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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sh.wikipedia.org&uselang=sh" class=""><span>Donacije</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Stvori_ra%C4%8Dun&returnto=Biocenoza" title="Preporučujemo da izradite račun i prijavite se, ali to nije obavezno" class=""><span>Izradi račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Korisni%C4%8Dka_prijava&returnto=Biocenoza" title="Preporučujemo da se prijavite, 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Osobine_životne_zajednice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osobine_životne_zajednice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Osobine životne zajednice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Osobine_životne_zajednice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Osobine životne zajednice</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Osobine_životne_zajednice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kvalitativan_i_kvantitativan_sastav" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvalitativan_i_kvantitativan_sastav"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kvalitativan i kvantitativan sastav</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvalitativan_i_kvantitativan_sastav-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vremenske_promene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vremenske_promene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vremenske promene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vremenske_promene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odnosi_ishrane_(trofička_struktura)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odnosi_ishrane_(trofička_struktura)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Odnosi ishrane (trofička struktura)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odnosi_ishrane_(trofička_struktura)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biocenoza</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 49 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جماعة حيوية — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جماعة حيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosenoz" title="Biosenoz — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biosenoz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Біяцэноз — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біяцэноз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosi" title="Biocenosi — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biocenosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spole%C4%8Denstvo" title="Společenstvo — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Společenstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioc%C3%B8nose" title="Biocønose — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biocønose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioz%C3%B6nose" title="Biozönose — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biozönose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biocoenosis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenozo" title="Biocenozo — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biocenozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biots%C3%B6noos" title="Biotsönoos — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biotsönoos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biozenosi" title="Biozenosi — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biozenosi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جامعه زیستی — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%C3%B6yhteis%C3%B6" title="Eliöyhteisö — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eliöyhteisö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioc%C3%A9nose" title="Biocénose — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biocénose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenose" title="Biocenose — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Biocenose" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89letk%C3%B6z%C3%B6ss%C3%A9g" title="Életközösség — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Életközösség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A6" title="Կենսաերկրացենոզ — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաերկրացենոզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoso" title="Biocenoso — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biocenoso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADff%C3%A9lag" title="Líffélag — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líffélag" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosi" title="Biocenosi — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biocenosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ბიოცენოზი — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიოცენოზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoz%C4%97" title="Biocenozė — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biocenozė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoze" title="Biocenoze — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Biocenoze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levensgemeenschap" title="Levensgemeenschap — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Levensgemeenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocen%C3%B2si" title="Biocenòsi — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Biocenòsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenose" title="Biocenose — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biocenose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoz%C4%83" title="Biocenoză — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biocenoză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocen%C3%B3za" title="Biocenóza — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biocenóza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биосеноз — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Биосеноз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tađik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Біоценоз — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біоценоз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotsenoz" title="Biotsenoz — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biotsenoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_x%C3%A3_(sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Quần xã (sinh học) — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quần xã (sinh học)" 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kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&printable=yes" title="Odštampajte ovu stranicu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Odštampaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184806" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><p><b>Životna zajednica</b> ili <b>biocenoza</b> je skup organizama različitih vrsta u istom staništu. </p><p>Kao što jedinke jedne vrste ne žive izolovano, već u <a href="/wiki/Populacija" title="Populacija">populacijama</a>, tako i populacije različitih vrsta na istom <a href="/wiki/Stani%C5%A1te" title="Stanište">staništu</a> ne žive izolovano već u zajednicama. Između članova životne zajednice uspostavlja se čitav splet različitih odnosa. Sastav populacija različitih vrsta u životnoj zajednici veoma je specifičan. U staništima u kojima vladaju slični ekološki uslovi uvek se pojavljuje ista životna zajednica (npr. životna zajednica jedne <a href="/wiki/Bara" title="Bara">bare</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planinski_vrh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planinski vrh (stranica ne postoji)">planinskog vrha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potok" title="Potok">potoka</a> i dr.). </p><p>Različiti članovi životne zajednice mogu svoje životne aktivnosti ostvariti u različito vreme. Ova osobina predstavlja vremensku organizaciju životne zajednice, a pod njom se podrazumevaju dnevne, mesečne i sezonske promene. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Osobine_životne_zajednice"><span id="Osobine_.C5.BEivotne_zajednice"></span>Osobine životne zajednice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Osobine životne zajednice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Osobine životne zajednice"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Svaka biocenoza se odlikuje određenim grupnim osobinama : </p> <ul><li>kvalitativan i kvantitativan sastav,</li> <li>vremenske promene</li> <li>određeni odnosi ishrane,</li> <li>prostorni raspored populacija</li> <li>vremenski raspored populacija. Svaka zivotna zajednica ima tri skupine clanova s obzirom na nacin ishrane.Prvu skupinu cine zelene biljke.Skoro svi ostali clanovi zivotne zajednice<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>su potrosaci.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kvalitativan_i_kvantitativan_sastav">Kvalitativan i kvantitativan sastav</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Kvalitativan i kvantitativan sastav" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kvalitativan i kvantitativan sastav"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kvalitativni sastav biocenoze predstavlja prisustvo i kombinaciju zastupljenih <a href="/wiki/Vrsta" title="Vrsta">vrsta</a>. Tako se, npr., živi svet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamenjar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamenjar (stranica ne postoji)">kamenjara</a> razlikuje po sastavu od od onog u šumi. Životni uslovi u staništu (<a href="/wiki/Stani%C5%A1te" title="Stanište">biotopu</a>) uslovljavaju odgovarajuću brojnost (kvantitet) populacija u biocenozi. Populacije koje su u biocenozi posebno brojne nazivaju se <b>dominantne</b>. One daju pečat zajednici i najbolje su prilagođenedatim uslovima staništa. U bukovoj šumi dominantna vrsta je <a href="/wiki/Bukva" title="Bukva">bukva</a>, a u hrastovoj <a href="/wiki/Hrast" title="Hrast">hrast</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vremenske_promene">Vremenske promene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Vremenske promene" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vremenske promene"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U strukturi životnih zajednica vremenske promene mogu biti: </p> <ul><li>periodične i</li> <li>sukcesivne.</li></ul> <p><b>Periodične promene</b> su one koje prate ritam dnevno-noćnih i sezonskih kolebanja uslova u staništu.Periodične promene se dešavaju neprestano svake sezone i one ne remete odnose u biocenozi. Zato se javlja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodizam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodizam (stranica ne postoji)">periodizam</a> u životnim aktivnostima organizama: </p> <ul><li>većina biljaka i životinja se razmnožava u isto <a href="/wiki/Godi%C5%A1nje_doba" title="Godišnje doba">godišnje doba</a>;</li> <li>neke životinje su aktivne noću, a druge danju;</li> <li>biljke vrše fotosintezu samo danju itd.</li></ul> <p>Nasuprot ovako kratkotrajnim promenama, u prirodi se dešavaju korenite promene i uslova sredine i biocenoza. <b>Sukcesije</b> (ili vekovne promene) su smenjivanje jedne populacije drugom u okviru jedne biocenoze, kao i smenjivanje čitavih biocenoza na jednom biotopu. </p><p>U prirodnim uslovima sukcesije se javljaju: </p> <ul><li>isušivanjem bara, jezera i močvara,</li> <li>dizanjem i spuštanjem morske obale,</li> <li>promenom rečnog toka itd.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odnosi_ishrane_(trofička_struktura)"><span id="Odnosi_ishrane_.28trofi.C4.8Dka_struktura.29"></span>Odnosi ishrane (trofička struktura)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Odnosi ishrane (trofička struktura)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Odnosi ishrane (trofička struktura)"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osnovni način uzajamnog povezivanja članova jedne životne zajednice predstavlja <a href="/wiki/Metabolizam" title="Metabolizam">metabolizam</a> biocenoze. On čini osnovu organizacije njenog života, tj. njenu trofičku strukturu. Odnosi ishrane čvrsto povezuju sve vrste članova biocenoze. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autotrof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autotrof (stranica ne postoji)">Autotrofni</a> članovi biocenoza su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proizvo%C4%91a%C4%8D_(biologija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proizvođač (biologija) (stranica ne postoji)">proizvođači</a> organskih materija, koji neposredno ili posredno služe kao hrana za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potro%C5%A1a%C4%8D_(biologija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potrošač (biologija) (stranica ne postoji)">potrošače</a>. Postoji više kategorija potrošača : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biljojedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Biljojedi">biljojedi</a> (koji se hrane neposredno biljkama),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnivor" title="Karnivor">mesojedi</a> (posredni potrošači jer se hrane životinjama) i</li> <li>različiti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saprofit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saprofit (stranica ne postoji)">saprofiti</a> koji se hrane ostacima uginulih organizama.</li></ul> <p>Posebnu grupu saprofita čine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterotrof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterotrof (stranica ne postoji)">heterotrofne</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija">bakterije</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gljiva" title="Gljiva">gljive</a> koje razlažu ostatke organskih supstanci do neorganskih sastojaka (vrše <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineralizacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineralizacija (stranica ne postoji)">mineralizaciju</a>), vraćajući ih na taj način u prirodu u obliku koji je upotrebljiv za biljke. Od tih materija biljke, <a href="/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza">fotosintezom</a>, ponovo stvaraju organske materije bogate energijom. Svi saprofiti čine grupu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Razlaga%C4%8D_(biologija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Razlagač (biologija) (stranica ne postoji)">razlagača</a>. </p><p>Proizvođači (biljni organizmi), potrošači (životinjski organizmi) i razlagači (gljive, mikroorganizmi) predstavljaju tri osnovna nivoa ishrane (trofička nivoa) u prirodi kroz koje materija kruži, a energija jednosmerno protiče od jednog do drugog nivoa. Pri tome se oblik materije (organska u neorgansku i obrnuto) i energije menja (svetlosna, hemijska, toplotna energija). U toku proticanja energija se delimično gubi u vidu toplote (oko 10% energije se gubi pri prelasku sa jednog na naredni trofički stupanj). </p><p>Organsku materiju koju proizvode zelene biljke fotosintezom, koriste čitavi nizovi potrošača. Zajedno sa proizvođačem koji se nalazi u osnovi niza, serija potrošača obrazuje <a href="/wiki/Lanac_ishrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanac ishrane">lanac ishrane</a>. Prva karika u lancu je najčešće proizvođač, ali mogu biti i organski otpaci. Poslednju kariku u lancu čini potrošač koji u životnoj zajednici nema direktnih prirodnih neprijatelja. </p><p>Životinje potrošači su obično istovremeno članovi više lanaca ishrane jer se retko hrane samo jednom vrstom biljne ili životinjske hrane. Isto tako, biljka proizvođač skoro redovno predstavlja početnu kariku za veći broj lanaca ishrane. To znači da različiti lanci ishrane imaju zajedničke karike pomoću kojih se međusobno ukrštaju i čine splet lanaca ishrane. </p><p>Lanci ishrane pokazuju jednu opštu pravilnost: brojnost (biomasa) pojedinih vrsta (karika u lancu), opada u smeru od proizvođača ka krajnjem potrošaču.(Od ovog pravila odstupaju <a href="/wiki/Parazit" title="Parazit">parazitski</a> lanci ishrane pošto sićušan parazit može da ima mnogo krupnijeg domaćina.) Šuma ima veliku biomasu (osnova piramide) i u njoj živi veliki broj biljnih insekata. Takođe, brojni, ali manje od prethodnih, su insekti mesojedi. U odnosu na njih, daleko je manje ptica koje se hrane insektima. Čitava šuma može biti stanište samo jednom paru ptica grabljivica (vrh piramide). Grafički se to predstavlja pomoću <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofi%C4%8Dka_piramida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trofička piramida (stranica ne postoji)">trofičkih piramida</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41378145">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chow, Y. W.; Pietranico, R.; Mukerji, A. (1975-10-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6">„Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule”</a>. <i>Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications</i> <b>66</b> (4): 1424–1431. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-291X">0006-291X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6">6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2017-10-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Studies+of+oxygen+binding+energy+to+hemoglobin+molecule&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+and+Biophysical+Research+Communications&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=Y.+W.&rft.au=Chow%2C%26%2332%3BY.+W.&rft.au=Pietranico%2C%26%2332%3BR.&rft.au=Mukerji%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.date=1975-10-27&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1424%E2%80%931431&rft.issn=0006-291X&rft_id=info:pmid/6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Biocenoza"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Janković, M.,Đorđević, V: <i>Primenjena ekologija</i>, Naučna knjiga, Beograd, 1981.</li> <li>Đukanović, Mara: <i>Ekološki izazov</i>, Beograd, 1991.</li> <li>Stanković, S: <i>Ekologija životinja</i>, Beograd, 1979.</li> <li>Janković, M: <i>Fitoekologija</i>, Beograd, 1986.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr">Izvor: <a dir="ltr" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&oldid=41350995">https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&oldid=41350995</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Ekologija" title="Kategorija:Ekologija">Ekologija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Ekosistem" title="Kategorija:Ekosistem">Ekosistem</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena 11. decembra 2022. u 22:47.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uslovi. 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