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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Hearing_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Hearing mechanism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hearing_mechanism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hearing mechanism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hearing_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outer_ear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_ear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Outer ear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_ear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_ear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_ear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle ear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_ear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_ear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_ear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Inner ear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_ear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuronal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuronal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Neuronal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuronal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hearing_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hearing tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hearing_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hearing loss</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hearing_loss-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hearing loss subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hearing_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Relation to health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hearing_underwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing_underwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hearing underwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing_underwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In vertebrates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_vertebrates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In vertebrates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frequency_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Frequency range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Time discrimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>In birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hearing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehoor" title="Gehoor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gehoor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B9" title="سمع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سمع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyida" title="Oyida – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oyida" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audici%C3%B3n" title="Audición – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Audición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isch%27uki%C3%B1a" title="Isch'ukiña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Isch'ukiña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Fitm%C9%99" title="Eşitmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eşitmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="শ্রবণশক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রবণশক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Слых – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Слых" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Слых – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Слых" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandangog" title="Pandangog – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pandangog" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85" title="Слух – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Слух" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluh" title="Sluh – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sluh" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%AFda" title="Oïda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oïda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%82%D3%B3" title="Илтӳ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Илтӳ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluch" title="Sluch – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sluch" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyw" title="Clyw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clyw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8resans" title="Høresans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Høresans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditive_Wahrnehmung" title="Auditive Wahrnehmung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Auditive Wahrnehmung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuulmine" title="Kuulmine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuulmine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AE" title="Ακοή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακοή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audici%C3%B3n" title="Audición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Audición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADdo" title="Aŭdo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭdo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entzumen" title="Entzumen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Entzumen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="شنوایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شنوایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou%C3%AFe_(sens)" title="Ouïe (sens) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ouïe (sens)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89isteacht" title="Éisteacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éisteacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audici%C3%B3n" title="Audición – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Audición" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EA%B0%81" title="청각 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="청각" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji" title="Ji – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ji" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լսողություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լսողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="श्रव्यता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्रव्यता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluh" title="Sluh – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sluh" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendengaran" title="Pendengaran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendengaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audito" title="Audito – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Audito" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuzwa" title="Ukuzwa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukuzwa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%94" title="שמיעה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמיעה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83" title="Есту – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Есту" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tande" title="Tande – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tande" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bih%C3%AEstin" title="Bihîstin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bihîstin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83" title="Угуу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Угуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditus" title="Auditus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Auditus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzirde" title="Dzirde – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzirde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klausa" title="Klausa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klausa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall%C3%A1s" title="Hallás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hallás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85" title="Слух – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Слух" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="കേൾവിശക്തി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കേൾവിശക്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="श्रवणशक्ती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="श्रवणशक्ती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendengaran" title="Pendengaran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendengaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehoor" title="Gehoor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gehoor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B4%E8%A6%9A" title="聴覚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聴覚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8rsel" title="Hørsel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hørsel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yrsle" title="Høyrsle – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Høyrsle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausida" title="Ausida – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ausida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshitish" title="Eshitish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eshitish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%84" title="اورېدل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اورېدل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou%C3%AFe_(sins)" title="Ouïe (sins) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ouïe (sins)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82uch" title="Słuch – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Słuch" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Audição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Audição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auz" title="Auz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Auz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyariy" title="Uyariy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uyariy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85" title="Слух – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Слух" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ABgjimi" title="Dëgjimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dëgjimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hearing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluch" title="Sluch – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sluch" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluh" title="Sluh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sluh" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqal" title="Maqal – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Maqal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85" title="Слух – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слух" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluh" title="Sluh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sluh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuloaisti" title="Kuuloaisti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuuloaisti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6rsel" title="Hörsel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hörsel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timesliwt" title="Timesliwt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timesliwt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="การได้ยิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การได้ยิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Шунавоӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шунавоӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fitme" title="İşitme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İşitme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85" title="Слух – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Слух" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8F%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سُننا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سُننا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADnh_gi%C3%A1c" title="Thính giác – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thính giác" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuldmin%C3%B5" title="Kuuldminõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kuuldminõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungug" title="Dungug – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dungug" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%AC%E8%A7%89" title="听觉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="听觉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聽覺" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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For the legal proceeding, see <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(law)" title="Hearing (law)">Hearing (law)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hearing (disambiguation)">Hearing (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Oral_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Oral (disambiguation)">Oral</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Auditory perception" redirects here. The term may also refer to <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hear" and "Aural" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hear_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hear (disambiguation)">Hear (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aural_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aural (disambiguation)">Aural (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Medical_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary sources">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review the contents of the article and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit">add the appropriate references</a> if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hearing%22">"Hearing"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hearing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hearing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hearing%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hearing%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hearing%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/52px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/77px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/103px-Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/300px-seek%3D23-Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="147" data-mwtitle="Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Video showing how sounds make their way from the source to the brain</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hearing</b>, or <b>auditory perception</b>, is the ability to perceive <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sounds</a> through an organ, such as an <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a>, by detecting <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibrations</a> as periodic changes in the pressure of a surrounding medium.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academic field concerned with hearing is <a href="/wiki/Auditory_science" title="Auditory science">auditory science</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Global_Audiology" class="extiw" title="v:Global Audiology">Global Audiology</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <p>Sound may be heard through <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gaseous</a> matter.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the traditional five <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">senses</a>. Partial or total inability to hear is called <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a>. </p><p>In humans and other vertebrates, hearing is performed primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory system</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_wave" title="Mechanical wave">mechanical waves</a>, known as vibrations, are detected by the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">transduced</a> into nerve impulses that are perceived by the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> (primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a>). Like <a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">touch</a>, audition requires sensitivity to the movement of molecules in the world outside the organism. Both hearing and touch are types of <a href="/wiki/Mechanosensation" title="Mechanosensation">mechanosensation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peng_2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hearing_mechanism">Hearing mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hearing mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three main components of the human <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory system</a>: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_ear">Outer ear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outer ear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">Outer ear</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tidens_naturl%C3%A6re_fig40.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tidens_naturl%C3%A6re_fig40.png/220px-Tidens_naturl%C3%A6re_fig40.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tidens_naturl%C3%A6re_fig40.png/330px-Tidens_naturl%C3%A6re_fig40.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tidens_naturl%C3%A6re_fig40.png/440px-Tidens_naturl%C3%A6re_fig40.png 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram of the human ear<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The outer ear includes the <a href="/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinna (anatomy)">pinna</a>, the visible part of the ear, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">ear canal</a>, which terminates at the <a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">eardrum</a>, also called the tympanic membrane. The pinna serves to focus sound waves through the ear canal toward the eardrum. Because of the asymmetrical character of the outer ear of most mammals, sound is <a href="/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)" title="Filter (signal processing)">filtered</a> differently on its way into the ear depending on the location of its origin. This gives these animals the ability to localize sound <a href="/wiki/Vertical_sound_localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical sound localization">vertically</a>. The eardrum is an airtight membrane, and when sound waves arrive there, they cause it to vibrate following the <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveform</a> of the sound. <a href="/wiki/Cerumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerumen">Cerumen</a> (ear wax) is produced by <a href="/wiki/Ceruminous_gland" title="Ceruminous gland">ceruminous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous glands</a> in the skin of the human ear canal, protecting the ear canal and tympanic membrane from physical damage and microbial invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_ear">Middle ear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle ear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">Middle ear</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray919.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray919.png/170px-Gray919.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray919.png/255px-Gray919.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray919.png/340px-Gray919.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The middle ear uses three tiny bones, the malleus, the incus, and the stapes, to convey vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.</figcaption></figure> <p>The middle ear consists of a small air-filled chamber that is located medial to the eardrum. Within this chamber are the three smallest bones in the body, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">ossicles</a> which include the malleus, incus, and stapes (also known as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, respectively). They aid in the transmission of the vibrations from the eardrum into the inner ear, the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a>. The purpose of the middle ear ossicles is to overcome the <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_impedance" title="Acoustic impedance">impedance</a> mismatch between air waves and cochlear waves, by providing <a href="/wiki/Impedance_matching" title="Impedance matching">impedance matching</a>. </p><p>Also located in the middle ear are the <a href="/wiki/Stapedius_muscle" title="Stapedius muscle">stapedius muscle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tensor_tympani_muscle" title="Tensor tympani muscle">tensor tympani muscle</a>, which protect the hearing mechanism through a stiffening reflex. The stapes transmits sound waves to the inner ear through the <a href="/wiki/Oval_window" title="Oval window">oval window</a>, a flexible membrane separating the air-filled middle ear from the fluid-filled inner ear. The <a href="/wiki/Round_window" title="Round window">round window</a>, another flexible membrane, allows for the smooth displacement of the inner ear fluid caused by the entering sound waves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_ear">Inner ear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inner ear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Right_osseous_labyrinth_svg_hariadhi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Right_osseous_labyrinth_svg_hariadhi.svg/220px-Right_osseous_labyrinth_svg_hariadhi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Right_osseous_labyrinth_svg_hariadhi.svg/330px-Right_osseous_labyrinth_svg_hariadhi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Right_osseous_labyrinth_svg_hariadhi.svg/440px-Right_osseous_labyrinth_svg_hariadhi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The inner ear is a small but very complex organ.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">Inner ear</a></div> <p>The inner ear consists of the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a>, which is a spiral-shaped, fluid-filled tube. It is divided lengthwise by the <a href="/wiki/Organ_of_Corti" title="Organ of Corti">organ of Corti</a>, which is the main organ of <a href="/wiki/Neuronal_encoding_of_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuronal encoding of sound">mechanical to neural transduction</a>. Inside the organ of Corti is the <a href="/wiki/Basilar_membrane" title="Basilar membrane">basilar membrane</a>, a structure that vibrates when waves from the middle ear propagate through the cochlear fluid – <a href="/wiki/Endolymph" title="Endolymph">endolymph</a>. The basilar membrane is <a href="/wiki/Tonotopy" title="Tonotopy">tonotopic</a>, so that each frequency has a characteristic place of resonance along it. Characteristic frequencies are high at the basal entrance to the cochlea, and low at the apex. Basilar membrane motion causes <a href="/wiki/Depolarization" title="Depolarization">depolarization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hair_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair cells">hair cells</a>, specialized auditory receptors located within the organ of Corti.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the hair cells do not produce <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a> themselves, they release neurotransmitter at synapses with the fibers of the <a href="/wiki/Auditory_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory nerve">auditory nerve</a>, which does produce action potentials. In this way, the patterns of oscillations on the basilar membrane are converted to <a href="/wiki/Spatiotemporal_pattern" title="Spatiotemporal pattern">spatiotemporal patterns</a> of firings which transmit information about the sound to the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuronal">Neuronal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Neuronal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neuronal_encoding_of_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuronal encoding of sound">Neuronal encoding of sound</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lateral_lemniscus.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lateral_lemniscus.PNG/170px-Lateral_lemniscus.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lateral_lemniscus.PNG/255px-Lateral_lemniscus.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lateral_lemniscus.PNG/340px-Lateral_lemniscus.PNG 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemnisci" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral lemnisci">lateral lemnisci</a> (red) connects lower brainstem auditory nuclei to the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">inferior colliculus</a> in the midbrain.</figcaption></figure> <p>The sound information from the cochlea travels via the <a href="/wiki/Auditory_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory nerve">auditory nerve</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nucleus" title="Cochlear nucleus">cochlear nucleus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>. From there, the signals are projected to the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">inferior colliculus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> <a href="/wiki/Tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectum">tectum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">inferior colliculus</a> integrates auditory input with limited input from other parts of the brain and is involved in subconscious reflexes such as the auditory <a href="/wiki/Startle_response" title="Startle response">startle response</a>. </p><p>The inferior colliculus in turn projects to the <a href="/wiki/Medial_geniculate_nucleus" title="Medial geniculate nucleus">medial geniculate nucleus</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> where sound information is relayed to the <a href="/wiki/Primary_auditory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary auditory cortex">primary auditory cortex</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a>. Sound is believed to first become consciously experienced at the <a href="/wiki/Primary_auditory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary auditory cortex">primary auditory cortex</a>. Around the <a href="/wiki/Primary_auditory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary auditory cortex">primary auditory cortex</a> lies <a href="/wiki/Wernickes_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Wernickes area">Wernickes area</a>, a cortical area involved in interpreting sounds that is necessary to understand spoken words. </p><p>Disturbances (such as <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trauma_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauma (medicine)">trauma</a>) at any of these levels can cause hearing problems, especially if the disturbance is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bilateral" class="extiw" title="wikt:bilateral">bilateral</a>. In some instances it can also lead to <a href="/wiki/Auditory_hallucinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory hallucinations">auditory hallucinations</a> or more complex difficulties in perceiving sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hearing_tests">Hearing tests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hearing tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hearing_test" title="Hearing test">Hearing test</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audiometry" title="Audiometry">Audiometry</a></div> <p>Hearing can be measured by behavioral tests using an <a href="/wiki/Audiometer" title="Audiometer">audiometer</a>. Electrophysiological tests of hearing can provide accurate measurements of hearing thresholds even in unconscious subjects. Such tests include <a href="/wiki/Auditory_brainstem_response" title="Auditory brainstem response">auditory brainstem evoked potentials</a> (ABR), <a href="/wiki/Otoacoustic_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoacoustic emissions">otoacoustic emissions</a> (OAE) and <a href="/wiki/Electrocochleography" title="Electrocochleography">electrocochleography</a> (ECochG). Technical advances in these tests have allowed hearing screening for infants to become widespread. </p><p>Hearing can be measured by mobile applications which includes audiological hearing test function or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_aid_application&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hearing aid application (page does not exist)">hearing aid application</a>. These applications allow the user to measure <a href="/wiki/Hearing_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing threshold">hearing thresholds</a> at different frequencies (<a href="/wiki/Audiogram" title="Audiogram">audiogram</a>). Despite possible errors in measurements, <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a> can be detected.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hearing_loss">Hearing loss</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hearing loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></div> <p>There are several different types of hearing loss: <a href="/wiki/Conductive_hearing_loss" title="Conductive hearing loss">conductive hearing loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensorineural_hearing_loss" title="Sensorineural hearing loss">sensorineural hearing loss</a> and mixed types. Recently, the term of <a href="/wiki/Aural_diversity" title="Aural diversity">Aural Diversity</a> has come into greater use, to communicate hearing loss and differences in a less negatively-associated term. </p><p>There are defined degrees of hearing loss:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Mild hearing loss</b> - People with mild hearing loss have difficulties keeping up with conversations, especially in noisy surroundings. The most quiet sounds that people with mild hearing loss can hear with their better ear are between 25 and 40 dB HL.</li> <li><b>Moderate hearing loss</b> - People with moderate hearing loss have difficulty keeping up with conversations when they are not using a hearing aid. On average, the most quiet sounds heard by people with moderate hearing loss with their better ear are between 40 and 70 dB HL.</li> <li><b>Severe hearing loss</b> - People with severe hearing loss depend on powerful hearing aid. However, they often rely on lip-reading even when they are using hearing aids. The most quiet sounds heard by people with severe hearing loss with their better ear are between 70 and 95 dB HL.</li> <li><b>Profound hearing loss</b> - People with profound hearing loss are very hard of hearing and they mostly rely on lip-reading and sign language. The most quiet sounds heard by people with profound hearing loss with their better ear are from 95 dB HL or more.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes">Causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Heredity</li> <li>Congenital conditions</li> <li>Presbycusis</li> <li>Acquired <ul><li>Noise-induced hearing loss</li> <li>Ototoxic drugs and chemicals</li> <li>Infection</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevention">Prevention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hearing protection is the use of devices designed to prevent <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">noise-induced hearing loss</a> (NIHL), a type of <a href="/wiki/Post-lingual_hearing_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-lingual hearing impairment">post-lingual hearing impairment</a>. The various means used to prevent hearing loss generally focus on reducing the levels of noise to which people are exposed. One way this is done is through environmental modifications such as <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_quieting" title="Acoustic quieting">acoustic quieting</a>, which may be achieved with as basic a measure as lining a room with <a href="/wiki/Curtain" title="Curtain">curtains</a>, or as complex a measure as employing an <a href="/wiki/Anechoic_chamber" title="Anechoic chamber">anechoic chamber</a>, which absorbs nearly all sound. Another means is the use of devices such as <a href="/wiki/Earplug" title="Earplug">earplugs</a>, which are inserted into the ear canal to block noise, or <a href="/wiki/Earmuffs" title="Earmuffs">earmuffs</a>, objects designed to cover a person's ears entirely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Management_of_hearing_loss" title="Management of hearing loss">Management of hearing loss</a></div> <p>The loss of hearing, when it is caused by neural loss, cannot presently be cured. Instead, its effects can be mitigated by the use of audioprosthetic devices, i.e. hearing assistive devices such as <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">hearing aids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_implants" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear implants">cochlear implants</a>. In a clinical setting, this management is offered by <a href="/wiki/Otology" title="Otology">otologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audiology#Audiologist" title="Audiology">audiologists</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_health">Relation to health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relation to health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a> is associated with <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> with a greater degree of <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a> tied to a higher risk.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also an association between <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hearing_underwater">Hearing underwater</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hearing underwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hearing threshold and the ability to <a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">localize sound sources</a> are reduced underwater in humans, but not in aquatic animals, including whales, seals, and fish which have ears adapted to process water-borne sound.<sup id="cite_ref-DOSITS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOSITS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_vertebrates">In vertebrates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domestic_cat_felis_catus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Domestic_cat_felis_catus.jpg/220px-Domestic_cat_felis_catus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Domestic_cat_felis_catus.jpg/330px-Domestic_cat_felis_catus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Domestic_cat_felis_catus.jpg/440px-Domestic_cat_felis_catus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>A cat can hear high-frequency sounds up to two octaves higher than a human.</figcaption></figure> <p>Not all sounds are normally audible to all animals. Each species has a range of normal hearing for both amplitude and <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>. Many animals use sound to communicate with each other, and hearing in these species is particularly important for survival and reproduction. In species that use sound as a primary means of communication, hearing is typically most acute for the range of pitches produced in calls and speech. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequency_range">Frequency range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Frequency range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hearing_range" title="Hearing range">Hearing range</a></div> <p>Frequencies capable of being heard by humans are called <a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">audio</a> or sonic. The range is typically considered to be between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequencies higher than audio are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic</a>, while frequencies below audio are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasonic</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Microbat" title="Microbat">bats</a> use ultrasound for <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a> while in flight. <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dogs</a> are able to hear ultrasound, which is the principle of 'silent' <a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle" title="Dog whistle">dog whistles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">Snakes</a> sense infrasound through their jaws, and baleen <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a> use it for communication. Some <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> have the ability to hear more sensitively due to a well-developed, bony connection between the ear and their swim bladder. This "aid to the deaf" for fishes appears in some species such as <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_1941_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_1941-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_discrimination">Time discrimination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Time discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human perception of audio signal time separation has been measured to less than 10 microseconds (10μs). This does not mean that frequencies above <span class="nowrap">100 kHz</span> are audible, but that time discrimination is not directly coupled with frequency range. Georg Von Békésy in 1929 identifying sound source directions suggested humans can resolve timing differences of 10μs or less. In 1976 Jan Nordmark's research indicated inter-aural resolution better than 2μs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milind Kuncher's 2007 research resolved time misalignment to under 10μs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_birds">In birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy#Hearing" title="Bird anatomy">Bird anatomy § Hearing</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bird_anatomy&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> The avian ear is adapted to pick up on slight and rapid changes of pitch found in <a href="/wiki/Bird_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird Song">bird song</a>. General avian <a href="/wiki/Tympanic_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tympanic membrane">tympanic membrane</a> form is ovular and slightly conical. Morphological differences in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> are observed between species. Ossicles within <a href="/wiki/Greenfinch" title="Greenfinch">green finches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackbird_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Blackbird (disambiguation)">blackbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_thrush" title="Song thrush">song thrushes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrows</a> are proportionately shorter to those found in <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard ducks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">sea birds</a>. In song birds, a <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)" title="Syrinx (bird anatomy)">syrinx</a> allows the respective possessors to create intricate melodies and tones. The middle avian ear is made up of three semicircular canals, each ending in an <a href="/wiki/Osseous_ampulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Osseous ampulla">ampulla</a> and joining to connect with the <a href="/wiki/Macula_sacculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Macula sacculus">macula sacculus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lagena_(anatomy)" title="Lagena (anatomy)">lagena</a>, of which the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a>, a straight short tube to the external ear, branches from.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_invertebrates">In invertebrates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though they do not have ears, invertebrates have developed other structures and systems to decode vibrations traveling through the air, or “sound”. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Turner_(zoologist)" title="Charles Henry Turner (zoologist)">Charles Henry Turner</a> was the first scientist to formally show this phenomenon through rigorously controlled experiments in ants.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner ruled out the detection of ground vibration and suggested that other insects likely have auditory systems as well. </p><p>Many insects detect sound through the way air vibrations deflect hairs along their body. Some insects have even developed specialized hairs tuned to detecting particular frequencies, such as certain caterpillar species that have evolved hair with properties such that it resonates most with the sound of buzzing wasps, thus warning them of the presence of natural enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some insects possess a <a href="/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympanal organ</a>. These are "eardrums", that cover air filled chambers on the legs. Similar to the hearing process with vertebrates, the eardrums react to sonar waves. Receptors that are placed on the inside translate the oscillation into electric signals and send them to the brain. Several groups of flying insects that are preyed upon by <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocating</a> <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> can perceive the ultrasound emissions this way and reflexively practice <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound_avoidance" title="Ultrasound avoidance">ultrasound avoidance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Basics</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_test" title="Hearing test">Hearing test</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiology" title="Audiology">Audiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_scene_analysis" title="Auditory scene analysis">Auditory scene analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_science" title="Auditory science">Auditory science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_conduction" title="Bone conduction">Bone conduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_range" title="Hearing range">Hearing range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_echolocation" title="Human echolocation">Human echolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listening" title="Listening">Listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuronal_encoding_of_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuronal encoding of sound">Neuronal encoding of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_listening" title="Safe listening">Safe listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_envelope_and_fine_structure" title="Temporal envelope and fine structure">Temporal envelope and fine structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Hearing_Day" title="World Hearing Day">World Hearing Day</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Disorders</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder" title="Auditory processing disorder">Auditory processing disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endaural_phenomena" title="Endaural phenomena">Endaural phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperacusis" title="Hyperacusis">Hyperacusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbycusis" title="Presbycusis">Presbycusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Test and measurement</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiogram" title="Audiogram">Audiogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audiometry" title="Audiometry">Audiometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_brainstem_response" title="Auditory brainstem response">Auditory brainstem response</a> (test)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichotic_listening" title="Dichotic listening">Dichotic listening</a> (test)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPlack2014" class="citation book cs1">Plack, C. J. (2014). <i>The Sense of Hearing</i>. Psychology Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848725157" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848725157"><bdi>978-1848725157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sense+of+Hearing&rft.pub=Psychology+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1848725157&rft.aulast=Plack&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_SchnuppIsrael_NelkenAndrew_King2011" class="citation book cs1">Jan Schnupp; Israel Nelken; Andrew King (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110129053859/https://mustelid.physiol.ox.ac.uk/drupal/"><i>Auditory Neuroscience</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-11318-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-11318-2"><bdi>978-0-262-11318-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mustelid.physiol.ox.ac.uk/drupal">the original</a> on 2011-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Rhode Island. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+Sound+in+the+Sea&rft.pub=University+of+Rhode+Island&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdosits.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAu2000" class="citation book cs1">Au, W.L (2000). <i>Hearing by Whales and Dolphins</i>. Springer. p. 485. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-94906-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-94906-2"><bdi>978-0-387-94906-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearing+by+Whales+and+Dolphins&rft.pages=485&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-387-94906-2&rft.aulast=Au&rft.aufirst=W.L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'AmbroseChoudhary2003" class="citation web cs1">D'Ambrose, Christoper; Choudhary, Rizwan (2003). 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(1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F147543b0">"Sense of Hearing in Fishes"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>147</b> (3731): 543. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941Natur.147..543W">1941Natur.147..543W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F147543b0">10.1038/147543b0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4095706">4095706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Sense+of+Hearing+in+Fishes&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=3731&rft.pages=543&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F147543b0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4095706%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1941Natur.147..543W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F147543b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobjohns2016" class="citation web cs1">Robjohns, Hugh (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/mqa-time-domain-accuracy-digital-audio-quality">"MQA Time-domain Accuracy & Digital Audio Quality"</a>. <i>soundonsound.com</i>. Sound On Sound. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310175409/https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/mqa-time-domain-accuracy-digital-audio-quality">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=soundonsound.com&rft.atitle=MQA+Time-domain+Accuracy+%26+Digital+Audio+Quality&rft.date=2016-08&rft.aulast=Robjohns&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Ftechniques%2Fmqa-time-domain-accuracy-digital-audio-quality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuncher2007" class="citation web cs1">Kuncher, Milind (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boson.physics.sc.edu/~kunchur//papers/Audibility-of-time-misalignment-of-acoustic-signals---Kunchur.pdf">"Audibility of temporal smearing and time misalignment of acoustic signals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>boson.physics.sc.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143515/http://boson.physics.sc.edu/~kunchur//papers/Audibility-of-time-misalignment-of-acoustic-signals---Kunchur.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=boson.physics.sc.edu&rft.atitle=Audibility+of+temporal+smearing+and+time+misalignment+of+acoustic+signals&rft.date=2007-08&rft.aulast=Kuncher&rft.aufirst=Milind&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboson.physics.sc.edu%2F~kunchur%2F%2Fpapers%2FAudibility-of-time-misalignment-of-acoustic-signals---Kunchur.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills1994" class="citation journal cs1">Mills, Robert (March 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1294398">"Applied comparative anatomy of the avian middle ear"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</i>. <b>87</b> (3): 155–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107689408700314">10.1177/014107689408700314</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1294398">1294398</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8158595">8158595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Applied+comparative+anatomy+of+the+avian+middle+ear&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=155-6&rft.date=1994-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1294398%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8158595&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014107689408700314&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1294398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner CH. 1923. The homing of the Hymenoptera. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 24: 27–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tautz, Jürgen, and Michael Rostás. "Honeybee buzz attenuates plant damage by caterpillars." Current Biology 18, no. 24 (2008): R1125-R1126.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez-PovedaPalmerMeddis2010" class="citation book cs1">Lopez-Poveda, Enrique A.; Palmer, A. R. (Alan R.); Meddis, Ray. (2010). <i>The neurophysiological bases of auditory perception</i>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-5685-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-5685-9"><bdi>978-1-4419-5685-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/471801201">471801201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+neurophysiological+bases+of+auditory+perception&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F471801201&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-5685-9&rft.aulast=Lopez-Poveda&rft.aufirst=Enrique+A.&rft.au=Palmer%2C+A.+R.+%28Alan+R.%29&rft.au=Meddis%2C+Ray.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Global_Audiology" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Global Audiology">Global Audiology</a>- <a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Audiology" title="International Society of Audiology">International Society of Audiology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/hearing-loss">World Health Organization, Deafness and Hearing Loss</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hearing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hearing">Hearing</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/hearing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/hearing"><i>hearing</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hearing" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Hearing">Hearing</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/biology/hearing/content-section-0">Open University - OpenLearn - Article about hearing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015083304/http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/biology/hearing/content-section-0">Archived</a> 2018-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/preventoccunoise/default.html">Preventing Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sensation_and_perception" title="Template:Sensation and perception"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sensation_and_perception" title="Template talk:Sensation and perception"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sensation_and_perception" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sensation and perception"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sensation_and_perception" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Sensation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive process">Processes <br />and <br />concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Sensation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Stimulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">Sensory receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">Transduction (physiology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing" title="Sensory processing">Sensory processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Active sensory system">Active sensory system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimodal integration">Multimodal integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_perception" title="Motion perception">Motion perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exteroception" class="mw-redirect" title="Exteroception">External</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organ">Sensory organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">Inner ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Visual system (sense of vision)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system (sense of hearing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system (sense of balance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">Olfactory system (sense of smell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustatory system">Gustatory system (sense of taste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">Somatosensory system (sense of touch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal nerves">spinal nerves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">Vestibulocochlear (VIII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">Olfactory (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">Facial (VII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">Glossopharyngeal (IX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">Trigeminal (V)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_cortex" title="Sensory cortex">Cerebral cortices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">Visual cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_cortex" title="Auditory cortex">Auditory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_cortex" title="Vestibular cortex">Vestibular cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory cortex">Olfactory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_cortex" title="Gustatory cortex">Gustatory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory cortex">Somatosensory cortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perceptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception (vision)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory perception">Auditory perception (hearing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">Equilibrioception (balance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">Olfaction (smell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">Gustation (taste or flavor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">Touch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanoreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreception">mechanoreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociception (pain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoception" title="Thermoception">thermoception</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interoception" title="Interoception">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">Proprioception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_(physiology)" title="Hunger (physiology)">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">Thirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">Suffocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_pain" title="Visceral pain">Visceral pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonhuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonhuman">Nonhuman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreception">Electroreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">Magnetoreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">Echolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_vampire_bats" title="Infrared sensing in vampire bats">Infrared sensing in vampire bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface wave detection">Surface wave detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_hearing_and_communication" title="Frog hearing and communication">Frog hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_toads" title="Vision in toads">Toad vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(physiology)" title="Plant perception (physiology)">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photomorphogenesis" title="Photomorphogenesis">Photomorphogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitropism" title="Gravitropism">Gravitropism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_perception" title="Machine perception">Artificial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_sensing" title="Robotic sensing">Robotic sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine hearing">Machine hearing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <br /><a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">sensory receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">Mechanoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroreceptor" title="Baroreceptor">Baroreceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanotransduction" title="Mechanotransduction">Mechanotransduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_corpuscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellar corpuscle">Lamellar corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_corpuscle" title="Tactile corpuscle">Tactile corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel_nerve_ending" title="Merkel nerve ending">Merkel nerve ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbous_corpuscle" title="Bulbous corpuscle">Bulbous corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaniform_sensilla" title="Campaniform sensilla">Campaniform sensilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_sensilla" title="Slit sensilla">Slit sensilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_receptor" title="Stretch receptor">Stretch receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photoreceptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">Cone cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">Rod cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IpRGC" class="mw-redirect" title="IpRGC">ipRGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photopigment" title="Photopigment">Photopigment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureochromes" title="Aureochromes">Aureochrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">Chemoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmoreceptor" title="Osmoreceptor">Osmoreceptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">Thermoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilium#Sensing_the_extracellular_environment" title="Cilium">Cilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRP_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="TRP channels">TRP channels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">Nociceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor#Pain_circuitry" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtacapillary_receptors" title="Juxtacapillary receptors">Juxtacapillary receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vision_disorder" title="Vision disorder">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">Visual impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome" title="Alice in Wonderland syndrome">Alice in Wonderland syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaurosis" title="Amaurosis">Amaurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anopsia" title="Anopsia">Anopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">Diplopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemeralopia" title="Hemeralopia">Hemeralopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyctalopia" title="Nyctalopia">Nyctalopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_neuropathy" title="Optic neuropathy">Optic neuropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscillopsia" title="Oscillopsia">Oscillopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palinopsia" title="Palinopsia">Palinopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilledema" title="Papilledema">Papilledema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophobia" title="Photophobia">Photophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photopsia" title="Photopsia">Photopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_polyopia" title="Cerebral polyopia">Polyopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotoma" title="Scotoma">Scotoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoblindness" title="Stereoblindness">Stereoblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_snow" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual snow">Visual snow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder" title="Auditory processing disorder">Auditory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amblyaudia" title="Amblyaudia">Amblyaudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_agnosia" title="Auditory agnosia">Auditory agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_hallucination" title="Auditory hallucination">Auditory hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_verbal_agnosia" title="Auditory verbal agnosia">Auditory verbal agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortical_deafness" title="Cortical deafness">Cortical deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_auditory_effect" title="Microwave auditory effect">Microwave auditory effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Music-specific disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palinopsia" title="Palinopsia">Palinopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_hearing_loss" title="Spatial hearing loss">Spatial hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balance_disorder" title="Balance disorder">Vestibular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">Vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPPV" class="mw-redirect" title="BPPV">BPPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthine_fistula" title="Labyrinthine fistula">Labyrinthine fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthitis" title="Labyrinthitis">Labyrinthitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olfaction#Disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">Olfactory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anosmia" title="Anosmia">Anosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysosmia" title="Dysosmia">Dysosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperosmia" title="Hyperosmia">Hyperosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyposmia" title="Hyposmia">Hyposmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_reference_syndrome" title="Olfactory reference syndrome">Olfactory reference syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parosmia" title="Parosmia">Parosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantosmia" title="Phantosmia">Phantosmia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taste_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste disorder">Gustatory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageusia" title="Ageusia">Ageusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergeusia" title="Hypergeusia">Hypergeusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeusia" title="Hypogeusia">Hypogeusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parageusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parageusia">Parageusia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_disorder" title="Somatosensory disorder">Tactile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astereognosis" title="Astereognosis">Astereognosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease">CMT disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formication" title="Formication">Formication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperesthesia" title="Hyperesthesia">Hyperesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoesthesia" title="Hypoesthesia">Hypoesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">Paresthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_hallucination" title="Tactile hallucination">Tactile hallucination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nociception (pain)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">Hyperalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoalgesia" title="Hypoalgesia">Hypoalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_dissociation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain dissociation">Pain dissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_pain" title="Phantom pain">Phantom pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprioception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomatognosia" title="Asomatognosia">Asomatognosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb" title="Phantom limb">Phantom limb syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatoparaphrenia" title="Somatoparaphrenia">Somatoparaphrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_phantom_limb" title="Supernumerary phantom limb">Supernumerary phantom limb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimodal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(symptom)" title="Aura (symptom)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosia" title="Agnosia">Agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allochiria" title="Allochiria">Allochiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derealization" title="Derealization">Derealization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSAN" class="mw-redirect" title="HSAN">HSAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing_disorder" title="Sensory processing disorder">Sensory processing disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">Synesthesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biases and errors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusion</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">Pareidolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_hearing_and_balance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Auditory_and_vestibular_anatomy" title="Template:Auditory and vestibular anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Auditory_and_vestibular_anatomy" title="Template talk:Auditory and vestibular anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Auditory_and_vestibular_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Auditory and vestibular anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_hearing_and_balance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">hearing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">balance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">Outer ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)" title="Auricle (anatomy)">Auricle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helix_(ear)" title="Helix (ear)">helix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihelix" title="Antihelix">antihelix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragus_(ear)" title="Tragus (ear)">tragus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitragus" title="Antitragus">antitragus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertragic_notch" title="Intertragic notch">intertragic notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earlobe" title="Earlobe">earlobe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">Ear canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auricular_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Auricular muscles">Auricular muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">Eardrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eardrum#Umbo" title="Eardrum">umbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_flaccida_of_tympanic_membrane" title="Pars flaccida of tympanic membrane">pars flaccida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">Middle ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_cavity" title="Tympanic cavity">Tympanic cavity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Medial structures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oval_window" title="Oval window">oval window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_window" title="Round window">round window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_tympanic_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary tympanic membrane">secondary tympanic membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prominence_of_facial_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prominence of facial canal">prominence of facial canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_of_tympanic_cavity" title="Promontory of tympanic cavity">promontory of tympanic cavity</a></li></ul></li> <li>Posterior structures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastoid_cells" title="Mastoid cells">mastoid cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditus_to_mastoid_antrum" title="Aditus to mastoid antrum">aditus to mastoid antrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_eminence" title="Pyramidal eminence">pyramidal eminence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malleus" title="Malleus">Malleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ligament_of_malleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior ligament of malleus">superior ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_ligament_of_malleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral ligament of malleus">lateral ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_ligament_of_malleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior ligament of malleus">anterior ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incus" title="Incus">Incus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ligament_of_incus" title="Superior ligament of incus">superior ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_ligament_of_incus" title="Posterior ligament of incus">posterior ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">Stapes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anular_ligament_of_stapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Anular ligament of stapes">annular ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muscles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stapedius_muscle" title="Stapedius muscle">stapedius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_tympani_muscle" title="Tensor tympani muscle">tensor tympani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auditory_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory tube">Auditory tube /<br />Eustachian tube</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torus_tubarius" title="Torus tubarius">Torus tubarius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">Inner ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labyrinths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membranous_labyrinth" title="Membranous labyrinth">membranous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bony_labyrinth" title="Bony labyrinth">bony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">Cochlea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_duct" title="Vestibular duct">Vestibular duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicotrema" title="Helicotrema">Helicotrema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_duct" title="Tympanic duct">Tympanic duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modiolus_(cochlea)" title="Modiolus (cochlea)">Modiolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_cupula" title="Cochlear cupula">Cochlear cupula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Perilymphatic space <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perilymph" title="Perilymph">Perilymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_aqueduct" title="Cochlear aqueduct">Cochlear aqueduct</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_cell" title="Claudius cell">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boettcher_cell" title="Boettcher cell">Boettcher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_duct" title="Cochlear duct">Cochlear duct /<br />scala media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%27s_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Reissner's membrane">Reissner's/vestibular membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilar_membrane" title="Basilar membrane">Basilar membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_membrane" title="Reticular membrane">Reticular membrane</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endolymph" title="Endolymph">Endolymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stria_vascularis_of_cochlear_duct" title="Stria vascularis of cochlear duct">Stria vascularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_ligament" title="Spiral ligament">Spiral ligament</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_of_Corti" title="Organ of Corti">Organ of Corti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereocilia_(inner_ear)" title="Stereocilia (inner ear)">stereocilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_link" title="Tip link">tip links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectorial_membrane_(cochlea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectorial membrane (cochlea)">Tectorial membrane</a></li> <li><i>Sulcus spiralis</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_spiralis_externus" title="Sulcus spiralis externus">externus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_spiralis_internus" title="Sulcus spiralis internus">internus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_limbus" title="Spiral limbus">Spiral limbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_ear" title="Vestibule of the ear">Vestibule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utricle_(ear)" title="Utricle (ear)">Utricle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macula_of_utricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Macula of utricle">macula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccule" title="Saccule">Saccule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macula_of_saccule" title="Macula of saccule">macula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinocilium" title="Kinocilium">Kinocilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">Otolith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otolithic_membrane" title="Otolithic membrane">Otolithic membrane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_aqueduct" title="Vestibular aqueduct">Vestibular aqueduct</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endolymphatic_duct" title="Endolymphatic duct">endolymphatic duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endolymphatic_sac" title="Endolymphatic sac">endolymphatic sac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductus_reuniens" title="Ductus reuniens">Ductus reuniens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicircular canal">Semicircular canals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior semicircular canal">Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior semicircular canal">Posterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal semicircular canal">Horizontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampullary_cupula" title="Ampullary cupula">Ampullary cupula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osseous_ampullae" class="mw-redirect" title="Osseous ampullae">Ampullae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crista_ampullaris" title="Crista ampullaris">crista ampullaris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160289#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" 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