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Magneto and mechanical systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Magneto_and_mechanical_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ignition_magneto_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ignition_magneto_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ignition magneto systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ignition_magneto_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Induction_coil_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Induction_coil_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Induction coil systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Induction_coil_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distributor-based_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributor-based_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Distributor-based systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distributor-based_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Electronic systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electronic_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electronic systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electronic_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Engine_Control_Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine_Control_Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Engine Control Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engine_Control_Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_turbine_and_rocket_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_turbine_and_rocket_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gas turbine and rocket engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_turbine_and_rocket_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontstekingstelsel" title="Ontstekingstelsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ontstekingstelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encesa_del_motor" title="Encesa del motor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Encesa del motor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapalov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Zapalování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zapalování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCndung_(Verbrennungsmotor)" title="Zündung (Verbrennungsmotor) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zündung (Verbrennungsmotor)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encendido_del_motor" title="Encendido del motor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Encendido del motor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سامانه جرقه‌زنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه جرقه‌زنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allumage_(moteur)" title="Allumage (moteur) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allumage (moteur)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%90%ED%99%94_%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5" title="점화 계통 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="점화 계통" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="प्रज्वलन प्रणाली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रज्वलन प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pengapian" title="Sistem pengapian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem pengapian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accensione" title="Accensione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Accensione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%AA%D7%94" title="מערכת הצתה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת הצתה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C3%A7ensci%C3%B4n_a_puntinne" title="Aççensciôn a puntinne – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Aççensciôn a puntinne" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ntstaekingssysteem" title="Óntstaekingssysteem – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Óntstaekingssysteem" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_penyalaan" title="Sistem penyalaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem penyalaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontstekingssysteem" title="Ontstekingssysteem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ontstekingssysteem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E7%81%AB%E8%A3%85%E7%BD%AE" title="点火装置 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="点火装置" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_zap%C5%82onowy" title="Układ zapłonowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Układ zapłonowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_igni%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sistema de ignição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema de ignição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Система зажигания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Система зажигания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ignition system" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapa%C4%BEovanie_(spa%C4%BEovac%C3%AD_motor)" title="Zapaľovanie (spaľovací motor) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zapaľovanie (spaľovací motor)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="سیستەمی داگیرساندن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیستەمی داگیرساندن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sytytysj%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Sytytysjärjestelmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sytytysjärjestelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4ndsystem_(ottomotor)" title="Tändsystem (ottomotor) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tändsystem (ottomotor)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C5%9Fleme_sistemi" title="Ateşleme sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ateşleme sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%92%D0%97" title="Система запалювання ДВЗ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система запалювання ДВЗ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%91%C3%A1nh_l%E1%BB%ADa" title="Hệ thống đánh lửa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống đánh lửa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E7%81%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="点火系统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="点火系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q248382#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electric spark system to ignite a fuel-air mixture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:20px;width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hondacoilpack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hondacoilpack.jpg/128px-Hondacoilpack.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hondacoilpack.jpg/192px-Hondacoilpack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hondacoilpack.jpg/256px-Hondacoilpack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="2768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Coil-on-plug_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil-on-plug ignition">Coil-on-plug ignition</a> device</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distributor_cap_of_AMC_inline-6,_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Distributor_cap_of_AMC_inline-6%2C_top.jpg/187px-Distributor_cap_of_AMC_inline-6%2C_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Distributor_cap_of_AMC_inline-6%2C_top.jpg/281px-Distributor_cap_of_AMC_inline-6%2C_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Distributor_cap_of_AMC_inline-6%2C_top.jpg/374px-Distributor_cap_of_AMC_inline-6%2C_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="2760" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Distributor_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributor cap">Distributor cap</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Ignition systems</b> are used by <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engines</a> to initiate combustion by igniting the fuel-air mixture. In a <a href="/wiki/Spark-ignition_engine" title="Spark-ignition engine">spark ignition</a> versions of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> (such as petrol engines), the ignition system creates a spark to ignite the fuel-air mixture just before each <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)#Combustion-power-expansion_stroke" title="Stroke (engine)"><i>combustion</i> stroke</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a> engines and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engines</a> normally use an ignition system only during start-up. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engines</a> use <i>compression ignition</i> to ignite the fuel-air mixture using the heat of compression and therefore do not use an ignition system. They usually have <a href="/wiki/Glow_plug_(diesel_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glow plug (diesel engine)">glowplugs</a> that preheat the <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a> to aid starting in cold weather. </p><p>Early cars used <a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">ignition magneto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trembler_coil" title="Trembler coil">trembler coil</a> systems, which were superseded by <a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a>-based systems (first used in 1912). Electronic ignition systems (first used in 1968) became common towards the end of the 20th century, with <a href="/wiki/Coil-on-plug_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil-on-plug ignition">coil-on-plug</a> versions of these systems becoming widespread since the 1990s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magneto_and_mechanical_systems">Magneto and mechanical systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignition_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Magneto and mechanical systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ignition_magneto_systems">Ignition magneto systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignition_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ignition magneto systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetzuend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Magnetzuend.jpg/220px-Magnetzuend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Magnetzuend.jpg/330px-Magnetzuend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Magnetzuend.jpg/440px-Magnetzuend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Ignition magneto</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Ignition magneto</a></div> <p>An <i>ignition magneto</i> (also called a <i>high-tension magneto</i>) is an older type of ignition system used in <a href="/wiki/Spark-ignition_engine" title="Spark-ignition engine">spark-ignition engines</a> (such as petrol engines). It uses a <a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">magneto</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> to make pulses of high voltage for the spark plugs. The older term "high-tension" means "high-voltage". </p><p>Used on many cars in the early 20th century, ignition magnetos were largely replaced by induction coil ignition systems. The use of ignition magnetos is now confined mainly to engines without a battery, for example in lawnmowers and chainsaws. It is also used in modern piston-engined aircraft<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (even though a battery is present), to avoid the engine relying on an electrical system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Induction_coil_systems"><span class="anchor" id="Battery_and_coil"></span>Induction coil systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignition_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Induction coil systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trembler_coil" title="Trembler coil">Trembler coil</a></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a> became more common in cars (due to the increased usage of electric starter motors), magneto systems were replaced by systems using an <a href="/wiki/Induction_coil" title="Induction coil">induction coil</a>. The 1886 <a href="/wiki/Benz_Patent-Motorwagen" title="Benz Patent-Motorwagen">Benz Patent-Motorwagen</a> and the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a> used a <i>trembler coil</i> ignition system, whereby the trembler interrupted the current through the coil and caused a rapid series of sparks during each firing. The trembler coil would be energized at an appropriate point in the engine cycle. In the Model T, the four-cylinder engine had a trembler coil for each cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distributor-based_systems">Distributor-based systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignition_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distributor-based systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distributor_cap_of_AMC_inline-6,_underside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Distributor_cap_of_AMC_inline-6%2C_underside.jpg/170px-Distributor_cap_of_AMC_inline-6%2C_underside.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Distributor_cap_of_AMC_inline-6%2C_underside.jpg/255px-Distributor_cap_of_AMC_inline-6%2C_underside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Distributor_cap_of_AMC_inline-6%2C_underside.jpg/340px-Distributor_cap_of_AMC_inline-6%2C_underside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>Rotor contacts inside distributor cap</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a></div> <p>An improved ignition system was invented by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kettering" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Kettering">Charles Kettering</a> at Delco in the United States and introduced in Cadillac's 1912 cars.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kettering ignition system consisted of a single ignition coil, breaker points, a <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> (to prevent the points from arcing at break) and a <a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">distributor</a> (to direct the electricity from the ignition coil to the correct cylinder).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kettering system became the primary ignition system for many years in the automotive industry<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to its lower cost and relative simplicity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronic_systems">Electronic systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignition_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electronic systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capacitor_discharge_ignition" title="Capacitor discharge ignition">Capacitor discharge ignition</a></div> <p>The first electronic ignition (a <a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">cold cathode</a> type) was tested in 1948 by <a href="/wiki/Remy_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Remy Electric">Delco-Remy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.34_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Industries" title="Lucas Industries">Lucas</a> introduced a <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistorized</a> ignition in 1955, which was used on <a href="/wiki/British_Racing_Motors" title="British Racing Motors">BRM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Climax" title="Coventry Climax">Coventry Climax</a> <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> engines in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.34_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Automotive_aftermarket" title="Automotive aftermarket">aftermarket</a> began offering EI that year, with both the AutoLite Electric Transistor 201 and <a href="/wiki/Tung-Sol" title="Tung-Sol">Tung-Sol</a> EI-4 (thyratron capacitive discharge) being available.<sup id="cite_ref-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac</a> became the first automaker to offer an optional EI, the breakerless magnetic pulse-triggered Delcotronic, on some 1963 models; it was also available on some <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_(C2)" title="Chevrolet Corvette (C2)">Corvettes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first commercially available all solid-state (SCR) capacitive discharge ignition was manufactured by Hyland Electronics in Canada also in 1963. <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> fitted a FORD designed breakerless system on the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_25" title="Lotus 25">Lotus 25s</a> entered at <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500#European_incursions" title="Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis</a> the next year, ran a fleet test in 1964, and began offering optional EI on some models in 1965. This electronic system was utilized on the GT40s campaigned by Shelby American and Holman and Moody. Robert C. Hogle, Ford Motor Company, presented the, "Mark II-GT Ignition and Electrical System", Publication #670068, at the SAE Congress, Detroit, Michigan, January 9–13, 1967. Beginning in 1958, Earl W. Meyer at Chrysler worked on EI, continuing until 1961 and resulting in use of EI on the company's <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Hemi_engine#Hemi_design_reintroduced" title="Chrysler Hemi engine">hemis</a> in 1963 and 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prest-O-Lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Prest-O-Lite">Prest-O-Lite</a>'s CD-65, which relied on capacitance discharge (CD), appeared in 1965, and had "an unprecedented 50,000 mile warranty."<sup id="cite_ref-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This differs from the non-CD Prest-O-Lite system introduced on <a href="/wiki/American_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="American Motors">AMC</a> products in 1972, and made standard equipment for the 1975 model year.)<sup id="cite_ref-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar CD unit was available from Delco in 1966,<sup id="cite_ref-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.34_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was optional on <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a>, Pontiac, and <a href="/wiki/GMC_(automobile)" title="GMC (automobile)">GMC</a> vehicles in the 1967 model year.<sup id="cite_ref-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1967, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> debuted their breakerless CD system.<sup id="cite_ref-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous aftermarket electronic ignition which debuted in 1965, was the Delta Mark 10 capacitive discharge ignition, which was sold assembled or as a kit. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Dino" title="Fiat Dino">Fiat Dino</a> was the first production car to come standard with EI in 1968, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_XJ#Series_1_(1968–1973)" title="Jaguar XJ">Jaguar XJ Series 1</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1971, Chrysler (after a 1971 trial) in 1973 and by Ford and GM in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, Prest-O-Lite made a "Black Box" ignition amplifier, intended to take the load off the distributor's breaker points during high rpm runs, which was used by <a href="/wiki/Dodge" title="Dodge">Dodge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_(automobile)" title="Plymouth (automobile)">Plymouth</a> on their factory Super Stock <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Coronet" title="Dodge Coronet">Coronet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Belvedere" title="Plymouth Belvedere">Belvedere</a> <a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">drag racers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Super_Street_Cars,_9/81,_p.35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This amplifier was installed on the interior side of the cars' firewall, and had a duct which provided outside air to cool the unit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The rest of the system (distributor and spark plugs) remains as for the mechanical system. The lack of moving parts compared with the mechanical system leads to greater reliability and longer service intervals. </p><p>A variation coil-on-plug ignition has each coil handle two plugs, on cylinders which are 360 degrees out of phase (and therefore reach <a href="/wiki/Dead_centre_(engineering)" title="Dead centre (engineering)">top dead center</a> (TDC) at the same time); in the four-cycle engine this means that one plug will be sparking during the end of the exhaust stroke while the other fires at the usual time, a so-called "<a href="/wiki/Wasted_spark" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasted spark">wasted spark</a>" arrangement which has no drawbacks apart from faster spark plug erosion; the paired cylinders are 1/4 and 2/3 on four cylinder arrangements, 1/4, 6/3, 2/5 on six cylinder engines and 6/7, 4/1, 8/3 and 2/5 on V8 engines.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other systems do away with the distributor as a timing apparatus and use a magnetic <a href="/wiki/Crank_Angle_Sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Crank Angle Sensor">crank angle sensor</a> mounted on the crankshaft to trigger the ignition at the proper time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engine_Control_Units">Engine Control Units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignition_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Engine Control Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern automotive engines use an <a href="/wiki/Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">engine control unit</a> (ECU), which is a single device that controls various engine functions including the ignition system and the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">fuel injection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasts earlier engines, where the fuel injection and ignition were operated as separate systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gas_turbine_and_rocket_engines">Gas turbine and rocket engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignition_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gas turbine and rocket engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a> engines (including jet engines) use <a href="/wiki/Capacitor_discharge_ignition" title="Capacitor discharge ignition">capacitor discharge ignition</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> however the ignition system is only used at startup or when the <a href="/wiki/Combustor" title="Combustor">combustor</a>(s) flame goes out. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine#Ignition" title="Rocket engine">ignition system in a rocket engine</a> is critical to avoiding a <a href="/wiki/Hard_start" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard start">hard start</a> or <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosion</a>. Rockets often employ <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrotechnic device">pyrotechnic devices</a> that place flames across the face of the <a href="/wiki/Injector" title="Injector">injector</a> plate, or, alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypergolic">hypergolic</a> propellants that ignite spontaneously on contact with each other.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignition_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ignition_systems" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ignition systems">Ignition systems</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">Faraday's law of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine" title="History of the internal combustion engine">History of the internal combustion engine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignition_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPattersonConiff2003" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, Ron; Coniff, Steve (November–December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordmodelt.net/downloads/Model%20T%20Ignition.pdf">"The Model T Ford Ignition System & Spark Timing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Model T Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Model+T+Times&rft.atitle=The+Model+T+Ford+Ignition+System+%26+Spark+Timing&rft.date=2003-11%2F2003-12&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Coniff%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordmodelt.net%2Fdownloads%2FModel%2520T%2520Ignition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgnition+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/charles-f-kettering-inventor-of-electric-self-starter-is-born">"Charles F. Kettering, inventor of electric self-starter, is born"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Charles+F.+Kettering%2C+inventor+of+electric+self-starter%2C+is+born&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fcharles-f-kettering-inventor-of-electric-self-starter-is-born&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgnition+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettering1912" class="citation web cs1">Kettering, Charles F. (3 September 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1037491">"Ignition apparatus for explosion-motors"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ignition+apparatus+for+explosion-motors&rft.date=1912-09-03&rft.aulast=Kettering&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS1037491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgnition+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettering1912" class="citation web cs1">Kettering, Charles F. (3 September 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1037492">"Ignition system"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ignition+system&rft.date=1912-09-03&rft.aulast=Kettering&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS1037492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgnition+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettering1917" class="citation web cs1">Kettering, Charles F. (17 April 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1223180">"Ignition system"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">Crankcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase_ventilation_system" title="Crankcase ventilation system">Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankpin" title="Crankpin">Crankpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_plug" title="Core plug">Core plug (freeze plug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">layout</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_order" title="Firing order">Firing order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_bearing" title="Main bearing">Main bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_ring" title="Piston ring">Piston ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_ring_gear" title="Starter ring gear">Starter ring gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">Valvetrain</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">Cylinder head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve (pushrod) layout</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tappet" title="Tappet">Tappet / lifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Chest (mechanical engineering)">Chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">Combustion chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">Compression ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">Head gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">Rocker arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">Timing belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">Forced 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href="/wiki/Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">Fuel filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_pump" title="Fuel pump">Fuel pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ignition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Magneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">Compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil-on-plug_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil-on-plug ignition">Coil-on-plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_plug_(diesel_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glow plug (diesel engine)">Glow plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_coil" title="Ignition coil">Ignition coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">Spark plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug_wires" title="Spark plug wires">Spark plug wires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Engine management</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">Engine control unit (ECU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Electrical system</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intake system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbox" title="Airbox">Airbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter#Internal_combustion_engine_air_filters" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_air_control_actuator" title="Idle air control actuator">Idle air control actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">Inlet manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP_sensor" title="MAP sensor">MAP sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_flow_sensor" title="Mass flow sensor">MAF sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle_position_sensor" title="Throttle position sensor">Throttle position sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">Exhaust system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">Diesel particulate filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas_temperature_gauge" title="Exhaust gas temperature gauge">EGT sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_manifold" title="Exhaust manifold">Exhaust manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">Muffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_sensor#Automotive_applications" title="Oxygen sensor">Oxygen sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Cooling system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Electric fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_clutch" title="Fan clutch">Viscous fan (fan clutch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lubrication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">Oil filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pump_(internal_combustion_engine)" title="Oil pump (internal combustion engine)">Oil pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">Sump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wet_sump" title="Wet sump">Wet sump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_sump" title="Dry sump">Dry sump</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">Knocking / pinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_band" title="Power band">Power band</a></li> <li><a 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