information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitization (classified information)">Sanitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_banning" title="Shadow banning">Shadow banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_code" title="Speech code">Speech code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">computer and network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">Whitewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">Word filtering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contexts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal speech">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Apple" title="Censorship by Apple">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Facebook" title="Censorship by Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Google</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_hate_speech" title="Online hate speech">Online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">Naturalistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">banned parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Chinese issues overseas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="International reactions to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Muhammad controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Censorship_in_China41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Censorship_in_China" title="Template:Censorship in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Censorship_in_China" title="Template talk:Censorship in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Censorship_in_China41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship_in_China" title="Book censorship in China">Book censorship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burning of books and burying of scholars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship_in_China#List_of_censored_books" title="Book censorship in China">List of censored books</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">Literary inquisition</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship_in_China" title="Film censorship in China">Film censorship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blood_censorship_in_China" title="Blood censorship in China">Censorship of displaying blood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_banned_in_China" title="List of films banned in China">List of banned films</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Winnie-the-Pooh_in_China" title="Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh in China">Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Euphemisms_for_Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Euphemisms for Internet censorship in China">Euphemisms</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Green_Dam_Youth_Escort" title="Green Dam Youth Escort">Green Dam Youth Escort</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Shield_Project" title="Golden Shield Project">Golden Shield Project</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internet_real-name_system_in_China" title="Internet real-name system in China">Internet real-name system</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jingwang_Weishi" title="Jingwang Weishi">Jingwang Weishi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_websites_blocked_in_mainland_China" title="List of websites blocked in mainland China">List of blocked websites</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Google_China" title="Google China">Google</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(search_engine)" title="Dragonfly (search engine)">Dragonfly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Illegal_flower_tribute" title="Illegal flower tribute">Illegal flower tribute</a>"</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_censorship_in_mainland_China" title="Wikimedia censorship in mainland China">Wikimedia projects</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Public_Pledge_on_Self-Discipline_for_the_Chinese_Internet_Industry" title="Public Pledge on Self-Discipline for the Chinese Internet Industry">Public Pledge on Self-Discipline for the Chinese Internet Industry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_geographic_data_in_China" title="Restrictions on geographic data in China">Restrictions on geographic data</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_censorship_abroad" title="Chinese censorship abroad">Censorship abroad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_censorship_in_China" title="Music censorship in China">Music censorship</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming_in_China" title="Radio jamming in China">Radio jamming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Television_programme_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Television programme censorship in the People's Republic of China">Television programme censorship</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internal_media_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Internal media of the Chinese Communist Party">Internal media</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Southern_Weekly_incident" title="2013 Southern Weekly incident">2013 <i>Southern Weekly</i> incident</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Band_in_China" title="Band in China">Band in China</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Hong_Kong" title="Censorship in Hong Kong">Censorship in Hong Kong</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Hong_Kong" title="Internet censorship in Hong Kong">Internet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_media_due_to_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" class="mw-redirect" title="List of defunct media due to Hong Kong national security law">Press Censorship</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Document_Number_Nine" title="Document Number Nine">Document Number Nine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_(1945-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Taiwan (1945-present)">History of Taiwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Party_media_takes_the_party%27s_last_name" title="Party media takes the party's last name">Party media takes the party's last name</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Silenced:_China%27s_Great_Wall_of_Censorship" title="Silenced: China's Great Wall of Censorship">Silenced: China's Great Wall of Censorship</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Ts" title="The Three Ts">The Three Ts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Substantive_human_rights476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template talk:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Substantive_human_rights476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Substantive <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Freedom from slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_justice" title="Access to justice">Access to justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">Right to counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Right to refuse medical treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Right of self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">Speedy trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">right to be a candidate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social<br />and cultural</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remuneration" title="Remuneration">Fair remuneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Right to public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_reply" title="Right of reply">Right of reply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">Right to science and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">Right to social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Right to water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_rights" title="Family rights">Family rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26084#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1935" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26084#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1935" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26084#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4127674-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Freedom of information"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85051702">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Liberté d'information"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119617902">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Liberté d'information"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119617902">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="知る権利"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571234">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525035">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000052334&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550754405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Freedom of information"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638098">NARA</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output 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