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id="toc-Effect_of_engine_knocking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_engine_knocking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Effect of engine knocking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_engine_knocking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zylinderkopfdichtung" title="Zylinderkopfdichtung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zylinderkopfdichtung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_de_culata" title="Junta de culata – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Junta de culata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="واشر سرسیلندر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واشر سرسیلندر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_de_culasse" title="Joint de culasse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joint de culasse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xunta_da_cabeza" title="Xunta da cabeza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xunta da cabeza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppakking" title="Koppakking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koppakking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gasket that sits between the engine block and cylinder head(s) in an internal combustion engine</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_gasket_on_block.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Head_gasket_on_block.jpg/260px-Head_gasket_on_block.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Head_gasket_on_block.jpg/390px-Head_gasket_on_block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Head_gasket_on_block.jpg/520px-Head_gasket_on_block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Head gasket (in dark gray with a red border) sitting on top of an inline-four <a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">engine block</a>. When installed, the four large holes will align with the cylinders.</figcaption></figure> <p>In an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, a <b>head gasket</b> provides the seal between the <a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">engine block</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">cylinder head</a>(s). </p><p>Its purpose is to seal the combustion gases within the cylinders and to avoid coolant or engine oil leaking into the cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-bickford97-57_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bickford97-57-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaks in the head gasket can cause poor engine running and/or overheating. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_gasket&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within a <a href="/wiki/Water_cooling#Internal_combustion_engines" title="Water cooling">water-cooled</a> internal combustion engine, there are three fluids which travel between the <a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">engine block</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">cylinder head</a>: </p> <ol><li>Combustion gases (unburned air/fuel mixture and exhaust gases) in each cylinder</li> <li>Water-based coolant in the coolant passages</li> <li>Lubricating oil in the oil galleries</li></ol> <p>Correct operation of the engine requires that each of these circuits do not leak or lose pressure at the junction of the engine block and the cylinder head. The head gasket is the seal that prevents these leaks and pressure losses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_gasket&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Multi-layer steel (MLS): Most modern engines are produced with MLS gaskets. These consist of two to five (typically three) thin layers of steel, interleaved with elastomer. The contact faces are usually coated with a rubber-like coating such as <a href="/wiki/Viton" class="mw-redirect" title="Viton">Viton</a> which adheres to the engine block and cylinder head while the inner layers are optimized for resilience.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Solid copper: A solid sheet of copper, and typically requires special machining called <i>O-ringing</i> that places a piece of wire around the circumference of the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">cylinder</a> to bite into the copper. When this is performed copper gaskets are very durable.</li> <li>Composite: An older design which is more prone to blowouts than newer designs. Composite gaskets are traditionally made from <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>. Asbestos gaskets are increasingly rare due to health concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-Nunney_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nunney-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elastomeric: Uses a steel core plate with molded in place silicone rubber beads to seal oil and coolant passages. The bores are sealed by rolled steel fire rings in a more conventional manner. This type of gasket was used in the <a href="/wiki/Rover_K-series_engine" title="Rover K-series engine">Rover K-series engine</a>.</li> <li>O-ring: These gaskets are typically built from steel or copper. They are reusable and if used between correctly prepared flat surfaces will yield the highest clamping pressure, due to their much lower surface area compared with other gasket types.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gasket_failure">Gasket failure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_gasket&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gasket failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damaged_head_gasket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Damaged_head_gasket.jpg/220px-Damaged_head_gasket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Damaged_head_gasket.jpg/330px-Damaged_head_gasket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Damaged_head_gasket.jpg/440px-Damaged_head_gasket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Head gasket with a leak between the rightmost and centre cylinders.</figcaption></figure> <p>A leak in the head gasket - often called a "blown head gasket" - can result in a leak of coolant, the combustion gasses, or both. </p><p>Blue smoke from the exhaust suggests that excess oil is entering the <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chambers</a> (although there are other possible causes than a head gasket leak). White smoke from the exhaust suggests that coolant is entering the combustion chamber. </p><p>Head gasket leaks are classified as either external or internal. External leaks are visible as oil or coolant on the outside of the engine (typically underneath). Internal leaks are when the fluids enter another circuit and may result in changes to the coolant or oil. The former may be the presence of foam (caused by hydrocarbons) in the coolant expansion tank. Coolant leaking into the oil system may result in a <a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">mayonnaise</a>- or milkshake-like substance in the oil, often to be seen on the <a href="/wiki/Dipstick" title="Dipstick">dipstick</a>, or oil filler cap. However, the presence of this substance is not conclusive proof of head gasket failure, since oil could mix with the coolant via other routes. Likewise, it is entirely possible for a head gasket to fail in such a way that oil never comes in contact with coolant. Therefore it is not possible to conclusively determine the head gasket condition by inspecting the oil. </p> <dl><dt>Coolant leakage</dt></dl> <p>If coolant enters a cylinder, the burning of the air/fuel mixture is compromised, reducing the engine's performance and often causing steam (white smoke) to be visible from the exhaust.<sup id="cite_ref-Nunney_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nunney-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This steam can damage the <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">catalytic converter</a>. If a very large amount of coolant leaks into the cylinders, then the engine can suffer from <a href="/wiki/Hydrolock" title="Hydrolock">hydrolock</a>, which can cause extensive engine damage. </p> <dl><dt>Combustion gas leakage</dt></dl> <p>When the combustion gasses leak out of a cylinder, this causes a loss of <a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">compression</a>, leading to power reduction or rough running. If the combustion gases are leaking into the cooling system, this reduces the effectiveness of the cooling system and can cause the engine to overheat. In other occurrences the gases can leak into small spaces between the gasket and either the cylinder head or engine block traps those gases, and then released when the engine is turned off. These gases then escape into the coolant and create air pockets. Sometimes these air pockets can get trapped in the engine's coolant thermostat, causing it to stay closed and cause further overheating, thereby creating more voids between the gasket and the engine. Other times these air pockets can also cause the engine to expel coolant into the overflow or <a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">expansion tank</a>, thereby reducing the amount of coolant available for cooling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis_and_repair">Diagnosis and repair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_gasket&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis and repair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common test methods for head gasket leaks are a compression test (using a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure gauge">pressure gauge</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Leak-down_tester" title="Leak-down tester">leak-down test</a> or a chemical test that identifies hydrocarbons in the coolant fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cost of the replacement component (i.e. the head gasket itself) is usually relatively low, however there are significant labor costs involved in the replacement process.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because the process of removing and replacing the cylinder head is a time-consuming task. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_engine_knocking">Effect of engine knocking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_gasket&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effect of engine knocking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">Engine knocking</a> (detonation) can be caused by poor quality fuel, an engine fault or if inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Air%E2%80%93fuel_ratio" title="Air–fuel ratio">fuel</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">ignition</a> settings are trialled/chosen while <a href="/wiki/Engine_tuning" title="Engine tuning">engine tuning</a> is taking place. If the detonation is severe, the cylinder pressure can increase to eight times above normal pressures,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which can cause the cylinder head to lift away from the engine block, disrupting the seal between the two. Most gaskets used in standard production engines can be critically damaged by severe detonation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_gasket&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Head_gaskets" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Head gaskets">head gaskets</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Internal combustion engine cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auto_parts" title="List of auto parts">List of auto parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Motor oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_cover_gasket" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocker cover gasket">Rocker cover gasket</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_gasket&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bickford97-57-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bickford97-57_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBickford1997" class="citation book cs1">Bickford, John H. (1997). <i>Gaskets and Gasketed Joints</i>. CRC Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-9877-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-9877-5"><bdi>0-8247-9877-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaskets+and+Gasketed+Joints&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8247-9877-5&rft.aulast=Bickford&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+gasket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autoaccessoriesperformance.com/best-head-gaskets-choosing-right-gasket-car/">"Best Head Gaskets – Choosing the Right Gasket for you car"</a>. Auto Accessories Performance. 15 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Best+Head+Gaskets+%E2%80%93+Choosing+the+Right+Gasket+for+you+car&rft.pub=Auto+Accessories+Performance&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautoaccessoriesperformance.com%2Fbest-head-gaskets-choosing-right-gasket-car%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+gasket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorreinz.com/EN/Service-Downloads/Practical-Information/Multi-layer-Steel-MLS-Cylinder-Head-Gaskets.aspx">"Multi-layer Steel (MLS) Cylinder-Head Gaskets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Reinz" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Reinz">Victor Reinz</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multi-layer+Steel+%28MLS%29+Cylinder-Head+Gaskets&rft.pub=Victor+Reinz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorreinz.com%2FEN%2FService-Downloads%2FPractical-Information%2FMulti-layer-Steel-MLS-Cylinder-Head-Gaskets.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+gasket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nunney-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nunney_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nunney_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunney1998" class="citation book cs1">Nunney, M. J. (1998). <i>Light & Heavy Vehicle Technology</i>. Elsevier. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-3827-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-3827-3"><bdi>0-7506-3827-3</bdi></a>. <q>Since exposure to asbestos is now recognized as being a health hazard [...] the manufacture of non-asbestos cylinder head gaskets has now become established.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+%26+Heavy+Vehicle+Technology&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7506-3827-3&rft.aulast=Nunney&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+gasket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://do-it-up.com/vehicles/engine-transmission/how-to-repair-a-head-gasket">"How to Repair or Replace a Head Gasket"</a>. <i>www.do-it-up.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.do-it-up.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Repair+or+Replace+a+Head+Gasket&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdo-it-up.com%2Fvehicles%2Fengine-transmission%2Fhow-to-repair-a-head-gasket&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+gasket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.headgasketsealer.com/">"Head Gasket Sealers"</a>. <i>www.headgasketsealer.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.headgasketsealer.com&rft.atitle=Head+Gasket+Sealers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.headgasketsealer.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+gasket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internal_combustion_engine562" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Template:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Template talk:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internal_combustion_engine562" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">Engine block</a> and<br /> rotating assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_shaft" title="Balance shaft">Balance shaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_heater" title="Block heater">Block heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">Crankcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase_ventilation_system" title="Crankcase ventilation system">Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankpin" title="Crankpin">Crankpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_plug" title="Core plug">Core plug (freeze plug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">layout</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_order" title="Firing order">Firing order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_bearing" title="Main bearing">Main bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_ring" title="Piston ring">Piston ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_ring_gear" title="Starter ring gear">Starter ring gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">Valvetrain</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">Cylinder head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve (pushrod) layout</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tappet" title="Tappet">Tappet / lifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Chest (mechanical engineering)">Chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">Combustion chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">Compression ratio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Head gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">Rocker arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">Timing belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">Forced induction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowoff_valve" title="Blowoff valve">Blowoff valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_controller" title="Boost controller">Boost controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">Supercharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuel system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">Carburetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">Fuel filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_pump" title="Fuel pump">Fuel pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">Ignition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Magneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">Compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil-on-plug_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil-on-plug ignition">Coil-on-plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_plug_(diesel_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glow plug (diesel engine)">Glow plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_coil" title="Ignition coil">Ignition coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">Spark plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug_wires" title="Spark plug wires">Spark plug wires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Engine management</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">Engine control unit (ECU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Electrical system</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intake system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbox" title="Airbox">Airbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter#Internal_combustion_engine_air_filters" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_air_control_actuator" title="Idle air control actuator">Idle air control actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">Inlet manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP_sensor" title="MAP sensor">MAP sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_flow_sensor" title="Mass flow sensor">MAF sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle_position_sensor" title="Throttle position sensor">Throttle position sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">Exhaust system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">Diesel particulate filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas_temperature_gauge" title="Exhaust gas temperature gauge">EGT sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_manifold" title="Exhaust manifold">Exhaust manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">Muffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_sensor#Automotive_applications" title="Oxygen sensor">Oxygen sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Cooling system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Electric fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_clutch" title="Fan clutch">Viscous fan (fan clutch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lubrication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">Oil filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pump_(internal_combustion_engine)" title="Oil pump (internal combustion engine)">Oil pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">Sump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wet_sump" title="Wet sump">Wet sump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_sump" title="Dry sump">Dry sump</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">Knocking / pinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_band" title="Power band">Power band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redline" title="Redline">Redline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_charge_engine" title="Stratified charge engine">Stratified charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_centre_(engineering)" title="Dead centre (engineering)">Top dead centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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