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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hastings_and_the_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Hastings and the sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hastings_and_the_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography and climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography and climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighbourhoods_and_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighbourhoods_and_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Neighbourhoods and areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighbourhoods_and_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shopping_and_retail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping_and_retail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Shopping and retail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping_and_retail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regeneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regeneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Regeneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regeneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture and community</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_community-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and community subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cadets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cadets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_and_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Theatre and cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_art_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_art_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Museums and art galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_art_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_open_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_open_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Parks and open spaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_open_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Local media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>National rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Local rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Paths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_transport_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_transport_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Historical transport systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_transport_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turnpike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turnpike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5.1</span> <span>Turnpike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turnpike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trams_and_trolleybuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trams_and_trolleybuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5.2</span> <span>Trams and trolleybuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trams_and_trolleybuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Religious buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Filmography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Twin towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hastings</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B2" title="هيستينغز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيستينغز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B2" title="هیستینقز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیستینقز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_(Eng-l%C3%A2n)" title="Hastings (Eng-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hastings (Eng-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81" title="Хейстингс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хейстингс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_(lungsod_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian)" title="Hastings (lungsod sa Hiniusang Gingharian) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hastings (lungsod sa Hiniusang Gingharian)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%82" title="Χέιστινγκς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χέιστινγκς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2" title="هیستینگز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیستینگز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_(Royaume-Uni)" title="Hastings (Royaume-Uni) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hastings (Royaume-Uni)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%85%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%84%9C%EC%8B%9D%EC%8A%A4%EC%A3%BC)" title="헤이스팅스 (이스트서식스주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤이스팅스 (이스트서식스주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BD" title="Հասթինգս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հասթինգս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_(East_Sussex)" title="Hastings (East Sussex) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hastings (East Sussex)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1" title="הייסטינגס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הייסטינגס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastinga" title="Hastinga – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hastinga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heistingsa" title="Heistingsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Heistingsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heistingsas" title="Heistingsas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Heistingsas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_(Anglia)" title="Hastings (Anglia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hastings (Anglia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B2" title="هيستينجز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيستينجز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_(Engeland)" title="Hastings (Engeland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hastings (Engeland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9" title="ヘイスティングス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘイスティングス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81" title="Гастингс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гастингс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81" title="Хејстингс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хејстингс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings,_Sussex" title="Hastings, Sussex – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hastings, Sussex" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%A3%D1%81" title="Һейстиңс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һейстиңс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81" title="Гастінгс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гастінгс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2" title="ہیسٹینگز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیسٹینگز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hastings" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%E6%96%AF" title="海斯廷斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海斯廷斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%B1%80" title="希斯汀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希斯汀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%E6%96%AF" title="黑斯廷斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑斯廷斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29245#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hastings&params=50.85_N_0.57_E_region:GB_type:city(92855)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°51′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°34′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.85°N 0.57°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.85; 0.57</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town and borough in East Sussex, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the town in England. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hastings_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hastings (disambiguation)">Hastings (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town and borough in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Hastings</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Borough of Hastings</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Hastings</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastoldtown.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Hastings Old Town from the East Hill"><img alt="View of Hastings Old Town from the East Hill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hastoldtown.jpg/250px-Hastoldtown.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hastoldtown.jpg/375px-Hastoldtown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hastoldtown.jpg/500px-Hastoldtown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">View of Hastings Old Town from the East Hill</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Hastings.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Hastings"><img alt="Coat of arms of Hastings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hastings.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hastings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hastings.svg/225px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hastings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hastings.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hastings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Borough of Hastings shown within East Sussex"><img alt="Borough of Hastings shown within East Sussex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hastings_UK_locator_map.svg/250px-Hastings_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hastings_UK_locator_map.svg/375px-Hastings_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hastings_UK_locator_map.svg/500px-Hastings_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="928" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Borough of Hastings shown within East Sussex</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hastings&params=50.85_N_0.57_E_region:GB_type:city(92855)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°51′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°34′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.85°N 0.57°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.85; 0.57</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent country</a></th><td class="infobox-data">England</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">MP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helena_Dollimore" title="Helena Dollimore">Helena Dollimore</a> MP (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Co-op</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Margarita O'Callaghan</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Borough Council</th><td class="infobox-data">Julia Hilton, Leader (<a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • County Council</th><td class="infobox-data">Keith Glazier, Leader (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11.47 sq mi (29.72 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">301st <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_area" title="List of English districts by area">(of 296)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2018)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">92,855</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">261st <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population" title="List of English districts by population">(of 296)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">9,000/sq mi (3,300/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 91.4% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.9% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.8% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.5% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.4% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 51.4% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 37.8% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.6% not stated </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.9% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.6% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_England" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.2% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC0">UTC0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcodes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/TN_postcode_area" title="TN postcode area">TN34–35</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01424</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Borough_Council" title="Hastings Borough Council">Hastings Borough Council</a> at <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hastings.gov.uk">www<wbr />.hastings<wbr />.gov<wbr />.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hastings</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HAY</span>-stingz</i></a>) is a seaside town and <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough</a> in East Sussex on the south coast of England, 24 mi (39 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a> and 53 mi (85 km) south east of London. The town gives its name to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a>, which took place 8 mi (13 km) to the north-west at <a href="/wiki/Senlac_Hill" title="Senlac Hill">Senlac Hill</a> in 1066. It later became one of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Ports" title="Cinque Ports">Cinque Ports</a>. In the 19th century, it was a popular <a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">seaside resort</a>, as the railway allowed tourists and visitors to reach the town. Today, Hastings is a popular seaside resort and is still a fishing port with the UK's largest beach-based fishing fleet. Its estimated population was 91,100 in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-NStats_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NStats-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Geographist_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Geographist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings-_Boats_making_the_Shore_in_a_Breeze,_by_John_James_Chalon,_1819.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hastings-_Boats_making_the_Shore_in_a_Breeze%2C_by_John_James_Chalon%2C_1819.JPG/290px-Hastings-_Boats_making_the_Shore_in_a_Breeze%2C_by_John_James_Chalon%2C_1819.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hastings-_Boats_making_the_Shore_in_a_Breeze%2C_by_John_James_Chalon%2C_1819.JPG/435px-Hastings-_Boats_making_the_Shore_in_a_Breeze%2C_by_John_James_Chalon%2C_1819.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hastings-_Boats_making_the_Shore_in_a_Breeze%2C_by_John_James_Chalon%2C_1819.JPG/580px-Hastings-_Boats_making_the_Shore_in_a_Breeze%2C_by_John_James_Chalon%2C_1819.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption><i>Hastings- Boats making the Shore in a Breeze,</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_James_Chalon" title="John James Chalon">John James Chalon</a>, 1819</figcaption></figure> <p>The first mention of Hastings is found in the late 8th century in the form <i>Hastingas</i>. This is derived from the Old English tribal name <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6stingas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hæstingas">Hæstingas</a></i>, meaning 'the constituency (followers) of Hæsta'. <a href="/wiki/Symeon_of_Durham" title="Symeon of Durham">Symeon of Durham</a> records the victory of <a href="/wiki/Offa" class="mw-redirect" title="Offa">Offa</a> in 771 over the <i>Hestingorum gens</i>, that is, "the people of the Hastings tribe." <a href="/wiki/Hastingleigh" title="Hastingleigh">Hastingleigh</a> in Kent was named after that tribe. The place name <i>Hæstingaceaster</i> is found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> entry for 1050,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may be an alternative name for Hastings. However, the absence of any archaeological remains of or documentary evidence for a Roman fort at Hastings suggest that <i>Hæstingaceaster</i> may refer to a different settlement, most likely that based on the Roman remains at <a href="/wiki/Pevensey" title="Pevensey">Pevensey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence of prehistoric settlements have been found at the town site: flint arrowheads and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> artefacts have been found. <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> forts have been excavated on both the East and West Hills. This suggests that the inhabitants moved early to the safety of the valley in between the forts. The settlement was already based on the port when the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> arrived in Britain for the first time in 55 BC. At this time, they began to <a href="/wiki/Iron_industry_of_Ashdown_Forest" title="Iron industry of Ashdown Forest">exploit the iron</a> (Wealden rocks provide a plentiful supply of the ore), and shipped it out by boat. Iron was worked locally at <a href="/wiki/Beauport_Park" title="Beauport Park">Beauport Park</a>, to the north of the town. It employed up to one thousand men and is considered to have been the third-largest mine in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenLearn_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenLearn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also a possible iron-working site near Blacklands Church in the town – the old name of 'Ponbay Bridge' for a bridge that used to exist in the area is a corruption of 'Pond Bay' as suggested by Thomas Ross (Mayor of Hastings and author of an 1835 guide book).<sup id="cite_ref-historymap.info_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historymap.info-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the departure of the Romans, the town suffered setbacks. The Beauport site was abandoned, and the town suffered from problems from nature and man-made attacks. The Sussex coast has always suffered from occasional violent storms; with the additional hazard of <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a> (the eastward movement of shingle along the coast), the coastline has frequently changed. The original Roman port is probably now under the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings_Past_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings_Past-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bulverhythe" title="Bulverhythe">Bulverhythe</a> was probably a harbour used by Danish invaders, which suggests that <i>-hythe</i> or <i>hithe</i> means a port or small haven.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Haestingas">Kingdom of Haestingas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Haestingas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 6th century AD until 771, the people of the area around modern-day Hastings, identified the territory as that of the <a href="/wiki/Haestingas" title="Haestingas">Haestingas</a> tribe and a kingdom separate from the surrounding kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Suth Saxe</a> ("South Saxons", i.e. Sussex) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a>. It worked to retain its separate cultural identity until the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-historyfiles.co.uk_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyfiles.co.uk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom was probably a sub-kingdom, the object of a disputed overlordship by the two powerful neighbouring kingdoms: when King <a href="/wiki/Wihtred" class="mw-redirect" title="Wihtred">Wihtred</a> of Kent settled a dispute with King <a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ine</a> of Sussex & Wessex in 694, it is probable that he ceded the overlordship of Haestingas to Ine as part of the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-historyfiles.co.uk_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyfiles.co.uk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_124_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_124-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 771 King <a href="/wiki/Offa" class="mw-redirect" title="Offa">Offa</a> of Mercia invaded Southern England, and over the next decade gradually seized control of Sussex and Kent. <a href="/wiki/Symeon_of_Durham" title="Symeon of Durham">Symeon of Durham</a> records a battle fought at an unidentified location near Hastings in 771, at which Offa defeated the Haestingas <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a>, effectively ending its existence as a separate kingdom. By 790, Offa controlled Hastings effectively enough to confirm grants of land in Hastings to the <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">Abbey</a> of St Denis, in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> for 1011 relates that Vikings overran "all Kent, Sussex, Surrey and Haestingas", indicating the town was still considered a separate 'county' or province to its neighbours 240 years after Offa's conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his reign, <a href="/wiki/Athelstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athelstan">Athelstan</a> established a royal <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mint</a> in Hastings in AD 928.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Hastings">Medieval Hastings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval Hastings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript_of_XIII_BC_Battle_of_Hastings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Manuscript_of_XIII_BC_Battle_of_Hastings.jpg/290px-Manuscript_of_XIII_BC_Battle_of_Hastings.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Manuscript_of_XIII_BC_Battle_of_Hastings.jpg/435px-Manuscript_of_XIII_BC_Battle_of_Hastings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Manuscript_of_XIII_BC_Battle_of_Hastings.jpg/580px-Manuscript_of_XIII_BC_Battle_of_Hastings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">Duke William of Normandy</a> (right) lances <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">King Harold II of England</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a>. 14th-century manuscript in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> <p>The start of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a>, fought on 14 October 1066, although the battle itself took place 6 mi (9.7 km) to the northwest at Senlac Hill. William had landed on the coast between Hastings and Eastbourne at Pevensey. It is thought that the Norman encampment was on the town's outskirts, where there was open ground; a new town was already being built in the valley to the east. That "New Burgh" was founded in 1069 and is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> as such. <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William</a> defeated and killed <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a>, the last Saxon King of England, and destroyed his army, opening England to the Norman conquest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>William ordered a castle to be built at Hastings, probably using the earthworks of the existing Saxon castle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hastings was shown as a <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a> by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> (1086); it had also given its name to the <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Hastings" title="Rape of Hastings">Rape of Hastings</a>, one of the six administrative divisions of Sussex. As a borough, Hastings had a corporation consisting of a "bailiff, jurats, and commonalty". By a charter of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> in 1589, the bailiff was replaced by a mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a>, writing c.1153, described Hastings as "a town of large extent and many inhabitants, flourishing and handsome, having markets, workpeople and rich merchants".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hastings_and_the_sea">Hastings and the sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hastings and the sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Fish_Market_at_Hastings_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Fish_Market_at_Hastings_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Fish_Market_at_Hastings_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Fish_Market_at_Hastings_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Fish_Market_at_Hastings_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Fish_Market_at_Hastings_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Fish_Market_at_Hastings_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3989" data-file-height="2963" /></a><figcaption><i>The Fish Market at Hastings Beach</i>, <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a> (1810)</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the Saxon period, the port of Hastings had moved eastward near the present town centre in the Priory Stream valley, whose entrance was protected by the White Rock headland (since demolished). It was to be a short stay: Danish attacks and huge floods in 1011 and 1014 motivated the townspeople to relocate to the New Burgh. </p><p>In the Middle Ages Hastings became one of the <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Ports" title="Cinque Ports">Cinque Ports</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Sandwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Romney" title="New Romney">New Romney</a> were the first, followed by Hastings and <a href="/wiki/Hythe,_Kent" title="Hythe, Kent">Hythe</a> then <a href="/wiki/Rye,_East_Sussex" title="Rye, East Sussex">Rye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winchelsea" title="Winchelsea">Winchelsea</a>. At one point 42 towns were directly or indirectly affiliated with the group. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings_Castle_2012-07-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hastings_Castle_2012-07-28.jpg/220px-Hastings_Castle_2012-07-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hastings_Castle_2012-07-28.jpg/330px-Hastings_Castle_2012-07-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hastings_Castle_2012-07-28.jpg/440px-Hastings_Castle_2012-07-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5068" data-file-height="3379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Castle" title="Hastings Castle">Hastings Castle</a>, with the Pier and Town Centre in the background, and <a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a> on the horizon</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 13th century, much of the town and part of <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Castle" title="Hastings Castle">Hastings Castle</a> was washed away in the <a href="/wiki/South_England_flood_of_February_1287" title="South England flood of February 1287">South England flood of February 1287</a>. During a <a href="/wiki/English_Channel_naval_campaign,_1338-1339" class="mw-redirect" title="English Channel naval campaign, 1338-1339">naval campaign of 1339</a>, and again in 1377, the town was raided and burnt by the French, and seems then to have gone into a decline. As a seaport, Hastings' days were finished. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings_town_centre_postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hastings_town_centre_postcard.jpg/250px-Hastings_town_centre_postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hastings_town_centre_postcard.jpg/330px-Hastings_town_centre_postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hastings_town_centre_postcard.jpg/500px-Hastings_town_centre_postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Hastings town centre and the Memorial from an old postcard</figcaption></figure> <p>Hastings had suffered over the years from the lack of a natural harbour, and there have been attempts to create a sheltered harbour. Attempts were made to build a stone harbour during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, but the sea destroyed the foundations in terrible storms. The fishing boats are still stored on and launched from the beach. </p><p>Hastings was then just a small fishing settlement, but it was soon discovered that the new taxes on luxury goods could be avoided by smuggling; the town was ideally located for that purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Smuggling_on_the_Sussex_Coast_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smuggling_on_the_Sussex_Coast-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the castle ruins, on the West Hill, are "<a href="/wiki/St_Clement%27s_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="St Clement's Caves">St Clement's Caves</a>", partly natural but mainly excavated by hand by smugglers from the soft sandstone. Their trade was to come to an end with the period following the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, for the town became one of the most fashionable resorts in Britain, brought about by the assumed health-giving properties of seawater, as well as the local springs and Roman baths. Once this came about, the town expanded, westwards only as there was little space left in the valley. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottle_Alley_Hastings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bottle_Alley_Hastings.jpg/220px-Bottle_Alley_Hastings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bottle_Alley_Hastings.jpg/330px-Bottle_Alley_Hastings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bottle_Alley_Hastings.jpg/440px-Bottle_Alley_Hastings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The double decker promenade that runs from Hastings Pier beyond Marine Court (seen in the distance), with a break at Warrior Square, was built in the 1930s by the borough engineer <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Little" title="Sidney Little">Sidney Little</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It was at this time that the elegant Pelham Crescent and Wellington Square were built; other building followed. In the Crescent (designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kay_(architect)" title="Joseph Kay (architect)">Joseph Kay</a>) is the classical style church of St Mary in the Castle (its name recalling the old chapel in the castle above) now in use as an arts centre. Building the crescent and church necessitated further cutting away of the castle hill cliffs. Once that move away from the Old Town had begun, it led to the further expansion along the coast, eventually linking up with the new settlement of <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St Leonards-on-Sea">St Leonards</a>. </p><p>Such extensive development needed a large transient workforce. Many of the people coming into Hastings at this time settled on some waste-ground to the west of the main town called the <a href="/wiki/America_Ground" title="America Ground">America Ground</a>. This land, originally a shingle spit created by the great storm of 1287, was declared to be Crown Property after an inquiry held at <a href="/wiki/Battle,_East_Sussex" title="Battle, East Sussex">Battle</a> during 1827 and the land was cleared in preparation for the development of this area of land by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Francis_Robertson" title="Patrick Francis Robertson">Patrick Francis Robertson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Old_Town" title="Hastings Old Town">Hastings Old Town</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historische_Altstadt-Hastings.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Historische_Altstadt-Hastings.JPG/220px-Historische_Altstadt-Hastings.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Historische_Altstadt-Hastings.JPG/330px-Historische_Altstadt-Hastings.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Historische_Altstadt-Hastings.JPG/440px-Historische_Altstadt-Hastings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>George Street, Old town</figcaption></figure> <p>Like many coastal towns, the population of Hastings grew significantly as a result of the construction of railway links and the fashionable growth of seaside holidays during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>. In 1801, its population was a mere 3,175; by 1831, it had reached over ten thousand; by 1891, it was almost sixty thousand. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Hastings_Harbour_Act_1890"></span> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Hastings Harbour Act 1890</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for the incorporation of Commissioners and for the construction of Harbour Piers and other Works at Hastings in the County of Sussex and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/53_%26_54_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="53 & 54 Vict.">53 & 54 Vict.</a> c. cxliii</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 August 1890</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/53-54/143/pdfs/ukla_18900143_en.pdf">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The last harbour project began in 1896, but this also failed when structural problems and rising costs exhausted all the available funds. Today a fractured seawall is all that remains of what might have become a magnificent harbour. In 1897, the foundation stone was laid on a large concrete structure, but there was insufficient money to complete the work and the "Harbour Arm" remains uncompleted. In fact, during World War II, it was partly blown up to discourage possible use by German invasion forces. </p><p>Between 1903 and 1919 Fred Judge FRPS photographed many of the town's events and disasters. These included storms, the first tram, visit of the Lord Mayor of London, Hastings Marathon Race and the pier fire of 1917. Many of these images were produced as picture postcards by the British Postcard manufacturer he founded now known as <a href="/wiki/Judges_Postcards" title="Judges Postcards">Judges Postcards</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> <a href="/wiki/SM_U-118" title="SM U-118">U-118</a> was towed loose in a storm in the early morning of 15 April 1919 and ran aground on the beach at Hastings in Sussex at approximately 00:45, directly in front of the Queens Hotel. The wreck was an attraction until it was dismantled in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-wreck_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wreck-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, the town underwent some rejuvenation. Seaside resorts were starting to go out of fashion, Hastings perhaps more than most. The town council set about a huge rebuilding project, among which the promenade was rebuilt, and an Olympic-size bathing pool was erected. The latter, regarded in its day as one of the best open-air swimming and diving complexes in Europe, later became a holiday camp before closing in 1986. It was demolished, but the area is still known by locals as "the Old Bathing Pool".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings_Old_Town_July_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hastings_Old_Town_July_1965.jpg/220px-Hastings_Old_Town_July_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hastings_Old_Town_July_1965.jpg/330px-Hastings_Old_Town_July_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hastings_Old_Town_July_1965.jpg/440px-Hastings_Old_Town_July_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7164" data-file-height="4724" /></a><figcaption>Hastings Old Town July 1965.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 2021 census reported 91,497 inhabitants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EastSussexHastings.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/EastSussexHastings.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>Borough of Hastings, shown within East Sussex</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hastings_and_Rye_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hastings and Rye (UK Parliament constituency)">Hastings and Rye (UK Parliament constituency)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Borough_Council" title="Hastings Borough Council">Hastings Borough Council</a></div> <p>Hastings returned two <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) from the 14th century until 1885, since when it has returned one. Since 1983, it has been part of the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_and_Rye_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hastings and Rye (UK Parliament constituency)">parliamentary constituency of Hastings and Rye</a>; the current MP, since <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">July 2024</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Helena_Dollimore" title="Helena Dollimore">Helena Dollimore</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative_Party" title="Labour and Co-operative Party">Labour and Co-operative Party</a>. Prior to 1983, the town formed the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hastings (UK Parliament constituency)">Hastings parliamentary constituency</a> by itself. </p><p>Hastings, it is thought, was a Saxon town before the arrival of the Normans: the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> refers to a <i>new Borough</i>: as a borough, Hastings had a corporation consisting of a "bailiff, jurats, and commonalty".<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings_Past_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings_Past-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its importance was such that it also gave its name to one of the six <a href="/wiki/Rape_(county_subdivision)" title="Rape (county subdivision)">Rapes</a> or administrative districts of Sussex. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1197481.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hastings_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1197481.jpg/220px-Hastings_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1197481.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hastings_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1197481.jpg/330px-Hastings_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1197481.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hastings_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1197481.jpg/440px-Hastings_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1197481.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Town_Hall" title="Hastings Town Hall">Hastings Town Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By a Charter of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> in 1589 the bailiff was replaced by a mayor, by which time the town's importance was dwindling. In the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a>, patronage of such seaside places (such as nearby <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>) gave it a new lease of life so that, when the time came with the reform of English local government in 1888, Hastings became a <a href="/wiki/County_Borough" class="mw-redirect" title="County Borough">County Borough</a>, responsible for all its local services, independent of the surrounding county, then Sussex (East); less than one hundred years later, <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">in 1974</a>, that status was abolished. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Borough_Council" title="Hastings Borough Council">Hastings Borough Council</a> is now in the second tier of local government, below <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex_County_Council" title="East Sussex County Council">East Sussex County Council</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings_beach_panorama_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hastings_beach_panorama_2.jpg/440px-Hastings_beach_panorama_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hastings_beach_panorama_2.jpg/660px-Hastings_beach_panorama_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hastings_beach_panorama_2.jpg/880px-Hastings_beach_panorama_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8910" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>East Cliff and the beach at Hastings</figcaption></figure> <p>Hastings is situated where the <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> beds, at the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Weald</a>, known geologically as the Hastings Sands, meet the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, forming tall cliffs to the east of the town. <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Old_Town" title="Hastings Old Town">Hastings Old Town</a> is in a sheltered valley between the East Hill and West Hill (on which the remains of the Castle stand). In Victorian times and later the town has spread westwards and northwards, and now forms a single urban centre with the more suburban area of <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St Leonards-on-Sea">St Leonards-on-Sea</a> to the west. Roads from the Old Town valley lead towards the Victorian area of Clive Vale and the former village of <a href="/wiki/Ore,_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Ore, Sussex">Ore</a>, from which "The Ridge", marking the effective boundary of Hastings, extends north-westwards towards <a href="/wiki/Battle,_East_Sussex" title="Battle, East Sussex">Battle</a>. Beyond <a href="/wiki/Bulverhythe" title="Bulverhythe">Bulverhythe</a>, the western end of Hastings is marked by low-lying land known as Glyne Gap, separating it from <a href="/wiki/Bexhill-on-Sea" title="Bexhill-on-Sea">Bexhill-on-Sea</a>. </p><p>The sandstone cliffs have been the subject of considerable erosion in relatively recent times: much of the Castle was lost to the sea before the present sea defences and promenade were built, and a number of cliff-top houses are in danger of disappearing around the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Fairlight,_East_Sussex" title="Fairlight, East Sussex">Fairlight</a>. </p><p>The beach is mainly <a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a>, although wide areas of sand are uncovered at low tide. The town is generally built upon a series of low hills rising to 500 ft (150 m) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> at "The Ridge" before falling back in the river valley further to the north. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossilised_dinosaur_footprint_fairlght_cliffs_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fossilised_dinosaur_footprint_fairlght_cliffs_2007.JPG/220px-Fossilised_dinosaur_footprint_fairlght_cliffs_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fossilised_dinosaur_footprint_fairlght_cliffs_2007.JPG/330px-Fossilised_dinosaur_footprint_fairlght_cliffs_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fossilised_dinosaur_footprint_fairlght_cliffs_2007.JPG/440px-Fossilised_dinosaur_footprint_fairlght_cliffs_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Dinosaur footprint found among rocks at the cliff base</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three <a href="/wiki/Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Sites of Special Scientific Interest">Sites of Special Scientific Interest</a> within the borough; <a href="/wiki/Marline_Valley_Woods" title="Marline Valley Woods">Marline Valley Woods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combe_Haven" title="Combe Haven">Combe Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Country_Park" title="Hastings Country Park">Hastings Cliffs To Pett Beach</a>. Marline Valley Woods lies within the Ashdown ward of Hastings. It is an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_woodland" title="Ancient woodland">ancient woodland</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">Pedunculate oak</a>—<a href="/wiki/Carpinus_betulus" title="Carpinus betulus">hornbeam</a> which is uncommon nationally. Sussex Wildlife Trust own part of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combe Haven is another site of biological interest, with alluvial meadows, and the largest reed bed in the county, providing habitat for breeding birds. It is in the West St Leonards ward, stretching into the parish of <a href="/wiki/Crowhurst,_East_Sussex" title="Crowhurst, East Sussex">Crowhurst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final SSSI, Hastings Cliffs to Pett Beach, is within the Ore ward of Hastings, extending into the neighbouring Fairlight and <a href="/wiki/Pett" title="Pett">Pett</a> parishes. The site runs along the coast and is of both biological and geological interest. The cliffs hold many fossils and the site has many habitats, including ancient woodland and shingle beaches.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and Southern England, Hastings experiences a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a> with mild summers and mild winters. In terms of the local climate, Hastings is on the eastern edge of what is, on average, the sunniest part of the UK, the stretch of coast from the Isle of Wight southeastern coast <a href="/wiki/Sandown_Bay" title="Sandown Bay">Sandown Bay</a> to the Hastings area. Hastings, tied with Eastbourne, recorded the highest duration of sunshine of any month anywhere in the United Kingdom – 384 hours – in July 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperature extremes since 1960 at Hastings have ranged from 34.7 °C (94.5 °F) in July 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> down to −9.8 °C (14.4 °F) in January 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> subtype for this climate is "<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates" title="Köppen climate classification">Cfb</a>" (Marine West Coast Climate/<a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic climate</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Hastings (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1930–2023) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7<br />(94.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.7<br />(94.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.3<br />(47.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.1<br />(12.0) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.4<br />(15.1) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1<br />(21.0) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1<br />(28.2) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.7<br />(19.9) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−11.1<br />(12.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.8<br />(3.10) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.4<br />(2.22) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.4<br />(1.79) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.0<br />(1.77) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.2<br />(1.78) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.9<br />(1.93) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.2<br />(2.06) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.3<br />(2.37) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.2<br />(2.37) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.5<br />(3.48) </td> <td style="background: #70FF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.6<br />(3.65) </td> <td style="background: #70FF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.3<br />(3.75) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">768.7<br />(30.26) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">116.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #838383; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.0 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.6 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.2 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.9 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">236.7 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.1 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">252.7 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">235.5 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.0 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.3 </td> <td style="background: #989898; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.8 </td> <td style="background: #777777; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.3 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,914.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Met Office<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbourhoods_and_areas">Neighbourhoods and areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neighbourhoods and areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the areas and suburbs of Hastings are <a href="/wiki/Ore,_East_Sussex" title="Ore, East Sussex">Ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St Leonards-on-Sea">St Leonards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silverhill,_East_Sussex" title="Silverhill, East Sussex">Silverhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulverhythe" title="Bulverhythe">West St Leonards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hollington,_East_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollington, East Sussex">Hollington</a>. Ore, Silverhill and Hollington were once villages that have since become part of the Hastings conurbation area during rapid growth. The original part of St Leonards was bought by <a href="/wiki/James_Burton_(property_developer)" title="James Burton (property developer)">James Burton</a> and laid out by his son, the architect <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Burton" title="Decimus Burton">Decimus Burton</a>, in the early 19th century as a new town: a place of elegant houses designed for the well-off. It also included a central public garden, a hotel, an archery, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_rooms" title="Assembly rooms">assembly rooms</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_Church,_St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St Leonard's Church, St Leonards-on-Sea">a church</a>. Today's St Leonards has extended well beyond that original design, although the original town still exists within it.<sup id="cite_ref-1066stl_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1066stl-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of the town in 2001 was 85,029, by 2009 the estimated population was 86,900. Hastings suffers at a disadvantage insofar as growth is concerned because of its restricted situation, lying as it does with the <a href="/wiki/High_Weald_Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a> to the north. Redevelopment of the area is partly hampered by the split administration of the combined Hastings and Bexhill economic region between Hastings and <a href="/wiki/Rother_District" title="Rother District">Rother District</a> councils. There is little space for further large-scale housing and employment growth within the designated boundaries of Hastings, and development on the outskirts is resisted by Rother council whose administrative area surrounds Hastings. Rother has a policy of urban expansion in the area immediately north of Bexhill, but this requires infrastructure improvements by central Governments which have been under discussion for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Local_Development_Framework_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Local_Development_Framework-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This situation has now become the subject of parliamentary consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnicity</th> <th>Count</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: British</td> <td>80004</td> <td>94.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Irish</td> <td>808</td> <td>0.95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Other</td> <td>1686</td> <td>1.98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black Caribbean</td> <td>320</td> <td>0.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black African</td> <td>145</td> <td>0.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Asian</td> <td>361</td> <td>0.42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: Other</td> <td>268</td> <td>0.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian: Indian</td> <td>317</td> <td>0.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian: Pakistani</td> <td>57</td> <td>0.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian: Bangladeshi</td> <td>112</td> <td>0.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian: Other</td> <td>143</td> <td>0.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black: Caribbean</td> <td>184</td> <td>0.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black: African</td> <td>180</td> <td>0.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black: Other</td> <td>46</td> <td>0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese</td> <td>180</td> <td>0.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td>220</td> <td>0.26 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>Ethnicity in 2001</small><sup id="cite_ref-NStats_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NStats-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings-wyrdlight-1201.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hastings-wyrdlight-1201.jpg/220px-Hastings-wyrdlight-1201.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hastings-wyrdlight-1201.jpg/330px-Hastings-wyrdlight-1201.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hastings-wyrdlight-1201.jpg/440px-Hastings-wyrdlight-1201.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Traditional fisher on the shingle beach at Hastings – Rye registration</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the development of tourism, fishing was Hastings' major industry. The fishing fleet, based at <a href="/wiki/The_Stade" title="The Stade">the Stade</a>, remains Europe's largest beach-launched fishing fleet and has recently won accreditation for its sustainable methods. The fleet has been based on the same beach, below the cliffs at Hastings, for at least 400, possibly 600, years. Its longevity is attributed to the prolific fishing ground of Rye Bay nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hastings fishing vessels are registered at <a href="/wiki/Rye,_East_Sussex" title="Rye, East Sussex">Rye</a>, and thus bear the letters "RX" (<b>R</b>ye, Susse<b>X</b>). </p><p>There are now various industrial estates that lie around the town, mostly on the outskirts, which include engineering, catering, motoring and construction; however, most of the jobs within the Borough are concentrated on health, public services, retail and education. 85% of the firms (in 2005) employed fewer than 10 people; as a consequence the unemployment rate was 3.3% (<i>cf.</i> East Sussex 1.7%). However, qualification levels are similar to the national average: 8.2% of the working-age population have no qualifications while 28% hold degree-level qualifications or higher, compared with 11% and 31% respectively across England.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping_and_retail">Shopping and retail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shopping and retail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Kings_Walk,_Priory_Meadow_Shopping_Centre,_Hastings_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1197474.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Entrance_to_Kings_Walk%2C_Priory_Meadow_Shopping_Centre%2C_Hastings_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1197474.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_Kings_Walk%2C_Priory_Meadow_Shopping_Centre%2C_Hastings_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1197474.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Entrance_to_Kings_Walk%2C_Priory_Meadow_Shopping_Centre%2C_Hastings_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1197474.jpg/330px-Entrance_to_Kings_Walk%2C_Priory_Meadow_Shopping_Centre%2C_Hastings_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1197474.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Entrance_to_Kings_Walk%2C_Priory_Meadow_Shopping_Centre%2C_Hastings_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1197474.jpg/440px-Entrance_to_Kings_Walk%2C_Priory_Meadow_Shopping_Centre%2C_Hastings_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1197474.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to Kings Walk, Priory Meadow Shopping Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>Hastings main shopping centre is <a href="/wiki/Priory_Meadow_Shopping_Centre" title="Priory Meadow Shopping Centre">Priory Meadow Shopping Centre</a>, which was built on the site of the old <a href="/wiki/Central_Recreation_Ground" title="Central Recreation Ground">Central Recreation Ground</a> which played host to some <a href="/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club" title="Sussex County Cricket Club">Sussex CCC</a> <a href="/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">first-class</a> fixtures, and cricketing royalty such as Dr. <a href="/wiki/W._G._Grace" title="W. G. Grace">W. G. Grace</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Don_Bradman" title="Don Bradman">Don Bradman</a>. The centre houses 56 stores and covers around 420,000 ft<sup>2</sup>. Further retail areas in the town centre include Queens Road, Wellington Place and Robertson Street. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacuna_Place_on_Havelock_Rd,_Hastings,_East_Sussex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lacuna_Place_on_Havelock_Rd%2C_Hastings%2C_East_Sussex.jpg/220px-Lacuna_Place_on_Havelock_Rd%2C_Hastings%2C_East_Sussex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lacuna_Place_on_Havelock_Rd%2C_Hastings%2C_East_Sussex.jpg/330px-Lacuna_Place_on_Havelock_Rd%2C_Hastings%2C_East_Sussex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lacuna_Place_on_Havelock_Rd%2C_Hastings%2C_East_Sussex.jpg/440px-Lacuna_Place_on_Havelock_Rd%2C_Hastings%2C_East_Sussex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Lacuna Place by Proctor and Matthews Architects,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the SAGA offices are based</figcaption></figure> <p>There are plans to expand the retail area in Hastings, which includes expanding Priory Meadow and creating more retail space as part of the Priory Quarter development. Priory was intended to have a second floor added to part of the retail area, which has not happened yet and so far only office space has been created as part of the Priory Quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regeneration">Regeneration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Regeneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002 the Hastings and Bexhill task force, set up by the <a href="/wiki/South_East_England_Development_Agency" title="South East England Development Agency">South East England Development Agency</a>, was founded to regenerate the local economy, a 10-year programme being set up to tackle the local reliance on public sector employment. The regeneration scheme saw the construction of the <a href="/wiki/University_Centre_Hastings" title="University Centre Hastings">University Centre Hastings</a>, (now known as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Brighton" title="University of Brighton">University of Brighton</a> in Hastings) the new <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Coast_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Sussex Coast College">Sussex Coast College</a> campus and construction of the Priory Quarter, which still remains unfinished but now houses <a href="/wiki/Saga_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Saga Group">Saga</a> offices, bringing 800 new jobs to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_community">Culture and community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture and community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cadets">Cadets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cadets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hastings has an <a href="/wiki/Army_Cadet_Force" title="Army Cadet Force">Army Cadet Force</a> (ACF) <a href="/wiki/Detachment_(military)" title="Detachment (military)">detachment</a> which is part of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ACF_Units#South_East_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ACF Units">Sussex ACF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This detachment is based in the old Territorial Army Unit Building on Cinque Ports Way, and is affiliated to <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales%27_Royal_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess of Wales' Royal Regiment">PWRR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acf_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acf-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hastings also has a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Air_Cadets" title="Royal Air Force Air Cadets">Royal Air Force Air Cadet</a> Squadron, 304 (Hastings) Squadron of Sussex Wing RAFAC, based in the same building.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town also has a <a href="/wiki/Sea_Cadets_(United_Kingdom)" title="Sea Cadets (United Kingdom)">Sea Cadet</a> squadron, T.S. <i>Hastings</i>. This sits adjacent to the Army and Air Cadet building on the seafront. The site features a climbing wall and other training facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings_Borough_Bonfire_Society,_Old_Town_Carnival_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hastings_Borough_Bonfire_Society%2C_Old_Town_Carnival_2010.jpg/220px-Hastings_Borough_Bonfire_Society%2C_Old_Town_Carnival_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hastings_Borough_Bonfire_Society%2C_Old_Town_Carnival_2010.jpg/330px-Hastings_Borough_Bonfire_Society%2C_Old_Town_Carnival_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hastings_Borough_Bonfire_Society%2C_Old_Town_Carnival_2010.jpg/440px-Hastings_Borough_Bonfire_Society%2C_Old_Town_Carnival_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Hastings Borough Bonfire Society at the Old Town Carnival 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Giant_Mermaid%5E_Jack_in_the_Green_Festival_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1297677.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A_Giant_Mermaid%5E_Jack_in_the_Green_Festival_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1297677.jpg/250px-A_Giant_Mermaid%5E_Jack_in_the_Green_Festival_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1297677.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A_Giant_Mermaid%5E_Jack_in_the_Green_Festival_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1297677.jpg/330px-A_Giant_Mermaid%5E_Jack_in_the_Green_Festival_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1297677.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A_Giant_Mermaid%5E_Jack_in_the_Green_Festival_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1297677.jpg/500px-A_Giant_Mermaid%5E_Jack_in_the_Green_Festival_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1297677.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jack_in_the_Green" title="Jack in the Green">Jack in the Green</a> celebration: a giant mermaid processing through Hastings Old Town</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the year many annual events take place in Hastings, the largest of which being the May Day <a href="/wiki/Bank_holiday" title="Bank holiday">bank holiday</a> weekend, which features a <a href="/wiki/Jack-in-the-Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack-in-the-Green">Jack-in-the-Green</a> festival (revived since 1983) and usually falls around 1–3 May,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the culmination of the <a href="/wiki/Maydayrun" class="mw-redirect" title="Maydayrun">Maydayrun</a>—tens of thousands of motorcyclists having ridden the <a href="/wiki/A21_road_(England)" title="A21 road (England)">A21</a> to Hastings. The yearly carnival during <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Old_Town_Week" title="Hastings Old Town Week">Old Town Week</a> takes place every August, which includes a week of events around <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Old_Town" title="Hastings Old Town">Hastings Old Town</a>, including a Seaboot race, bike race, street party and <a href="/wiki/Pram_race" title="Pram race">pram race</a>. In September, there is a month-long arts festival 'Coastal Currents' and a Seafood and Wine Festival. During Hastings Week held each year around 14 October the Hastings Bonfire Society<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stages a traditional Sussex Bonfire which includes a torchlight procession through the streets, a beach bonfire and firework display. Hastings Pirate Day takes place in July every year. Hastings, as of November 2017, still holds the Guinness World Record for the most pirates in one place. </p><p>Other events include the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Beer_and_Music_Festival" title="Hastings Beer and Music Festival">Hastings Beer and Music Festival</a>, held every July on the Oval (Previously Alexandra Park), the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Musical_Festival" title="Hastings Musical Festival">Hastings Musical Festival</a> held every March in the <a href="/wiki/White_Rock_Theatre" title="White Rock Theatre">White Rock Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Composers_Festival" title="International Composers Festival">International Composers Festival</a> split between Hastings and <a href="/wiki/Bexhill-on-Sea" title="Bexhill-on-Sea">Bexhill</a> during August<sup id="cite_ref-composersfestival.com-_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composersfestival.com--47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_International_Chess_Congress" title="Hastings International Chess Congress">Hastings International Chess Congress</a>. There is also a small Wildman event in late January. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_and_cinema">Theatre and cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Theatre and cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hastings" title="Special:EditPage/Hastings">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hastings%22">"Hastings"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hastings%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hastings%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hastings%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hastings%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hastings%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are two main theatres in the town, the <a href="/wiki/White_Rock_Theatre" title="White Rock Theatre">White Rock Theatre</a> and the Stables Theatre. The White Rock theatre is the venue of the yearly pantomime and throughout the year hosts comedy, dance and music acts. The Stables stages more local productions and acts as an arts exhibition centre. An additional theatre is located in Cambridge Road, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Ward_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Ward Hall (page does not exist)">Henry Ward Hall</a> in a space shared with the His Place church in what used to be the <a href="/wiki/Robertson_Street_United_Reformed_Church" title="Robertson Street United Reformed Church">Robertson Street United Reformed Church</a>. </p><p>There is a small four screen <a href="/wiki/Odeon_Cinemas" title="Odeon Cinemas">Odeon</a> cinema in the town, located opposite the town hall; however, there are plans to build a new multiplex cinema as part of the Priory Quarter development in the town centre. The town has an independent cinema called the Electric Palace located in the Old Town and a restored cinema in St Leonards called the Kino Teatr. The new luxury 'Sussex Exchange' Cinema, bar and conference venue is situated in St. Leonards. </p><p>The Regal cinema and the Cinema de Luxe in Hastings, and the Elite Cinema in St. Leonards, featured in a 1942 legal case, <a href="/wiki/Regal_(Hastings)_Ltd_v_Gulliver" title="Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver">Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Leading_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading case">leading case</a> heard in the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal (England and Wales)">Appeal Court</a>, and ultimately resolved in the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial Committee of the House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Company_director" class="mw-redirect" title="Company director">company directors</a>' <a href="/wiki/Duty_of_loyalty" title="Duty of loyalty">duty of loyalty</a> to the company they direct.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_art_galleries">Museums and art galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Museums and art galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_St_Nicholas%27_Church_(Fishermen%27s_Church),_Old_Town,_Hastings_(IoE_Code_294063).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Former_St_Nicholas%27_Church_%28Fishermen%27s_Church%29%2C_Old_Town%2C_Hastings_%28IoE_Code_294063%29.JPG/220px-Former_St_Nicholas%27_Church_%28Fishermen%27s_Church%29%2C_Old_Town%2C_Hastings_%28IoE_Code_294063%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Former_St_Nicholas%27_Church_%28Fishermen%27s_Church%29%2C_Old_Town%2C_Hastings_%28IoE_Code_294063%29.JPG/330px-Former_St_Nicholas%27_Church_%28Fishermen%27s_Church%29%2C_Old_Town%2C_Hastings_%28IoE_Code_294063%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Former_St_Nicholas%27_Church_%28Fishermen%27s_Church%29%2C_Old_Town%2C_Hastings_%28IoE_Code_294063%29.JPG/440px-Former_St_Nicholas%27_Church_%28Fishermen%27s_Church%29%2C_Old_Town%2C_Hastings_%28IoE_Code_294063%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Fishermen's Museum, housed in former St. Nicholas Church. Opened in 1854, it is a grade II listed building.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three museums in Hastings; the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Hastings Museum and Art Gallery">Hastings Museum and Art Gallery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Fishermen%27s_Museum" title="Hastings Fishermen's Museum">Hastings Fishermen's Museum</a> and the Shipwreck Museum. The former two mentioned are open for the whole year while the Shipwreck Museum is open only weekends during the winter, but daily for the rest of the year. </p><p>The Hastings Museum and Art gallery concentrates mostly on local history and contains exhibits on <a href="/wiki/Grey_Owl" title="Grey Owl">Grey Owl</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a>. It also features a <a href="/wiki/Durbar_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Durbar Hall">Durbar Hall</a>, donated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brassey,_2nd_Earl_Brassey" title="Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey">Lord Brassey</a>; the hall contains displays focusing on the Indian subcontinent and the Brassey Family. The Fishermen's Museum, housed in the former fishermen's church, is dedicated to the fishing industry and maritime history of Hastings. The <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck_Museum" title="Shipwreck Museum">Shipwreck Museum</a> displays artifacts from wrecks around the area. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Contemporary" title="Hastings Contemporary">Hastings Contemporary</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Jerwood_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerwood Gallery">Jerwood Gallery</a> until 2 July 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in the Stade area of <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Old_Town" title="Hastings Old Town">Hastings Old Town</a> is the home for the Jerwood Collection of 20th and 21st century art and a changing contemporary exhibition programme.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was opposed by many locals who felt that a new art gallery would have been better located elsewhere in the town.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, following a funding dispute with its sponsor the <a href="/wiki/Jerwood_Foundation" title="Jerwood Foundation">Jerwood Foundation</a>, the gallery was renamed the Hastings Contemporary.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_open_spaces">Parks and open spaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parks and open spaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many parks and open spaces located throughout the town, one of the most popular and largest being <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Park,_Hastings" title="Alexandra Park, Hastings">Alexandra Park</a> opened in 1882 by the Prince and Princess of Wales. The park contains gardens, open spaces, woods, a bandstand, tennis courts and a café. Other open spaces include White Rock Gardens, West Marina Gardens, St Leonards Gardens, Gensing Gardens, Markwick Gardens, Summerfields Woods, Linton Gardens, Hollington woods, Filsham Valley, Warrior Square, Castle Hill, St Helens Woods and <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Country_Park" title="Hastings Country Park">Hastings Country Park</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_media">Local media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Local media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local news and television programmes is provided by <a href="/wiki/BBC_South_East" title="BBC South East">BBC South East</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_Meridian" title="ITV Meridian">ITV Meridian</a>. Television signals are received from the local TV transmitter.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hastings's local radio stations are <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Sussex" title="BBC Radio Sussex">BBC Radio Sussex</a> on 104.5 FM, <a href="/wiki/Heart_South" title="Heart South">Heart South</a> on 102.0 FM and <a href="/wiki/More_Radio_Hastings" title="More Radio Hastings">More Radio Hastings</a> on 107.8 FM. </p><p>Local newspapers are the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastings Observer">Hastings Observer</a> and Hastings Independent Press. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hastings_Castle.jpg/250px-Hastings_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hastings_Castle.jpg/330px-Hastings_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hastings_Castle.jpg/500px-Hastings_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Castle" title="Hastings Castle">Hastings Castle</a>. Also shown St. Mary in the castle, former church completed 1828. The listed building is now a 500-seat auditorium and exhibition venue.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Castle" title="Hastings Castle">Hastings Castle</a> was built in 1070 by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, four years after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman invasion</a>. It is located on the West Hill, overlooking the town centre and is a Grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a>. Little remains of the castle apart from the arch left from the chapel, part of the walls and dungeons. The nearby <a href="/wiki/St._Clements_Caves" title="St. Clements Caves">St. Clements Caves</a> are home to the Smugglers Adventure, which features interactive displays relating to the history of smuggling on the south coast of England. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Pier" title="Hastings Pier">Hastings Pier</a> can be seen from any part of the seafront in the town. The old pier was opened in 1872, but closed in 2006 following safety concerns from the council. In October 2010, a serious fire burned down most of the buildings on the pier and caused further damage to the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the pier reopened on 27 April 2016 in modern architectural forms after a £14.2m refurbishment.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It won the Stirling Prize of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" title="Royal Institute of British Architects">Royal Institute of British Architects</a> (RIBA)in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marinecourtday.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Marinecourtday.jpg/220px-Marinecourtday.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Marinecourtday.jpg/330px-Marinecourtday.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Marinecourtday.jpg/440px-Marinecourtday.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Marine Court</figcaption></figure> <p>Many church buildings throughout the town are Grade II listed including; <a href="/wiki/Church_in_the_Wood,_Hollington" title="Church in the Wood, Hollington">Church in the Wood</a>, Blacklands Parish Church, Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel, <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Fishermen%27s_Museum" title="Hastings Fishermen's Museum">Fishermen's Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalene%27s_Church,_St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St Mary Magdalene's Church, St Leonards-on-Sea">St Mary Magdalene's Church</a>. </p><p>On the seafront at St Leonards is <a href="/wiki/Marine_Court" title="Marine Court">Marine Court</a>, a 1938 block of flats in the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style that was originally called 'The Ship' due to its style being based on the ocean liner <a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary" title="RMS Queen Mary">RMS <i>Queen Mary</i></a>. This block of flats can be seen up to 20 mi (32 km) away on a clear day, from Holywell, in the Meads area of <a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a>. </p><p>An important former landmark was "the Memorial", a clock tower commemorating Albert the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Consort">Prince Consort</a> which stood for many years at the traffic junction at the town centre, but was demolished following an arson attack in the 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hastings urban area (2011 census: includes Bexhill) is by a sizeable margin the most populous area in Britain to have no direct dual-carriageway link to the national motorway network. There are two major roads in Hastings: the <a href="/wiki/A21_road_(England)" title="A21 road (England)">A21</a> trunk road to London; and the <a href="/wiki/A259_road" title="A259 road">A259</a> coastal road. Both are beset with traffic problems: although the London road, which has to contend with difficult terrain, has had several sections of widening over the past decades there are still many delays. Long-term plans for a much improved A259 east–west route (including a Hastings bypass) were abandoned in the 1990s. A new Hastings-Bexhill Link Road opened in April 2016 known as the <a href="/wiki/A2690" class="mw-redirect" title="A2690">A2690</a> with the hope of reducing traffic congestion along the A259 Bexhill Road. The new link road travels from Queensway in the North of Hastings and joins up to the A259 in Bexhill.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hastings is also linked to <a href="/wiki/Battle,_East_Sussex" title="Battle, East Sussex">Battle</a> via the <a href="/wiki/A2100_road" title="A2100 road">A2100</a>, the original London road. </p><p>The town is served by <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_South_East" title="Stagecoach South East">Stagecoach South East</a> buses on routes that serve the town, and also extend to Bexhill, Eastbourne and Dover as part of <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_The_Wave_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stagecoach The Wave routes">The Wave route</a>. Stagecoach also run long distance buses up to <a href="/wiki/Northiam" title="Northiam">Northiam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawkhurst" title="Hawkhurst">Hawkhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Royal Tunbridge Wells">Royal Tunbridge Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashford,_Kent" title="Ashford, Kent">Ashford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express</a> run service 023 to <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station" title="Victoria Coach Station">London</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_rail">National rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: National rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings_%26_St_Leonards_RJD_100_-_excerpt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hastings_%26_St_Leonards_RJD_100_-_excerpt.jpg/220px-Hastings_%26_St_Leonards_RJD_100_-_excerpt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hastings_%26_St_Leonards_RJD_100_-_excerpt.jpg/330px-Hastings_%26_St_Leonards_RJD_100_-_excerpt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hastings_%26_St_Leonards_RJD_100_-_excerpt.jpg/440px-Hastings_%26_St_Leonards_RJD_100_-_excerpt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>1914 <a href="/wiki/Railway_Junction_Diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway Junction Diagram">Railway Junction Diagram</a> of Hastings area lines and stations; the <a href="/wiki/Bexhill_West_railway_station" title="Bexhill West railway station">Bexhill West</a> branch and <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards_West_Marina_railway_station" title="St Leonards West Marina railway station">West Marina station</a> have since closed.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2488991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hastings_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2488991.jpg/220px-Hastings_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2488991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hastings_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2488991.jpg/330px-Hastings_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2488991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hastings_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2488991.jpg/440px-Hastings_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2488991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Front of <a href="/wiki/Hastings_railway_station" title="Hastings railway station">Hastings railway station</a>, rebuilt in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>Hastings has four <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">rail</a> links: two to London, one to <a href="/wiki/Brighton_railway_station" title="Brighton railway station">Brighton</a> and one to <a href="/wiki/Ashford_International_railway_station" title="Ashford International railway station">Ashford</a>. Of the London lines, the shorter is the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastings Line">Hastings Line</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(England)" title="South Eastern Railway (England)">South Eastern Railway</a> (SER) route to <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station" title="Charing Cross railway station">Charing Cross</a> via <a href="/wiki/Battle_railway_station" title="Battle railway station">Battle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells_railway_station" title="Tunbridge Wells railway station">Tunbridge Wells</a>, which opened in 1852; and the longer is the <a href="/wiki/East_Coastway_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="East Coastway Line">East Coastway Line</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/London,_Brighton_%26_South_Coast_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="London, Brighton & South Coast Railway">London, Brighton & South Coast Railway</a> (LBSCR) route to <a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Victoria railway station">Victoria</a> via <a href="/wiki/Bexhill-on-Sea_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bexhill-on-Sea railway station">Bexhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastbourne_railway_station" title="Eastbourne railway station">Eastbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewes_railway_station" title="Lewes railway station">Lewes</a>. Trains to Brighton also use the East Coastway Line. The <a href="/wiki/Marshlink_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshlink Line">Marshlink Line</a> runs via <a href="/wiki/Rye_railway_station_(East_Sussex)" title="Rye railway station (East Sussex)">Rye</a> to Ashford, and is unelectrified except for the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_railway_station" title="Hastings railway station">Hastings</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ore_railway_station" title="Ore railway station">Ore</a> segment. </p><p>A historic <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_201" title="British Rail Class 201">British Rail Class 201</a> "Thumper" can sometimes be seen on historic runs to and from Hastings.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hastings is served by two rail companies: <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_(train_operating_company)" title="Southeastern (train operating company)">Southeastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_(train_operating_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern (train operating company)">Southern</a>. Southeastern services run along the Hastings Line, generally terminating at Hastings, with some peak services extending to Ore; the other lines are served by Southern, with services terminating at Ore or Ashford. </p><p>The town currently has four railway stations: from west to east they are <a href="/wiki/West_St_Leonards_station" class="mw-redirect" title="West St Leonards station">West St Leonards</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards_Warrior_Square_railway_station" title="St Leonards Warrior Square railway station">St Leonards Warrior Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hastings_railway_station" title="Hastings railway station">Hastings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ore_railway_station" title="Ore railway station">Ore</a>; this latter has been proposed to be renamed to Ore Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Consultation_Report_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Consultation_Report-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also one closed station and one proposed station in the area. <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards_West_Marina_railway_station" title="St Leonards West Marina railway station">West Marina station</a> (on the LBSCR line) was very near West St Leonards (on the SER line) and was closed in 1967. A new station has been proposed at Glyne Gap in Bexhill, which would also serve residents from western Hastings.<sup id="cite_ref-Consultation_Report_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Consultation_Report-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_rail">Local rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Local rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings_funicular_railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hastings_funicular_railway.jpg/170px-Hastings_funicular_railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hastings_funicular_railway.jpg/255px-Hastings_funicular_railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hastings_funicular_railway.jpg/340px-Hastings_funicular_railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/East_Hill_Cliff_Railway" title="East Hill Cliff Railway">East Hill Lift</a>: one of the two funicular railways in Hastings</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two <a href="/wiki/Funicular_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Funicular railway">funicular railways</a>, known locally as the <a href="/wiki/West_Hill_Cliff_Railway" title="West Hill Cliff Railway">West Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Hill_Cliff_Railway" title="East Hill Cliff Railway">East Hill Lifts</a> respectively. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Miniature_Railway" title="Hastings Miniature Railway">Hastings Miniature Railway</a> operates along the beach from <a href="/wiki/Rock-a-Nore" title="Rock-a-Nore">Rock-a-Nore</a> to Marine Parade, and has provided tourist transport since 1948. The railway was considerably restored and re-opened in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paths">Paths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Paths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Shore_Way" title="Saxon Shore Way">Saxon Shore Way</a>, (a <a href="/wiki/Long_distance_footpath" class="mw-redirect" title="Long distance footpath">long distance footpath</a>, 163 mi (262 km) in length from <a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravesend, Kent">Gravesend</a>, Kent traces the Kent and Sussex coast "as it was in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> times" to Hastings. The <a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Network" title="National Cycle Network">National Cycle Network</a> route NCR2 links Dover to <a href="/wiki/St_Austell" title="St Austell">St Austell</a> along the south coast, and passes through Hastings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_transport_systems">Historical transport systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Historical transport systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turnpike">Turnpike</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Turnpike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1753 many prominent Hastings figures – including the major landowners <a href="/wiki/Edward_Milward" title="Edward Milward">Edward Milward</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Collier_(mayor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Collier (mayor) (page does not exist)">John Collier</a> – obtained an act of Parliament, the Hastings-Flimwell Turnpike Act, that allowed them to take control of the existing Hastings-London trackway via Battle and Whatlington, as far north as Flimwell,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the first properly recognised turnpike developed in St. Leonards in 1837 when builder <a href="/wiki/James_Burton_(property_developer)" title="James Burton (property developer)">James Burton</a> was building his new town of St Leonards. The route of the road is that taken by the A21 today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trams_and_trolleybuses">Trams and trolleybuses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Trams and trolleybuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings_and_District_Electric_Tramways.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hastings_and_District_Electric_Tramways.jpg/220px-Hastings_and_District_Electric_Tramways.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hastings_and_District_Electric_Tramways.jpg/330px-Hastings_and_District_Electric_Tramways.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hastings_and_District_Electric_Tramways.jpg/440px-Hastings_and_District_Electric_Tramways.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Hastings and District Electric Tramways</figcaption></figure> <p>Hastings had a network of trams from 1905 to 1929. The trams ran as far as Bexhill, and were worked by overhead electric wires, except for the stretch along the seafront from Bo-Peep to the Memorial, which was initially worked by the Dolter stud contact system. The Dolter system was replaced by petrol electric trams in 1914 due to safety concerns,<sup id="cite_ref-historymap.info_3_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historymap.info_3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but overhead electrification was extended to this section in 1921. <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">Trolleybuses</a> rather than trams were used in the section that included the very narrow High Street, and the entire tram network was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Hastings" title="Trolleybuses in Hastings">Hastings trolleybus system</a> in 1928–1929.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historymap.info_4_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historymap.info_4-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maidstone_%26_District_Motor_Services" title="Maidstone & District Motor Services">Maidstone & District</a> bought the Hastings Tramway Company in 1935, but the trolleybuses still carried the "Hastings Tramways" logo until shortly before they were replaced by diesel buses in 1959, following the failure of the "Save our trolleys" campaign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hastings has 18 primary schools, four secondary schools, one further education college and one higher education institution. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Brighton" title="University of Brighton">University of Brighton</a> in Hastings offers higher education courses in a range of subjects and currently attracts over 800 students. The university's Hastings campus doubled in size in 2012, with the addition of the new Priory Square building designed by Proctor and Matthews Architects.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is located in the town centre a short distance from the railway station. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SCCH_plaze_building_across_station_forecourt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SCCH_plaze_building_across_station_forecourt.JPG/220px-SCCH_plaze_building_across_station_forecourt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SCCH_plaze_building_across_station_forecourt.JPG/330px-SCCH_plaze_building_across_station_forecourt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SCCH_plaze_building_across_station_forecourt.JPG/440px-SCCH_plaze_building_across_station_forecourt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3993" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption>Sussex Coast College and Hastings railway station</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sussex_Coast_College_Hastings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sussex Coast College Hastings">Sussex Coast College</a>, formerly called Hastings College, is the town's further education college; it is located at Station Plaza, next to the railway station. </p><p>The secondary schools in the town include <a href="/wiki/Ark_Alexandra_Academy" title="Ark Alexandra Academy">Ark Alexandra Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Academy" title="Hastings Academy">Hastings Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_St_Leonards_Academy" title="The St Leonards Academy">The St Leonards Academy</a>. <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex_County_Council" title="East Sussex County Council">East Sussex County Council</a> closed three mixed comprehensive schools: Filsham Valley, The Grove and Hillcrest, replacing them with two <a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">academy schools</a>; The St Leonards Academy, and The Hastings Academy. The sponsors for the academies are <a href="/wiki/University_of_Brighton" title="University of Brighton">University of Brighton</a> (lead sponsor), <a href="/wiki/British_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="British Telecom">British Telecom</a> and East Sussex County Council itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_buildings">Religious buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Religious buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Hastings" title="List of places of worship in Hastings">List of places of worship in Hastings</a></div> <p>The most important buildings from the late medieval period are the two churches in the Old Town, St Clement's (probably built after 1377) and All Saints (early 15th century).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a mosque, formerly "Mercatoria School" until purchased by the East Sussex Islamic Association. The former Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel in the Old Town dates from 1817 and is <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed at Grade II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IoE293813_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IoE293813-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christ Church, Blacklands (1876) has a complete decorative scheme of Mural, Stained Glass, Mosaic and Wrought Iron from the firm of Hardman's which gives it a ll* listing. When St. Andrew's was demolished in 1970 to make way for a supermarket, a fragment of the decorative scheme there, painted by Robert Noonan (also known as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tressell" title="Robert Tressell">Robert Tressell</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Trousered_Philanthropists" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists">The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists</a></i>) was rescued and features in the Hastings Museum. The Parish and title were added to Blacklands Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries healthcare has been provided in a number of institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_East_Sussex_Hospital" title="Royal East Sussex Hospital">Royal East Sussex Hospital</a>, Hastings, St Leonards and East Sussex Hospital, the Buchanan Hospital and St Helen's Hospital. In 1993 hospital provision was centralised into the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_Hospital" title="Conquest Hospital">Conquest Hospital</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hastings" title="Special:EditPage/Hastings">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hastings%22">"Hastings"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hastings%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hastings%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hastings%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hastings%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hastings%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastings_Half_Marathon,_Marina,_St_Leonards_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1204815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hastings_Half_Marathon%2C_Marina%2C_St_Leonards_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1204815.jpg/220px-Hastings_Half_Marathon%2C_Marina%2C_St_Leonards_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1204815.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hastings_Half_Marathon%2C_Marina%2C_St_Leonards_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1204815.jpg/330px-Hastings_Half_Marathon%2C_Marina%2C_St_Leonards_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1204815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hastings_Half_Marathon%2C_Marina%2C_St_Leonards_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1204815.jpg/440px-Hastings_Half_Marathon%2C_Marina%2C_St_Leonards_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1204815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Runners during the 2009 edition of the Hastings Half Marathon.</figcaption></figure> <p>Every year the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Half_Marathon" title="Hastings Half Marathon">Hastings Half Marathon</a> is held in the town although due to COVID-19 restrictions there was no half marathon that took place in 2020 or 2021. The 13.1 mi (21.1 km) race first took place in 1984 and attracts entrants from all over the country, taking runners on a route encircling the town, starting and finishing by the West Marina Gardens in St Leonards. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hastings_United_F.C." title="Hastings United F.C.">Hastings United F.C.</a> is the town's oldest football team, playing in the <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_League_Premier_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Isthmian League Premier Division">Premier Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_League" title="Isthmian League">Isthmian League</a>. It was founded in 1894 and plays its home games at The Pilot Field, which ground used to be home to two other senior clubs; <a href="/wiki/St._Leonards_F.C." title="St. Leonards F.C.">St Leonards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hastings_United_F.C._(1948)" title="Hastings United F.C. (1948)">the original Hastings United</a> which folded in 1985. There are football clubs in Hastings that compete in the <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex_Football_League" title="East Sussex Football League">East Sussex League</a>, such as Hollington United, St Leonards Social and Rock-a-Nore, playing at local parks and recreation grounds about the town. United attracted sports media headlines, when in 2013 they made it to the third round of the <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">FA Cup</a> for the first time in their history, being the lowest ranked team left in the contest before going out – losing 4–1 to Middlesbrough. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Recreation_Ground" title="Central Recreation Ground">Central Recreation Ground</a> was one of England's oldest, most scenic and most famous cricket grounds. The first match was played there in 1864 and the last in 1989, after which the site was redeveloped into a shopping centre which opened in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-historymap.info_2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historymap.info_2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was particularly popular with touring Australian sides who played 18 matches there.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hastings_and_St_Leonards_Priory_Cricket_Club" title="Hastings and St Leonards Priory Cricket Club">Hastings Priory</a> is the town's largest cricket club, having 4 teams playing competitive, as well as a large junior section. The club's home is at <a href="/wiki/Horntye_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Horntye Park">Horntye Park</a>, though it also makes use of the facilities at <a href="/wiki/Ark_Alexandra_Academy" title="Ark Alexandra Academy">Ark Alexandra Academy</a>. </p><p>ARK Alexandra Academy sees clubs using the school as their base, such as Hastings & Bexhill Rugby Football Club, Hastings Athletic Club and <a href="/wiki/Hastings_and_St_Leonards_Priory_Cricket_Club" title="Hastings and St Leonards Priory Cricket Club">Hastings Priory Cricket Club</a> 3rd and 4th teams. </p><p>Founded in 1895 <a href="/wiki/South_Saxons_Hockey_Club" title="South Saxons Hockey Club">South Saxons Hockey Club</a> is one of the largest sports clubs in Hastings and is the towns only field hockey club. Locally known as 'Saxons' their home ground is the astroturf pitch at <a href="/wiki/Horntye_Park_Sports_Complex" title="Horntye Park Sports Complex">Horntye Park Sports Complex</a>. Saxons field nine Saturday teams (4 Mens, 2 Ladies, 2 Boys development and a Girls development team). Saxons also have a thriving junior section who train on a Sunday and play in county 7's tournaments. Saxons Mens 1st XI play in Kent and Sussex Regional Division One and Saxons Ladies 1st XI play in Sussex Ladies League Premier Division. </p><p>Hastings Conquerors is an American Football Club, founded in March 2013 by local resident Chris Chillingworth and currently trains at William Parker Sports College. In June 2013 when it became the UK's first Co-Operative run not-for-profit American Football club.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many bowling greens in the parks and gardens located about the town; the Hastings Open Bowls Tournament has been held annually in June since 1911 and attracts many entrants country-wide.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1920 Hastings has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_International_Chess_Congress" title="Hastings International Chess Congress">Hastings International Chess Congress</a>. The annual event is held over the Christmas period at <a href="/wiki/Horntye_Park_Sports_Complex" title="Horntye Park Sports Complex">Horntye Park Sports Complex</a>. A testament to its importance is that every World Champion before <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a> except <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a> played at Hastings including <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> (1895), <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">José Raúl Capablanca</a> (1919, 1929/30, 1930/1 and 1934/5), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a> (1922, 1925/6, 1933/4 and 1936/7), <a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a> (1923/4, 1930/1, 1931/2, 1934/5, 1945/6 and 1949/50), <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a> (1934/5, 1961/2 and 1966/7), <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a> (1954/5, 1962/3 and 1968/9), <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a> (1963/4), <a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a> (1977/8), <a href="/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Boris Spassky</a> (1965/6), and <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a> (1971/2). </p><p>Hastings & St Leonards/Hastings Downs Golf Club (now defunct) was founded in 1893. The club disappeared in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hastings has hosted the <a href="/wiki/World_Crazy_Golf_Championships" title="World Crazy Golf Championships">World Crazy Golf Championships</a> since 2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Hastings" title="List of people from Hastings">List of people from Hastings</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a> lived in Hastings in the 1920s where he carried out experiments that led to the transmission of the first television image.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tressell" title="Robert Tressell">Robert Tressell</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged-Trousered_Philanthropists" title="The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists">The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists</a></i> in Hastings between 1906 and 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Novelist <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cookson" title="Catherine Cookson">Catherine Cookson</a> lived in the town for many years and began her writing career when she joined the local writing group.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a blue plaque on her former home at 9–10 Exmouth Place.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many notable figures were born, raised, or lived in Hastings, including computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, poet <a href="/wiki/Fiona_Pitt-Kethley" title="Fiona Pitt-Kethley">Fiona Pitt-Kethley</a>, actress <a href="/wiki/Gwen_Watford" title="Gwen Watford">Gwen Watford</a>, comedian <a href="/wiki/Jo_Brand" title="Jo Brand">Jo Brand</a>, Madness singer <a href="/wiki/Suggs_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suggs (singer)">Suggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Jukes" title="Thomas H. Jukes">Thomas H. Jukes</a>, biologist. <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Barry" title="Gareth Barry">Gareth Barry</a>, who holds the <a href="/wiki/List_of_footballers_with_500_or_more_Premier_League_appearances" title="List of footballers with 500 or more Premier League appearances">record number of appearances in the Premier League</a>, was born in Hastings. Archibald Belaney, the author who worked as <a href="/wiki/Grey_Owl" title="Grey Owl">Grey Owl</a>, was born in Hastings and lived here for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_H_Corbett" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry H Corbett">Harry H Corbett</a>, an actor best known for his role as Harold Steptoe in the BBC sitcom <a href="/wiki/Steptoe_and_Son" title="Steptoe and Son">Steptoe and Son</a>, lived in Hastings up until his death in 1982.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Edwards_(British_writer)" title="Mark Edwards (British writer)">Mark Edwards</a>, a best-selling British fiction writer, grew up in Hastings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Brassey" title="Anna Brassey">Anna Brassey</a>, a collector and feminist pioneer of early photography, was based in Hastings until her death in 1887 (she was buried at sea).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Chaplin" title="Tom Chaplin">Tom Chaplin</a>, best known as the lead singer of the English pop rock band <a href="/wiki/Keane_(band)" title="Keane (band)">Keane</a>, was born in Hastings.</li> <li>The internationally renowned punk rock band <a href="/wiki/Maid_of_Ace" title="Maid of Ace">Maid of Ace</a> is from Hastings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Honeysett" title="Martin Honeysett">Martin Honeysett</a> (1943–2015), cartoonist known for his grotesque and biting sketches, lived in Hastings for a number of years.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lewis_(biographer)" title="Roger Lewis (biographer)">Roger Lewis</a> (born 1960), journalist, writer and biographer, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Death_of_Peter_Sellers" title="The Life and Death of Peter Sellers">The Life and Death of Peter Sellers</a>, lives in the town. He suffered a heart attack on the car park at <a href="/wiki/Morrisons" title="Morrisons">Morrisons</a> supermarket and had to be airlifted to hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help Wikipedia to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit">improve this section</a> by removing the content or adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_a_Man" title="Shadow of a Man">Shadow of a Man</a></i> (1956)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Canterbury Tales (1972)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_(1998_film)" title="I Want You (1998 film)">I Want You</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grey_Owl_(film)" title="Grey Owl (film)">Grey Owl</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Some_Voices_(film)" title="Some Voices (film)">Some Voices</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Curtain_(film)" title="The Final Curtain (film)">The Final Curtain</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Blonde_Bombshells" title="The Last of the Blonde Bombshells">The Last of the Blonde Bombshells</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i>Another Life (2001)</i></li> <li><i>When I Was 12</i> (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium_(film)" title="Byzantium (film)"><i>Byzantium</i></a> (2013)</li> <li><i>Drunk on Love (2015)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Escaper" title="The Great Escaper">The Great Escaper</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buddy_(TV_series)" title="Buddy (TV series)">Buddy</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foyle%27s_War" title="Foyle's War">Foyle's War</a></i> (2002–15)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_(TV_series)" title="Roadkill (TV series)">Roadkill (TV series)</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giri/Haji" title="Giri/Haji">Giri/Haji</a> TV series</i> (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Close_to_Me_(TV_series)" title="Close to Me (TV series)">Close to Me</a></i> (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns">Twin towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Twin towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom">List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Hastings is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9thune" title="Béthune">Béthune</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-Archant_twinning_3_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archant_twinning_3-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudenaarde" title="Oudenaarde">Oudenaarde</a>, Belgium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerte" title="Schwerte">Schwerte</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>, Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings,_Sierra_Leone" title="Hastings, Sierra Leone">Hastings</a>, Sierra Leone</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Sussex" title="Healthcare in Sussex">Healthcare in Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Borough_Council_elections" title="Hastings Borough Council elections">Hastings Borough Council elections</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastsussex.gov.uk/yourcouncil/about/people/seniormembers/the-leader-and-deputy-leader/">"The Leader and Deputy Leader – Senior Council members"</a>. <i>East Sussex County Council</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526083408/https://www.eastsussex.gov.uk/yourcouncil/about/people/seniormembers/the-leader-and-deputy-leader/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Sussex+County+Council&rft.atitle=The+Leader+and+Deputy+Leader+%E2%80%93+Senior+Council+members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastsussex.gov.uk%2Fyourcouncil%2Fabout%2Fpeople%2Fseniormembers%2Fthe-leader-and-deputy-leader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Nomis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2021E07000062" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E07000062">"2021 Census Area Profile – Hastings Local Authority (E07000062)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Area+Profile+%E2%80%93+Hastings+Local+Authority+%28E07000062%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2021%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE07000062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NStats-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NStats_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NStats_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=7&r=1&i=1001&m=0&s=1309271698515&enc=1&areaSearchText=Hastings&areaSearchType=13&extendedList=false&searchAreas=">"Neighbourhood Statistics"</a>. Office for National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924053601/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=7&r=1&i=1001&m=0&s=1309271698515&enc=1&areaSearchText=Hastings&areaSearchType=13&extendedList=false&searchAreas=">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neighbourhood+Statistics&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdissemination%2FLeadAreaSearch.do%3Fa%3D7%26r%3D1%26i%3D1001%26m%3D0%26s%3D1309271698515%26enc%3D1%26areaSearchText%3DHastings%26areaSearchType%3D13%26extendedList%3Dfalse%26searchAreas%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Geographist-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Geographist_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140509061755/http://thegeographist.wordpress.com/2013/11/23/largest-cities-uk-population/">"UK Largest Cities"</a>. The Geographist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thegeographist.wordpress.com/2013/11/23/largest-cities-uk-population/">the original</a> on 9 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Largest+Cities&rft.pub=The+Geographist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthegeographist.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F11%2F23%2Flargest-cities-uk-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eilert Ekwall, <i>The Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names</i>, Oxford University Press, 1936.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, A. D. & <a href="/wiki/Room,_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Room, Adrian">Room, Adrian</a> (2002) "A Dictionary of British Place-names", in: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hanks" title="Patrick Hanks">Patrick Hanks</a> et al. <i>The Oxford Names Companion</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860561-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860561-7">0-19-860561-7</a>, pp. 895–1264; p. 1061</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCombesLyne1995" class="citation journal cs1">Combes, Pamela; Lyne, Malcolm (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-285-1/dissemination/pdf/Vol_133_1995/SAC133_Combes_and_Lyne.pdf">"Hastings, Haestingaceaster and Haestingaport: a question of identity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sussex Archaeological Collections</i>. <b>133</b>: <span class="nowrap">213–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1086680">10.5284/1086680</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-8204">0143-8204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sussex+Archaeological+Collections&rft.atitle=Hastings%2C+Haestingaceaster+and+Haestingaport%3A+a+question+of+identity&rft.volume=133&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5284%2F1086680&rft.issn=0143-8204&rft.aulast=Combes&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft.au=Lyne%2C+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fadsdata%2Farch-285-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2FVol_133_1995%2FSAC133_Combes_and_Lyne.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OpenLearn-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OpenLearn_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/beauport-park-east-sussex">"Beauport Park, East Sussex"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/OpenLearn" title="OpenLearn">OpenLearn</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>. 22 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006145624/http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/beauport-park-east-sussex">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OpenLearn&rft.atitle=Beauport+Park%2C+East+Sussex&rft.date=2006-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fhistory-the-arts%2Fhistory%2Fbeauport-park-east-sussex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historymap.info-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historymap.info_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical Hastings Wiki: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.historymap.info/Iron_Working">Iron Working – Historical Hastings Wiki</a>, accessdate: 10 December 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hastings_Past-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings_Past_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings_Past_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarchant1997" class="citation book cs1">Marchant, Rex (1997). <i>Hastings Past</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hithe+%E2%80%93+the+definition+of+Hithe&rft.pub=TheFreeDictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FHithe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyfiles.co.uk-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyfiles.co.uk_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyfiles.co.uk_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313235645/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/EnglandSussex.htm">"Kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons – Sussex"</a>. Historyfiles.co.uk. 18 September 2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingdoms+of+the+Anglo-Saxons+%E2%80%93+Sussex&rft.pub=Historyfiles.co.uk&rft.date=2011-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FKingListsBritain%2FEnglandSussex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirby_124-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_124_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby, <i>Earliest English Kings</i>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/133.html">"S 133"</a>. The Electronic Sawyer. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203055228/http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/133.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S+133&rft.pub=The+Electronic+Sawyer&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esawyer.org.uk%2Fcharter%2F133.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017022917/http://www.hastingschronicle.net/771-1699.html">"Key events 771 – 1699"</a>. The Hastings Chronicle. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hastingschronicle.net/771-1699.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+events+771+%E2%80%93+1699&rft.pub=The+Hastings+Chronicle&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hastingschronicle.net%2F771-1699.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChallisI_StewartNJ_MayhewGP_Dyer1993" class="citation book cs1">Challis, Christopher Edgar; I Stewart; NJ Mayhew; GP Dyer; PP Gaspar (1993). "The English and Norman Mints, c. 600–1158". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz89AAAAIAAJ"><i>A New History of the Royal Mint</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24026-0"><bdi>978-0-521-24026-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102094326/http://books.google.com/books?id=Zz89AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hastings+local+history+Wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.historymap.info%2FCategory%3AAmerica_Ground&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wreck-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wreck_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?138132">"U-118"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U-118&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrecksite.eu%2Fwreck.aspx%3F138132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources#User-generated_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a user-generated source. (November 2024)">user-generated source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seasidehistory.co.uk/hastings_lido.html">"The Bathing Pool at Hastings and St Leonards"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517053426/http://seasidehistory.co.uk/hastings_lido.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bathing+Pool+at+Hastings+and+St+Leonards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seasidehistory.co.uk%2Fhastings_lido.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212140714/http://www.english-nature.org.uk/special/sssi/sssi_details.cfm?sssi_id=1003006">"Natural England – SSSI (Marline Valley Woods)"</a>. English Nature. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-nature.org.uk/special/sssi/sssi_details.cfm?sssi_id=1003006">the original</a> on 12 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natural+England+%E2%80%93+SSSI+%28Marline+Valley+Woods%29&rft.pub=English+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-nature.org.uk%2Fspecial%2Fsssi%2Fsssi_details.cfm%3Fsssi_id%3D1003006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-nature.org.uk/special/sssi/sssi_details.cfm?sssi_id=1001853">"Natural England – SSSI (Combe Haven)"</a>. English Nature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212140731/http://www.english-nature.org.uk/special/sssi/sssi_details.cfm?sssi_id=1001853">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natural+England+%E2%80%93+SSSI+%28Combe+Haven%29&rft.pub=English+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-nature.org.uk%2Fspecial%2Fsssi%2Fsssi_details.cfm%3Fsssi_id%3D1001853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525080406/http://www.english-nature.org.uk/special/sssi/sssi_details.cfm?sssi_id=1002885">"Natural England – SSSI (Hastings to Pett Cliffs)"</a>. English Nature. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-nature.org.uk/special/sssi/sssi_details.cfm?sssi_id=1002885">the original</a> on 25 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natural+England+%E2%80%93+SSSI+%28Hastings+to+Pett+Cliffs%29&rft.pub=English+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-nature.org.uk%2Fspecial%2Fsssi%2Fsssi_details.cfm%3Fsssi_id%3D1002885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torro.org.uk/site/sunshine.php">"1911 Sunshine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TORRO" title="TORRO">TORRO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222053412/http://www.torro.org.uk/site/sunshine.php">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1911+Sunshine&rft.pub=TORRO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torro.org.uk%2Fsite%2Fsunshine.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wow.metoffice.gov.uk/observations/details/201907264moxwk7oaee6ucrdyyb96sccar">"White Rock Gardens Hastings"</a>. <i>wow.metoffice.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wow.metoffice.gov.uk/observations/details/?site_id=26991458">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wow.metoffice.gov.uk&rft.atitle=White+Rock+Gardens+Hastings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwow.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fobservations%2Fdetails%2F201907264moxwk7oaee6ucrdyyb96sccar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1987&indexid=TNn&stationid=1865">"1987 Temperature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TORRO" title="TORRO">TORRO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608171204/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1987&indexid=TNn&stationid=1865">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1987+Temperature&rft.pub=TORRO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2Futils%2Fmonitordetail.php%3Fseasonid%3D7%26year%3D1987%26indexid%3DTNn%26stationid%3D1865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=591125&cityname=Hastings,%20England,%20United%20Kingdom&units=">"Hastings, England Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819120639/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=591125&cityname=Hastings,%20England,%20United%20Kingdom&units=">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hastings%2C+England+K%C3%B6ppen+Climate+Classification+%28Weatherbase%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather-summary.php3%3Fs%3D591125%26cityname%3DHastings%2C%2520England%2C%2520United%2520Kingdom%26units%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/u103m1du2">"Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burton%27s+St+Leonards&rft.pub=1066online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1066online.co.uk%2Fhastings-history%2Fburtons-st-leonards%2Fburton-st-leonards-history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Local_Development_Framework-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Local_Development_Framework_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060309142442/http://www.hastings.gov.uk/ldf/amr.pdf">"Local Development Framework"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hastings Online. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Development+Framework&rft.pub=Hastings+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hastings.gov.uk%2Fldf%2Famr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCommons" class="citation web cs1">Commons, The Committee Office, House of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmcomloc/351/35113.htm">"House of Commons – Communities and Local Government Committee – Second Report"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027065240/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmcomloc/351/35113.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+%E2%80%93+Communities+and+Local+Government+Committee+%E2%80%93+Second+Report&rft.aulast=Commons&rft.aufirst=The+Committee+Office%2C+House+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200607%2Fcmselect%2Fcmcomloc%2F351%2F35113.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeak1985" class="citation book cs1">Peak, Steve (1985). <i>Fishermen of Hastings – 200 years of the Hastings Fishing Community</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishermen+of+Hastings+%E2%80%93+200+years+of+the+Hastings+Fishing+Community&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Peak&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/news/local/opening-of-lacuna-place-set-to-create-jobs-for-hastings-1-1450744">"Opening of Lacuna Place set to create jobs for Hastings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hastings_%26_St._Leonards_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastings & St. Leonards Observer">Hastings & St. Leonards Observer</a>. 24 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202225721/http://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/news/local/opening-of-lacuna-place-set-to-create-jobs-for-hastings-1-1450744">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opening+of+Lacuna+Place+set+to+create+jobs+for+Hastings&rft.pub=Hastings+%26+St.+Leonards+Observer&rft.date=2008-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hastingsobserver.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fopening-of-lacuna-place-set-to-create-jobs-for-hastings-1-1450744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/news/local-news/priory_meadow_shops_to_grow_1_1442559">"Priory Meadow shops to grow"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003043924/http://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/news/local-news/priory_meadow_shops_to_grow_1_1442559">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Priory+Meadow+shops+to+grow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hastingsobserver.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fpriory_meadow_shops_to_grow_1_1442559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seeda.co.uk/news-and-publications/case-studies/recent-case-studies/1/232">Hastings Regeneration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929031801/http://www.seeda.co.uk/news-and-publications/case-studies/recent-case-studies/1/232">Archived</a> 29 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> SEEDA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaspace.org.uk/business/news/May/Sea-Space-finalises-plans-for-next-Priory-Quarter-development/145/">Sea Space finalises plans for next Priory Quarter development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326092606/http://www.seaspace.org.uk/business/news/May/Sea-Space-finalises-plans-for-next-Priory-Quarter-development/145/">Archived</a> 26 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sea Space</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://armycadets.com/county/sussex-acf/">https://armycadets.com/county/sussex-acf/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acf-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acf_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070709000431/http://www.sussexacf.co.uk/location_heathfield.htm">"Heathfield ACF Home"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sussexacf.co.uk/location_heathfield.htm">the original</a> on 9 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heathfield+ACF+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sussexacf.co.uk%2Flocation_heathfield.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raf.mod.uk/aircadets/find-a-squadron/london-south-east/sussex-wing-hq/304-hastings/">"304 (Hastings)"</a>. <i>RAF Air Cadets</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816130042/https://www.raf.mod.uk/aircadets/find-a-squadron/london-south-east/sussex-wing-hq/304-hastings/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RAF+Air+Cadets&rft.atitle=304+%28Hastings%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Faircadets%2Ffind-a-squadron%2Flondon-south-east%2Fsussex-wing-hq%2F304-hastings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sea-cadets.org/hastings">"Home – Sea Cadets Hastings"</a>. <i>sea-cadets.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194448/https://www.sea-cadets.org/hastings">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sea-cadets.org&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Sea+Cadets+Hastings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sea-cadets.org%2Fhastings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-cadet-forces-and-mods-youth-work">https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-cadet-forces-and-mods-youth-work</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hastingsjack.co.uk/">"hastings-jitg"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220135650/http://hastingsjack.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=hastings-jitg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhastingsjack.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbbs.info/">"Hastings Borough Bonfire Society"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050402040335/http://www.hbbs.info/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hastings+Borough+Bonfire+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbbs.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-composersfestival.com--47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-composersfestival.com-_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.composersfestival.com/">Home | Composers Festival</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807235350/https://www.composersfestival.com/">Archived</a> 7 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nolan, R., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/75080/1/Regal_Landmark_Cases_in_Equity_Ch_17.pdf">Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver (1942)</a>, in <i>Landmark Cases in Equity</i>, accessed 31 October 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hastings.gov.uk/arts-culture/hastings-contemporary/">"Hastings Contemporary"</a>. Hastings Borough Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hastings+Contemporary&rft.pub=Hastings+Borough+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hastings.gov.uk%2Farts-culture%2Fhastings-contemporary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerwoodgallery.org/about/the-gallery">"The Gallery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jerwood_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerwood Gallery">Jerwood Gallery</a>. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102221644/http://www.jerwoodgallery.org/about/the-gallery">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gallery&rft.pub=Jerwood+Gallery&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerwoodgallery.org%2Fabout%2Fthe-gallery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2009" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Jonathan (12 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2009/mar/12/hastings-jerwood-gallery-plans">"Jerwood meets a sea of disapproval in Hastings"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219035331/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2009/mar/12/hastings-jerwood-gallery-plans">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jerwood+meets+a+sea+of+disapproval+in+Hastings&rft.date=2009-03-12&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2Fjonathanjonesblog%2F2009%2Fmar%2F12%2Fhastings-jerwood-gallery-plans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephens2019" class="citation web cs1">Stephens, Simon (27 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/2019/03/27032019-jerwood-gallery-renamed-and-relaunched/#">"Jerwood Gallery to be Renamed and Relaunched"</a>. Museum Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720133954/https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/2019/03/27032019-jerwood-gallery-renamed-and-relaunched/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerwood+Gallery+to+be+Renamed+and+Relaunched&rft.pub=Museum+Association&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumsassociation.org%2Fmuseums-journal%2Fnews%2F2019%2F03%2F27032019-jerwood-gallery-renamed-and-relaunched%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Hastings">"Hastings (East Sussex, England) Full Freeview transmitter"</a>. May 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hastings+%28East+Sussex%2C+England%29+Full+Freeview+transmitter&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukfree.tv%2Ftransmitters%2Ftv%2FHastings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-11503280">"Hastings Pier fire extinguished after four days"</a>. BBC News. 8 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129064931/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-11503280">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hastings+Pier+fire+extinguished+after+four+days&rft.date=2010-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-sussex-11503280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-32330898">"Hastings Pier reopening delayed by a year"</a>. BBC News. 16 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419030217/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-32330898">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hastings+Pier+reopening+delayed+by+a+year&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-sussex-32330898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRIBA" class="citation web cs1">RIBA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/riba-stirling-prize/riba-stirling-prize-2017">"RIBA Stirling Prize 2017"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724225136/https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/riba-stirling-prize/riba-stirling-prize-2017">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RIBA+Stirling+Prize+2017&rft.au=RIBA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architecture.com%2Fawards-and-competitions-landing-page%2Fawards%2Friba-stirling-prize%2Friba-stirling-prize-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastsussex.gov.uk/roadsandtransport/bexhillhastingslinkroad/">"Bexhill to Hastings link road – East Sussex County Council"</a>. East Sussex County Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513013102/http://www.eastsussex.gov.uk/roadsandtransport/bexhillhastingslinkroad/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bexhill+to+Hastings+link+road+%E2%80%93+East+Sussex+County+Council&rft.pub=East+Sussex+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastsussex.gov.uk%2Froadsandtransport%2Fbexhillhastingslinkroad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLimited" class="citation web cs1">Limited, Richard Griffin, for Hastings Diesels. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050819150218/http://www.hastingsdiesels.co.uk/">"Hastings Diesels Limited – Home"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hastingsdiesels.co.uk/">the original</a> on 19 August 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hastings+Diesels+Limited+%E2%80%93+Home&rft.aulast=Limited&rft.aufirst=Richard+Griffin%2C+for+Hastings+Diesels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hastingsdiesels.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Consultation_Report-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Consultation_Report_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Consultation_Report_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028194632/http://www.hastings.gov.uk/access_hastings/a2hfinalreport_appx.pdf">"ACCESS TO HASTINGS MULTI-MODAL STUDY (Consultation Report)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 324. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hastings.gov.uk/access_hastings/a2hfinalreport_appx.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACCESS+TO+HASTINGS+MULTI-MODAL+STUDY+%28Consultation+Report%29&rft.pages=324&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hastings.gov.uk%2Faccess_hastings%2Fa2hfinalreport_appx.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/people/seafront-miniature-railway-re-opens-with-new-improvements-2908486">"Seafront miniature railway re-opens with new improvements"</a>. <i>SussexWorld</i>. 9 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SussexWorld&rft.atitle=Seafront+miniature+railway+re-opens+with+new+improvements&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sussexexpress.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fseafront-miniature-railway-re-opens-with-new-improvements-2908486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.historymap.info/Turnpike_Roads">"Hastings History Wiki: Turnpike Roads"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806184523/http://wiki.historymap.info/Turnpike_Roads">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hastings+History+Wiki%3A+Turnpike+Roads&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.historymap.info%2FTurnpike_Roads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historymap.info_3-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historymap.info_3_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical Hastings Wiki: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.historymap.info/Tram#Summary">Tram – Historical Hastings Wiki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114131958/http://wiki.historymap.info/Tram#Summary">Archived</a> 14 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessdate: 14 January 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J Harley, <i>Hastings Tramways</i>. Middleton Press 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873793-18-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-873793-18-9">1-873793-18-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historymap.info_4-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historymap.info_4_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical Hastings Wiki: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.historymap.info/Trolleybus">Trolleybus – Historical Hastings Wiki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114130420/http://wiki.historymap.info/Trolleybus">Archived</a> 14 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessdate: 14 January 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brighton.ac.uk/news/2010/100615uch_new.php">University of Brighton, News.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220213139/http://www.brighton.ac.uk/news/2010/100615uch_new.php">Archived</a> 20 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Brighton.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nairn, Ian, and Pevsner, Nikolaus, <i>The Buildings of England: Sussex</i>, Page 119. Penguin, 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IoE293813-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IoE293813_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1043527" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1043527?section=official-list-entry">"Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel, Ebenezer Road, Hastings, Hastings, East Sussex (1043527)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Ebenezer+Particular+Baptist+Chapel%2C+Ebenezer+Road%2C+Hastings%2C+Hastings%2C+East+Sussex+%281043527%29&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1043527%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historymap.info_2-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historymap.info_2_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical Hastings Wiki: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.historymap.info/Central_Cricket_Ground">Central Cricket Ground – Historical Hastings Wiki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224100131/http://wiki.historymap.info/Central_Cricket_Ground">Archived</a> 24 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessdate: 24 December 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/57034.html">"Central Recreation Ground – England – Cricket Grounds – ESPN Cricinfo"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311224731/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/57034.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Recreation+Ground+%E2%80%93+England+%E2%80%93+Cricket+Grounds+%E2%80%93+ESPN+Cricinfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fci%2Fcontent%2Fground%2F57034.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrody2015" class="citation web cs1">Brody, Travis (12 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.growthofagame.com/2015/01/hastings-conquerors-a-new-model-for-american-football/">"The Hastings Conquerors: A New Model for American Football?"</a>. <i>The Growth of a Game</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Growth+of+a+Game&rft.atitle=The+Hastings+Conquerors%3A+A+New+Model+for+American+Football%3F&rft.date=2015-01-12&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.growthofagame.com%2F2015%2F01%2Fhastings-conquerors-a-new-model-for-american-football%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hastingsbowlstournament.com/">"Hastings Open Bowls Tournament"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060625074529/http://www.hastingsbowlstournament.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hastings+Open+Bowls+Tournament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hastingsbowlstournament.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.golfsmissinglinks.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841">"Hastings & St Leonards/Hastings Downs Golf Club"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911014031/http://www.golfsmissinglinks.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841">Archived</a> 11 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Golf's Missing Links".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmag.org.uk/collections/baird/">"John Logie Baird"</a>. <i>Hastings Museum &Art Gallery</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511192010/http://www.hmag.org.uk/collections/baird/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hastings+Museum+%26Art+Gallery&rft.atitle=John+Logie+Baird&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmag.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fbaird%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmag.org.uk/collections/tressell/">"Robert Tressell"</a>. <i>Hastings Museum & Art Gallery</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511192021/http://www.hmag.org.uk/collections/tressell/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hastings+Museum+%26+Art+Gallery&rft.atitle=Robert+Tressell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmag.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Ftressell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hastingshistory.net/features/catherine-cookson-her-life-and-husband">"Catherine Cookson: Her Life (and Husband) – Hastings History"</a>. <i>hastingshistory.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hastingshistory.net&rft.atitle=Catherine+Cookson%3A+Her+Life+%28and+Husband%29+%E2%80%93+Hastings+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhastingshistory.net%2Ffeatures%2Fcatherine-cookson-her-life-and-husband&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlaques" class="citation web cs1">Plaques, Open. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openplaques.org/plaques/1271">"Catherine Cookson blue plaque"</a>. <i>openplaques.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openplaques.org&rft.atitle=Catherine+Cookson+blue+plaque&rft.aulast=Plaques&rft.aufirst=Open&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenplaques.org%2Fplaques%2F1271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonLtdMartin2015" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Jeffrey; Ltd, Macmillan Education; Martin, Ged (26 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PE9dDwAAQBAJ&q=grey+owl+36+St.+Mary%27s+Terrace&pg=PA130"><i>The Canadian Guide to Britain, vol 1: England page 129</i></a>. Macmillan Education UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349811434" title="Special:BookSources/9781349811434"><bdi>9781349811434</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180908130424/https://books.google.ca/books?id=PE9dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=grey+owl+36+St.+Mary%27s+Terrace&source=bl&ots=gYLmXSRJT9&sig=Yj648aD7jgNoB7moANvPODFLlWs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia2Nu58andAhWCm4MKHXNzDFkQ6AEwB3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=grey%20owl%2036%20St.%20Mary's%20Terrace&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Guide+to+Britain%2C+vol+1%3A+England+page+129&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=2015-12-26&rft.isbn=9781349811434&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Ltd%2C+Macmillan+Education&rft.au=Martin%2C+Ged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPE9dDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgrey%2Bowl%2B36%2BSt.%2BMary%2527s%2BTerrace%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuffo1996" class="citation book cs1">Ruffo, Armand Garnet (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-6kaBgAAQBAJ&q=grey+owl+36+St.+Mary%27s+Terrace&pg=PP13"><i>Grey Owl: The Mystery of Archie Belaney</i></a>. Coteau Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781550505337" title="Special:BookSources/9781550505337"><bdi>9781550505337</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123084537/https://books.google.com/books?id=-6kaBgAAQBAJ&q=grey+owl+36+St.+Mary%27s+Terrace&pg=PP13">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grey+Owl%3A+The+Mystery+of+Archie+Belaney&rft.pub=Coteau+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781550505337&rft.aulast=Ruffo&rft.aufirst=Armand+Garnet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-6kaBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgrey%2Bowl%2B36%2BSt.%2BMary%2527s%2BTerrace%26pg%3DPP13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hastingsonlinetimes.co.uk/hastings-life/hastings-people/farewell-martin-honeysett-you-will-be-sadly-missed">"Farewell, Martin Honeysett – you will be sadly missed"</a>. <i>hastingsonlinetimes.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hastingsonlinetimes.co.uk&rft.atitle=Farewell%2C+Martin+Honeysett+%E2%80%93+you+will+be+sadly+missed.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhastingsonlinetimes.co.uk%2Fhastings-life%2Fhastings-people%2Ffarewell-martin-honeysett-you-will-be-sadly-missed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHemsley2023" class="citation news cs1">Hemsley, Andy (27 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/people/hastings-man-describes-how-he-came-back-from-the-dead-after-collapsing-in-morrisons-car-park-4042581">"Hastings man describes how he came back from the dead after collapsing in Morrisons car park"</a>. <i>Sussex Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sussex+Express&rft.atitle=Hastings+man+describes+how+he+came+back+from+the+dead+after+collapsing+in+Morrisons+car+park&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft.aulast=Hemsley&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sussexexpress.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fhastings-man-describes-how-he-came-back-from-the-dead-after-collapsing-in-morrisons-car-park-4042581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reelstreets.com/films/shadow-of-a-man/">"Shadow of a Man"</a>. <i>Reel Streets</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006102720/https://www.reelstreets.com/films/shadow-of-a-man/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reel+Streets&rft.atitle=Shadow+of+a+Man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reelstreets.com%2Ffilms%2Fshadow-of-a-man%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0316892/">"When I Was 12 (2001)"</a>. IMDb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224004102/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0316892/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+I+Was+12+%282001%29&rft.pub=IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0316892%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0310455/">"Foyle's War"</a>. IMDb. 2 February 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117235451/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0310455/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foyle%27s+War&rft.pub=IMDb&rft.date=2003-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0310455%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8001106/">"Giri/Haji"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giri%2FHaji&rft.pub=IMDb&rft.date=2020-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt8001106%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatts2021" class="citation news cs1">Watts, Alex (16 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/news/people/hastings-and-st-leonards-see-town-locations-where-new-tv-thriller-close-to-me-was-filmed-3459556">"Hastings and St Leonards: See town locations where new TV thriller Close To Me was filmed"</a>. <i>hastingsobserver.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=hastingsobserver.co.uk&rft.atitle=Hastings+and+St+Leonards%3A+See+town+locations+where+new+TV+thriller+Close+To+Me+was+filmed&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hastingsobserver.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fhastings-and-st-leonards-see-town-locations-where-new-tv-thriller-close-to-me-was-filmed-3459556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archant_twinning_3-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archant_twinning_3_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns">"British towns twinned with French towns <i>[via WaybackMachine.com]</i>"</a>. <i>Archant Community Media Ltd</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns">the original</a> on 5 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archant+Community+Media+Ltd.&rft.atitle=British+towns+twinned+with+French+towns+%5Bvia+WaybackMachine.com%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.completefrance.com%2Flanguage-culture%2Ftwin-towns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaines_FSA1963" class="citation book cs1">Baines FSA, John Manwaring (1963). <i>Historic Hastings</i>. F J Parsons Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Hastings&rft.pub=F+J+Parsons+Ltd&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Baines+FSA&rft.aufirst=John+Manwaring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChallisI_StewartNJ_MayhewGP_Dyer1993" class="citation book cs1">Challis, Christopher Edgar; I Stewart; NJ Mayhew; GP Dyer; PP Gaspar (1993). "The English and Norman Mints, c. 600–1158". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz89AAAAIAAJ"><i>A New History of the Royal Mint</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24026-0"><bdi>978-0-521-24026-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102094326/http://books.google.com/books?id=Zz89AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+English+and+Norman+Mints%2C+c.+600%E2%80%931158&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+the+Royal+Mint&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24026-0&rft.aulast=Challis&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Edgar&rft.au=I+Stewart&rft.au=NJ+Mayhew&rft.au=GP+Dyer&rft.au=PP+Gaspar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZz89AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCombesLyne1995" class="citation journal cs1">Combes, Pamela; Lyne, Malcolm (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-285-1/dissemination/pdf/Vol_133_1995/SAC133_Combes_and_Lyne.pdf">"Hastings, Haestingaceaster and Haestingaport: a question of identity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sussex Archaeological Collections</i>. <b>133</b>: <span class="nowrap">213–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1086680">10.5284/1086680</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-8204">0143-8204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sussex+Archaeological+Collections&rft.atitle=Hastings%2C+Haestingaceaster+and+Haestingaport%3A+a+question+of+identity&rft.volume=133&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5284%2F1086680&rft.issn=0143-8204&rft.aulast=Combes&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft.au=Lyne%2C+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fadsdata%2Farch-285-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2FVol_133_1995%2FSAC133_Combes_and_Lyne.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeak1985" class="citation book cs1">Peak, Steve (1985). <i>Fishermen of Hastings: 200 Years of the Hastings Fishing Community</i>. Newsbooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9510706-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9510706-0-6"><bdi>0-9510706-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishermen+of+Hastings%3A+200+Years+of+the+Hastings+Fishing+Community&rft.pub=Newsbooks&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-9510706-0-6&rft.aulast=Peak&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarchant1997" class="citation book cs1">Marchant, Rex (1997). <i>Hastings Past</i>. Phillimore & Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-046-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-046-0"><bdi>1-86077-046-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hastings+Past&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-86077-046-0&rft.aulast=Marchant&rft.aufirst=Rex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinn2005" class="citation book cs1">Winn, Christopher (2005). <i>I Never Knew That About England</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Never+Knew+That+About+England&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Down the Line to Hastings</i> Brian Jewell, The Baton Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85936-223-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85936-223-X">0-85936-223-X</a></li> <li>Robert J Harley, <i>Hastings Tramways</i>. Middleton Press 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873793-18-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-873793-18-9">1-873793-18-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNairnPevsner1965" class="citation book cs1">Nairn, Ian; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1965). <i>The Buildings of England: Sussex</i>. Penguin. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buildings+of+England%3A+Sussex&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Nairn&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Pevsner%2C+Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1972" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Ken (1972). <i>Hastings: Then And Now</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hastings%3A+Then+And+Now&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hastings_(England)#Q29245" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Hastings (England)">Hastings (England)</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Hastings27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Hastings27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Hastings</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle,_East_Sussex" title="Battle, East Sussex">Battle</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sedlescombe" title="Sedlescombe">Sedlescombe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_East_Sussex" title="Westfield, East Sussex">Westfield</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rye,_East_Sussex" title="Rye, East Sussex">Rye</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Bexhill-on-Sea" title="Bexhill-on-Sea">Bexhill-on-Sea</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Hastings</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Fairlight,_East_Sussex" title="Fairlight, East Sussex">Fairlight</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Borough_of_Hastings144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hastings" title="Template:Hastings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hastings" title="Template talk:Hastings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hastings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hastings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Borough_of_Hastings144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Borough of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hastings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_and_Rye_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hastings and Rye (UK Parliament constituency)">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Borough_Council_elections" title="Hastings Borough Council elections">Local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally-Ann_Hart" title="Sally-Ann Hart">MP: Sally-Ann Hart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baston_Lodge" title="Baston Lodge">Baston Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauport_Park" title="Beauport Park">Beauport Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassey_Institute" title="Brassey Institute">Brassey Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_Hospital" title="Conquest Hospital">Conquest Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_House,_St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="Crown House, St Leonards-on-Sea">Crown House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Castle" title="Hastings Castle">Hastings Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Contemporary" title="Hastings Contemporary">Hastings Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Fishermen%27s_Museum" title="Hastings Fishermen's Museum">Hastings Fishermen's Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Hastings Museum and Art Gallery">Hastings Museum and Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Pier" title="Hastings Pier">Hastings Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Power_Station" title="Hastings Power Station">Hastings Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Town_Hall" title="Hastings Town Hall">Hastings Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Court" title="Marine Court">Marine Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observer_Building,_Hastings" title="Observer Building, Hastings">Observer Building, Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_Place" title="Ore Place">Ore Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Arcade" title="Pelham Arcade">Pelham Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_Meadow_Shopping_Centre" title="Priory Meadow Shopping Centre">Priory Meadow Shopping Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonards_Pier" title="St Leonards Pier">St Leonards Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_Inn,_Hastings" title="Stag Inn, Hastings">Stag Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerfields,_St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="Summerfields, St Leonards-on-Sea">Summerfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rock_Theatre" title="White Rock Theatre">White Rock Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windycroft" title="Windycroft">Windycroft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Hastings" title="List of places of worship in Hastings">Places of Worship</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls_Church,_Hastings" title="All Souls Church, Hastings">All Souls Church, Hastings</a></li> <li>Christ Church (<a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Ore" title="Christ Church, Ore">Ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="Christ Church, St Leonards-on-Sea">St Leonards</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_the_Wood,_Hollington" title="Church in the Wood, Hollington">Church in the Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Thomas_of_Canterbury_and_English_Martyrs,_St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="Church of St Thomas of Canterbury and English Martyrs, St Leonards-on-Sea">Church of St Thomas of Canterbury and English Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Particular_Baptist_Chapel,_Hastings" title="Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel, Hastings">Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Unitarian_Church" title="Hastings Unitarian Church">Hastings Unitarian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Hastings" title="Holy Trinity Church, Hastings">Holy Trinity Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robertson_Street_United_Reformed_Church" title="Robertson Street United Reformed Church">Robertson Street United Reformed Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Evangelist%27s_Church,_St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St John the Evangelist's Church, St Leonards-on-Sea">St John the Evangelist's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_Church,_St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St Leonard's Church, St Leonards-on-Sea">St Leonard's Church (Anglican)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_Baptist_Church,_St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St Leonard's Baptist Church, St Leonards-on-Sea">St Leonard's Church (Baptist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonards-on-Sea_Congregational_Church" title="St Leonards-on-Sea Congregational Church">St Leonards-on-Sea Congregational Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke%27s_United_Reformed_Church,_Silverhill,_Hastings" title="St Luke's United Reformed Church, Silverhill, Hastings">St Luke's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalene%27s_Church,_St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St Mary Magdalene's Church, St Leonards-on-Sea">St Mary Magdalene's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Star_of_the_Sea_Church,_Hastings" title="St Mary Star of the Sea Church, Hastings">St Mary Star of the Sea Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Church,_Silverhill" title="St Matthew's Church, Silverhill">St Matthew's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St Peter's Church, St Leonards-on-Sea">St Peter's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Square_Baptist_Church,_Hastings" title="Wellington Square Baptist Church, Hastings">Wellington Square Baptist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_Alexandra_Academy" title="Ark Alexandra Academy">Ark Alexandra Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex_College" title="East Sussex College">East Sussex College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Academy" title="Hastings Academy">Hastings Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_School_of_Art" title="Hastings School of Art">Hastings School of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_St_Leonards_Academy" title="The St Leonards Academy">St Leonards Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Centre_Hastings" title="University Centre Hastings">University Centre Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Recreation_Ground" title="Central Recreation Ground">Central Recreation Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex_Cricket_Ground" title="East Sussex Cricket Ground">East Sussex Cricket Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Half_Marathon" title="Hastings Half Marathon">Hastings Half Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_and_St_Leonards_Priory_Cricket_Club" title="Hastings and St Leonards Priory Cricket Club">Hastings Priory CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Open_Bowls_Tournament" title="Hastings Open Bowls Tournament">Hastings Open Bowls Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_United_F.C." title="Hastings United F.C.">Hastings United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horntye_Park_Sports_Complex" title="Horntye Park Sports Complex">Horntye Park Sports Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot_Field" title="The Pilot Field">Pilot Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Saxons_Hockey_Club" title="South Saxons Hockey Club">South Saxons Hockey Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Leonards_F.C." title="St. Leonards F.C.">St. Leonards F.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Roads</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/A21_road_(England)" title="A21 road (England)">A21</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/A28_road" title="A28 road">A28</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/A259_road" title="A259 road">A259</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/A2100_road" title="A2100 road">A2100</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Rail</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulverhythe_railway_station" title="Bulverhythe railway station">Bulverhythe railway station</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East_Hill_Cliff_Railway" title="East Hill Cliff Railway">East Hill Cliff Railway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshlink_line" title="Marshlink line">Marshlink line</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Miniature_Railway" title="Hastings Miniature Railway">Hastings Miniature Railway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hastings_railway_station" title="Hastings railway station">Hastings railway station</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ore_railway_station" title="Ore railway station">Ore railway station</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St_Leonards_Warrior_Square_railway_station" title="St Leonards Warrior Square railway station">St Leonards Warrior Square railway station</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St_Leonards_West_Marina_railway_station" title="St Leonards West Marina railway station">St Leonards West Marina railway station</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Hill_Cliff_Railway" title="West Hill Cliff Railway">West Hill Cliff Railway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_St_Leonards_railway_station" title="West St Leonards railway station">West St Leonards railway station</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Trams & Trolleybuses</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hastings_and_District_Electric_Tramways" title="Hastings and District Electric Tramways">Hastings and District Electric Tramways</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Hastings" title="Trolleybuses in Hastings">Trolleybuses in Hastings</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_%26_St._Leonards_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastings & St. Leonards Observer">Hastings & St. Leonards Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_Radio_Hastings" title="More Radio Hastings">More Radio Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas & Suburbs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_Ground" title="America Ground">America Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldslow" title="Baldslow">Baldslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulverhythe" title="Bulverhythe">Bulverhythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gensing,_East_Sussex" title="Gensing, East Sussex">Gensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollington,_Hastings" title="Hollington, Hastings">Hollington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Old_Town" title="Hastings Old Town">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore,_East_Sussex" title="Ore, East Sussex">Ore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-a-Nore" title="Rock-a-Nore">Rock-a-Nore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverhill,_East_Sussex" title="Silverhill, East Sussex">Silverhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St Leonards-on-Sea">St Leonards-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stade" title="The Stade">The Stade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks & Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Park,_Hastings" title="Alexandra Park, Hastings">Alexandra Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nature Reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Wood_and_Robsack_Wood" title="Church Wood and Robsack Wood">Church Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairlight_Glen" title="Fairlight Glen">Fairlight Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filsham_Reedbed" title="Filsham Reedbed">Filsham Reedbed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Country_Park" title="Hastings Country Park">Hastings Country Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marline_Valley_Woods" title="Marline Valley Woods">Marline Valley Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Roar_Gill_and_Coronation_Wood" title="Old Roar Gill and Coronation Wood">Old Roar Gill and Coronation Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Wood_and_Robsack_Wood" title="Church Wood and Robsack Wood">Robsack Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speckled_Wood,_Hastings" title="Speckled Wood, Hastings">Speckled Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helen%27s_Wood" title="St Helen's Wood">St Helen's Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerfields_Wood" title="Summerfields Wood">Summerfields Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Beer_and_Music_Festival" title="Hastings Beer and Music Festival">Beer and Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Half_Marathon" title="Hastings Half Marathon">Half Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_International_Chess_Congress" title="Hastings International Chess Congress">International Chess Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Day_Run" title="May Day Run">May Day Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Musical_Festival" title="Hastings Musical Festival">Musical Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Old_Town_Week" title="Hastings Old Town Week">Old Town Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Open_Bowls_Tournament" title="Hastings Open Bowls Tournament">Open Bowls Tournament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_East_Sussex323" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Sussex" title="Template:East Sussex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Sussex" title="Template talk:East Sussex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Sussex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Sussex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_East_Sussex323" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:East_Sussex" title="Portal:East Sussex">East Sussex Portal</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">City of Brighton and Hove</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewes_District" title="Lewes District">Lewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rother_District" title="Rother District">Rother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealden_District" title="Wealden District">Wealden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle,_East_Sussex" title="Battle, East Sussex">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bexhill-on-Sea" title="Bexhill-on-Sea">Bexhill-on-Sea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowborough" title="Crowborough">Crowborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailsham" title="Hailsham">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathfield,_East_Sussex" title="Heathfield, East Sussex">Heathfield</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hove" title="Hove">Hove</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newhaven,_East_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Newhaven, East Sussex">Newhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacehaven" title="Peacehaven">Peacehaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottingdean" title="Rottingdean">Rottingdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye,_East_Sussex" title="Rye, East Sussex">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaford,_East_Sussex" title="Seaford, East Sussex">Seaford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St Leonards-on-Sea">St Leonards-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telscombe" title="Telscombe">Telscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uckfield" title="Uckfield">Uckfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadhurst" title="Wadhurst">Wadhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchelsea" title="Winchelsea">Winchelsea</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_East_Sussex" title="List of civil parishes in East Sussex">List of civil parishes in East Sussex</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Cuckmere" class="mw-redirect" title="River Cuckmere">Cuckmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Rother,_East_Sussex" title="River Rother, East Sussex">Rother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tillingham" title="River Tillingham">Tillingham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sussex#Geography" title="Sussex">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_East_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in East Sussex">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_East_Sussex" title="List of places in East Sussex">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_East_Sussex_by_population" title="List of settlements in East Sussex by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sussex" title="History of Sussex">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_East_Sussex" title="List of museums in East Sussex">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_East_Sussex" title="List of schools in East Sussex">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_East_Sussex" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_East_Sussex" title="Category:Country houses in East Sussex">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_East_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grade I listed buildings in East Sussex">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_East_Sussex" title="Grade II* listed buildings in East Sussex">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_East_Sussex" title="Scheduled monuments in East Sussex">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_East_Sussex" title="Lord Lieutenant of East Sussex">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_East_Sussex" title="High Sheriff of East Sussex">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_East_Sussex" title="Category:Transport in East Sussex">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Coast_Plain" title="South Coast Plain">South Coast Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Head" title="Beachy Head">Beachy Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Weald" class="mw-redirect" title="High Weald">High Weald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Man_of_Wilmington" title="Long Man of Wilmington">Long Man of Wilmington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_South_East_England185" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SE_England" title="Template:SE England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SE_England" title="Template talk:SE England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SE_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SE England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_South_East_England185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest" title="Bracknell Forest">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Slough" title="Borough of Slough">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire" title="West Berkshire">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Windsor_and_Maidenhead" title="Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Wokingham" title="Borough of Wokingham">Wokingham</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/200px-South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/300px-South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/400px-South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Council" title="Buckinghamshire Council">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewes_District" title="Lewes District">Lewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rother_District" title="Rother District">Rother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealden_District" title="Wealden District">Wealden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basingstoke_and_Deane" title="Basingstoke and Deane">Basingstoke and Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hampshire" title="East Hampshire">East Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Eastleigh" title="Borough of Eastleigh">Eastleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Fareham" title="Borough of Fareham">Fareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_District" title="Hart District">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Havant" title="Borough of Havant">Havant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_District" title="New Forest District">New Forest</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushmoor" title="Rushmoor">Rushmoor</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Valley" title="Test Valley">Test Valley</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Ashford" title="Borough of Ashford">Ashford</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Dartford" title="Borough of Dartford">Dartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_District" title="Dover District">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkestone_and_Hythe_District" title="Folkestone and Hythe District">Folkestone and Hythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravesham" title="Gravesham">Gravesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Maidstone" title="Borough of Maidstone">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevenoaks_District" title="Sevenoaks District">Sevenoaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Swale" title="Borough of Swale">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanet_District" title="Thanet District">Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonbridge_and_Malling" title="Tonbridge and Malling">Tonbridge and Malling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Borough of Tunbridge Wells">Tunbridge Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherwell_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherwell District">Cherwell</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Oxfordshire" title="South Oxfordshire">South Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_White_Horse" title="Vale of White Horse">Vale of White Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oxfordshire" title="West Oxfordshire">West Oxfordshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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