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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Judges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circuits_and_district_registries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circuits_and_district_registries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Circuits and district registries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circuits_and_district_registries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs_Office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs_Office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Costs Office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs_Office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">High Court of Justice</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="محكمة العدل العليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محكمة العدل العليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchn%C3%AD_soud_(Lond%C3%BDn)" title="Vrchní soud (Londýn) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vrchní soud (Londýn)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsretten_for_England_og_Wales" title="Landsretten for England og Wales – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Landsretten for England og Wales" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="High Court of Justice" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_Superior_de_Justicia_de_Inglaterra_y_Gales" title="Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Inglaterra y Gales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Inglaterra y Gales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیوان عالی دادگستری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوان عالی دادگستری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_Cour_de_justice_(Angleterre-et-Galles)" title="Haute Cour de justice (Angleterre-et-Galles) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haute Cour de justice (Angleterre-et-Galles)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%93%B1%EB%B2%95%EC%9B%90_(%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD)" title="고등법원 (영국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고등법원 (영국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_corte_di_giustizia_(Inghilterra_e_Galles)" title="Alta corte di giustizia (Inghilterra e Galles) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alta corte di giustizia (Inghilterra e Galles)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA)" title="高等法院 (イングランド・ウェールズ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高等法院 (イングランド・ウェールズ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="High Court of Justice" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Corte_de_Justi%C3%A7a" title="Alta Corte de Justiça – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alta Corte de Justiça" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Высокий суд Англии и Уэльса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высокий суд Англии и Уэльса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Високи суд Енглеске и Велса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Високи суд Енглеске и Велса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalet_Y%C3%BCksek_Mahkemesi" title="Adalet Yüksek Mahkemesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Adalet Yüksek Mahkemesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%83" title="Високий суд Англії та Уельсу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Високий суд Англії та Уельсу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2a_%C3%A1n_c%E1%BA%A5p_cao_Anh_v%C3%A0_Wales" title="Tòa án cấp cao Anh và Wales – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tòa án cấp cao Anh và Wales" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%8F%8A%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="英格蘭及威爾斯高等法院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英格蘭及威爾斯高等法院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1617747#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of the Senior Courts of England and Wales</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the court of England and Wales. For high courts in general, see <a href="/wiki/High_court" title="High court">High court</a>. For the court that tried King Charles I, see <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Charles_I" title="Trial of Charles I">Trial of Charles I</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="High Court of Justice (disambiguation)">High Court of Justice (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #Ededed;">High Court of Justice</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/375px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/500px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1875<span class="noprint">; 149 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1 November 1875</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a>, City of Westminster, London</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authorised by</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Statute</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_Act_1873" title="Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873">Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_Act_1875" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1875">Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1875</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_Act_1877" title="Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1877">Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1877</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1891</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Appeal_Act_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Appeal Act 1907">Criminal Appeal Act 1907</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1935</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1938</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1944</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1959</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Senior_Courts_Act_1981" title="Senior Courts Act 1981">Senior Courts Act 1981</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Reform_Act_2005" title="Constitutional Reform Act 2005">Constitutional Reform Act 2005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">Appeals to</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://judiciary.uk/highcourt">judiciary<wbr />.uk<wbr />/highcourt</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>High Court of Justice</b> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, known properly as <b>His Majesty's High Court of Justice in England</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a>, are the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Senior Courts of England and Wales</a>. Its name is abbreviated as <b>EWHC</b> (<a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> High Court) for <a href="/wiki/Legal_citation" title="Legal citation">legal citation</a> purposes. </p><p>The High Court deals at <a href="/wiki/Court_of_first_instance" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of first instance">first instance</a> with all high-value and high-importance <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil law</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal</a>) cases; it also has a supervisory jurisdiction over all subordinate courts and tribunals, with a few statutory exceptions, though there are debates as to whether these exceptions are effective.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The High Court consists of three divisions: the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Bench_Division" title="King's Bench Division">King's Bench Division</a>, the <a href="#Chancery_Division">Chancery Division</a> and the <a href="#Family_Division">Family Division</a>. Their jurisdictions overlap in some cases, and cases started in one division may be transferred by court order to another where appropriate. The differences of procedure and practice between divisions are partly historical, derived from the separate courts which were merged into the single High Court by the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Judicature_Acts" title="Judicature Acts">Judicature Acts</a>, but are mainly driven by the usual nature of their work, for example, conflicting evidence of fact is quite commonly given in person in the King's Bench Division, but evidence by affidavit is more usual in the Chancery Division which is primarily concerned with points of law. </p><p>Most High Court proceedings are heard by a single judge, but certain kinds of proceedings, especially in the King's Bench Division, are assigned to a <a href="/wiki/Divisional_court_(England_and_Wales)" title="Divisional court (England and Wales)">divisional court</a>—a bench of two or more judges. Exceptionally the court may sit with a jury, but in practice normally only in defamation cases or cases against the police. Litigants are normally represented by <a href="/wiki/Counsel" title="Counsel">counsel</a> but may be represented by solicitors qualified to hold a right of audience, or they may act in person. </p><p>In principle, the High Court is bound by its own previous decisions, but there are conflicting authorities as to what extent this is so. Appeal from the High Court in civil matters normally lies to the Court of Appeal, and thence in cases of importance to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Judicial functions of the House of Lords">House of Lords</a> before 2009); in some cases a "leapfrog" appeal may be made directly to the Supreme Court. In criminal matters, appeals from the King's Bench Divisional Court are made directly to the Supreme Court. </p><p>The High Court is based at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice" title="Royal Courts of Justice">Royal Courts of Justice</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a>, London. It has district registries across <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>; almost all High Court proceedings may be issued and heard at a district registry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Court2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Royal_Court2.jpg/290px-Royal_Court2.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Royal_Court2.jpg/435px-Royal_Court2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Royal_Court2.jpg/580px-Royal_Court2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice" title="Royal Courts of Justice">Royal Courts of Justice</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The High Court of Justice was established in 1875 by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_Act_1873" title="Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873">Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873</a>. The Act merged eight existing English courts – the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">Court of King's Bench</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)" title="Court of Common Pleas (England)">Court of Common Pleas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer_of_Pleas" title="Exchequer of Pleas">Court of Exchequer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Admiralty">High Court of Admiralty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Probate" title="Court of Probate">Court of Probate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Court_for_Divorce_and_Matrimonial_Causes" title="Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes">Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes</a>, and the London Court of Bankruptcy – into a new Supreme Court of Judicature (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Courts_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Courts of England and Wales">Senior Courts of England and Wales</a>). The new Supreme Court was divided into the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a>, which exercised <a href="/wiki/Appellate_jurisdiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Appellate jurisdiction">appellate jurisdiction</a>, and the High Court, which exercised <a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction" title="Original jurisdiction">original jurisdiction</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions">Divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, the High Court consisted of five divisions, the King's Bench, Common Pleas, Exchequer, Chancery, and Probate, Divorce and Admiralty divisions. In 1880, the Common Pleas and Exchequer divisions were abolished, leaving three divisions. The Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division was renamed to the Family Division by the <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Justice_Act_1970" title="Administration of Justice Act 1970">Administration of Justice Act 1970</a>, and its jurisdiction reorganised accordingly. The High Court is now organised into three divisions: the King's Bench Division, the Chancery Division, and the Family Division.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A list of hearings in the High Court's divisions is published daily.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King's_Bench_Division"><span id="King.27s_Bench_Division"></span>King's Bench Division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: King's Bench Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of the series: <b><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts of England and Wales</a></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law of England and Wales</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Courts_and_Tribunals_Service" title="His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service">His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judges%27_Council" title="Judges' Council">Judges' Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Civil and family courts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Rolls" title="Master of the Rolls">Master of the Rolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">High Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Bench_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the King's Bench Division">President of the King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Family_Division" title="President of the Family Division">President of the Family Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_High_Court" title="Chancellor of the High Court">Chancellor of the High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">High Court judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Court_(England_and_Wales)" title="County Court (England and Wales)">County Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_County_Court_venues_in_England_and_Wales" title="List of County Court venues in England and Wales">List of County Court venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Court_Business_Centre" title="County Court Business Centre">County Court Business Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales#District_judges" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">District judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Court_(England_and_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Court (England and Wales)">Family Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Protection" title="Court of Protection">Court of Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Chivalry" title="High Court of Chivalry">Court of Chivalry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Criminal courts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">High Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Bench_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the King's Bench Division">President of the King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">High Court judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crown_Court_venues_in_England_and_Wales" title="List of Crown Court venues in England and Wales">List of Crown Court venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Circuit judge (England and Wales)">Circuit judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_(judge)" title="Recorder (judge)">Recorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)" title="Magistrates' court (England and Wales)">Magistrates' courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales#District_judges" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">District judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates of England and Wales">Justice of the peace / lay magistrates</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Criminal prosecution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_(England_and_Wales)" title="Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)">Director of Public Prosecutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service" title="Crown Prosecution Service">Crown Prosecution Service</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legal profession</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Bar" title="General Council of the Bar">Bar Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barristers_in_England_and_Wales" title="Barristers in England and Wales">Barrister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Society_of_England_and_Wales" title="Law Society of England and Wales">Law Society of England and Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">Solicitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_advocate" title="Solicitor advocate">Solicitor advocate</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CourtsEnglandWales" title="Template:CourtsEnglandWales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CourtsEnglandWales" title="Template talk:CourtsEnglandWales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CourtsEnglandWales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CourtsEnglandWales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The King's Bench Division (KBD) – or Queen's Bench Division when the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarch</a> is female – hears a wide range of common law cases and also has special responsibility as a supervisory court. It includes subdivisions such as the Administrative Court, the Commercial Court, the Technology and Construction Court, and the Admiralty Court. </p><p>Until 2005, the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales was the head of the Division. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 created a <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Queen%27s_Bench_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Queen's Bench Division">President of the Queen's Bench Division</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chancery_Division">Chancery Division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chancery Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a></div> <p>The Chancery Division (housed in the <a href="/wiki/Rolls_Building" title="Rolls Building">Rolls Building</a>) deals with <a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">business law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a> law, <a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">probate</a> law, insolvency, and <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">land</a> law in relation to issues of <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equity</a>. It has specialist courts (the <a href="/wiki/Patents_Court" title="Patents Court">Patents Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Companies_Court" title="Companies Court">Companies Court</a>) which deal with patents and registered designs and <a href="/wiki/Corporations_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations law">company law</a> matters respectively. All tax appeals are assigned to the Chancery Division. </p><p>Until 2005, the Lord Chancellor was the <i>de jure</i> head of the Chancery Division, but appointed a <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_(UK_legal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Chancellor (UK legal system)">Vice-Chancellor</a> who nominally acted as his deputy. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 renamed the Vice-Chancellor to <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_High_Court" title="Chancellor of the High Court">Chancellor of the High Court</a> and made him the head of the Division. </p><p>Cases heard before the Chancery Division are reported in the Chancery Division law reports. In practice, there is some overlap of jurisdiction with the KBD. </p><p>From October 2015, the Chancery Division and the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Court_(England_and_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Court (England and Wales)">Commercial Court</a> have maintained the Financial List for cases which would benefit from being heard by judges with suitable expertise and experience in the financial markets or which raise issues of general importance to the financial markets. The procedure was introduced to enable fast, efficient and high quality dispute resolution of claims related to the financial markets.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Business_and_Property_Courts">Business and Property Courts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Business and Property Courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formation within the High Court of the Business and Property Courts of England and Wales was announced in March 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and launched in London in July 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The courts would in future administer the specialist jurisdictions previously administered in the King's Bench Division under the names of the Admiralty Court, the Commercial Court, and the Technology and Construction Court, and in the Chancery Division under the lists for business, company and insolvency law, competition, finance, intellectual property, revenue, and trusts and probate. The change was meant to enable judges who have suitable expertise and experience in the specialist business and property jurisdictions to be cross-deployed to sit in the specialist courts, while continuing existing <a href="/wiki/Practice_direction" title="Practice direction">practices</a> for cases that proceed in them.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_Division">Family Division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Family Division deals with personal human matters such as divorce, children, <a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">probate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medical treatment</a>. Its decisions are often of great importance only to the parties, but may concern life and death and are perhaps inevitably regarded as controversial. For example, it permitted a hospital to separate <a href="/wiki/Conjoined_twins" title="Conjoined twins">conjoined twins</a> without the parents' consent.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002 it made a landmark judgement in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Ms_B_v_An_NHS_Hospital_Trust" title="Ms B v An NHS Hospital Trust">Ms B v An NHS Hospital Trust</a></i> regarding the right of mentally competent patients to withdraw from life-saving treatment. The Family Division exercises jurisdiction to hear all cases relating to children's welfare, and has an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_jurisdiction" title="Exclusive jurisdiction">exclusive jurisdiction</a> in wardship cases. Its head is the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Family_Division" title="President of the Family Division">President of the Family Division</a>, currently Sir <a href="/wiki/Andrew_McFarlane_(judge)" title="Andrew McFarlane (judge)">Andrew McFarlane</a>. High Court Judges of the Family Division sit at the Royal Courts of Justice, Strand, London, while District Judges of the Family Division sit at First Avenue House, Holborn, London.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Family Division is comparatively modern. The <a href="/wiki/Judicature_Acts" title="Judicature Acts">Judicature Acts</a> first combined the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Probate" title="Court of Probate">Court of Probate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Court_for_Divorce_and_Matrimonial_Causes" title="Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes">Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Admiralty">High Court of Admiralty</a> into the then <i>Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division</i> of the High Court, or <i>The Court of Wills, Wives and Wrecks</i>, as it was informally called. That was renamed the Family Division in 1971 when the admiralty and contentious probate business were transferred elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Family Division has faced criticism by allowing allegedly abusive partners to <a href="/wiki/Cross-examination" title="Cross-examination">cross-examine</a> their former partners; a procedure already banned in criminal procedure. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kyle_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Kyle (politician)">Peter Kyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hove_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hove (UK Parliament constituency)">MP for Hove</a>, claimed this amounted to "abuse and brutalisation", and called for the system to be changed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a>, when she was <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>, announced plans to end this practice, and proposals were contained in Clause 47 of the Prisons and Courts Bill before <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> was <a href="/wiki/Legislative_session" title="Legislative session">prorogued</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sittings">Sittings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The High Court only operates within four traditional periods in the year, known as <i>sittings</i>: </p> <ul><li><i>Michaelmas</i>: 1 October to 21 December</li> <li><i>Hilary</i>: 11 January to the Wednesday before Easter</li> <li><i>Easter</i>: the second Tuesday after Easter to the Friday before the <a href="/wiki/Spring_bank_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring bank holiday">Spring bank holiday</a> (last Monday in May)</li> <li><i>Trinity</i>: the second Tuesday after the spring holiday to 31 July</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judges">Judges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">High Court judge (England and Wales)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Court_Judges_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Court Judges of England and Wales">List of High Court Judges of England and Wales</a></div> <p>The <i>Justices of His Majesty's High Court of Justice</i> are informally known as <i>High Court judges</i>, and in judicial matters are formally styled "The Honourable Mr(s) Justice (Forename) Surname", abbreviated in writing to "Surname J". In court, they are properly addressed as <i>My Lord</i> or <i>My Lady</i>. Since by convention they are knighted upon appointment, socially they are addressed as <i>Sir Forename</i> or <i>Dame Forename</i>. High Court judges are sometimes referred to as <i>red judges</i> after the colour of their formal robes, in contrast to the junior circuit judges who are referred to as <i>purple judges</i> for the same reason. </p><p>Masters (also judges in the High Court) are addressed as 'Master', regardless of gender, or 'Judge' and they wear dark blue gowns with pink tabs echoing the red of the High Court justices' robes. Within the Chancery Division of the High Court, there are also <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales#High_Court_Justices,_Masters_and_Insolvency_and_Companies_Court_Judges" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">Insolvency and Companies Court Judges</a>, who hear the majority of High Court insolvency (both personal and corporate) and company law cases and trials, together with some appeals from the County Court. They too wear dark blue gowns with pink tabs and are addressed as 'Judge' in court. </p><p>Justices of the High Court, Insolvency and Companies Court Judges and Masters are appointed by the King on the recommendation of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Appointments_Commission" title="Judicial Appointments Commission">Judicial Appointments Commission</a>, from qualified lawyers. The Lord Chancellor, and all government ministers, are statutorily required to "uphold the continued independence of the judiciary",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and both Houses of Parliament have standing orders to similar effect. High Court justices may be removed before their statutory retirement age only by a procedure requiring the approval of both Houses of Parliament. </p><p>In addition to full High Court justices, other qualified persons such as retired judges, circuit judges from the <a href="/wiki/County_Court_(England_and_Wales)" title="County Court (England and Wales)">County Court</a>, and barristers are appointed to sit as deputy judges of the High Court to hear particular cases, and while sitting are addressed as though they were full High Court judges. Trials in London are also conducted by Insolvency and Companies Court Judges and Masters, who have almost identical trial jurisdiction to full High Court judges but who do not hear committals to prison, criminal cases, or judicial review and do not travel 'on circuit' to outlying courts. </p><p>High Court justices (usually from the King's Bench Division) also sit in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a>, which try the more significant criminal cases, but High Court Judges only hear the most serious and important cases, with <a href="/wiki/Circuit_judge_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit judge (UK)">circuit judges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(judge)" title="Recorder (judge)">recorders</a> hearing the majority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circuits_and_district_registries">Circuits and district registries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Circuits and district registries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Circuit_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Circuit judge (England and Wales)">Circuit judge (England and Wales)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_in_England_and_Wales#District_registries_of_the_High_Court" title="List of courts in England and Wales">List of courts in England and Wales § District registries of the High Court</a></div> <p>Historically the ultimate source of all justice in England was the monarch. All judges sit in judgment on the monarch's behalf (hence they have the royal coat of arms displayed behind them) and criminal prosecutions are generally made in the monarch's name. Historically, local magnates administered justice in <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manorial courts</a> and other ways. Inevitably, the justice administered was patchy and appeals were made direct to the monarch. The monarch's travelling representatives (whose primary purpose was tax collection) acted on behalf of the monarch to make the administration of justice more even <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Royal_justice" title="Royal justice">Royal justice</a>)</span>. </p><p>The tradition continues of judges travelling around the country in set 'circuits', where they hear cases in the 'district registries' of the High Court. The 'main' High Court (in the City of Westminster, London) is not itself a High Court district registry.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The High Court previously divided England and Wales into six circuits namely the Midlands, Northern England, North Eastern England, South Eastern England, Wales (including <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>), and Western England.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2005, the High Court has used seven circuits, listed below, which are identical to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>London, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> region.</li> <li>Midlands, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> regions, plus <a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire" title="North East Lincolnshire">North East Lincolnshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire" title="North Lincolnshire">North Lincolnshire</a>.</li> <li>North East England, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a> regions, minus North East Lincolnshire and North Lincolnshire.</li> <li>North West England, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West England</a> region.</li> <li>South East England, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a> regions, minus <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>.</li> <li>South West England, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a> region, plus Hampshire and the Isle of Wight.</li> <li>Wales, consisting of all of Wales.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costs_Office">Costs Office</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Costs Office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Senior Courts Costs Office, which quantifies legal costs pursuant to orders for costs, serves all divisions. The Costs Office is part of the High Court,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so generally all detailed assessment proceedings commenced in the Costs Office are subject to provisional assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exceptions from provisional assessment are detailed assessment proceedings in which the costs claimed are large (greater than £75,000) or in which the potential paying party does not respond to the notice of assessment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_enforcement_officer" title="High Court enforcement officer">High Court enforcement officer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilson1875" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Arthur (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtofju00wils">"The Supreme Court of Judicature Acts 1873 and 1875. Schedule of Rules and Forms, and other Rules and Orders. With notes"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>. Stevens and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=The+Supreme+Court+of+Judicature+Acts+1873+and+1875.+Schedule+of+Rules+and+Forms%2C+and+other+Rules+and+Orders.+With+notes&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupremecourtofju00wils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/30/schedule/1">"Interpretation Act 1978, schedule 1"</a>. The National Archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interpretation+Act+1978%2C+schedule+1&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1978%2F30%2Fschedule%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1968/6.html">"Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission [1968] UKHL 6 (17 December 1968)"</a>. <i>www.bailii.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bailii.org&rft.atitle=Anisminic+Ltd+v+Foreign+Compensation+Commission+%5B1968%5D+UKHL+6+%2817+December+1968%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bailii.org%2Fuk%2Fcases%2FUKHL%2F1968%2F6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Smith (2010). p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/royal-courts-of-justice-and-rolls-building-daily-court-lists">"Royal Courts of Justice and Rolls Building daily court lists"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. 19 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Royal+Courts+of+Justice+and+Rolls+Building+daily+court+lists&rft.date=2024-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fcollections%2Froyal-courts-of-justice-and-rolls-building-daily-court-lists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.uk/courts-and-tribunals/business-and-property-courts/financial-list-guide/">"Financial List Guide"</a>. <i>Courts and Tribunals Judiciary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Courts+and+Tribunals+Judiciary&rft.atitle=Financial+List+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciary.uk%2Fcourts-and-tribunals%2Fbusiness-and-property-courts%2Ffinancial-list-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728215123/https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/announcements/business-and-property-courts-media-release/">"Business and Property Courts: Media Release"</a>. 12 March 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/announcements/business-and-property-courts-media-release/">the original</a> on 28 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Business+and+Property+Courts%3A+Media+Release&rft.date=2017-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciary.gov.uk%2Fannouncements%2Fbusiness-and-property-courts-media-release%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728215123/https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/announcements/business-and-property-courts-media-release/">"Launch of Business and Property Courts, Judicial Office"</a>. 4 July 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/announcements/business-and-property-courts-media-release/">the original</a> on 28 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+by+Sir+James+Munby%2C+President+of+the+Family+Division+and+Head+of+Family+Justice+in+the+President%27s+Court&rft.pub=Courts+and+Tribunals+Judiciary&rft.date=2014-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciary.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F05%2Ffamily-justice-reforms-29042014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaville2016" class="citation news cs1">Laville, Sandra (22 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/dec/22/revealed-how-family-courts-allow-abusers-to-torment-their-victims">"Revealed: how family courts allow abusers to torment their victims"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/home-affairs/justice-system/news/83274/liz-truss-ban-humiliating-questioning-women-abusive">the original</a> on 9 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PoliticsHome.com&rft.atitle=Liz+Truss+to+ban+%27humiliating%27+questioning+of+women+by+abusive+exes+in+court&rft.date=2017-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politicshome.com%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-affairs%2Fjustice-system%2Fnews%2F83274%2Fliz-truss-ban-humiliating-questioning-women-abusive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/cbill/2016-2017/0170/cbill_2016-20170170_en_6.htm#pt2-pb8-l1g47">"Clause 47 | Prisons and Courts Bill 2016-17"</a>. <i>services.parliament.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=services.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=Clause+47+%7C+Prisons+and+Courts+Bill+2016-17&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fbills%2Fcbill%2F2016-2017%2F0170%2Fcbill_2016-20170170_en_6.htm%23pt2-pb8-l1g47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 3, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Reform_Act_2005" title="Constitutional Reform Act 2005">Constitutional Reform Act 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/4/section/3">https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/4/section/3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">partial support: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/rcj-rolls-building/Kings-bench">UK Ministry Of Justice, King's Bench Division webpage</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, 'Outside London, the work of the King's Bench Division is administered in provincial offices known as District Registries. In London, the work is administered in the Central Office [of the King's Bench Division of the High Court] at the Royal Courts of Justice.' (accessed 17 April 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/5-636-2498?__lrTS=20171104193513575&transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true&bhcp=1">"Legal Systems in the UK (England and Wales): Overview"</a>. <i>Practical Law</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Practical+Law&rft.atitle=Legal+Systems+in+the+UK+%28England+and+Wales%29%3A+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com%2F5-636-2498%3F__lrTS%3D20171104193513575%26transitionType%3DDefault%26contextData%3D%28sc.Default%29%26firstPage%3Dtrue%26bhcp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/international-visitors-guide-10a.pdf#page=11">The Judicial System of England and Wales: A visitor's guide - What are Circuits?</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Judicial Office</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/who-are-the-judiciary/judges/circuit-judge/">"Circuit judges"</a>. <i>Courts and Tribunals Judiciary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Courts+and+Tribunals+Judiciary&rft.atitle=Circuit+judges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciary.uk%2Fabout-the-judiciary%2Fwho-are-the-judiciary%2Fjudges%2Fcircuit-judge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ministry of Justice, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part-47-procedure-for-detailed-assessment/practice-direction-46-costs-special-cases2#4.1">CPR Part 47 Practice Direction 4.2(2)(c)</a>, 'the Costs Office as part of the High Court', accessed 18 April 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ministry of Justice, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part-47-procedure-for-detailed-assessment#rule47.15">Civil Procedure Rule 47.15(1)</a>, accessed 18 April 2014</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsSmith2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glanville_Williams" title="Glanville Williams">Williams, Glanville Llewellyn</a>; Smith, A.T.H. (27 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1shPwAACAAJ"><i>Learning the Law</i></a>. Sweet & Maxwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-414-04173-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-414-04173-8"><bdi>978-0-414-04173-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+the+Law&rft.pub=Sweet+%26+Maxwell&rft.date=2010-07-27&rft.isbn=978-0-414-04173-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Glanville+Llewellyn&rft.au=Smith%2C+A.T.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1shPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.uk/guidance/courts-and-tribunals/courts/rcj/index.htm">Royal Courts of Justice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215111657/http://www.justice.gov.uk/guidance/courts-and-tribunals/courts/rcj/index.htm">Archived</a> 15 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">Court of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Protection" title="Court of Protection">Court of Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Chivalry" title="High Court of Chivalry">High Court of Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates' Court">Magistrates' Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_in_Chancery" title="Court of Appeal in Chancery">Court of Appeal in Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assizes" title="Assizes">Assize Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_for_Crown_Cases_Reserved" title="Court for Crown Cases Reserved">Court for Crown Cases Reserved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)" title="Court of Common Pleas (England)">Court of Common Pleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_for_Divorce_and_Matrimonial_Causes" title="Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes">Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_of_Pleas" title="Exchequer of Pleas">Court of Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Great_Sessions_in_Wales" title="Court of Great Sessions in Wales">Court of Great Sessions in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_High_Commission" title="Court of High Commission">Court of High Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">Court of King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Probate" title="Court of Probate">Court of Probate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Rolls" title="Master of the Rolls">Master of the Rolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">High Court judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Circuit judge (England and Wales)">Circuit judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_London" title="Recorder of London">Recorder of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_Liverpool" title="Recorder of Liverpool">Recorder of Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_Manchester" title="Recorder of Manchester">Recorder of Manchester</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Serjeant_of_London" title="Common Serjeant of London">Common Serjeant of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" title="Lords of Appeal in Ordinary">Lords of Appeal in Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas" title="Chief Justice of the Common Pleas">Chief Justice of the Common Pleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Baron_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chief Baron of the Exchequer">Chief Baron of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_King%27s_Bench" title="Justice of the King's Bench">Justice of the King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas" title="Justice of the Common Pleas">Justice of the Common Pleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_Chester" title="Justice of Chester">Justice of Chester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Solicitor General for England and Wales">Solicitor General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Advocate" title="King's Advocate">King's Advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Advocate" title="Admiralty Advocate">Admiralty Advocate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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