CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Yuchi language - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e090bbc9-747b-4c10-a201-ae08293530e4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Yuchi_language","wgTitle":"Yuchi language","wgCurRevisionId":1248848318,"wgRevisionId":1248848318,"wgArticleId":1183270,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Language articles citing Ethnologue 21","CS1: long volume value","Harv and Sfn no-target errors","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from March 2024","Articles containing Yuchi-language text","Language articles without reference field","Language articles with unreferenced extinction date","Pages with plain IPA", "Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2012","Webarchive template wayback links","Yuchi","Language isolates of North America","Indigenous languages of Oklahoma","Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast","Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas","Endangered language isolates","Native American language revitalization","Macro-Siouan languages","Subject–object–verb languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Yuchi_language","wgRelevantArticleId":1183270,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q34204","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles": "ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Yuchi_lang.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1334"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Yuchi_lang.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="889"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="711"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Yuchi language - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuchi_language"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuchi_language"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Yuchi_language rootpage-Yuchi_language skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Yuchi+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Yuchi+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Yuchi+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Yuchi+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contradictions_in_linguistic_study_and_linguistic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contradictions_in_linguistic_study_and_linguistic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Contradictions in linguistic study and linguistic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contradictions_in_linguistic_study_and_linguistic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonological_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonological_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Phonological variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonological_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress_and_intonation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress_and_intonation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Stress and intonation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress_and_intonation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intonation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intonation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Intonation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intonation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Contractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphosyntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphosyntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Morphosyntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphosyntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Modality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reflexive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflexive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Reflexive pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflexive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_affixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_affixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Other affixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_affixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instrumental_prefixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumental_prefixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Instrumental prefixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumental_prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locative_affixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locative_affixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.2</span> <span>Locative affixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locative_affixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Interrogatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yuchi language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_yuchi" title="Idioma yuchi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma yuchi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtchieg" title="Youtchieg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Youtchieg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuchi" title="Yuchi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yuchi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%87%D0%B8_(%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5)" title="Ючи (чĕлхе) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ючи (чĕлхе)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jut%C5%A1i_keel" title="Jutši keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jutši keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_yuchi" title="Idioma yuchi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma yuchi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%86%DB%8C" title="زبان یوچی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان یوچی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuchi_(langue)" title="Yuchi (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yuchi (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_yuchi" title="Lingua yuchi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua yuchi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Yuchi" title="Yaren Yuchi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Yuchi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E8%AA%9E" title="ユーチ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーチ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_yuchi" title="Lenga yuchi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga yuchi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_yuchi" title="Język yuchi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język yuchi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_yuchi" title="Língua yuchi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua yuchi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%87%D0%B8_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Ючи (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ючи (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_Yuchi" title="Gjuha Yuchi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha Yuchi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuchi" title="Yuchi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yuchi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34204#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Yuchi_language" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Yuchi_language" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Yuchi_language" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&oldid=1248848318" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Yuchi_language&id=1248848318&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYuchi_language"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYuchi_language"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Yuchi_language&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34204" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language of the Yuchi people in the southeastern United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Yuchi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Euchee</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;"><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">Tsoyaha</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">East central <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,500 <a href="/wiki/Yuchi" title="Yuchi">Yuchi</a> (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue21_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">August 27, 2021, with the death of Maxine Wildcat Barnett<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Revival</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">12 <a href="/wiki/L2_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L2 speakers">L2 speakers</a> (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue21_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/yuc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:yuc">yuc</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/yuch1247">yuch1247</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1002">Yuchi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuchi_lang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Yuchi_lang.png/320px-Yuchi_lang.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Yuchi_lang.png/480px-Yuchi_lang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Yuchi_lang.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="599" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of Yuchi at the time of European contact</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Yuchi</b> or <b>Euchee</b> is the language of the <span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">Tsoyaha</i></span> (Children of the Sun), also known as the <a href="/wiki/Yuchi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuchi people">Yuchi people</a>, now living in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. Historically, they lived in what is now known as the southeastern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, including eastern <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, western Carolinas, northern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, during the period of early European colonization. Many speakers of the Yuchi language became allied with the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee Creek">Muscogee Creek</a> when they migrated into their territory in Georgia and Alabama. They were <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">forcibly relocated</a> with them to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> in the early 19th century. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Audio_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio tape">audio tapes</a> in the Yuchi language exist in the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_State_University" title="Columbus State University">Columbus State University</a> Archives in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia" title="Columbus, Georgia">Columbus, Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Catlin_-_Chee-a-ex-e-co,_Daughter_of_Deer_without_a_Heart_-_1985.66.310_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/George_Catlin_-_Chee-a-ex-e-co%2C_Daughter_of_Deer_without_a_Heart_-_1985.66.310_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/220px-George_Catlin_-_Chee-a-ex-e-co%2C_Daughter_of_Deer_without_a_Heart_-_1985.66.310_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/George_Catlin_-_Chee-a-ex-e-co%2C_Daughter_of_Deer_without_a_Heart_-_1985.66.310_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/330px-George_Catlin_-_Chee-a-ex-e-co%2C_Daughter_of_Deer_without_a_Heart_-_1985.66.310_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/George_Catlin_-_Chee-a-ex-e-co%2C_Daughter_of_Deer_without_a_Heart_-_1985.66.310_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/440px-George_Catlin_-_Chee-a-ex-e-co%2C_Daughter_of_Deer_without_a_Heart_-_1985.66.310_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1337" /></a><figcaption><i>Cheeaexeco, a Yuchi woman,</i> painted by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>, 1838</figcaption></figure> <p>Yuchi is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>, because it is not known to be related to any other language. Various linguists have claimed, however, that the language has a distant relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan family</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir</a> in 1921 and 1929, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Haas" title="Mary Haas">Haas</a> in 1951 and 1964, Elmendorf in 1964, Rudus in 1974, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Crawford_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Crawford (linguist) (page does not exist)">Crawford</a> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yuchi is primarily spoken in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, where Yuchi people live in present-day <a href="/wiki/Tulsa_County,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa County, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okmulgee_County,_Oklahoma" title="Okmulgee County, Oklahoma">Okmulgee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Creek_County,_Oklahoma" title="Creek County, Oklahoma">Creek</a> counties, within the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee (Creek) Nation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tribal_jurisdictional_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal jurisdictional area">tribal jurisdictional area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, 12 to 19 elders spoke the language out of an estimated Yuchi population of 1,500 speakers. In 2009, only five fluent speakers, whose first language was not English, remained, and in 2011 only one.<sup id="cite_ref-RaceAgainstTime_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaceAgainstTime-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yuchi" title="Yuchi">Yuchi</a> people lived in Tennessee at the time of European contact. In the early 18th century, they moved to northwestern Georgia in the southeastern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, under pressure from the powerful Cherokee in Tennessee. There they settled near the Muscogee Creek and were allied with them. In the 1830s, speakers of the Yuchi language were <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">forcibly relocated</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Muscogee people</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contradictions_in_linguistic_study_and_linguistic_history">Contradictions in linguistic study and linguistic history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contradictions in linguistic study and linguistic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spoken Yuchi language has changed over time, in part due to relocation. In 1885 in an article in <i>Science</i>, Swiss linguist <a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Gatschet" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert S. Gatschet">Albert S. Gatschet</a> wrote about various linguistic idiosyncrasies in Yuchi. He said that adjectives are not expressed with number, but nouns are, by the addition of the particle <span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">ha</i></span> (coming from the original term <span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">wahále</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">many</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), which made the word essentially plural. He also said that the language was no longer in an archaic state due to the lack of a "dual," and that the language had temporal and personal inflection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatschet1885253_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatschet1885253-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gatschet did much field study and documentation regarding the language. Many of his original vocabulary lists can be found at the <a href="/wiki/National_Anthropological_Archives" title="National Anthropological Archives">National Anthropological Archives</a> or on their website. </p><p>In 1907, American <a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Speck" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank G. Speck">Frank G. Speck</a> published <i>Ethnology of Yuchi Indians</i>. He said that Yuchi had only one dialect, that inflection was not a characteristic, and that there were no true plurals. These conclusions contradict Gatschet's published 1885 study. The two authors did agree on linguistic idiosyncrasy, and the case of the third person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck1909_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck1909-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the Euchee United Cultural Historical Educational Efforts (E.U.C.H.E.E.) published a work entitled <i>Euchees: Past and Present</i>, providing more current information regarding the language. The organization claimed that there were two currently spoken dialects: the Duck Creek/Polecat and the Bigpond variations, which were spoken by Yuchi people of those communities in Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contradicts Speck's 1907 claim of one dialect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuchilanguagespeakers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Yuchilanguagespeakers.jpg/220px-Yuchilanguagespeakers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Yuchilanguagespeakers.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>Sisters Maxine Wildcat Barnett (left) and Josephine Wildcat Bigler (1921-2016);<sup id="cite_ref-Cultural_Survival_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Survival-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two of the last elderly speakers of Yuchi, visiting their grandmother's grave in a cemetery behind Pickett Chapel in <a href="/wiki/Sapulpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapulpa">Sapulpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. According to the sisters, their grandmother had insisted that Yuchi be their native language.</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> into <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English-speaking</a> culture, only a few elderly speakers of the Yuchi language were left by the 21st century. </p><p>In 2000 the estimated number of fluent Yuchi speakers was 15, but this number dwindled to 7 by 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5 by 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-survival_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survival-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 4 by 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-survival_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survival-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Yuchi elder Josephine Wildcat Bigler died. Speaking Yuchi as her first language, she had been active in recording and preserving the language for future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Cultural_Survival_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Survival-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her sister, Maxine Wildcat Barnett, was the last <a href="/wiki/Tribal_elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal elder">tribal elder</a> to speak fluent Yuchi, passing away August 27, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-RaceAgainstTime_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaceAgainstTime-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yuchi Language Project (YLP) taught Yuchi classes in Sapulpa, Oklahoma, free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The YLP opened the Yuchi Immersion School in 2018 where English is not spoken, despite an Oklahoma state law passed in 2010 declaring English the state's official language.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yuchi people and language are the subject of a chapter in <i>Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages</i> (2003), a book on <a href="/wiki/Endangered_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered languages">endangered languages</a> by Canadian writer <a href="/wiki/Mark_Abley" title="Mark Abley">Mark Abley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abley2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abley2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language has 49 sounds, 38 of which are consonants, and the remaining 11 are vowels. This number is more than twice that of most Southeastern Native American languages.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yuchi has oral and nasal vowels. Oral vowels are defined as being created by the raising of the soft palate to the nasopharyngeal wall, creating a velopharyngeal space within the oral cavity; nasal vowels, on the other hand, are typically defined as being created by the lowering of the soft palate, allowing air to escape through the nasal cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two vowel charts appears below.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200155_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200155-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vowels below represent the <i>phonetic</i> inventory, meaning the set of all (or most) sounds in the language. The <i>phonemic</i> inventory, those sounds which contrastively mark differences in meaning, are highlighted in the list below the vowel charts. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Oral Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Nasal Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɪ̃</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ə̃</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">æ̃</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The phonemic vowels of Yuchi are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>u,<span class="wrap"> </span>e,<span class="wrap"> </span>o,<span class="wrap"> </span>æ,<span class="wrap"> </span>a,<span class="wrap"> </span>ĩ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ẽ,<span class="wrap"> </span>õ,<span class="wrap"> </span>æ̃,<span class="wrap"> </span>ã/</span>; some levels of phonological or morphological variation must therefore be occurring in order for all of the sounds above to be possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonological_variation">Phonological variation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonological variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phonological variation often occurs in different kinds of morphological environments. For example, the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> is often pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> in 1st-person singular and impersonal 3rd-person pronouns by Big Pond speakers. Also, the phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> can become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> in unstressed environments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200143_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200143-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Length">Length</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vowel length indicates grammatical function, such as superlative or comparative adjective forms or emphasis. It may also indicate contracted morphemes, and thus is not a phonological process but rather a morphological one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200152_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200152-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yuchi has been analyzed as having from 19 to 40 consonants, chiefly depending on whether the glottalized and labialized consonants are counted, or considered to be sequences with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>, respectively. Some of the latter are included in the table in parentheses: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">sibilant</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨'⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨pʰ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tʰ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tsʰ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʃʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨chʰ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kʰ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dz⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p'⟩</span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t'⟩</span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ts'⟩</span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch'⟩</span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k'⟩</span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ł⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress_and_intonation">Stress and intonation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stress and intonation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stress">Stress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stress in Yuchi is fairly regular. All major parts of speech have syllable-final stress, and syllable-initial secondary stress<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup (November 2011)">does this mean word-final stress, and word-initial secondary stress?</span></a></i>]</sup>; also, particles (one-syllable words) are stressed. There are some minimal pairs to be found due to stress; some representative samples include: </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɡopʼa]</span> – "Creek person, tribe"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200185_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200185-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡoˈpʼa]</span> – "go see someone"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200185_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200185-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsɛt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˀne]</span> – he sees<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2011_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɛt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈˀne]</span> – she sees<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2011_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃaˈja]</span> – "weeds"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200185_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200185-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃaja]</span> – "squirrel"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200185_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200185-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>As mentioned above, most nouns have syllable-final primary stress<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup (November 2011)">again, by syllable does this mean word or morphological unit?</span></a></i>]</sup>; there are, however, some regularized exceptions to this rule, the most common of which are nouns with lexicalized suffixes in the stem, which have stress on the penultimate syllable. Also, contractions within compounded nouns have primary stress on the contraction. There are various other exceptions, but the two mentioned above are the most frequent and the most important in helping us to understand why Yuchi nouns often appear to have irregular stress patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200186–87_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200186–87-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both regular and non-regular stress patterns are exemplified below, all glossed. All data come from Wagner, 1974, unless otherwise noted. </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡojalinɛʔ]</span> – young man</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jacɛsiʔ]</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">what is "c"?</span></a></i>]</sup> – sparks of fire</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsɛʔ]</span> – water</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[saʔ]</span> – earth</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsoonɔʔ]</span> – the sun</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔaˈɡale]</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɡæle]</span> – today, morning<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200187_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200187-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsɛˈkʰale]</span> – misty rain<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200187_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200187-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʼɔndi]</span> – meat</dd></dl> <p>Verb stems typically have primary stress on the ultimate syllable, as well. The two major exceptions are reduplicated verbs, which have equal stress on both the last and reduplicated syllables of the stem, and verb compounds with the head root <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span>, in which primary stress is syllable-initial. Some examples include: </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡetaʔ]</span> – to hold it up<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1974_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1974-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔtaʔ]</span> – light<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2011_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intonation">Intonation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Intonation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intonation varies depending upon the kinds of sentences being uttered. Declarative, negative, and command speech acts have falling intonation, while information questions and yes/no questions have rising pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn2001100–103_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn2001100–103-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morphologically, intonation can also change the reception of a word and its intended meaning, as we see in the following example of three different intonation patterns for the word "What":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn2001103_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn2001103-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wikæ]</span> – "What?" (requesting information)</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wíkæ<span class="wrap"> </span>↘]</span> – "What?" (didn't hear)</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wikæ<span class="wrap"> </span>↘]</span> – "What?" (frightened/surprised)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contractions">Contractions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most significant aspects of Yuchi morphophonology is the prevalence of contractions. Contraction should not here be taken to mean only a shortening of words; rather, it is more useful to think of contraction as a deletion of sounds that in turn affects surrounding vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200158_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200158-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What can be contracted is dependent upon two major factors, the sound which begins the contracted syllable, and the stress of the syllable. In order for a syllable to be contracted, it must begin with a [+sonorant] consonant, that is, a voiced sound with a relatively free passage of air. In Yuchi, this includes sounds such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ˀn/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/w/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ˀw/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/j/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ˀj/</span> (where <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˀ/</span> indicates a glottalized sound),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">why are these not listed among the consonants?</span></a></i>]</sup> the fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˀh/</span>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>. A syllable must also be unstressed in order to contract.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200160_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200160-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contraction causes phonetic changes in the vowels directly preceding the deleted syllable. In order for Yuchi speakers to understand the grammatical features of the words being used in contracted forms, vowel features alternate to match the deleted sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200160_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200160-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So, for example, if the morpheme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ne/</span> was contracted, the vowel preceding it would become nasalized to indicate that a nasal sound has been lost. </p><p>Contraction must necessarily come before the phonetic change in vowels. For example, consider the following word:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200162_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200162-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[di<span class="wrap"> </span>ˀlɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>nɛp<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔá<span class="wrap"> </span>jɛ]</span> – 'Did you look in the box?'</dd></dl> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nɛ/</span> can contract here because it is an unstressed syllable beginning with a sonorant: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[di<span class="wrap"> </span>ˀlɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>mp<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔá<span class="wrap"> </span>jɛ]</span>. CCC clusters are relatively rare, occurring in only six variations as noted by Wolff,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1948241_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1948241-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> four of them beginning with fricatives; such a construction as above would therefore likely be odd to speakers of Yuchi. </p><p>Contractions take on several forms and occur in many other environments. Those seeking additional information about the many kinds of contraction in Yuchi are advised to seek out Dr. Mary Linn's "A Grammar of Euchee." </p><p>A list of the most commonly contracted morphemes is below, along with their grammatical function.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200159_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200159-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>ne- : 2nd-person singular actor</li> <li>we-: 3rd-person non-Yuchi actor or patient, singular or plural</li> <li>'o-: 3rd-person plural Yuchi actor or patient (women's speech)</li> <li>hi-: 3rd-person inanimate patient, singular or plural</li> <li>ho-: 3rd-person inanimate patient and participant, singular or plural</li> <li>'yu-: verb root</li> <li>-ne-: habitual aspect</li> <li>-e: active verbalizer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language had no standard <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> until the 1970s, when linguists <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Crawford_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Crawford (linguist) (page does not exist)">James Crawford</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Addie_George&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Addie George (page does not exist)">Addie George</a> (Yuchi) created a phonetic transliteration. Yuchi people have adopted this to write the language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of the Americas</a>, Yuchi grammar is <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck190916_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck190916-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Words are formed by the addition of various prefixes and suffixes to a stem. Yuchi features separate male and female <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatschet1885253_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatschet1885253-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an idiosyncratic noun classification system wherein nominal distinction is made regarding <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animacy</a>, Yuchi ethnicity, kinship and, for inanimate nouns, shape or spatial position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the information in this section is drawn from Wagner (1938); some of Wagner's conclusions, particularly regarding his interpretation of Yuchi kinship terminology<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck1939171_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck1939171-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and certain aspects of his description of Yuchi pronouns,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard1978_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard1978-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been disputed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphosyntax">Morphosyntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Morphosyntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yuchi is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutinative</a> language, in which words are pieced together from pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Morphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphemes">morphemes</a> to make entirely new words. The word order of the language is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language uses clitics and particles to express a variety of things, including <a href="/wiki/Possessive_affix" title="Possessive affix">possessives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cases_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cases (grammar)">cases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">ideas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumentals</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simulative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simulative case (page does not exist)">simulatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablatives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup (November 2011)">This needs to be seriously expanded upon. Does anyone have more information?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1948_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1948-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yuchi verb consists of a mono- or polysyllabic stem modified almost exclusively by suffixing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938312_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938312-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yuchi features <a href="/wiki/Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">attributive verbs</a>, which is to say that the language makes very little distinction between verbs and adjectives as parts of speech. For this reason, Yuchi verbs and adjectives are virtually identical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938343_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938343-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tense">Tense</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of temporal verb inflection is only weakly realized in Yuchi<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck190915_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck190915-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and corresponds more closely in some cases to <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>. The past tense is generally expressed via suffixing of the verb stem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938351-352_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938351-352-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>-djin                   incomplete past ("ate")</li> <li>-dji'nfwa             complete past ("had eaten")</li> <li>-djinfa'               habitual past ("used to eat")</li> <li>-djinfwadji'n       emphatic past ("happened to eat")</li> <li>-djigo'                uncertain past ("perhaps ate")</li></ul> <p>There are also two ways of expressing future tense. The first, which usually denotes intentions or events of the immediate future, is expressed by lengthening, stressing and nasalizing the final syllable of the verb stem. The second, pertaining to the distant future, is expressed by the suffix -<i>e'le</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938352_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938352-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modality">Modality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modality of the verb is also expressed through suffixing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938354_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938354-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>-no     imperative ("go!")</li> <li>-wo     exhortative ("should go")</li> <li>-go     potential ("might go")</li> <li>-ho     emphatic ("did go")</li> <li>-te     ability ("can go")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns are classified according to a broad animate versus inanimate paradigm<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938320_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938320-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is expressed using a variety of article suffixes. Within the animate class, nouns are further subdivided into two sub-classes. The first of these includes all humans belonging to the Yuchi tribe, and is itself further divided according to a very complex system of kinship relations and gendered speech registers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatschet1885253_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatschet1885253-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second sub-class of animate nouns encompasses all human beings outside of the Yuchi tribe, as well as animals, and the sun and moon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938321_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938321-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animate (Yuchi) suffixes express a very complex system of kinship and gendered speech,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938326_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938326-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in much the same way as do third person pronouns. </p> <ul><li>-no           any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)</li> <li>-sen'o      any younger (for men, related) female (used by men and women)</li> <li>-s'en'o     younger male relative (used by women only)</li> <li>-eno        older female relative (used by men and women)</li> <li>-ono        younger unrelated male or any other unrelated person (used by women only)</li> <li>-ino         older male relative (used by women only)</li> <li>-weno'     all other animate beings</li></ul> <p>Inanimate nouns are divided into three groups: vertical, horizontal, and round objects or those otherwise do not conform to either of the other two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938321_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938321-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these groups is represented by a suffix. </p> <ul><li>-fa     vertical</li> <li>-'e     horizontal</li> <li>-dji     round</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number">Number</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plurality</a> in Yuchi is not as strongly developed as in English,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938310_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938310-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading one early <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">descriptivist</a> to claim that Yuchi has "no true plural."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck190915_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck190915-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animate nouns can, however, be pluralized by the addition of suffixes that correspond closely to their singular counterparts. Although tribal affiliation and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> distinctions carry over into the plural, kinship does not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938322_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938322-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>-he'no      Yuchi tribe members (male speech)</li> <li>-o'no        Yuchi tribe members (female speech)</li> <li>-we'no     all other animate beings</li></ul> <p>Inanimate nouns can be made plural by the suffix <i>-ha</i>, which replaces the singular inanimate suffixes listed above.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938323_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938323-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to suffixing, several words related to kinship are pluralized via <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> of the stem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938323_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938323-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yuchi <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a> is extremely complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938311_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938311-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except in a few emphatic forms,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck190915_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck190915-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the pronoun is always suffixed to a verb or noun stem, and appears in eight distinct sets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938324_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938324-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first pronoun set, termed the <i>Subjective Series</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938325_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938325-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> denotes the subject relationship of the pronoun to the verb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard1978103_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard1978103-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Series 1 and 2 are close variations that respectively represent a general and specific object, whereas the "independent series" represents freestanding pronouns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938325_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938325-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Subjective Series </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Subject Series 1</th> <th>Subject Series 2</th> <th>Independent </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st Person Sing. </th> <td>di-</td> <td>do-</td> <td>di </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person Sing. </th> <td>ne-</td> <td>yo-</td> <td>tse </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Third person pronouns follow a complex pattern of kinship and gendered speech that corresponds very closely to the animate noun suffixes. </p> <ul><li>ho- / ho- / hodi        any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)</li> <li>se- / sio- / sedi        any younger (for men, related) female (used by men and women)</li> <li>s'e- / s'io- / s'edi     younger male relative (used by women only)</li> <li>e- / eyo- / edi          older female relative (used by men and women)</li> <li>o- / o- / odi              younger unrelated male or any other unrelated person (used by women only)</li> <li>i-                             any older male relative (used by women only)</li> <li>we- / yo- / wedi'      all animate, non-Yuchi beings</li></ul> <p>First person pronouns in the plural are <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">inclusive and exclusive</a>, and there are several kinship-specific third person forms. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Subject Series 1</th> <th>Subject Series 2</th> <th>Independent </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st Person Pl. </th> <td>o- / no-</td> <td>o- / no-</td> <td>odi' / nodi' </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person Pl. </th> <td>a-</td> <td>a'yo-</td> <td>a'dze </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>A few of the third person singular pronouns double as plural pronouns as well. </p> <ul><li>ho- / ho- / hodi        any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)</li> <li>o- / o- / odi              in the plural, refers to any younger Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)</li> <li>i-                             in the plural, refers to any older Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)</li> <li>we- / yo- / wedi'      all animate, non-Yuchi beings</li></ul> <p>The next set, termed the <i>Objective Series</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938330_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938330-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> denotes the direct or indirect object relationship of the pronoun to the verb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard1978104_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard1978104-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It otherwise functions identically to the Subjective Series; the two pronoun sets are distinguished by their relative positions within the verb complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938330_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938330-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Objective Series </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Direct Series 1</th> <th>Direct Series 2</th> <th>Indirect </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st Person Sing. </th> <td>di-</td> <td>do-</td> <td>di </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person Sing. </th> <td>ne-</td> <td>yo-</td> <td>tse </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The third person singular pronouns are identical to those of the Subjective Series. </p> <ul><li>ho- / ho- / hodi        any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)</li> <li>se- / sio- / sedi        any younger (for men, related) female (used by men and women)</li> <li>s'e- / s'io- / s'edi     younger male relative (used by women only)</li> <li>e- / eyo- / edi          older female relative (used by men and women)</li> <li>o- / o- / odi              younger unrelated male or any other unrelated person (used by women only)</li> <li>i-                             any older male relative (used by women only)</li> <li>we- / yo- / wedi'      all animate, non-Yuchi beings</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Direct Series 1</th> <th>Direct Series 2</th> <th>Indirect </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st Person Pl. </th> <td>ondze- / ondzio-</td> <td>ondzio- / nondzio-</td> <td>ontso / nonsto </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person Pl. </th> <td>andze-</td> <td>andzio-</td> <td>aso </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>As above, the third person plural pronouns are identical to those of the Subjective Series. </p> <ul><li>ho- / ho- / hodi        any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)</li> <li>o- / o- / odi              in the plural, refers to any younger Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)</li> <li>i-                             in the plural, refers to any older Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)</li> <li>we- / yo- / wedi'      all animate, non-Yuchi beings</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reflexive_pronouns">Reflexive pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reflexive pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive pronouns</a> are amalgamations of the Objective Series 1 and Subjective Series 1 ("Reflexive Series 1") or Subjective Series 2 ("Reflexive Series 2") pronouns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938333_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938333-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Reflexive Series 1</th> <th>Reflexive Series 2 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st Person Sing. </th> <td>tse di-</td> <td>do'- </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person Sing. </th> <td>nendze ne'-</td> <td>yo'- </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Reflexive third person pronouns function the same, in terms of kinship and gendered speech, as their non-reflexive counterparts. </p> <ul><li>hode'- / hondio'-        any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)</li> <li>siode'- / siodio'-         any younger (for men, related) female (used by men and women)</li> <li>s'iode'- / s'iodio'-        younger male relative (used by women only)</li> <li>e'yode- / eyondio'-     older female relative (used by men and women)</li> <li>ode'- / odio'-               younger unrelated male or any other unrelated person (used by women only)</li> <li>yode'- / yondio'-          any older male relative (used by women only)</li></ul> <p>Plural reflexive pronouns demonstrate clusivity in the first person, and are identical to non-reflexives in terms of kinship and gendered speech. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Reflexive Series 1</th> <th>Reflexive Series 2 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st Person Pl. </th> <td>ondzeo'- / nondzeno'-</td> <td>ondzeo'- / nondzeno'- </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person Pl. </th> <td>andzea'-</td> <td>andzea'yo- </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Plural reflexive pronouns function identically to their non-reflexive counterparts in the third person. </p> <ul><li>hode'- / hondio'-        any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)</li> <li>ode'- / odio'-              in the plural, refers to any younger Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)</li> <li>yode'- / yondio'-        in the plural, refers to any older Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_affixes">Other affixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other affixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Instrumental_prefixes">Instrumental prefixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Instrumental prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relationship between an action and the instrument by which it is carried out is expressed via the prefix <span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">hi-</i></span>. This prefix has become fused in some cases with certain verb stems, forming a sort of instrumental verbal compound of idiomatic meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938358_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938358-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Locative_affixes">Locative affixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Locative affixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of location is important to the Yuchi verb complex. Similar in some ways to the English <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a>, these prefixes denote the location or direction of the verb's action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938358_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938358-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Locative Prefixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Prefix</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">a-</i></span></td> <td>static location </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">ti-</i></span></td> <td>inside of an object </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">f'o-</i></span></td> <td>inside the earth or under water </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">toya-</i></span></td> <td>into water </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">ta-</i></span></td> <td>on top of </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">po-</i></span></td> <td>under </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">kya-</i></span></td> <td>through </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">la-</i></span></td> <td>out of </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">pe-</i></span></td> <td>above or over </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">yu-</i></span></td> <td>up in the air </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">ya-</i></span></td> <td>across </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Additionally, there are four very general locative suffixes that can be used in place of the prefixes listed above.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938324_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938324-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Locative Suffixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Suffix</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">-he</i></span></td> <td>on, at, away from </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">-le</i></span></td> <td>along, back to </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">-ke</i></span></td> <td>over there </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">-fa</i></span></td> <td>to, towards </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negation">Negation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An entire verbal complex can be negated using one of two prefixes, <span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">na-</i></span> or <span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">ha-</i></span>, both of which are identical in meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938361_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938361-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrogatives">Interrogatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Interrogatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In direct speech wherein the sentence does not begin with an interrogative pronoun, interrogatives are formed with the suffix <span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">-le</i></span>. If the question implies some action in the future, the suffix <span title="Yuchi-language text"><i lang="yuc">-yi</i></span> is used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938357_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938357-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue21-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue21_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue21_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/21/language/yuc">Yuchi language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (21st ed., 2018) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spiritaligned.org/cultural-atlas-circle-2/maxine-wildcat-barnett-yuchi-2/">"In Memoriam: Maxine Wildcat Barnett | Yuchi"</a>. <i>Spirit Aligned Leadership</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spirit+Aligned+Leadership&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+Maxine+Wildcat+Barnett+%7C+Yuchi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspiritaligned.org%2Fcultural-atlas-circle-2%2Fmaxine-wildcat-barnett-yuchi-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RaceAgainstTime-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RaceAgainstTime_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RaceAgainstTime_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RaceAgainstTime_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDin2021" class="citation news cs1">Din, Benjamin (April 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/13/pandemic-native-american-languages-481081">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Race against time': Pandemic propels fight to save Native American languages"</a>. <i>Politico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=%27Race+against+time%27%3A+Pandemic+propels+fight+to+save+Native+American+languages&rft.date=2021-04-13&rft.aulast=Din&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F04%2F13%2Fpandemic-native-american-languages-481081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesspace.columbusstate.edu/repositories/2/resources/39">"Joseph Mahan Collection (MC 32)"</a>. <i>Columbus State University Archives and Special Collections</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbus+State+University+Archives+and+Special+Collections&rft.atitle=Joseph+Mahan+Collection+%28MC+32%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchivesspace.columbusstate.edu%2Frepositories%2F2%2Fresources%2F39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithun2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Mithun" title="Marianne Mithun">Mithun, Marianne</a> (2001). <i>The Languages of Native North America</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+Native+North+America&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Mithun&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jackson, Jason Baird (2004). "Yuchi". In Fogelson, Raymond D. (ed.). <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>. Vol. 14: Southeast. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution. p. 415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-072300-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-072300-0"><bdi>0-16-072300-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yuchi&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=415&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-16-072300-0&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Jason+Baird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatschet1885253-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatschet1885253_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatschet1885253_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatschet1885253_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGatschet1885">Gatschet 1885</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck1909-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck1909_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpeck1909">Speck 1909</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Euchees: Past and Present</i>. Sapulpa, OK: E.U.C.H.E.E. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euchees%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Sapulpa%2C+OK&rft.pub=E.U.C.H.E.E.&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cultural_Survival-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_Survival_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_Survival_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/one-last-remaining-native-yuchi-speakers-passes">"One of the Last Remaining Native Yuchi Speakers Passes"</a>. <i>Cultural Survival</i>. June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Survival&rft.atitle=One+of+the+Last+Remaining+Native+Yuchi+Speakers+Passes&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalsurvival.org%2Fnews%2Fone-last-remaining-native-yuchi-speakers-passes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderton" class="citation web cs1">Anderton, Alice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316221101/https://ahalenia.com/iws/status.html">"Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma"</a>. <i>Intertribal Wordpath Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahalenia.com/iws/status.html">the original</a> on March 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intertribal+Wordpath+Society&rft.atitle=Status+of+Indian+Languages+in+Oklahoma&rft.aulast=Anderton&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahalenia.com%2Fiws%2Fstatus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-survival-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-survival_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-survival_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408135541/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/current-projects/partners-links">"Our partners and advisors: The Euchee Language Project"</a>. <i>Cultural Survival</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/current-projects/native-language-revitalization-campaign/partners-links">the original</a> on April 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Survival&rft.atitle=Our+partners+and+advisors%3A+The+Euchee+Language+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalsurvival.org%2Fcurrent-projects%2Fnative-language-revitalization-campaign%2Fpartners-links&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100322212342/http://eucheelp.org:80/_wsn/page3.html">"Classes"</a>. <i>The Euchee Language Project</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eucheelp.org/_wsn/page3.html">the original</a> on March 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Euchee+Language+Project&rft.atitle=Classes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feucheelp.org%2F_wsn%2Fpage3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstnations.org/stories/the-yuchi-language-comes-home/">"The Yuchi Language Comes Home"</a>. <i>First Nations Development Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Nations+Development+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Yuchi+Language+Comes+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstnations.org%2Fstories%2Fthe-yuchi-language-comes-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abley2005-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abley2005_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbley2005" class="citation book cs1">Abley, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SW69lrac8QC&q=%22unseen+and+unheard+Yuchi%22&pg=PA53">"4. Unseen And Unheard: Yuchi"</a>. <i>Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 53–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-56583-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-56583-3"><bdi>0-618-56583-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.+Unseen+And+Unheard%3A+Yuchi&rft.btitle=Spoken+Here%3A+Travels+Among+Threatened+Languages&rft.pages=53-82&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-618-56583-3&rft.aulast=Abley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SW69lrac8QC%26q%3D%2522unseen%2Band%2Bunheard%2BYuchi%2522%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett" class="citation web cs1">Hackett, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125142951/http://www.yuchi.org/YuchiLang/index.html">"The Yuchi Language Primer; a Brief, Introductory Grammar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yuchi.org/YuchiLang/index.html">the original</a> on November 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Yuchi+Language+Primer%3B+a+Brief%2C+Introductory+Grammar&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yuchi.org%2FYuchiLang%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2010" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (2010). <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language</i> (Third ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+Language&rft.pages=136&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200155-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200155_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinn2001">Linn 2001</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200143-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200143_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinn2001">Linn 2001</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200152-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200152_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinn2001">Linn 2001</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200185-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200185_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200185_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200185_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200185_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinn2001">Linn 2001</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2011-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2011_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2011_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2011_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2011">Edmondson 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200186–87-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200186–87_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinn2001">Linn 2001</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200187-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200187_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200187_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinn2001">Linn 2001</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1974-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1974_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1974">Wagner 1974</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWagner1974 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn2001100–103-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn2001100–103_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinn2001">Linn 2001</a>, pp. 100–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn2001103-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn2001103_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinn2001">Linn 2001</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200158-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200158_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinn2001">Linn 2001</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200160-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200160_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200160_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinn2001">Linn 2001</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200162-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200162_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinn2001">Linn 2001</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1948241-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1948241_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff1948">Wolff 1948</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn200159-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn200159_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinn2001">Linn 2001</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck190916-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck190916_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpeck1909">Speck 1909</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck1939171-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck1939171_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpeck1939">Speck 1939</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard1978-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard1978_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBallard1978">Ballard 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eucheelp.org/">"Euchee Language Project"</a>. <i>Euchee Language Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euchee+Language+Project&rft.atitle=Euchee+Language+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feucheelp.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1948-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1948_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff1948">Wolff 1948</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938312-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938312_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938343-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938343_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck190915-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck190915_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck190915_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck190915_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpeck1909">Speck 1909</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938351-352-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938351-352_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 351-352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938352-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938352_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938354-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938354_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938320-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938320_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938321-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938321_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938321_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938326-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938326_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938310-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938310_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938322-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938322_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938323-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938323_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938323_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938311-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938311_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938324-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938324_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938324_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938325-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938325_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938325_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard1978103-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard1978103_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBallard1978">Ballard 1978</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938330-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938330_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938330_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard1978104-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard1978104_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBallard1978">Ballard 1978</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938333-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938333_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938358-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938358_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938358_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938361-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938361_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1938357-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1938357_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1938">Wagner 1938</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallard1978" class="citation journal cs1">Ballard, William L. (1978). "More on Yuchi Pronouns". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 103–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F465527">10.1086/465527</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143787970">143787970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=More+on+Yuchi+Pronouns&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=103-112&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F465527&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143787970%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondson2011" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Edmondson, Jerold (2011). <i>Yuchi</i> (Sound recording). Arlington: University of Texas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yuchi&rft.place=Arlington&rft.pub=University+of+Texas&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Edmondson&rft.aufirst=Jerold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatschet1885" class="citation journal cs1">Gatschet, Albert S. (1885). "The Yuchi Tribe and its Language". <i>Science</i>. <b>5</b> (112): 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Yuchi+Tribe+and+its+Language&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=112&rft.pages=253&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Gatschet&rft.aufirst=Albert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinn2001" class="citation book cs1">Linn, Mary Sarah (2001). <i>A Grammar of Euchee (Yuchi)</i>. Kansas City, KS: University of Kansas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Euchee+%28Yuchi%29&rft.place=Kansas+City%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=Mary+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeck1909" class="citation book cs1">Speck, Frank G. (1909). <i>Ethnology of Yuchi Indians</i>. Philadelphia: University Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnology+of+Yuchi+Indians&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+Museum&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Speck&rft.aufirst=Frank+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeck1939" class="citation journal cs1">Speck, Frank G. (1939). "Eggan's Yuchi Kinship Interpretations". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 171–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1939.41.1.02a00330">10.1525/aa.1939.41.1.02a00330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Eggan%27s+Yuchi+Kinship+Interpretations&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=171-172&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1939.41.1.02a00330&rft.aulast=Speck&rft.aufirst=Frank+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1938" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Gunther (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_tqw_morsyn-2/page/292/mode/2up">"Yuchi grammar"</a>. In Boas, Franz (ed.). <i>Handbook of American Indian Languages</i>. Vol. 3. pp. 300–374<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yuchi+grammar&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+American+Indian+Languages&rft.pages=300-374&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Gunther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_tqw_morsyn-2%2Fpage%2F292%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1948" class="citation journal cs1">Wolff, Hans (1948). "Yuchi Phonemes and Morphemes, with Special Reference to Person Markers". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 240–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F464011">10.1086/464011</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1262878">1262878</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143409598">143409598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Yuchi+Phonemes+and+Morphemes%2C+with+Special+Reference+to+Person+Markers&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=240-243&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143409598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1262878%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F464011&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/yuc" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/yuc">Yuchi language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a word list at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Yuchi_word_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Yuchi word list">Appendix:Yuchi word list</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eucheelp.org/">The Euchee Language Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yuchi.org/YuchiLang/index.html">Yuchi Language Primer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1260O5V9197I4.32512&profile=all&source=~!siarchives&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16159~!1&ri=1&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=yuchi&index=.GW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=1">Albert S. Gatschet's original list of Yuchi vocabulary (1878–1891)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1260O5V9197I4.32512&profile=all&source=~!siarchives&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!15908~!7&ri=1&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=yuchi&index=.GW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=1">Albert S. Gatschet's original list of Yuchi vocabulary (1832–1907)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther_Wagner1931" class="citation book cs1">Gunther Wagner (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_yuc_vertxt-2"><i>Yuchi Tales</i></a>. Internet Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yuchi+Tales&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Gunther+Wagner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_yuc_vertxt-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.columbusstate.edu/findingaids/mc32.php">Joseph Mahan Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823071331/https://archives.columbusstate.edu/findingaids/mc32.php">Archived</a> 2017-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, at Columbus State University Archives. Collection includes audio/visual recordings of Yuchi language (not yet available online)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/yuchi-language-project-attends-youth-language-fair">"Yuchi Language Project Attends Youth Language Fair"</a>. <i>Cultural Survival</i>. April 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Survival&rft.atitle=Yuchi+Language+Project+Attends+Youth+Language+Fair&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalsurvival.org%2Fnews%2Fyuchi-language-project-attends-youth-language-fair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/yuc">OLAC resources in and about the Yuchi language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/gone-enu-owadana-new-generation-yuchi-speakers">gOnE Enû O’wAdAnA: A New Generation of Yuchi Speakers</a>, Cultural Survival</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Oklahoma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Template:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oklahoma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Oklahoma">Languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Delaware</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kansa_language" title="Kansa language">Kansa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa language">Ottawa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha-Ponca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha-Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw_language" title="Quapaw language">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Category:Languages of Oklahoma">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_languages" title="Template:North American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_languages" title="Template talk:North American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haida_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida languages">Haida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidai_language" title="Bidai language">Bidai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BA_language" title="Pericú language">Pericú</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eskimoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimoan languages">Eskimoan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosan_languages" title="Mosan languages">Mosan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></b></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuchi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takelma%E2%80%93Kalapuyan_languages" title="Takelma–Kalapuyan languages">Takelma–Kalapuyan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_linguistic_area" title="Pueblo linguistic area">Pueblo <br />linguistic area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keres_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keres languages">Keres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Aranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_language" title="Karankawa language">Karankawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maratino_language" title="Maratino language">Maratino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naolan_language" title="Naolan language">Naolan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinigua_language" title="Quinigua language">Quinigua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pakawan_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Calusa–Tunica_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calusa%E2%80%93Tunica_languages" title="Calusa–Tunica languages">Calusa–Tunica</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calusa_language" title="Calusa language">Calusa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Arawakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_language" title="Guanahatabey language">Guanahatabey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macorix_language" title="Macorix language">Macorix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Wakashan_languages" title="Algonquian–Wakashan languages">Algonquian–Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec%E2%80%93Tanoan_languages" title="Aztec–Tanoan languages">Aztec–Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="List of extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_North_America" title="List of unclassified languages of North America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&oldid=1248848318">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&oldid=1248848318</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yuchi" title="Category:Yuchi">Yuchi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_isolates_of_North_America" title="Category:Language isolates of North America">Language isolates of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Category:Indigenous languages of Oklahoma">Indigenous languages of Oklahoma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_the_North_American_Southeast" title="Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast">Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endangered_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas">Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endangered_language_isolates" title="Category:Endangered language isolates">Endangered language isolates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_language_revitalization" title="Category:Native American language revitalization">Native American language revitalization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Category:Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_languages" title="Category:Subject–object–verb languages">Subject–object–verb languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_21" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 21">Language articles citing Ethnologue 21</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2024">Articles with dead external links from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2024">Use mdy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Yuchi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Yuchi-language text">Articles containing Yuchi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_without_reference_field" title="Category:Language articles without reference field">Language articles without reference field</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_unreferenced_extinction_date" title="Category:Language articles with unreferenced extinction date">Language articles with unreferenced extinction date</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2012" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2012">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 October 2024, at 19:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuchi_language&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-thrbb","wgBackendResponseTime":153,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.407","walltime":"1.604","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11318,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":228815,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10620,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":131816,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1348.745 1 -total"," 18.45% 248.899 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 18.37% 247.705 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.61% 223.994 1 Template:Infobox"," 16.18% 218.206 61 Template:Sfn"," 11.49% 154.970 24 Template:Lang"," 10.68% 144.024 10 Template:Cite_web"," 8.70% 117.293 1 Template:Language_families"," 6.11% 82.425 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.39% 59.207 6 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.827","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26135568,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBallard1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrystal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmondson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatschet1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunther_Wagner1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackett\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinn2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMithun2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeck1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeck1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff1948\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Yuchi Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnologue21\"] = 1,\n [\"Fix\"] = 5,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 37,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 20,\n [\"IPAlink\"] = 31,\n [\"In5\"] = 46,\n [\"Incubator\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 24,\n [\"Language families\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Oklahoma\"] = 1,\n [\"North American languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 61,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ksxdk","timestamp":"20241124054001","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Yuchi language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuchi_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34204","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34204","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-11-18T11:14:54Z","dateModified":"2024-10-01T19:51:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/48\/Yuchi_lang.png","headline":"language of the Yuchi people living in the southeastern United States, including eastern Tennessee, western Carolinas, northern Georgia and Alabama, in the period of early European colonization"}</script> </body> </html>