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Biocenoza - Wikipedia
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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Izgled" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izgled</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bs.wikipedia.org&uselang=bs" class=""><span>Donacije</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Napravi_ra%C4%8Dun&returnto=Biocenoza" title="Predlažemo vam da napravite račun i prijavite se; međutim, to nije obavezno" class=""><span>Napravi korisnički račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Korisni%C4%8Dka_prijava&returnto=Biocenoza" title="Predlažemo vam da se prijavite, iako to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijavi 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me</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stranice za odjavljene urednike <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:Uvod" aria-label="Saznajte više o uređivanju"><span>detaljnije</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Moji_doprinosi" title="Spisak izmjena napravljenih s ove IP-adrese [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Doprinosi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Moj_razgovor" title="Rasprava o izmjenama s ove IP-adrese [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ekosistemi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekosistemi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ekosistemi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekosistemi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Životne_zajednice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Životne_zajednice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Životne zajednice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Životne_zajednice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kvalitativni_sastav" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvalitativni_sastav"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kvalitativni sastav</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvalitativni_sastav-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kvantitativni_sastav" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvantitativni_sastav"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kvantitativni sastav</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvantitativni_sastav-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Također_pogledajte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Također_pogledajte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Također pogledajte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Također_pogledajte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biocenoza</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 49 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جماعة حيوية – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جماعة حيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosenoz" title="Biosenoz – azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biosenoz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Біяцэноз – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біяцэноз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosi" title="Biocenosi – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biocenosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spole%C4%8Denstvo" title="Společenstvo – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Společenstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioc%C3%B8nose" title="Biocønose – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biocønose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioz%C3%B6nose" title="Biozönose – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biozönose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biocoenosis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenozo" title="Biocenozo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biocenozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biots%C3%B6noos" title="Biotsönoos – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biotsönoos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biozenosi" title="Biozenosi – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biozenosi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جامعه زیستی – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%C3%B6yhteis%C3%B6" title="Eliöyhteisö – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eliöyhteisö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioc%C3%A9nose" title="Biocénose – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biocénose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenose" title="Biocenose – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Biocenose" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89letk%C3%B6z%C3%B6ss%C3%A9g" title="Életközösség – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Életközösség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A6" title="Կենսաերկրացենոզ – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաերկրացենոզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoso" title="Biocenoso – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biocenoso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADff%C3%A9lag" title="Líffélag – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líffélag" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosi" title="Biocenosi – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biocenosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ბიოცენოზი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიოცენოზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – kirgiški" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoz%C4%97" title="Biocenozė – litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biocenozė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoze" title="Biocenoze – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Biocenoze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levensgemeenschap" title="Levensgemeenschap – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Levensgemeenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocen%C3%B2si" title="Biocenòsi – oksitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Biocenòsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenose" title="Biocenose – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biocenose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoz%C4%83" title="Biocenoză – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biocenoză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – srpskohrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpskohrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocen%C3%B3za" title="Biocenóza – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biocenóza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биосеноз – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Биосеноз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Біоценоз – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біоценоз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotsenoz" title="Biotsenoz – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biotsenoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_x%C3%A3_(sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Quần xã (sinh học) – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quần xã (sinh học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%BD" title="生物群落 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生物群落" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184806#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezičke linkove" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">S Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bs" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:FoodWeb.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FoodWeb.svg/300px-FoodWeb.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FoodWeb.svg/450px-FoodWeb.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FoodWeb.svg/600px-FoodWeb.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption><center>Slatkovodni i kopneni ekosistem (mreža ishrane)</center></figcaption></figure><p>. </p><p><b>Biocenoza</b> (grč. βiοs - <i>bios</i> = život + κοινός - <i>koinós</i> = zajednica) predstavlja skup istovrsnih ili različitih <a href="/wiki/Vrsta" class="mw-disambig" title="Vrsta">vrsta</a> <a href="/wiki/Organizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizam">organizama</a> na određenom prostoru (<a href="/wiki/Biotop" title="Biotop">biotopu</a>) u određenom vremenu.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biocenoza (<i>životna zajednica</i>, <i>biološka zajednica</i>, <i>ekološka zajednica</i>) je termin koji je skovao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_M%C3%B6bius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Möbius (stranica ne postoji)">Karl Möbius</a> (<a href="/wiki/1877" class="mw-redirect" title="1877">1877</a>.) opisujući interaktivnost <a href="/wiki/Organizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizam">organizama</a> koji <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život">žive</a> zajedno na istom <a href="/wiki/Stani%C5%A1te" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanište">staništu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biotop" title="Biotop">biotopu</a>). Zanimljivo je da se rijetko koristi u engleskom jeziku, kao ni u anglofonskim područjima, ali je veoma raširen na većini svjetskih jezika. Umjesto toga, engleski naučnici obično koriste termine <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosistemi</a> ili kao <a href="/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija">ekološke</a> zajednice, <a href="/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija">biološke</a> i druge životne zajednice.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Na osnovu pristupnog koncepta biocenozi, ekološke zajednice mogu se proučavati u različitim oblicima, tj. kompleksima i izdvojenim kategorijama: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoocenoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoocenoza (stranica ne postoji)">Zoocenoza</a> za <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotinja" class="mw-redirect" title="Životinja">životinjsku</a> zajednicu (<a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">faunu</a>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitocenoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitocenoza">Fitocenoza</a> za <a href="/wiki/Biljka" class="mw-redirect" title="Biljka">biljnu</a> zajednicu (<a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">floru</a>),</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiocenoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrobiocenoza (stranica ne postoji)">Mikrobiocenoza</a> za <a href="/wiki/Mikrob" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrob">mikrobnu</a> zajednicu.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekosistemi">Ekosistemi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Ekosistemi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ekosistemi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">Ekosistem</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">Ekosistem</a> je prvobitno definirao Tansley (<a href="/wiki/1935" class="mw-redirect" title="1935">1935</a>.) kao biotsku zajednicu (ili biocenozu) zajedno sa svojim fizičkim okruženjem (ili <i><a href="/wiki/Biotop" title="Biotop">biotopom</a></i>). U ekološkim studijama, biocenoza je osobito usmjerena na odnose između vrsta na obuhvaćenom području. U razmatranju ovih odnosa proučava se i interakcija svake vrste posebno (i njihovih mogućih kombinacija) s fizičkim okruženjem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Životne_zajednice"><span id=".C5.BDivotne_zajednice"></span>Životne zajednice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Životne zajednice"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Životne zajednice"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Tide_pools_in_santa_cruz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tide_pools_in_santa_cruz.jpg/300px-Tide_pools_in_santa_cruz.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tide_pools_in_santa_cruz.jpg/450px-Tide_pools_in_santa_cruz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tide_pools_in_santa_cruz.jpg/600px-Tide_pools_in_santa_cruz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1316" /></a><figcaption>Na zidu bazena je zajednica morskih zvijezda (<i>Dermasterias</i>), sasa (<i>Anthopleura</i>) i spužvi (<i>Porifera</i>); Santa Cruz, <a href="/wiki/California" class="mw-redirect" title="California">California</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Biotske zajednice variraju u veličini, a veće mogu sadržavati i više manjih. Oblici interakcije su evidentni u ishrani ili hranidbenim odnosima. Temeljni metodi razgraničavanja životnih zajednica počivaju na mapiranju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanac_ishrane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanac ishrane (stranica ne postoji)">lanaca ishrane</a> i identifikaciji vrste hrane kojima su međusobno povezane njihove karike, a zatim na određivanju granica sistema kao i onih koji se mogu isključiti uz najmanje veze u potrošnji u odnosu na vrste unutar njegovih granica. </p><p>U mapiranju životne zajednice važna je identifikacija onih lokaliteta kojima je potrebna organizirana i zakonski regulirana zaštita okoliša, kao što je, npr. , <a href="/wiki/Britanija" class="mw-redirect" title="Britanija">britanski</a> <i>Site of Special Scientific Interest</i> (<i>SSSIs</i>), <a href="/wiki/Australija" title="Australija">australijski</a> <i>Department of the Environment and Heritage</i> u međunarodnoj mreži <i>Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act <a href="/wiki/1999" class="mw-redirect" title="1999">1999</a></i> (<i>EPBC</i> akt). </p><p>Osnovne karakteristike svake biocenoze su: </p> <ol><li><b>Kvalitativni sastav</b></li> <li><b>Kvantitativni sastav</b>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kvalitativni_sastav">Kvalitativni sastav</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Kvalitativni sastav"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Kvalitativni sastav"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Čine ga: </p> <ol><li>broj vrsta (prosta i složena)</li> <li>prostorni raspored</li> <li>vremenski aspekt (smjena dana i noći, smjena godišnjih doba).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kvantitativni_sastav">Kvantitativni sastav</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Kvantitativni sastav"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Kvantitativni sastav"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Količinski sastav predstavlja brojnost jedinki u okviru posmatrane zajednice, ttj. zastupljenost pojedinih populacija u biocenozi. Ekološke dominante su najzastupljenije vrste u biocenozi. Karakteristične vrste su vrste s posebnom adaptacijom na određene ekološke faktore. Efemerne vrste su pojave koje traju određeni period. </p><p><br clear="all" /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:P_biology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/P_biology.svg/30px-P_biology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/P_biology.svg/45px-P_biology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/P_biology.svg/60px-P_biology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <small>Nedovršeni članak <i><b>Biocenoza</b></i> koji govori o <b>biologiji</b> treba dopuniti. <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit">Dopunite ga</a></span> prema <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%C4%8Clanci" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Članci">pravilima</a> Wikipedije.</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Škrijelj R., Đug S. (2009): Uvod u ekologiju životinja.Prirodno-matematički fakultet Sarajevo, Sarajevo, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978_9958-592-03-4" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978 9958-592-03-4">978 9958-592-03-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kendeigh S. C. (1961): Animal Ecology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mučibabić S. (1960): Osnovi ekologije. Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Sarajevo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Möbius K. (1877): Die Auster und die Austernwirtschaft.' Berlin. (English translation) U.S. Commission Fish and Fisheries Report, 1880: 683-751.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Također_pogledajte"><span id="Tako.C4.91er_pogledajte"></span>Također pogledajte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak "Također pogledajte"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Također pogledajte"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotop" title="Biotop">Biotop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">Ekosistem</a></li></ul></div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Preuzeto iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&oldid=3513454">https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&oldid=3513454</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:U_za%C4%8Detku,_Biologija" title="Kategorija:U začetku, Biologija">U začetku, Biologija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Biogeografija" title="Kategorija:Biogeografija">Biogeografija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Ekologija" title="Kategorija:Ekologija">Ekologija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Ekolo%C5%A1ka_terminologija" title="Kategorija:Ekološka terminologija">Ekološka terminologija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Stani%C5%A1ta" title="Kategorija:Staništa">Staništa</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena na datum 17 april 2023 u 21:50.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">slobodnom licencom Autorstvo-Dijeliti pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uvjeti. 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