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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relation_to_the_Avogadro_constant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_the_Avogadro_constant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Relation to the Avogadro constant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_the_Avogadro_constant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_of_the_entities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_of_the_entities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nature of the entities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_of_the_entities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Similar units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_units_and_SI_multiples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_units_and_SI_multiples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Derived units and SI multiples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_units_and_SI_multiples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_revision_of_the_SI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_revision_of_the_SI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>2019 revision of the SI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_revision_of_the_SI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mole_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mole_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mole Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mole_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mole (unit)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 103 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol_(eenheid)" title="Mol (eenheid) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mol (eenheid)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84" title="مول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%27%E0%A6%B2" title="ম'ল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ম'ল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2_(%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95)" title="মোল (একক) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মোল (একক)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Моль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Моль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Моль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Моль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(yunit)" title="Mole (yunit) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mole (yunit)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Мол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="མོལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མོལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol_(jedinica)" title="Mol (jedinica) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mol (jedinica)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Моль – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Моль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol_(jednotka)" title="Mol (jednotka) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mol (jednotka)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4l_(uned)" title="Môl (uned) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Môl (uned)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol_(enhed)" title="Mol (enhed) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mol (enhed)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84_(%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="مول (عبرة) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مول (عبرة)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mool" title="Mool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Γραμμομόριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γραμμομόριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molo" title="Molo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Molo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84" title="مول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit%C3%A9)" title="Mole (unité) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mole (unité)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3l" title="Mól – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mól" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%B0_(%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84)" title="몰 (단위) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몰 (단위)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC" title="Մոլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88)" title="मोल (इकाई) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोल (इकाई)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol_(mjerna_jedinica)" title="Mol (mjerna jedinica) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mol (mjerna jedinica)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3l" title="Mól – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mól" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole" title="Mole – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mole" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C" title="מול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮೋಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೋಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მოლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Моль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Моль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2l" title="Mòl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mòl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Моль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Моль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moles_(unitas)" title="Moles (unitas) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Moles (unitas)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mols" title="Mols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molis_(vienetas)" title="Molis (vienetas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Molis (vienetas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole" title="Mole – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mole" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3l" title="Mól – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mól" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Мол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_(%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D)" title="മോൾ (യൂണിറ്റ്) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മോൾ (യൂണിറ്റ്)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95)" title="मोल (एकक) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोल (एकक)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Мольсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мольсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Моль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Моль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol_(eenheid)" title="Mol (eenheid) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mol (eenheid)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AB" title="モル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol_(enhet)" title="Mol (enhet) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mol (enhet)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2l_(unitat)" title="Mòl (unitat) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mòl (unitat)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moolii" title="Moolii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Moolii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol_(birlik)" title="Mol (birlik) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mol (birlik)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2_(%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88)" title="ਮੋਲ (ਇਕਾਈ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੋਲ (ਇਕਾਈ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84" title="مول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2le" title="Mòle – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mòle" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol_(Eenheit)" title="Mol (Eenheit) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mol (Eenheit)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Мол – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мол" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Моль (единица измерения) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моль (единица измерения)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole" title="Mole – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mole" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli" title="Moli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Moli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="මවුලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මවුලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mole (unit)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84" title="مول – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3l_(jednotka_SI)" title="Mól (jednotka SI) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mól (jednotka SI)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol_(enota)" title="Mol (enota) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mol (enota)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8A" title="Молъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Молъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole" title="Mole – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mole" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Мол (јединица) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мол (јединица)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol_(jedinica)" title="Mol (jedinica) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mol (jedinica)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooli" title="Mooli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mooli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(yunit)" title="Mole (yunit) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mole (yunit)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மோல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மோல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Моль – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Моль" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="మోల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మోల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5" title="โมล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%A3)" title="Мол (воҳиди андозагирӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мол (воҳиди андозагирӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Моль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Моль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84_(%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C)" title="مول (اکائی) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مول (اکائی)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE" title="摩爾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="摩爾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol_(%C3%AAenheid)" title="Mol (êenheid) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mol (êenheid)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mol" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%EF%BC%89" title="摩尔（单位） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="摩尔（单位）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE" title="摩爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="摩爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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searchaux" style="display:none">SI unit of amount of substance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nmol" redirects here. For the mathematical technique, see <a href="/wiki/Method_of_lines" title="Method of lines">Method of lines</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">mole</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mole_carbon-12_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mole_carbon-12_diagram.svg/350px-Mole_carbon-12_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mole_carbon-12_diagram.svg/525px-Mole_carbon-12_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mole_carbon-12_diagram.svg/700px-Mole_carbon-12_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="246" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">One mole is exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023602214076000000♠"></span>6.022<span style="margin-left:.25em;">140</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">76</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>23</sup></span> elementary entities, approximately equivalent to the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 in the historical definition</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">Unit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance" title="Amount of substance">amount of substance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">mol</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>mole</b> (symbol <b>mol</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement">unit of measurement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">base unit</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) for <i><a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance" title="Amount of substance">amount of substance</a></i>, an SI base quantity proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Particle_number" title="Particle number">number of elementary entities</a> of a substance. One mole is an aggregate of exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023602214076000000♠"></span>6.022<span style="margin-left:.25em;">140</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">76</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>23</sup></span> elementary entities (approximately 602 <a href="/wiki/Sextillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextillion">sextillion</a> or 602 billion times a trillion), which can be atoms, molecules, ions, ion pairs, or other <a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a>. The number of particles in a mole is the <b>Avogadro number</b> (symbol <i>N</i><sub>0</sub>) and the numerical value of the <i><a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a></i> (symbol <i>N</i><sub>A</sub>) expressed in <b>mol<sup>−1</sup></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-SI9_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SI value of the mole was chosen on the basis of the historical definition of the mole as the amount of substance that corresponds to the number of atoms in 12 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12"><sup>12</sup>C</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SI9_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which made the mass of a mole of a compound expressed in grams, numerically equal to the average molecular mass or formula mass of the compound expressed in <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">daltons</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a>, the numerical equivalence is now approximate. </p><p>The mole is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> as a convenient way to express amounts of <a href="/wiki/Reactant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactant">reactants</a> and amounts of <a href="/wiki/Product_(chemistry)" title="Product (chemistry)">products</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a>. For example, the chemical equation <span class="nowrap">2 H<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> → 2 H<sub>2</sub>O</span> can be interpreted to mean that for each 2 mol <a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydrogen">molecular hydrogen</a> (H<sub>2</sub>) and 1 mol <a href="/wiki/Dioxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxygen">molecular oxygen</a> (O<sub>2</sub>) that react, 2 mol of water (H<sub>2</sub>O) form. The <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> of a solution is commonly expressed by its <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">molar concentration</a>, defined as the amount of dissolved substance per unit volume of solution, for which the unit typically used is mole per <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a> (mol/L). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(unit)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_the_Avogadro_constant">Relation to the Avogadro constant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(unit)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relation to the Avogadro constant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Number_of_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Number of particles">number of entities</a> (symbol <i>N</i>) in a one-mole sample equals the <i><a href="/wiki/Avogadro_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Avogadro number">Avogadro number</a></i> (symbol <i>N</i><sub>0</sub>), a <a href="/wiki/Dimensionless_quantity" title="Dimensionless quantity">dimensionless quantity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SI9_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, <i>N</i><sub>0</sub> approximates the number of <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>) in one gram of ordinary <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a></i> (symbol <span class="nowrap"><i>N</i><sub>A</sub> = <i>N</i><sub>0</sub>/mol</span>) has numerical multiplier given by the Avogadro number with the unit <b>reciprocal mole</b> (mol<sup>−1</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Gold_Book_mole_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold_Book_mole-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratio <span class="nowrap"><i>n</i> = <i>N</i>/<i>N</i><sub>A</sub></span> is a measure of the amount of substance (with the unit mole).<sup id="cite_ref-Gold_Book_mole_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold_Book_mole-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUPACrev_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPACrev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MEP_for_mole_2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEP_for_mole_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_of_the_entities">Nature of the entities <span class="anchor" id="Elementary_entities"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(unit)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nature of the entities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance#Nature_of_the_particles" title="Amount of substance">Amount of substance § Nature of the particles</a></div> <p>Depending on the nature of the substance, an <b>elementary entity</b> may be an <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a>, an ion pair, or a <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particle</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>. For example, 10 moles of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a>) and 10 moles of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>) contain equal numbers of substance, with one atom of mercury for each molecule of water, despite the two quantities having different volumes and different masses. </p><p>The mole corresponds to a given count of entities.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAChist_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAChist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, the entities counted are chemically identical and individually distinct. For example, a solution may contain a certain number of dissolved molecules that are more or less independent of each other. However, the constituent entities in a solid are fixed and bound in a lattice arrangement, yet they may be separable without losing their chemical identity. Thus, the solid is composed of a certain number of moles of such entities. In yet other cases, such as <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, where the entire crystal is essentially a single molecule, the mole is still used to express the number of atoms bound together, rather than a count of molecules. Thus, common chemical conventions apply to the definition of the constituent entities of a substance, in other cases exact definitions may be specified. The mass of a substance is equal to its <a href="/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass" title="Relative atomic mass">relative atomic (or molecular) mass</a> multiplied by the <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass_constant" title="Molar mass constant">molar mass constant</a>, which is almost exactly 1 g/mol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_units">Similar units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(unit)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Similar units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like chemists, chemical engineers use the unit mole extensively, but different unit multiples may be more suitable for industrial use. For example, the SI unit for volume is the cubic metre, a much larger unit than the commonly used litre in the chemical laboratory. When amount of substance is also expressed in kmol (1000 mol) in industrial-scaled processes, the numerical value of molarity remains the same, as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle {\frac {\text{kmol}}{{\text{m}}^{3}}}={\frac {1000{\text{ mol}}}{1000{\text{ L}}}}={\frac {\text{mol}}{\text{L}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>kmol</mtext> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1000</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> mol</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1000</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> L</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>mol</mtext> <mtext>L</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\frac {\text{kmol}}{{\text{m}}^{3}}}={\frac {1000{\text{ mol}}}{1000{\text{ L}}}}={\frac {\text{mol}}{\text{L}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4e878dc41c3acdfd39c4def1eb5795782ffe6ea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:21.387ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\textstyle {\frac {\text{kmol}}{{\text{m}}^{3}}}={\frac {1000{\text{ mol}}}{1000{\text{ L}}}}={\frac {\text{mol}}{\text{L}}}}"></span>. Chemical engineers once used the <i>kilogram-mole</i> (notation <i>kg-mol</i>), which is defined as the number of entities in 12 kg of <sup>12</sup>C, and often referred to the mole as the <i>gram-mole</i> (notation <i>g-mol</i>), then defined as the number of entities in 12 g of <sup>12</sup>C, when dealing with laboratory data.<sup id="cite_ref-Himmelblau_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Himmelblau-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late 20th-century chemical engineering practice came to use the <i>kilomole</i> (kmol), which was numerically identical to the kilogram-mole (until the <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a>, which redefined the mole by fixing the value of the Avogadro constant, making it very nearly equivalent to but no longer exactly equal to the gram-mole), but whose name and symbol adopt the SI convention for standard multiples of metric units – thus, kmol means 1000 mol. This is equivalent to the use of kg instead of g. The use of kmol is not only for "magnitude convenience" but also makes the equations used for modelling chemical engineering systems <a href="/wiki/Coherence_(units_of_measurement)" title="Coherence (units of measurement)">coherent</a>. For example, the conversion of a flowrate of kg/s to kmol/s only requires dividing by the molar mass in g/mol (as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle {\frac {\text{kg}}{\text{kmol}}}={\frac {1000{\text{ g}}}{1000{\text{ mol}}}}={\frac {\text{g}}{\text{mol}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>kg</mtext> <mtext>kmol</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1000</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> g</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1000</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> mol</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>g</mtext> <mtext>mol</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\frac {\text{kg}}{\text{kmol}}}={\frac {1000{\text{ g}}}{1000{\text{ mol}}}}={\frac {\text{g}}{\text{mol}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3600fae9669fdd95080813d6a328b9d9b5bfa105" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:21.387ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle {\frac {\text{kg}}{\text{kmol}}}={\frac {1000{\text{ g}}}{1000{\text{ mol}}}}={\frac {\text{g}}{\text{mol}}}}"></span>) without multiplying by 1000 unless the basic SI unit of mol/s were to be used, which would otherwise require the molar mass to be converted to kg/mol. </p><p>For convenience in avoiding conversions in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial</a> (or <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary units</a>), some engineers adopted the <i>pound-mole</i> (notation <i>lb-mol</i> or <i>lbmol</i>), which is defined as the number of entities in 12 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lb</a> of <sup>12</sup>C. One lb-mol is equal to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002453592370000000♠"></span>453.592<span style="margin-left:.25em;">37</span> g‑mol</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Himmelblau_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Himmelblau-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the same numerical value as the number of grams in an <a href="/wiki/International_avoirdupois_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="International avoirdupois pound">international avoirdupois pound</a>. </p><p>Greenhouse and growth chamber lighting for plants is sometimes expressed in micromoles per square metre per second, where 1 mol photons ≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023602000000000000♠"></span>6.02<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>23</sup></span> photons.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The obsolete unit <a href="/wiki/Einstein_(unit)" title="Einstein (unit)">einstein</a> is variously defined as the energy in one mole of photons and also as simply one mole of photons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derived_units_and_SI_multiples">Derived units and SI multiples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(unit)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Derived units and SI multiples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only <a href="/wiki/SI_derived_unit#Derived_units_with_special_names" title="SI derived unit">SI derived unit with a special name</a> derived from the mole is the <a href="/wiki/Katal" title="Katal">katal</a>, defined as one mole per <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalytic activity">catalytic activity</a>. Like other SI units, the mole can also be modified by adding a <a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">metric prefix</a> that multiplies it by a <a href="/wiki/Power_of_10" title="Power of 10">power of 10</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <caption>SI multiples of mole (mol) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="3">Submultiples </th> <th scope="col" colspan="3">Multiples </th></tr> <tr style="background:#d4d4d4;"> <th scope="col">Value </th> <th scope="col">SI symbol </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Value </th> <th scope="col">SI symbol </th> <th scope="col">Name </th></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−1</sup> mol </td> <td>dmol </td> <td>decimole </td> <td>10<sup>1</sup> mol </td> <td>damol </td> <td>decamole </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−2</sup> mol </td> <td>cmol </td> <td>centimole </td> <td>10<sup>2</sup> mol </td> <td>hmol </td> <td>hectomole </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−3</sup> mol </td> <td>mmol </td> <td>millimole </td> <td>10<sup>3</sup> mol </td> <td>kmol </td> <td>kilomole </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−6</sup> mol </td> <td>μmol </td> <td>micromole </td> <td>10<sup>6</sup> mol </td> <td>Mmol </td> <td>megamole </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−9</sup> mol </td> <td>nmol </td> <td>nanomole </td> <td>10<sup>9</sup> mol </td> <td>Gmol </td> <td>gigamole </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−12</sup> mol </td> <td>pmol </td> <td>picomole </td> <td>10<sup>12</sup> mol </td> <td>Tmol </td> <td>teramole </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−15</sup> mol </td> <td>fmol </td> <td>femtomole </td> <td>10<sup>15</sup> mol </td> <td>Pmol </td> <td>petamole </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−18</sup> mol </td> <td>amol </td> <td>attomole </td> <td>10<sup>18</sup> mol </td> <td>Emol </td> <td>examole </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−21</sup> mol </td> <td>zmol </td> <td>zeptomole </td> <td>10<sup>21</sup> mol </td> <td>Zmol </td> <td>zettamole </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−24</sup> mol </td> <td>ymol </td> <td>yoctomole </td> <td>10<sup>24</sup> mol </td> <td>Ymol </td> <td>yottamole </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−27</sup> mol </td> <td>rmol </td> <td>rontomole </td> <td>10<sup>27</sup> mol </td> <td>Rmol </td> <td>ronnamole </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−30</sup> mol </td> <td>qmol </td> <td>quectomole </td> <td>10<sup>30</sup> mol </td> <td>Qmol </td> <td>quettamole </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>One femtomole is exactly 602,214,076 molecules; attomole and smaller quantities cannot be exactly realized. The yoctomole, equal to around 0.6 of an individual molecule, did make appearances in scientific journals in the year the yocto- prefix was officially implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(unit)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amadeo_Avogadro.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Amadeo_Avogadro.png/170px-Amadeo_Avogadro.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Amadeo_Avogadro.png/255px-Amadeo_Avogadro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Amadeo_Avogadro.png/340px-Amadeo_Avogadro.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Avogadro" title="Amedeo Avogadro">Avogadro</a>, who inspired the Avogadro constant</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of the mole is intertwined with that of units of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular mass</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a>. </p><p>The first table of <a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">standard atomic weight</a> was published by <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> (1766–1844) in 1805, based on a system in which the relative atomic mass of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> was defined as 1. These relative atomic masses were based on the <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometric</a> proportions of chemical reaction and compounds, a fact that greatly aided their acceptance: It was not necessary for a chemist to subscribe to <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a> (an unproven hypothesis at the time) to make practical use of the tables. This would lead to some confusion between atomic masses (promoted by proponents of atomic theory) and <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_weight" title="Equivalent weight">equivalent weights</a> (promoted by its opponents and which sometimes differed from relative atomic masses by an integer factor), which would last throughout much of the nineteenth century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> (1779–1848) was instrumental in the determination of relative atomic masses to ever-increasing accuracy. He was also the first chemist to use <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> as the standard to which other masses were referred. Oxygen is a useful standard, as, unlike hydrogen, it forms compounds with most other elements, especially <a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">metals</a>. However, he chose to fix the atomic mass of oxygen as 100, which did not catch on. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Gerhardt" title="Charles Frédéric Gerhardt">Charles Frédéric Gerhardt</a> (1816–56), <a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1810–78) and <a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> (1826–1910) expanded on Berzelius' works, resolving many of the problems of unknown stoichiometry of compounds, and the use of atomic masses attracted a large consensus by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Congress" title="Karlsruhe Congress">Karlsruhe Congress</a> (1860). The convention had reverted to defining the atomic mass of hydrogen as 1, although at the level of precision of measurements at that time – relative uncertainties of around 1% – this was numerically equivalent to the later standard of oxygen = 16. However the chemical convenience of having oxygen as the primary atomic mass standard became ever more evident with advances in analytical chemistry and the need for ever more accurate atomic mass determinations. </p><p>The name <i>mole</i> is an 1897 translation of the German unit <i>Mol</i>, coined by the <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> in 1894 from the German word <i>Molekül</i> (<a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The related concept of <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Equivalent mass">equivalent mass</a> had been in use at least a century earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chemistry, it has been known since <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Proust" title="Joseph Proust">Proust's</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_of_definite_proportions" title="Law of definite proportions">law of definite proportions</a> (1794) that knowledge of the mass of each of the components in a chemical <a href="/wiki/System_(thermodynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="System (thermodynamics)">system</a> is not sufficient to define the system. Amount of substance can be described as mass divided by Proust's "definite proportions", and contains information that is missing from the measurement of mass alone. As demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">Dalton's</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_of_partial_pressures" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of partial pressures">law of partial pressures</a> (1803), a measurement of mass is not even necessary to measure the amount of substance (although in practice it is usual). There are many physical relationships between amount of substance and other physical quantities, the most notable one being the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas_law" title="Ideal gas law">ideal gas law</a> (where the relationship was first demonstrated in 1857). The term "mole" was first used in a textbook describing these <a href="/wiki/Colligative_properties" title="Colligative properties">colligative properties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardization">Standardization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(unit)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developments in <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> led to the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-16" title="Oxygen-16">oxygen-16</a> as the standard substance, in lieu of natural oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oxygen-16 definition was replaced with one based on carbon-12 during the 1960s. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures defined the mole as "the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilograms of carbon-12." Thus, by that definition, one mole of pure <sup>12</sup>C had a mass of <i>exactly</i> 12 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SI114-15_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI114-15-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUPAChist_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAChist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four different definitions were equivalent to within 1%. </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="margin:.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Scale basis </th> <th>Scale basis<br />relative to <sup>12</sup>C = 12 </th> <th>Relative deviation<br />from the <sup>12</sup>C = 12 scale </th></tr> <tr> <td>Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1 </td> <td>1.00794(7) </td> <td align="center">−0.788% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001159994000000000♠"></span>15.9994(3)</span> </td> <td align="center">+0.00375% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Relative atomic mass of <sup>16</sup>O = 16 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001159949146221000♠"></span>15.994<span style="margin-left:.25em;">914</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">6221</span>(15)</span> </td> <td align="center">+0.0318% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Because a <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a>, a unit commonly used to measure <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a>, is exactly 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom, this definition of the mole entailed that the mass of one mole of a compound or element in grams was numerically equal to the average mass of one molecule or atom of the substance in daltons, and that the number of daltons in a gram was equal to the number of elementary entities in a mole. Because the mass of a <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleon</a> (i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>) is approximately 1 dalton and the nucleons in an atom's nucleus make up the overwhelming majority of its mass, this definition also entailed that the mass of one mole of a substance was roughly equivalent to the number of nucleons in one atom or molecule of that substance. </p><p>Since the definition of the gram was not mathematically tied to that of the dalton, the number of molecules per mole <i>N</i><sub>A</sub> (the Avogadro constant) had to be determined experimentally. The experimental value adopted by <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Data_for_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Data for Science and Technology">CODATA</a> in 2010 is <span class="nowrap"><i>N</i><sub>A</sub> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023602214129000000♠"></span>6.022<span style="margin-left:.25em;">141</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">29</span>(27)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>23</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011 the measurement was refined to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023602214078000000♠"></span>6.022<span style="margin-left:.25em;">140</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">78</span>(18)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>23</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mole was made the seventh <a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">SI base unit</a> in 1971 by the 14th CGPM.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_revision_of_the_SI">2019 revision of the SI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(unit)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2019 revision of the SI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a>, the mole was defined as the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 12 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">carbon-12</a> (the most common <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_carbon" title="Isotopes of carbon">isotope of carbon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-SI8_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>gram-molecule</i> was formerly used to mean one mole of molecules, and <i>gram-atom</i> for one mole of atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-SI114-15_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI114-15-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, 1 mole of <a href="/wiki/MgBr2" class="mw-redirect" title="MgBr2">MgBr<sub>2</sub></a> is 1 gram-molecule of MgBr<sub>2</sub> but 3 gram-atoms of MgBr<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the 24th meeting of the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> (CGPM) agreed to a plan for a possible revision of the <a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">SI base unit</a> definitions at an undetermined date. </p><p>On 16 November 2018, after a meeting of scientists from more than 60 countries at the CGPM in Versailles, France, all SI base units were defined in terms of physical constants. This meant that each SI unit, including the mole, would not be defined in terms of any physical objects but rather they would be defined by <a href="/wiki/Physical_constant" title="Physical constant">physical constants</a> that are, in their nature, exact.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPACrev_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPACrev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such changes officially came into effect on 20 May 2019. Following such changes, "one mole" of a substance was redefined as containing "exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023602214076000000♠"></span>6.022<span style="margin-left:.25em;">140</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">76</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>23</sup></span> elementary entities" of that substance.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(unit)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since its adoption into the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> in 1971, numerous criticisms of the concept of the mole as a unit like the <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a> have arisen: </p> <ul><li>the number of molecules, etc. in a given amount of material is a fixed <a href="/wiki/Dimensionless_quantity" title="Dimensionless quantity">dimensionless quantity</a> that can be expressed simply as a number, not requiring a distinct base unit;<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAChist_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAChist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giunta_2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giunta_2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The SI thermodynamic mole is irrelevant to analytical chemistry and could cause avoidable costs to advanced economies<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The mole is not a true metric (i.e. measuring) unit, rather it is a <i>parametric</i> unit, and amount of substance is a <i>parametric</i> base quantity<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the SI defines numbers of entities as quantities of dimension one, and thus ignores the ontological distinction between <i>entities</i> and <i>units of continuous quantities</i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the mole is often used interchangeably and inconsistently to refer to both a unit and a quantity without appropriate use of amount of substance potentially causing confusion for novice chemistry students.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mole_Day">Mole Day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(unit)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mole Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>October 23, denoted 10/23 in the US, is recognized by some as <a href="/wiki/Mole_Day" title="Mole Day">Mole Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an informal holiday in honor of the unit among chemists. The date is derived from the Avogadro number, which is approximately <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023602200000000000♠"></span>6.022<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>23</sup></span>. It starts at 6:02 a.m. and ends at 6:02 p.m. Alternatively, some chemists celebrate June 2 (<abbr title="in mm/dd/yyyy format">06/02</abbr>), June 22 (<abbr title="in m/d/y format">6/22</abbr>), or 6 February (<abbr title="in dd.mm.yyyy format">06.02</abbr>), a reference to the 6.02 or 6.022 part of the constant.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(unit)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Element-reactant-product_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Element-reactant-product table">Element-reactant-product table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday_constant" title="Faraday constant">Faraday constant</a> – Physical constant: Electric charge of one mole of electrons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">Mole fraction</a> – Proportion of a constituent in a mixture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Dalton (unit)</a> – Standard unit of mass for atomic-scale chemical species</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">Molecular mass</a> – Mass of a given molecule in daltons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> – Mass per amount of substance</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(unit)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SI9-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SI9_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI9_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI9_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf"><i>The International System of Units</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Dec 2022, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-822-2272-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-822-2272-0"><bdi>978-92-822-2272-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft.date=2022-12&rft.isbn=978-92-822-2272-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F41483022%2FSI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gold_Book_mole-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gold_Book_mole_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gold_Book_mole_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIUPAC_Gold_Book" class="citation book cs1">IUPAC Gold Book. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/M03980"><i>IUPAC – mole (M03980)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.M03980">10.1351/goldbook.M03980</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241546445">241546445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IUPAC+%E2%80%93+mole+%28M03980%29&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fgoldbook.M03980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241546445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=IUPAC+Gold+Book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoldbook.iupac.org%2Fterms%2Fview%2FM03980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPACrev-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUPACrev_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPACrev_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/on-the-revision-of-the-international-system-of-units/">"On the revision of the International System of Units – International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry"</a>. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+revision+of+the+International+System+of+Units+%E2%80%93+International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fon-the-revision-of-the-international-system-of-units%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MEP_for_mole_2019-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MEP_for_mole_2019_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBIPM2019" class="citation web cs1">BIPM (20 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41489679/SI-App2-mole.pdf/be4dea74-a526-e49b-f497-11b393665401?version=1.6&t=1637238198610&download=false">"Mise en pratique for the definition of the mole in the SI"</a>. <i>BIPM.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BIPM.org&rft.atitle=Mise+en+pratique+for+the+definition+of+the+mole+in+the+SI&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft.au=BIPM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F41489679%2FSI-App2-mole.pdf%2Fbe4dea74-a526-e49b-f497-11b393665401%3Fversion%3D1.6%26t%3D1637238198610%26download%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAChist-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAChist_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAChist_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAChist_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_BièvrePeiser1992" class="citation journal cs1">de Bièvre, Paul; Peiser, H. Steffen (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1992/pdf/6410x1535.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Atomic Weight' — The Name, Its History, Definition, and Units"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. <b>64</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1535–</span>1543. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199264101535">10.1351/pac199264101535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=%27Atomic+Weight%27+%E2%80%94+The+Name%2C+Its+History%2C+Definition%2C+and+Units&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1535-%3C%2Fspan%3E1543&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac199264101535&rft.aulast=de+Bi%C3%A8vre&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Peiser%2C+H.+Steffen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2F1992%2Fpdf%2F6410x1535.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Himmelblau-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Himmelblau_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Himmelblau_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimmelblau1996" class="citation book cs1">Himmelblau, David (1996). <i>Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering</i> (6 ed.). Prentice Hall PTR. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-305798-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-305798-0"><bdi>978-0-13-305798-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Principles+and+Calculations+in+Chemical+Engineering&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+PTR&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-13-305798-0&rft.aulast=Himmelblau&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egc.com/useful_info_lighting.php">"Lighting Radiation Conversion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311131342/http://www.egc.com/useful_info_lighting.php">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lighting+Radiation+Conversion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egc.com%2Fuseful_info_lighting.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen1991" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Da Yong; et al. (1991). "Low-cost, high-sensitivity laser-induced fluorescence detection for DNA sequencing by capillary gel electrophoresis". <i>Journal of Chromatography</i>. <b>559</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9673%2891%2980074-Q">10.1016/0021-9673(91)80074-Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1761625">1761625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography&rft.atitle=Low-cost%2C+high-sensitivity+laser-induced+fluorescence+detection+for+DNA+sequencing+by+capillary+gel+electrophoresis&rft.volume=559&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0021-9673%2891%2980074-Q&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1761625&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Da+Yong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelm1897" class="citation book cs1">Helm, Georg (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesmathe00helmgoog"><i>The Principles of Mathematical Chemistry: The Energetics of Chemical Phenomena</i></a>. transl. by Livingston, J.; Morgan, R. New York: Wiley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesmathe00helmgoog/page/n20">6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Mathematical+Chemistry%3A+The+Energetics+of+Chemical+Phenomena&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Helm&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesmathe00helmgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources place the date of first usage in English as 1902. <a href="/wiki/Merriam%E2%80%93Webster" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam–Webster">Merriam–Webster</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mole%5B5%5D">proposes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102181728/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mole%5B5%5D">Archived</a> 2011-11-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> an etymology from <i>Molekulärgewicht</i> (<a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstwald1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Ostwald, Wilhelm</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4584562;view=1up;seq=131"><i>Hand- und Hilfsbuch zur Ausführung Physiko-Chemischer Messungen</i></a> [<i>Handbook and Auxiliary Book for Conducting Physico-Chemical Measurements</i>]. Leipzig, Germany: Wilhelm Engelmann. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand-+und+Hilfsbuch+zur+Ausf%C3%BChrung+Physiko-Chemischer+Messungen&rft.place=Leipzig%2C+Germany&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Wilhelm+Engelmann&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Ostwald&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4584562%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 119: <i>"Nennen wir allgemein das Gewicht in Grammen, welches dem Molekulargewicht eines gegebenen Stoffes numerisch gleich ist, ein Mol, so ... "</i> (If we call in general the weight in grams, which is numerically equal to the molecular weight of a given substance, a "mol", then ... )</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>mole</b>, <i><b>n.<sup>8</sup></b></i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, Draft Revision Dec. 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstwald1900" class="citation book cs1">Ostwald, Wilhelm (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7204743M/The_scientific_foundations_of_analytical_chemistry"><i>The Scientific Foundations of Analytical Chemistry: Treated in an Elementary Manner</i></a>. McGowan, George (transl.) (Second English ed.). London: Macmillan and Co. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7204743M">7204743M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Foundations+of+Analytical+Chemistry%3A+Treated+in+an+Elementary+Manner&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second+English&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7204743M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Ostwald&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7204743M%2FThe_scientific_foundations_of_analytical_chemistry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch2003" class="citation journal cs1">Busch, Kenneth (May 2, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.sanity.io/files/0vv8moc6/spectroscopy/cfb6f4cb3d02243b516bce3b11dc3584733be2b1.pdf/article-55961.pdf">"Units in Mass Spectrometry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Trends in Mass Spectrometry</i>. <b>18</b> (5S): S32-S34 [S33]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Trends+in+Mass+Spectrometry&rft.atitle=Units+in+Mass+Spectrometry&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5S&rft.pages=S32-S34+S33&rft.date=2003-05-02&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.sanity.io%2Ffiles%2F0vv8moc6%2Fspectroscopy%2Fcfb6f4cb3d02243b516bce3b11dc3584733be2b1.pdf%2Farticle-55961.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI114-15-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SI114-15_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI114-15_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf"><i>The International System of Units (SI)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (8th ed.), pp. <span class="nowrap">114–</span>15, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6" title="Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6"><bdi>92-822-2213-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604163219/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.edition=8th&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=92-822-2213-6&rft.au=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F41483022%2Fsi_brochure_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?na">physics.nist.gov/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629063615/http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?na">Archived</a> 2015-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Fundamental Physical Constants: Avogadro Constant</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas2011" class="citation journal cs1">Andreas, Birk; et al. (2011). 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W.; Bruce, M. (2022). "Inconsistent language use in online resources explaining the mole has implications for students' understanding". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>99</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">2446–</span>2450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jchemed.2c00199">10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Inconsistent+language+use+in+online+resources+explaining+the+mole+has+implications+for+students%27+understanding&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2446-%3C%2Fspan%3E2450&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jchemed.2c00199&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rft.au=Bruce%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moleday.org/history-of-the-foundation">History of National Mole Day Foundation, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101023075040/http://www.moleday.org/htdocs/history.html">Archived</a> 2010-10-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nstacommunities.org/blog/2013/10/17/happy-mole-day/">Happy Mole Day!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729135936/http://nstacommunities.org/blog/2013/10/17/happy-mole-day/">Archived</a> 2014-07-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mary Bigelow. SciLinks blog, National Science Teachers Association. October 17, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry.about.com/od/historyofchemistry/a/mole-day.htm">What Is Mole Day? – Date and How to Celebrate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140730061148/http://chemistry.about.com/od/historyofchemistry/a/mole-day.htm">Archived</a> 2014-07-30 at Wikiwix, Anne Marie Helmenstine. About.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Perse_School2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/The_Perse_School" title="The Perse School">The Perse School</a> (Feb 7, 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/news/perse-school-celebrates-moles-of-chemical-variety/"><i>The Perse School celebrates moles of the chemical variety</i></a>, Cambridge Network, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211183911/http://www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/news/perse-school-celebrates-moles-of-chemical-variety/">archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">Feb 11,</span> 2015</span>, <q>As 6.02 corresponds to 6th February, the School has adopted the date as their 'Mole Day'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perse+School+celebrates+moles+of+the+chemical+variety&rft.pub=Cambridge+Network&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft.au=The+Perse+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgenetwork.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fperse-school-celebrates-moles-of-chemical-variety%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(unit)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222072256/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Mole/Origin-of-Mole.html">ChemTeam: The Origin of the Word 'Mole'</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 22, 2007)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">Base units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">candela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SI_derived_unit" title="SI derived unit">Derived units <br />with special names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">degree Celsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katal" title="Katal">katal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_(unit)" title="Lumen (unit)">lumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radian" title="Radian">radian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steradian" title="Steradian">steradian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">Other accepted units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree of arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">minute and second of arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_units" title="Conversion of units">Conversion of units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_definitions_of_the_SI_base_units" title="Historical definitions of the SI base units">Historical definitions of the SI base units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">System of units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:SI_units" title="Category:SI units">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mole_concepts61" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mole_concepts" title="Template:Mole concepts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mole_concepts" 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navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_concentration_(chemistry)" title="Mass concentration (chemistry)">Mass concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">Molar concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molality" title="Molality">Molality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(thermodynamics)" title="Volume (thermodynamics)">Volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">Mole fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)" title="Mass fraction (chemistry)">Mass fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance" title="Amount of substance">Amount of substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">Atomic mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_number" title="Particle number">Particle number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature" title="Thermodynamic temperature">Thermodynamic temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_volume" title="Molar volume">Molar volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_volume" title="Specific volume">Specific volume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles%27s_law" title="Charles's law">Charles's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyle%27s_law" title="Boyle's law">Boyle's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay-Lussac%27s_law" title="Gay-Lussac's law">Gay-Lussac's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_gas_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined gas law">Combined gas law</a></li> 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