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<li id="toc-Extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Extent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innervation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innervation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Innervation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innervation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vasculature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasculature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Vasculature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasculature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Mastoid cells</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray139.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gray139.png/250px-Gray139.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gray139.png/375px-Gray139.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gray139.png/500px-Gray139.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="502" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Coronal section of right <a href="/wiki/Temporal_bone" title="Temporal bone">temporal bone</a>. (Mastoid cells labeled at bottom left.)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_MRI_0106_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Brain_MRI_0106_17.jpg/250px-Brain_MRI_0106_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Brain_MRI_0106_17.jpg/375px-Brain_MRI_0106_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Brain_MRI_0106_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">MRI showing fluid in mastoid air cells</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stylomastoid_artery" title="Stylomastoid artery">Stylomastoid artery</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>cellulae mastoideae</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.3.02.029%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A15.3.02.029</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=646">646</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma72001">72001</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6785598" class="extiw" title="d:Q6785598">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>mastoid cells</b> (also called <b>air cells of Lenoir</b> or <b>mastoid cells of Lenoir</b>) are air-filled cavities within the <a href="/wiki/Mastoid_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastoid process">mastoid process</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_bone" title="Temporal bone">temporal bone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">cranium</a>. The mastoid cells are a form of <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_pneumaticity" title="Skeletal pneumaticity">skeletal pneumaticity</a>. Infection in these cells is called <a href="/wiki/Mastoiditis" title="Mastoiditis">mastoiditis</a>. </p><p>The term <i>cells</i> here refers to enclosed spaces, not <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> as living, biological units. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastoid_cells&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mastoid_cells_of_Lenoir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mastoid_cells_of_Lenoir.jpg/220px-Mastoid_cells_of_Lenoir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mastoid_cells_of_Lenoir.jpg/330px-Mastoid_cells_of_Lenoir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mastoid_cells_of_Lenoir.jpg/440px-Mastoid_cells_of_Lenoir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mastoid_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastoid cell">Mastoid cells</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The mastoid air cells vary greatly in number, shape, and size; they may be extensive or minimal or even absent.<sup id="cite_ref-:224_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:224-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 746">: 746 </span></sup> </p><p>The cells are typically interconnected and their walls lined by mucosa that is continuous with that of the mastoid antrum and tympanic cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-:224_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:224-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 746">: 746 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extent">Extent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastoid_cells&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>, as Unclear phrasing, difficult to understand.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mastoid_cells&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mastoid_cells" title="Talk:Mastoid cells">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>They may excavate the mastoid process to its tip, and be separated from the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cranial_fossa" title="Posterior cranial fossa">posterior cranial fossa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_sinus" title="Sigmoid sinus">sigmoid sinus</a> by a mere slip of bone or not at all. They may extend into the <a href="/wiki/Squamous_part_of_temporal_bone" title="Squamous part of temporal bone">squamous part of temporal bone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrous_part_of_the_temporal_bone" title="Petrous part of the temporal bone">petrous part of the temporal bone</a> <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_process" title="Zygomatic process">zygomatic process of temporal bone</a>, and - rarely - the <a href="/wiki/Jugular_process" title="Jugular process">jugular process of occipital bone</a>; they may thus come to adjoin many important structures (including the bony labyrinth, tympanic cavity, external acoustic meatus, pharyngotympanic tube, superior jugular bulb, posterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, carotid canal, abducens nerve, sigmoid sinus) to which they may disseminate infection in case of infective mastoiditis.<sup id="cite_ref-:224_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:224-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 746">: 746 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innervation">Innervation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastoid_cells&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Innervation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cells receive <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">innervation</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What kind? Sensory? Autonomic? (The current source does not specify this explicitly.) (August 2023)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup> from the posterior branch of the <a href="/wiki/Meningeal_branch_of_the_mandibular_nerve" title="Meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve">meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve (nervus spinosus)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:224_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:224-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 400.e2">: 400.e2 </span></sup><b><sup id="cite_ref-:022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 364">: 364 </span></sup> and branches of the <a href="/wiki/Tympanic_plexus" title="Tympanic plexus">tympanic plexus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:224_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:224-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 749">: 749 </span></sup><b><sup id="cite_ref-:022_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 366">: 366 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vasculature">Vasculature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastoid_cells&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vasculature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cells receive arterial supply from the stylomastoid branch of the <a href="/wiki/Occipital_artery" title="Occipital artery">occipital artery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Posterior_auricular_artery" title="Posterior auricular artery">posterior auricular artery</a>, and (sometimes) a mastoid branch of the <a href="/wiki/Occipital_artery" title="Occipital artery">occipital artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:224_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:224-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 749">: 749 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Superior_petrosal_sinus" title="Superior petrosal sinus">superior petrosal sinus</a> receives venous drainage from the mastoid air cells (mastoid infection may thus lead to a cerebellar abscess).<b><sup id="cite_ref-:022_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 443">: 443 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastoid_cells&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At birth, the mastoid is not pneumatized, but becomes aerated before age six.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At birth, the mastoid antrum is well developed but the air cells are represented only by small diverticula from the antrum. The air cells then gradually extend into the bone of the mastoid during the first years of life. Their most significant enlargements takes place during puberty.<sup id="cite_ref-:224_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:224-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 746">: 746 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastoid_cells&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The air cells are hypothesised to protect the temporal bone and the inner and middle ear against trauma and to regulate air pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastoid_cells&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">Infections in the middle ear</a> easily spread into the mastoid air cells through the <a href="/wiki/Aditus_ad_antrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aditus ad antrum">aditus ad antrum</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Mastoiditis" title="Mastoiditis">mastoiditis</a>, a potentially dangerous and life-threatening condition. Infection may then further spread into the middle cranial fossa or posterior cranial fossa, causing meningitis or abscess of adjacent brain tissue. Infection may also spread to muscles of the neck, causing pain and <a href="/wiki/Torticollis" title="Torticollis">torticollis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:224_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:224-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 746">: 746 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastoid_cells&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:224-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:224_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:224_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:224_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:224_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:224_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:224_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:224_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:224_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStandring2020" class="citation book cs1">Standring, Susan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1201341621"><i>Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice</i></a> (42th ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-7707-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-7707-4"><bdi>978-0-7020-7707-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1201341621">1201341621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+Anatomy%3A+The+Anatomical+Basis+of+Clinical+Practice&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=42th&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1201341621&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-7707-4&rft.aulast=Standring&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1201341621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMastoid+cells" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnatamby2011" class="citation book cs1">Sinnatamby, Chummy S. (2011). <i>Last's Anatomy</i> (12th ed.). Elsevier Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7295-3752-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7295-3752-0"><bdi>978-0-7295-3752-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last%27s+Anatomy&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Elsevier+Australia&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7295-3752-0&rft.aulast=Sinnatamby&rft.aufirst=Chummy+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMastoid+cells" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael_Schillinger1939" class="citation journal cs1">Raphael Schillinger (July 1939) [1 July 1939]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/pdf/10.1148/33.1.54">"Pneumatization of the Mastoid: A Roentgen Study"</a>. <i>Radiology</i>. <b>33</b> (1). Radiological Society of North America: 54–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1148%2F33.1.54">10.1148/33.1.54</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiology&rft.atitle=Pneumatization+of+the+Mastoid%3A+A+Roentgen+Study&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54-67&rft.date=1939-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1148%2F33.1.54&rft.au=Raphael+Schillinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.rsna.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1148%2F33.1.54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMastoid+cells" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/mastoiditis-symptoms-causes-treatments#1">"Ear Infections and Mastoiditis"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ear+Infections+and+Mastoiditis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fcold-and-flu%2Fear-infection%2Fmastoiditis-symptoms-causes-treatments%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMastoid+cells" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastoid_cells&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neurocranium_of_the_skull" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neurocranium" title="Template:Neurocranium"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neurocranium" title="Template talk:Neurocranium"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neurocranium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neurocranium"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neurocranium_of_the_skull" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurocranium" title="Neurocranium">Neurocranium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skull</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occipital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Squama_occipitalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Squama occipitalis">Squamous part</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>external</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inion" class="mw-redirect" title="Inion">Inion</a>/<a href="/wiki/External_occipital_protuberance" title="External occipital protuberance">External occipital protuberance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bun" title="Occipital bun">Occipital bun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_occipital_crest" title="External occipital crest">External occipital crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_lines" title="Nuchal lines">Nuchal lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprainiac_fossa" title="Suprainiac fossa">Suprainiac fossa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>planes</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Occipital plane">Occipital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuchal plane">Nuchal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>internal</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_eminence" title="Cruciform eminence">Cruciform eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_occipital_protuberance" title="Internal occipital protuberance">Internal occipital protuberance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_occipital_crest" title="Internal occipital crest">Internal occipital crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_for_transverse_sinus" title="Groove for transverse sinus">Groove for transverse sinus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_parts_of_occipital_bone" title="Lateral parts of occipital bone">Lateral parts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_condyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Occipital condyle">Condyle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condyloid_fossa" title="Condyloid fossa">Condyloid fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condylar_canal" title="Condylar canal">Condylar canal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_canal" title="Hypoglossal canal">Hypoglossal canal</a></li> <li><i>jugular</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugular_process" title="Jugular process">Jugular process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugular_tubercle" title="Jugular tubercle">Jugular tubercle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basilar_part_of_occipital_bone" title="Basilar part of occipital bone">Basilar part</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_tubercle" title="Pharyngeal tubercle">Pharyngeal tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivus_(anatomy)" title="Clivus (anatomy)">Clivus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foramen_magnum" title="Foramen magnum">Foramen magnum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basion" class="mw-redirect" title="Basion">Basion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthion" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthion">Opisthion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">Parietal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_eminence" title="Parietal eminence">Parietal eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal line">Temporal line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_foramina" title="Parietal foramina">Parietal foramen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittal_sulcus" title="Sagittal sulcus">Sagittal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittal_keel" title="Sagittal keel">Sagittal keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittal_crest" title="Sagittal crest">Sagittal crest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">Frontal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Squama_frontalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Squama frontalis">Squamous part</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_suture" title="Frontal suture">Frontal suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_eminence" title="Frontal eminence">Frontal eminence</a></li> <li><i>external</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superciliary_arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Superciliary arches">Superciliary arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glabella" title="Glabella">Glabella</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>foramina</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supraorbital_foramen" title="Supraorbital foramen">Supraorbital foramen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brow_ridge" title="Brow ridge">Brow ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foramen_cecum_(frontal_bone)" title="Foramen cecum (frontal bone)">Foramen cecum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_process_of_frontal_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygomatic process of frontal bone">Zygomatic process</a></li> <li><i>internal</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sagittal_sulcus" title="Sagittal sulcus">Sagittal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_crest" title="Frontal crest">Frontal crest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_part_of_frontal_bone" title="Orbital part of frontal bone">Orbital part</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethmoidal_notch" title="Ethmoidal notch">Ethmoidal notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_for_lacrimal_gland" title="Fossa for lacrimal gland">Fossa for lacrimal gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_fovea" title="Trochlear fovea">Trochlear fovea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_sinus" title="Frontal sinus">Frontal sinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontonasal_duct" title="Frontonasal duct">Frontonasal duct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temporal_bone" title="Temporal bone">Temporal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Squama_temporalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Squama temporalis">Squamous part</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articular_tubercle" title="Articular tubercle">Articular tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprameatal_triangle" title="Suprameatal triangle">Suprameatal triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_fossa" title="Mandibular fossa">Mandibular fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrotympanic_fissure" title="Petrotympanic fissure">Petrotympanic fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_process_of_temporal_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygomatic process of temporal bone">Zygomatic process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mastoid_part_of_the_temporal_bone" title="Mastoid part of the temporal bone">Mastoid part</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastoid_foramen" title="Mastoid foramen">Mastoid foramen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastoid_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastoid process">Mastoid process</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mastoid cells</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastoid_notch" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastoid notch">Mastoid notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Occipital groove">Occipital groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_sulcus" title="Sigmoid sulcus">Sigmoid sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastoid_antrum" title="Mastoid antrum">Mastoid antrum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aditus_to_mastoid_antrum" title="Aditus to mastoid antrum">Aditus</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Petrous_part_of_the_temporal_bone" title="Petrous part of the temporal bone">Petrous part</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_canal" title="Carotid canal">Carotid canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_canal" title="Facial canal">Facial canal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiatus_for_greater_petrosal_nerve" title="Hiatus for greater petrosal nerve">Hiatus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_auditory_meatus" title="Internal auditory meatus">Internal auditory meatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_aqueduct" title="Cochlear aqueduct">Cochlear aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylomastoid_foramen" title="Stylomastoid foramen">Stylomastoid foramen</a></li> <li><i>fossae</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subarcuate_fossa" title="Subarcuate fossa">Subarcuate fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">Jugular fossa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>canaliculi</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_tympanic_canaliculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior tympanic canaliculus">Inferior tympanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastoid_canaliculus" title="Mastoid canaliculus">Mastoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_styloid_process" title="Temporal styloid process">Styloid process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosquamous_suture" title="Petrosquamous suture">Petrosquamous suture</a></li> <li><i>(note: <a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">ossicles</a> in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_part_of_the_temporal_bone" title="Tympanic part of the temporal bone">Tympanic part</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suprameatal_spine" title="Suprameatal spine">Suprameatal spine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sphenoid_bone" title="Sphenoid bone">Sphenoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Superior surface:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sella_turcica" title="Sella turcica">Sella turcica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsum_sellae" title="Dorsum sellae">Dorsum sellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculum_sellae" title="Tuberculum sellae">Tuberculum sellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypophysial_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypophysial fossa">Hypophysial fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_clinoid_processes" title="Posterior clinoid processes">Posterior clinoid processes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethmoidal_spine" title="Ethmoidal spine">Ethmoidal spine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiasmatic_groove" title="Chiasmatic groove">Chiasmatic groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_clinoid_process" title="Middle clinoid process">Middle clinoid process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosal_process" title="Petrosal process">Petrosal process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivus_(anatomy)" title="Clivus (anatomy)">Clivus</a></li> <li><i>Lateral surface:</i> <a href="/wiki/Carotid_groove" title="Carotid groove">Carotid groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenoidal_lingula" title="Sphenoidal lingula">Sphenoidal lingula</a></li> <li><i>Anterior surface:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sphenoidal_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenoidal sinus">Sphenoidal sinuses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_wing_of_sphenoid_bone" title="Greater wing of sphenoid bone">Great wings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>foramina</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foramen_rotundum" title="Foramen rotundum">Rotundum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foramen_ovale_(skull)" title="Foramen ovale (skull)">Ovale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenoidal_emissary_foramen" title="Sphenoidal emissary foramen">Vesalii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foramen_spinosum" title="Foramen spinosum">Spinosum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spine_of_sphenoid_bone" title="Spine of sphenoid bone">Spine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infratemporal_crest" title="Infratemporal crest">Infratemporal crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_of_auditory_tube" title="Sulcus of auditory tube">Sulcus of auditory tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_wing_of_sphenoid_bone" title="Lesser wing of sphenoid bone">Small wings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_orbital_fissure" title="Superior orbital fissure">Superior orbital fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_clinoid_process" title="Anterior clinoid process">Anterior clinoid process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_canal" title="Optic canal">Optic canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pterygoid_processes_of_the_sphenoid" title="Pterygoid processes of the sphenoid">Pterygoid<br />processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>fossae</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pterygoid_fossa" title="Pterygoid fossa">Pterygoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphoid_fossa" title="Scaphoid fossa">Scaphoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>pterygoid plates</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_pterygoid_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral pterygoid plate">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_pterygoid_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial pterygoid plate">Medial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygoid_canal" title="Pterygoid canal">Pterygoid canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygoid_hamulus" title="Pterygoid hamulus">Hamulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_sphenoid_bone" title="Body of sphenoid bone">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenoidal_conchae" title="Sphenoidal conchae">Sphenoidal conchae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_bone" title="Ethmoid bone">Ethmoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cribriform_plate" title="Cribriform plate">Cribriform plate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crista_galli" title="Crista galli">Crista galli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_foramina" title="Olfactory foramina">Olfactory foramina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_plate_of_ethmoid_bone" title="Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone">Perpendicular plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Lateral surface</i> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_lamina_of_ethmoid_bone" title="Orbital lamina of ethmoid bone">Orbital lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncinate_process_of_ethmoid_bone" title="Uncinate process of ethmoid bone">Uncinate process</a></li> <li><i>Medial surface</i> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_nasal_concha" title="Supreme nasal concha">Supreme nasal concha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_nasal_concha" title="Superior nasal concha">Superior nasal concha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_meatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior meatus">Superior meatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_nasal_concha" title="Middle nasal concha">Middle nasal concha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_meatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle meatus">Middle meatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_of_ethmoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Labyrinth of ethmoid">Labyrinth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_sinus" title="Ethmoid sinus">Ethmoid sinus</a></li> <li><i>ethmoidal foramina</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_ethmoidal_foramen" title="Posterior ethmoidal foramen">Posterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_ethmoidal_foramen" title="Anterior ethmoidal foramen">Anterior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_hearing_and_balance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Auditory_and_vestibular_anatomy" title="Template:Auditory and vestibular anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Auditory_and_vestibular_anatomy" title="Template talk:Auditory and vestibular anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Auditory_and_vestibular_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Auditory and vestibular anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_hearing_and_balance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">hearing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">balance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">Outer ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)" title="Auricle (anatomy)">Auricle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helix_(ear)" title="Helix (ear)">helix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihelix" title="Antihelix">antihelix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragus_(ear)" title="Tragus (ear)">tragus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitragus" title="Antitragus">antitragus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertragic_notch" title="Intertragic notch">intertragic notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earlobe" title="Earlobe">earlobe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">Ear canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auricular_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Auricular muscles">Auricular muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">Eardrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eardrum#Umbo" title="Eardrum">umbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_flaccida_of_tympanic_membrane" title="Pars flaccida of tympanic membrane">pars flaccida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">Middle ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_cavity" title="Tympanic cavity">Tympanic cavity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Medial structures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oval_window" title="Oval window">oval window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_window" title="Round window">round window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_tympanic_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary tympanic membrane">secondary tympanic membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prominence_of_facial_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prominence of facial canal">prominence of facial canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_of_tympanic_cavity" title="Promontory of tympanic cavity">promontory of tympanic cavity</a></li></ul></li> <li>Posterior structures <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">mastoid cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditus_to_mastoid_antrum" title="Aditus to mastoid antrum">aditus to mastoid antrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_eminence" title="Pyramidal eminence">pyramidal eminence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malleus" title="Malleus">Malleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ligament_of_malleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior ligament of malleus">superior ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_ligament_of_malleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral ligament of malleus">lateral ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_ligament_of_malleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior ligament of malleus">anterior ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incus" title="Incus">Incus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ligament_of_incus" title="Superior ligament of incus">superior ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_ligament_of_incus" title="Posterior ligament of incus">posterior ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">Stapes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anular_ligament_of_stapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Anular ligament of stapes">annular ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muscles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stapedius_muscle" title="Stapedius muscle">stapedius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_tympani_muscle" title="Tensor tympani muscle">tensor tympani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auditory_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory tube">Auditory tube /<br />Eustachian tube</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torus_tubarius" title="Torus tubarius">Torus tubarius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">Inner ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labyrinths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membranous_labyrinth" title="Membranous labyrinth">membranous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bony_labyrinth" title="Bony labyrinth">bony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">Cochlea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_duct" title="Vestibular duct">Vestibular duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicotrema" title="Helicotrema">Helicotrema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_duct" title="Tympanic duct">Tympanic duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modiolus_(cochlea)" title="Modiolus (cochlea)">Modiolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_cupula" title="Cochlear cupula">Cochlear cupula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Perilymphatic space <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perilymph" title="Perilymph">Perilymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_aqueduct" title="Cochlear aqueduct">Cochlear aqueduct</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_cell" title="Claudius cell">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boettcher_cell" title="Boettcher cell">Boettcher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_duct" title="Cochlear duct">Cochlear duct /<br />scala media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%27s_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Reissner's membrane">Reissner's/vestibular membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilar_membrane" title="Basilar membrane">Basilar membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_membrane" title="Reticular membrane">Reticular membrane</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endolymph" title="Endolymph">Endolymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stria_vascularis_of_cochlear_duct" title="Stria vascularis of cochlear duct">Stria vascularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_ligament" title="Spiral ligament">Spiral ligament</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_of_Corti" title="Organ of Corti">Organ of Corti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereocilia_(inner_ear)" title="Stereocilia (inner ear)">stereocilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_link" title="Tip link">tip links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectorial_membrane_(cochlea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectorial membrane (cochlea)">Tectorial membrane</a></li> <li><i>Sulcus spiralis</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_spiralis_externus" title="Sulcus spiralis externus">externus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_spiralis_internus" title="Sulcus spiralis internus">internus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_limbus" title="Spiral limbus">Spiral limbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_ear" title="Vestibule of the ear">Vestibule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utricle_(ear)" title="Utricle (ear)">Utricle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macula_of_utricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Macula of utricle">macula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccule" title="Saccule">Saccule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macula_of_saccule" title="Macula of saccule">macula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinocilium" title="Kinocilium">Kinocilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">Otolith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otolithic_membrane" title="Otolithic membrane">Otolithic membrane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_aqueduct" title="Vestibular aqueduct">Vestibular aqueduct</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endolymphatic_duct" title="Endolymphatic duct">endolymphatic duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endolymphatic_sac" title="Endolymphatic sac">endolymphatic sac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductus_reuniens" title="Ductus reuniens">Ductus reuniens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicircular canal">Semicircular canals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior semicircular canal">Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior semicircular canal">Posterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal semicircular canal">Horizontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampullary_cupula" title="Ampullary cupula">Ampullary cupula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osseous_ampullae" class="mw-redirect" title="Osseous ampullae">Ampullae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crista_ampullaris" title="Crista ampullaris">crista ampullaris</a></li></ul></li></ul> 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