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<span>External relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Typology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vocabulary comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yam languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_del_Morehead_y_del_alto_Maro" title="Lenguas del Morehead y del alto Maro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas del Morehead y del alto Maro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_morehead-maro" title="Langues morehead-maro – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues morehead-maro" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_a_Yam" title="Sasao a Yam – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao a Yam" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamkielet" title="Yamkielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yamkielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15062272#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of Papuan languages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #fd79da;">Yam</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Morehead River</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morehead_River" title="Morehead River">Morehead River</a> watershed, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">A primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Yam</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yey_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yey language">Yey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambu_languages" title="Nambu languages">Nambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/more1255">more1255</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morehead_and_Upper_Maro_River_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Morehead_and_Upper_Maro_River_languages.svg/300px-Morehead_and_Upper_Maro_River_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Morehead_and_Upper_Maro_River_languages.svg/450px-Morehead_and_Upper_Maro_River_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Morehead_and_Upper_Maro_River_languages.svg/600px-Morehead_and_Upper_Maro_River_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="313" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Map: The Yam languages of New Guinea <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF5E5F; color:black;"> </span> Yam languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7BB5B6; color:black;"> </span> Trans–New Guinea languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D9D9D9; color:black;"> </span> Other Papuan languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E09D00; color:black;"> </span> Austronesian languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f4f861; color:black;"> </span> Australian languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Uninhabited</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>Map all coordinates using</b> <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Yam_languages">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> <p><b>Download coordinates as:</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Yam_languages">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Yam_languages">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Yam_languages">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Yam_languages">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Yam</b> languages, also known as the <b>Morehead River</b> languages, are a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a>. They include many of the languages south and west of the <a href="/wiki/Fly_River" title="Fly River">Fly River</a> in Papua New Guinea and Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Morehead and Upper Maro River</i>, or <i>Morehead–Maro</i>, refers to the area around the <a href="/wiki/Morehead_River" title="Morehead River">Morehead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maro_River" title="Maro River">Maro</a> rivers. Most of the languages are found between these rivers, but the Nambu subgroup are spoken east of the Morehead. Evans (2012) refers to the family instead with the more compact name <i>Yam</i>. This name is motivated by a number of linguistic and cultural items of significance: <i>yam</i> (and cognates) means "custom, tradition"; <i>yəm</i> (and cognates) means "is"; and yam tubers are the local staple and of central cultural importance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_relationships">External relationships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ross (2005) tentatively includes the Yam languages in the proposed <a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_%E2%80%93_Bulaka_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Fly – Bulaka River languages">Trans-Fly – Bulaka River</a> family. More recently (Evans 2012) has argued that this is not justified and more data has to be gathered. Evans (2018) classifies the <a href="/wiki/Pahoturi_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahoturi River languages">Pahoturi River languages</a> as an independent language family.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans-Southern_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-Southern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yam languages have also been in intensive contact with <a href="/wiki/Marind_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marind languages">Marind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suki_language" title="Suki language">Suki</a> speakers, who had historically expanded into Yam-speaking territories via headhunting raids and other expansionary migrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans-Southern_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-Southern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internal classification of the Yam languages:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yei_language" title="Yei language">Yei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda languages</a> (a dialect chain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambu_languages" title="Nambu languages">Nambu languages</a> (a dialect chain)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Wichmann" title="Søren Wichmann">Wichmann</a> (2013) did not find a connection between the branches in his automated comparison.<sup id="cite_ref-Wichmann2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wichmann2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yam languages are spoken by up to 3,000 people on both sides of the border in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. In <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, Yam languages are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Western Province (Papua New Guinea)">Western Province</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, Yam languages are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Merauke_Regency" title="Merauke Regency">Merauke Regency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans-Southern_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-Southern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yam languages and respective demographic information listed by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Evans_(linguist)" title="Nicholas Evans (linguist)">Evans</a> (2018) are provided below.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans-Southern_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-Southern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographical coordinates are also provided for some villages.<sup id="cite_ref-UN-PNG_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-PNG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of Yam languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Alternative names</th> <th>Subgroup</th> <th>Speakers</th> <th>Villages or hamlets </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anta language">Anta</a></td> <td>Tokwe, Upper Morehead, Thamnga</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>150</td> <td>Ufarua (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.635484_S_141.633236_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Uparua"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°38′08″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°38′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.635484°S 141.633236°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.635484; 141.633236</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Uparua</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Forzitho, Thamgakar (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.626232_S_141.611057_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Damgar"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°37′34″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°36′40″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.626232°S 141.611057°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.626232; 141.611057</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Damgar</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in central <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Komnzo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Komnzo language">Komnzo</a></td> <td>Kamundjo, Upper Morehead, (Mema, Ranzér), Zókwasi, Farem</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>200</td> <td>Rouku (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.701793_S_141.598485_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Rouku"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°42′06″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°35′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.701793°S 141.598485°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.701793; 141.598485</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Rouku</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Gunana, Morehead (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.708915_S_141.634593_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Morehead+Station"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°42′32″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°38′05″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.708915°S 141.634593°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.708915; 141.634593</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Morehead Station</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Firra, Masu, Kanathér in central <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A1ra_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wára language">Wára</a></td> <td>Tjokwe, Upper Morehead, Wära, Mät</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>350</td> <td>Yokwa (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.700472_S_141.523053_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Iokwa"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°42′02″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°31′23″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.700472°S 141.523053°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.700472; 141.523053</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Iokwa</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), (Mäwsa, Kwaikér, Zäzér Ménz) in central <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A9r%C3%A8_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wérè language">Wérè</a></td> <td>Tokwe, Upper Morehead, Wórä</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>100</td> <td>Tokwa (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.643291_S_141.436129_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Tokwa"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°38′36″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°26′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.643291°S 141.436129°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.643291; 141.436129</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Tokwa</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Kanfok in central <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9m%C3%A4_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kémä language">Kémä</a></td> <td>Upper Morehead</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>130</td> <td>Wämnefér (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.74137_S_141.415826_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Wemnevere"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°44′29″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°24′57″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.74137°S 141.415826°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.74137; 141.415826</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Wemnevere</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in central <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1nch%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kánchá language">Kánchá</a></td> <td>Kunja, Lower Morehead, Peremka, Kénzä</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>350*</td> <td>Bondobol (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.929521_S_141.338469_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Bondobol"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°55′46″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°20′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.929521°S 141.338469°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.929521; 141.338469</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Bondobol</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Bula (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=9.128337_S_141.340513_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Bula"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°07′42″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°20′26″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.128337°S 141.340513°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-9.128337; 141.340513</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Bula</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Jarai (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=9.196839_S_141.584426_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Jarai"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°11′49″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°35′04″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.196839°S 141.584426°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-9.196839; 141.584426</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Jarai</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in southeast <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1nmo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ránmo language">Ránmo</a></td> <td>Tonda, Renmo, Blafe</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>200*</td> <td>Yéndorodoro (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.59196_S_141.29677_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Indorodoro"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°35′31″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°17′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.59196°S 141.29677°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.59196; 141.29677</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Indorodoro</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Mengete (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.657045_S_141.284029_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Mengete"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°39′25″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°17′03″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.657045°S 141.284029°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.657045; 141.284029</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Mengete</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in west <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mblafe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mblafe language">Mblafe</a></td> <td>Blafe, Blafe Wonana, Tonda</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>350*</td> <td>Weam (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.618919_S_141.134728_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Weam+Village"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°37′08″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°08′05″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.618919°S 141.134728°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.618919; 141.134728</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Weam Village</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Kandarisa (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.621418_S_141.2194_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Kandarisa"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°37′17″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°13′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.621418°S 141.2194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.621418; 141.2194</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Kandarisa</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Wereaver (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.596603_S_141.123567_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Wereavere"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°35′48″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°07′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.596603°S 141.123567°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.596603; 141.123567</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Wereavere</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) (only recently in Wereaver) in west <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warta_Thuntai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warta Thuntai language">Warta Thuntai</a></td> <td>Guntai, Kan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>430</td> <td>Wando (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.885893_S_141.258528_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Wando"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°53′09″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°15′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.885893°S 141.258528°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.885893; 141.258528</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Wando</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Bensbach (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.8493_S_141.249855_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Bensbach+Lodge"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°50′57″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°14′59″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.8493°S 141.249855°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.8493; 141.249855</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Bensbach Lodge</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Balamuk, Korombo 1, Korombo 2 (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.754213_S_141.265672_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Korombo"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°45′15″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°15′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.754213°S 141.265672°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.754213; 141.265672</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Korombo</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in mid southwest <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arammba_language" title="Arammba language">Arammba</a></td> <td>None</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>750</td> <td>Fwasam, Gowi, Kiriwa (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.437511_S_141.515843_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Kiriwo"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°26′15″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°30′57″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.437511°S 141.515843°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.437511; 141.515843</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Kiriwo</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Meru (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.471963_S_141.466349_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Merru"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°28′19″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°27′59″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.471963°S 141.466349°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.471963; 141.466349</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Merru</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Sedefi (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.514592_S_141.610694_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Setavi"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°30′53″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°36′38″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.514592°S 141.610694°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.514592; 141.610694</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Setavi</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Serki (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.250688_S_141.766022_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Serki"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°15′02″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°45′58″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.250688°S 141.766022°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.250688; 141.766022</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Serki</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in north central <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nggarna_language" title="Nggarna language">Nggarna</a></td> <td>Ngar, Kanum, Sota</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>unknown</td> <td>Vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Sota,_South_Papua" title="Sota, South Papua">Sota</a> in west <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rema_language" title="Rema language">Rema</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>10? (moribund or extinct)</td> <td>Wereaver (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.596603_S_141.123567_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Wereavere"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°35′48″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°07′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.596603°S 141.123567°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.596603; 141.123567</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Wereavere</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in west <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Smerki_language" title="Smerki language">Smerki</a></td> <td>Smärki, Kanum, Barkari</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>150</td> <td>Rawu Biru, <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomer,_Naukenjerai,_Merauke" class="extiw" title="id:Tomer, Naukenjerai, Merauke">Tomer</a>, <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomerau,_Naukenjerai,_Merauke" class="extiw" title="id:Tomerau, Naukenjerai, Merauke">Tomerau</a>, Yakiw in southeast <a href="/wiki/Merauke_Regency" title="Merauke Regency">Merauke Regency</a>, Indonesia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamer_language" title="Tamer language">Tamer</a></td> <td>Smerki, Smärki, Kanum</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>120</td> <td><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanggandur,_Sota,_Merauke" class="extiw" title="id:Yanggandur, Sota, Merauke">Yanggandur</a> (recently moved there) in southeast <a href="/wiki/Merauke_Regency" title="Merauke Regency">Merauke Regency</a>, Indonesia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngkontar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngkontar language">Ngkontar</a></td> <td>Ngkontar, Ngkolmpu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>100</td> <td><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanggandur,_Sota,_Merauke" class="extiw" title="id:Yanggandur, Sota, Merauke">Yanggandur</a> in southeast <a href="/wiki/Merauke_Regency" title="Merauke Regency">Merauke Regency</a>, Indonesia and into PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngkolmpu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngkolmpu language">Ngkolmpu</a></td> <td>Kiki, Ngkntra Kiki, Kanum, Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td></td> <td>east <a href="/wiki/Merauke_Regency" title="Merauke Regency">Merauke Regency</a>, Indonesia and into PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bedi_Ngkolmpu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedi Ngkolmpu language">Bedi Ngkolmpu</a></td> <td>Kanum, Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></td> <td>5 (moribund or extinct)</td> <td><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onggaya,_Naukenjerai,_Merauke" class="extiw" title="id:Onggaya, Naukenjerai, Merauke">Onggaya</a> in south central <a href="/wiki/Merauke_Regency" title="Merauke Regency">Merauke Regency</a>, Indonesia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yei_language" title="Yei language">Yei</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yei_language" title="Yei language">Yei</a></td> <td>1278</td> <td>Po, Torai, Bupul, Tanas, Kwel in east <a href="/wiki/Merauke_Regency" title="Merauke Regency">Merauke Regency</a>, Indonesia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nen_language_(Papuan)" title="Nen language (Papuan)">Nen</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nambu_languages" title="Nambu languages">Nambu</a></td> <td>350</td> <td>Bimadeben (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.701793_S_141.598485_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Bimadeben+Vill%2F+Comm.+Sch"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°42′06″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°35′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.701793°S 141.598485°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.701793; 141.598485</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Bimadeben Vill/ Comm. Sch</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in central <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nama_language_(Papuan)" title="Nama language (Papuan)">Nama</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nambu_languages" title="Nambu languages">Nambu</a></td> <td>1200</td> <td>Daraia (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.61637_S_141.733576_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Darava"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°36′59″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°44′01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.61637°S 141.733576°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.61637; 141.733576</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Darava</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Mata (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.674546_S_141.743133_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Mata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°40′28″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°44′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.674546°S 141.743133°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.674546; 141.743133</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Mata</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Ngaraita (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.599511_S_141.714869_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Garaita"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°35′58″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°42′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.599511°S 141.714869°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.599511; 141.714869</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Garaita</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in central <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Namat_language" title="Namat language">Namat</a></td> <td>Mibini</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nambu_languages" title="Nambu languages">Nambu</a></td> <td>170*</td> <td>Mibini (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.838849_S_141.637931_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Mibini"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°50′20″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°38′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.838849°S 141.637931°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.838849; 141.637931</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Mibini</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in central <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nambo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nambo language">Nambo</a></td> <td>Nmbo, Keraki; Namna, Yarne</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nambu_languages" title="Nambu languages">Nambu</a></td> <td>710</td> <td><i>Nambo variety</i>: Gubam (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.619428_S_141.922509_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Gubam"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°37′10″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°55′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.619428°S 141.922509°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.619428; 141.922509</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Gubam</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Bebdeben (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.667668_S_141.925772_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Bebdeben"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°40′04″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°55′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.667668°S 141.925772°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.667668; 141.925772</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Bebdeben</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Arufi (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.760576_S_141.913707_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Arufi"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°45′38″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°54′49″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.760576°S 141.913707°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.760576; 141.913707</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Arufi</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in central <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG; <i>Namna variety</i>: Pongarki (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.664295_S_141.827064_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Pongariki"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°39′51″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°49′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.664295°S 141.827064°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.664295; 141.827064</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Pongariki</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Derideri (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.686837_S_141.85624_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Derideri"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°41′13″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°51′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.686837°S 141.85624°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.686837; 141.85624</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Derideri</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in central <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neme_language" title="Neme language">Neme</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nambu_languages" title="Nambu languages">Nambu</a></td> <td>200</td> <td>Keru (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=8.483752_S_141.788348_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Keru"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°29′02″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°47′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.483752°S 141.788348°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.483752; 141.788348</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Keru</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Mitere in central <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dre_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dre language">Dre</a></td> <td>Ndre</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nambu_languages" title="Nambu languages">Nambu</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>Ramar in central <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Namo_language" title="Namo language">Namo</a></td> <td>Nä</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nambu_languages" title="Nambu languages">Nambu</a></td> <td>374*</td> <td>Tais (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=9.167526_S_141.905733_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Tais"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°10′03″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°54′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.167526°S 141.905733°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-9.167526; 141.905733</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Tais</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Mari (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=9.193532_S_141.70247_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Mari"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°11′37″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°42′09″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.193532°S 141.70247°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-9.193532; 141.70247</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Mari</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in south <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Len_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Len language">Len</a></td> <td>Lä</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nambu_languages" title="Nambu languages">Nambu</a></td> <td>8–10</td> <td>Now living in Tais (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yam_languages&params=9.167526_S_141.905733_E_type:city_region:PG&title=Tais"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°10′03″S</span> <span class="longitude">141°54′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.167526°S 141.905733°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-9.167526; 141.905733</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Tais</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), original village was Yaoga in south <a href="/wiki/Morehead_Rural_LLG" title="Morehead Rural LLG">Morehead Rural LLG</a>, PNG </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>See also: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Papua" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Papua">Districts of Papua</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_distrik,_kelurahan,_dan_kampung_di_Kabupaten_Merauke" class="extiw" title="id:Daftar distrik, kelurahan, dan kampung di Kabupaten Merauke">Indonesian Wikipedia</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pronouns Ross (2005) reconstructs for the family are, </p> <dl><dt>Proto-Yam (Proto–Morehead – Upper Maro)</dt></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>I/we</b></td> <td><i>*ni</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>you</b></td> <td><i>*bu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>s/he/they</b></td> <td><i>*be</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Yam languages display <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, including in <a href="/wiki/Nambu_languages" title="Nambu languages">Nambu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans-Southern_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-Southern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary_comparison">Vocabulary comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vocabulary comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Voorhoeve (1975),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. <i>tor</i>, <i>ter</i> for “tooth”) or not (e.g. <i>sento</i>, <i>yarmaker</i> for “bird”). </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:kcd" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:kcd">Kanum</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:jei" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:jei">Yei</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>head </th> <td>mel</td> <td>kilpel </td></tr> <tr> <th>hair </th> <td>mel-kata</td> <td>peab </td></tr> <tr> <th>eye </th> <td>si</td> <td>cur </td></tr> <tr> <th>tooth </th> <td>tor</td> <td>ter </td></tr> <tr> <th>leg </th> <td>tegu</td> <td>cere </td></tr> <tr> <th>louse </th> <td>neːmpin</td> <td>nim </td></tr> <tr> <th>dog </th> <td>krar</td> <td>jeu </td></tr> <tr> <th>pig </th> <td>kwer</td> <td>becek </td></tr> <tr> <th>bird </th> <td>sento</td> <td>yarmaker </td></tr> <tr> <th>egg </th> <td>bel</td> <td>mekur </td></tr> <tr> <th>blood </th> <td>mbel</td> <td>gul </td></tr> <tr> <th>bone </th> <td>mbaːr</td> <td>gor </td></tr> <tr> <th>skin </th> <td>keikei</td> <td>paːr </td></tr> <tr> <th>tree </th> <td>per</td> <td>per </td></tr> <tr> <th>man </th> <td>ire</td> <td>el-lu </td></tr> <tr> <th>sun </th> <td>koŋko</td> <td>mir </td></tr> <tr> <th>water </th> <td>ataka</td> <td>kao </td></tr> <tr> <th>fire </th> <td>mens</td> <td>benj </td></tr> <tr> <th>stone </th> <td>melle</td> <td>mejer </td></tr> <tr> <th>name </th> <td>iu</td> <td>ore </td></tr> <tr> <th>eat </th> <td>anaŋ</td> <td>cenye </td></tr> <tr> <th>one </th> <td>namper</td> <td>nampei </td></tr> <tr> <th>two </th> <td>yempoka</td> <td>yetapae </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carroll, Matthew J., Nicholas Evans, I Wayan Arka, Christian Döhler, Eri Kashima, Volker Gast, Tina Gregor, Julia Miller, Emil Mittag, Bruno Olsson, Dineke Schokkin, Jeff Siegel, Charlotte van Tongeren & Kyla Quinn. 2016. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yamfinder.com/">Yamfinder: Southern New Guinea Lexical Database</a></i>.</li> <li>Döhler, Christian (2018) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/212">A grammar of Komnzo</a></i>. (Studies in Diversity Linguistics 22). Berlin: Language Science Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1477799">10.5281/zenodo.1477799</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-125-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-125-2">978-3-96110-125-2</a>. Accessed on 2019-11-12.</li> <li>Evans, Nicholas, I Wayan Arka, Matthew Carroll, Christian Döhler, Eri Kashima, Emil Mittag, Kyla Quinn, Jeff Siegel, Philip Tama & Charlotte van Tongeren. 2017. <i>The languages of Southern New Guinea</i>. In Bill Palmer (ed.), The languages and linguistics of the New Guinea area, 641–774. Berlin; Boston: Walter de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-029525-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-029525-2">978-3-11-029525-2</a>. Accessed on 2019-11-12.</li> <li>Kaiping, Gereon A. & Edwards, Owen & Klamer, Marian (eds.). 2019. LexiRumah 2.2.3. Leiden: Leiden University Centre for Linguistics. Available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lexirumah.model-ling.eu/lexirumah/">https://lexirumah.model-ling.eu/lexirumah/</a>. Accessed on 2019-09-14.</li> <li>Greenhill et al., 2008. In: Kaiping, Gereon A. & Edwards, Owen & Klamer, Marian (eds.). 2019. LexiRumah 2.2.3. Leiden: Leiden University Centre for Linguistics. Available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lexirumah.model-ling.eu/lexirumah/">https://lexirumah.model-ling.eu/lexirumah/</a>. Accessed on 2019-09-14.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Evans-Southern-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans-Southern_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans-Southern_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans-Southern_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans-Southern_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans-Southern_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Evans_(linguist)" title="Nicholas Evans (linguist)">Evans, Nicholas</a> (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7"><bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+languages+of+Southern+New+Guinea&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+the+New+Guinea+Area%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=641-774&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028642-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/morehead-river">Morehead River</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wichmann2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wichmann2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wichmann, Søren. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langlxmelanesia.com/wichmann313-386.pdf">A classification of Papuan languages</a>. In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313-386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-PNG-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN-PNG_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_in_Papua_New_Guinea2018" class="citation web cs1">United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.humdata.org/dataset/village-coordinates-lookup">"Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup"</a>. <i>Humanitarian Data Exchange</i>. 1.31.9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanitarian+Data+Exchange&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea+Village+Coordinates+Lookup&rft.date=2018&rft.au=United+Nations+in+Papua+New+Guinea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.humdata.org%2Fdataset%2Fvillage-coordinates-lookup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McElhanon, K.A. and Voorhoeve, C.L. <i>The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships</i>. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-B16">10.15144/PL-B16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Voorhoeve, C.L. <i>Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists</i>. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-B31">10.15144/PL-B31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhill2016" class="citation web cs1">Greenhill, Simon (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transnewguinea.org/family/scpapuan">"TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TransNewGuinea.org+-+database+of+the+languages+of+New+Guinea&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Greenhill&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransnewguinea.org%2Ffamily%2Fscpapuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Ross, Malcolm</a> (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Andrew Pawley</a>; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). <i>Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0858835622" title="Special:BookSources/0858835622"><bdi>0858835622</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67292782">67292782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pronouns+as+a+preliminary+diagnostic+for+grouping+Papuan+languages&rft.btitle=Papuan+pasts%3A+cultural%2C+linguistic+and+biological+histories+of+Papuan-speaking+peoples&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=15-66&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67292782&rft.isbn=0858835622&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Evans_(linguist)" title="Nicholas Evans (linguist)">Evans, Nicholas</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4562">"Even more diverse than we had thought: The multiplicity of Trans-Fly languages"</a>. <i>LD&C Special Publication</i>. <b>5</b>. University of Hawai'i Press: 109–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LD%26C+Special+Publication&rft.atitle=Even+more+diverse+than+we+had+thought%3A+The+multiplicity+of+Trans-Fly+languages&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=109-149&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10125%2F4562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.codeplex.com/?p=yamfinder">Yamfinder</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dobes.mpi.nl/projects/morehead/">Morehead languages documentation project</a> (DOBES)</li> <li>Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/morehead-river/east-morehead-river">East Morehead River</a> (under construction 2020)</li> <li>(ibid.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/morehead-river/west-morehead-river">West Morehead River</a> (under construction 2020)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yam_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yam languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yam_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yam languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Morehead_language" title="Upper Morehead language">Upper Morehead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anta language">Anta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komnzo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Komnzo language">Komnzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A1ra_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wára language">Wára</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A9r%C3%A8_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wérè language">Wérè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9m%C3%A4_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kémä language">Kémä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1nch%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kánchá language">Kánchá</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1nmo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ránmo language">Ránmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mblafe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mblafe language">Mblafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warta_Thuntai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warta Thuntai language">Warta Thuntai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arammba_language" title="Arammba language">Arammba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggarna_language" title="Nggarna language">Nggarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rema_language" title="Rema language">Rema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smerki_language" title="Smerki language">Smerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamer_language" title="Tamer language">Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngkontar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngkontar language">Ngkontar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngkolmpu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngkolmpu language">Ngkolmpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedi_Ngkolmpu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedi Ngkolmpu language">Bedi Ngkolmpu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nambu_languages" title="Nambu languages">Nambu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nen_language_(Papuan)" title="Nen language (Papuan)">Nen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_language_(Papuan)" title="Nama language (Papuan)">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namat_language" title="Namat language">Namat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nambo language">Nambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neme_language" title="Neme language">Neme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dre_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dre language">Dre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namo_language" title="Namo language">Namo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Len_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Len language">Len</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yei_language" title="Yei language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Papuan_language_families_(Palmer_2018_classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Papuan_languages" title="Template:Papuan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Papuan_languages" title="Template talk:Papuan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Papuan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Papuan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Papuan_language_families_(Palmer_2018_classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan language families</a> <br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages#Palmer_(2018)" title="Papuan languages">Palmer 2018</a> classification)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trans-New_Guinea_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-New Guinea languages">Trans-New Guinea</a> <br />subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok-Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Kamoro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat-Kamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_languages" title="Mek languages">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somahai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Somahai languages">Somahai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anim_languages" title="Anim languages">Anim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Awyu_languages" title="Greater Awyu languages">Greater Awyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagaric_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayagaric languages">Kayagaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marori language">Marori</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala-Suki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikori_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Turama–Kikori languages">Turama-Kikori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awin%E2%80%93Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin–Pa languages">Awin-Pa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre-Huon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainantu%E2%80%93Goroka_languages" title="Kainantu–Goroka languages">Kainantu-Goroka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu-Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Enga-Kewa-Huli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duna-Bogaya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Duna-Bogaya languages">Duna-Bogaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula" title="Papuan Peninsula">Papuan Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Binanderean_languages" title="Greater Binanderean languages">Greater Binanderean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagan_languages" title="Dagan languages">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor-Alor-Pantar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a></i><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="Nuclear South Bird's Head languages">Nuclear South Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanwatan%E2%80%93Duriankere_languages" title="Inanwatan–Duriankere languages">Inanwatan–Duriankere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konda%E2%80%93Yahadian_languages" title="Konda–Yahadian languages">Konda–Yahadian</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantion%E2%80%93Meax_languages" title="Mantion–Meax languages">Nuclear East Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatam%E2%80%93Mansim_languages" title="Hatam–Mansim languages">Hatam–Mansim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Tanah Merah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tor%E2%80%93Kwerba_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor–Kwerba languages">Tor-Kwerba</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Sko</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Bay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pauwasi_languages" title="East Pauwasi languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pauwasi_languages" title="West Pauwasi languages">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_languages" title="Nimboran languages">Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentani languages">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki%E2%80%93Murkim_languages" title="Lepki–Murkim languages">Lepki-Murkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angor_language" title="Angor language">Angor</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dera_language" title="Dera language">Dera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofanma%E2%80%93Namla_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tofanma–Namla languages">Tofanma-Namla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yapen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kapauri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapauri language">Kapauri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yetfa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yetfa language">Yetfa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayono%E2%80%93Awbono_languages" title="Bayono–Awbono languages">Bayono-Awbono</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uhunduni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhunduni language">Uhunduni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepik" title="Sepik">Sepik</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu">Ramu</a> basin <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu%E2%80%93Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Ramu–Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik-Ramu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwomtari languages">Kwomtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Schultze_languages" title="Leonhard Schultze languages">Leonhard Schultze</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walio_languages" title="Walio languages">Walio</a>-<a href="/wiki/Papi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Papi languages">Papi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arafundi_languages" title="Arafundi languages">Arafundi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Piawi_languages" title="Piawi languages">Piawi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amto%E2%80%93Musan_languages" title="Amto–Musan languages">Amto-Musan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Papuan)" title="Busa language (Papuan)">Busa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Tayap</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yad%C3%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadë language">Yadë</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marienberg_languages" title="Marienberg languages">Marienberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapesh_languages" title="Arapesh languages">Arapesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urim_languages" title="Urim languages">Urim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimai_languages" title="Maimai languages">Maimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapei_languages" title="Wapei languages">Wapei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palei_languages" title="Palei languages">Palei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_languages" title="One languages">One</a> (West Wapei)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumbo_languages" title="Monumbo languages">Monumbo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Sepik_languages" title="Middle Sepik languages">Middle Sepik</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndu_languages" title="Ndu languages">Ndu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuma_languages" title="Nukuma languages">Nukuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_languages" title="Yellow River languages">Yellow River</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yerakai_language" title="Yerakai language">Yerakai</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sepik_languages" title="Upper Sepik languages">Upper Sepik</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wogamus_languages" title="Wogamus languages">Wogamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwam_languages" title="Iwam languages">Iwam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abau_language" title="Abau language">Abau</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_Hill_languages" title="Sepik Hill languages">Sepik Hill</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_languages" title="Tama languages">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_languages" title="Ram languages">Ram</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amal_language" title="Amal language">Amal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Ramu_languages" title="Lower Ramu languages">Lower Ramu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottilien_languages" title="Ottilien languages">Ottilien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misegian_languages" title="Misegian languages">Misegian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ramu_languages" title="Middle Ramu languages">Middle Ramu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grass_languages" title="Grass languages">Grass</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamolan_languages" title="Tamolan languages">Tamolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataitan_languages" title="Ataitan languages">Ataitan</a> (Tanggu)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Papua" title="Gulf of Papua">Gulf of Papua</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yam</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahoturi_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahoturi River languages">Pahoturi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriomo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriomo languages">Oriomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso-Turumsa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Doso-Turumsa languages">Doso-Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komolom_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Komolom languages">Komolom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelmek-Maklew_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelmek-Maklew languages">Yelmek-Maklew</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dibiyaso_language" title="Dibiyaso language">Dibiyaso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamula_language" title="Kamula language">Kamula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karami_language" title="Karami language">Karami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purari_language" title="Purari language">Purari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabo_language" title="Tabo language">Tabo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baining_languages" title="Baining languages">Baining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulil%E2%80%93Butam_languages" title="Taulil–Butam languages">Butam-Taulil</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makolkol_language" title="Makolkol language">Makolkol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island" title="Rossel Island">Rossel Island</a> <br />isolate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pauwasi_languages" title="South Pauwasi languages">South Pauwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Papuan_languages" title="Southeast Papuan languages">Southeast Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat–Mombum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly%E2%80%93Bulaka_River_languages" title="Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages">Trans-Fly–Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%E2%80%93Kwerba_languages" title="Dani–Kwerba languages">Dani–Kwerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_%E2%80%93_Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head – Sentani languages">East Bird's Head – Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari%E2%80%93Fas_languages" title="Kwomtari–Fas languages">Kwomtari–Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_%E2%80%93_Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Left May – Kwomtari languages">Left May – Kwomtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor%E2%80%93Kwerba%E2%80%93Nimboran_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran languages">Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="West Trans–New Guinea languages">West Trans–New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_Highlands_languages" title="West Papuan Highlands languages">West Papuan Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_and_South_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central and South New Guinea languages">Central and South New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_West_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central West New Guinea languages">Central West New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Guinea_Highlands_languages" title="East New Guinea Highlands languages">East New Guinea Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_%E2%80%93_West_New_Britain_languages" title="Yele – West New Britain languages">Yele – West New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik%E2%80%93Ramu_languages" title="Sepik–Ramu languages">Sepik–Ramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Trans–New Guinea">Proto-Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yam_languages&oldid=1243052257">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yam_languages&oldid=1243052257</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yam_languages" title="Category:Yam languages">Yam languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_families" title="Category:Language families">Language families</a></li><li><a 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