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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esempi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esempi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Esempi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esempi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superclassificazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superclassificazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Superclassificazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superclassificazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biocenosi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 49 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جماعة حيوية - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جماعة حيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosenoz" title="Biosenoz - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biosenoz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Біяцэноз - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біяцэноз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosi" title="Biocenosi - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biocenosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spole%C4%8Denstvo" title="Společenstvo - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Společenstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioc%C3%B8nose" title="Biocønose - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biocønose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioz%C3%B6nose" title="Biozönose - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biozönose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biocoenosis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenozo" title="Biocenozo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biocenozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biots%C3%B6noos" title="Biotsönoos - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biotsönoos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biozenosi" title="Biozenosi - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biozenosi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جامعه زیستی - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%C3%B6yhteis%C3%B6" title="Eliöyhteisö - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eliöyhteisö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioc%C3%A9nose" title="Biocénose - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biocénose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenose" title="Biocenose - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Biocenose" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89letk%C3%B6z%C3%B6ss%C3%A9g" title="Életközösség - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Életközösség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A6" title="Կենսաերկրացենոզ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաերկրացենոզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoso" title="Biocenoso - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biocenoso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADff%C3%A9lag" title="Líffélag - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líffélag" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ბიოცენოზი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიოცენოზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoz%C4%97" title="Biocenozė - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biocenozė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoze" title="Biocenoze - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Biocenoze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levensgemeenschap" title="Levensgemeenschap - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Levensgemeenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocen%C3%B2si" title="Biocenòsi - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Biocenòsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenose" title="Biocenose - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biocenose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoz%C4%83" title="Biocenoză - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biocenoză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocen%C3%B3za" title="Biocenóza - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biocenóza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биосеноз - tagico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Биосеноз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Біоценоз - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біоценоз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotsenoz" title="Biotsenoz - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biotsenoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_x%C3%A3_(sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Quần xã (sinh học) - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quần xã (sinh học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%BD" title="生物群落 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生物群落" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184806#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div 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lang="it" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto" style="width:230px"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><div class="noprint" style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:70%;"><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Come leggere il tassobox"><img alt="Come leggere il tassobox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/16px-Information-silk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/24px-Information-silk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/32px-Information-silk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" usemap="#ImageMap_37fb70b5d7ceee19" /></span><map name="ImageMap_37fb70b5d7ceee19"><area href="/wiki/Progetto:Forme_di_vita/Come_leggere_il_tassobox" shape="rect" coords="0,0,50,50" alt="Progetto:Forme di vita/Come leggere il tassobox" title="Progetto:Forme di vita/Come leggere il tassobox" /></map><figcaption>Come leggere il tassobox</figcaption></figure></div><b>Biota</b></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Reef_247.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Reef_247.jpg/220px-Reef_247.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Reef_247.jpg/330px-Reef_247.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Reef_247.jpg/440px-Reef_247.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Barriera corallina nei <a href="/wiki/Caraibi" title="Caraibi">Caraibi</a> - Foto di Lauretta Burke (World Resources Institute) 2007.</td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><a href="/wiki/Classificazione_filogenetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Classificazione filogenetica">Classificazione filogenetica</a></th></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Clade">clade</a>)</small></th><td>(<b>Mundus</b>) <a href="/wiki/Biota_(ecologia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biota (ecologia)">Biota</a> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><a href="/wiki/Classificazione_scientifica" title="Classificazione scientifica">Classificazione classica</a></th></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><div style="background:yellow">Arborea</div><br />(filogenetica)</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2" style="text-align:left"><div style="background:cyan"><a href="/wiki/Vita" title="Vita">Terrabiota</a></div> <div style="background:aquamarine"><a href="/wiki/Esobiologia" title="Esobiologia">Exobiota</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ecologia" title="Ecologia">ecologia</a> il termine <b>biocenosi</b> (o <b>comunità</b>) deriva dalle parole in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica">lingua greca antica</a> βίος (<i>bíos</i> = vita) e κοινός (<i>koinós</i> = comune), ed indica la comunità delle specie di un <a href="/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema">ecosistema</a> che vive in un determinato ambiente, o, meglio, in un determinato <a href="/wiki/Biotopo" title="Biotopo">biotopo</a> (dal greco βίος = vita e τόπος = luogo), cioè un'area in cui le condizioni fisico-chimiche ed ambientali sono costanti. Il biotopo, per le sue caratteristiche, può essere definito come l'unità fondamentale dell'ambiente. L'ecosistema è formato quindi da biocenosi e da biotopo. </p><p>Meno usato è il termine <b>biota</b> per descrivere l'insieme della <a href="/wiki/Piante" class="mw-redirect" title="Piante">vita vegetale</a> e <a href="/wiki/Animali" class="mw-redirect" title="Animali">animale</a> che caratterizzano una certa regione o area (ad esempio <i>biota europeo</i>). Il biota della <a href="/wiki/Terra" title="Terra">Terra</a>, nel suo insieme, occupa lo spazio definito <a href="/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera">biosfera</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caratteristiche_principali">Caratteristiche principali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenosi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Caratteristiche principali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenosi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Caratteristiche principali"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La biocenosi, come detto, è l'unità <a href="/wiki/Biotico" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotico">biotica</a> fondamentale dell'ecosistema. I principali <a href="/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma">biomi</a> (come ad esempio <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foresta_temperata" title="Foresta temperata">foresta temperata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prateria" title="Prateria">prateria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deserto" title="Deserto">deserto</a> e <a href="/wiki/Foresta_tropicale" class="mw-redirect" title="Foresta tropicale">foresta tropicale</a>) che ricoprono la superficie terrestre sono caratterizzati da un'associazione biocenosica dominante e caratterizzante il paesaggio. Tutti i biomi terrestri, con tutti gli organismi che li abitano e l'ambiente nel quale vivono compongono la biosfera. Da questo punto di vista tutta la biosfera può essere considerata un'unica grande biocenosi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approfondimento">Approfondimento</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenosi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Approfondimento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenosi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Approfondimento"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg/330px-Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg/495px-Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg/660px-Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5433" data-file-height="3675" /></a><figcaption>Schema grafico di catena alimentare nel Mare del Nord.</figcaption></figure> <p>La biocenosi è dunque un insieme di <a href="/wiki/Popolazione" title="Popolazione">popolazioni</a> di <a href="/wiki/Specie" title="Specie">specie</a> diverse che vivono in uno stesso <a href="/wiki/Ambiente_naturale" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambiente naturale">ambiente naturale</a> e fra le quali si vengono a creare dei rapporti di interrelazione e interdipendenza. La comunità ecologica ha delle caratteristiche proprie dette <i>proprietà emergenti</i>, che non si riscontrano a livelli di organizzazione biologica gerarchicamente inferiori (singolo individuo e popolazione). Tali proprietà sono la diversità specifica, i rapporti di distribuzione delle varie popolazioni e l'organizzazione trofica (<a href="/wiki/Rete_alimentare" title="Rete alimentare">rete alimentare</a> e <a href="/wiki/Catena_alimentare" title="Catena alimentare">catena alimentare</a>). </p><p>Come già detto, la natura di una comunità è strettamente legata all'ambiente in cui vive e poiché l'ambiente è spesso disomogeneo, a causa di variazioni spazio-temporali, anche la comunità presenta variazioni nello spazio e nel tempo. </p> <ul><li>La <i>zonazione spaziale</i> è la distinzione tra comunità contigue causata dalle variazioni delle <a href="/wiki/Condizioni_ambientali" class="mw-redirect" title="Condizioni ambientali">condizioni ambientali</a> nello spazio (ad esempio <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> ed <a href="/wiki/Umidit%C3%A0" title="Umidità">umidità</a>). In genere le condizioni variano gradualmente e quindi non è quasi mai possibile definire confini netti. Inoltre molto spesso due comunità sono separate da un <a href="/wiki/Ecotono" title="Ecotono">ecotono</a>, cioè da una <i>comunità di transione</i> formata da un popolamento misto di specie appartenenti alle due. Più le condizioni ambientali variano bruscamente e più sono netti i confini tra due comunità.</li> <li>La <i>zonazione temporale</i> è la distinzione tra comunità determinata da variazioni temporali delle condizioni in uno stesso sito. Questo tipo di zonazione è legata al fenomeno della <a href="/wiki/Successione_(ecologia)" title="Successione (ecologia)">successione</a>: il susseguirsi della componente biotica nell'ecosistema tramite processi di <a href="/wiki/Colonizzazione" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonizzazione">colonizzazione</a>-<a href="/wiki/Estinzione" title="Estinzione">estinzione</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sostituzione" class="mw-disambig" title="Sostituzione">sostituzione</a>. Alla fine del processo si arriva ad una biocenosi stabile, omeostaticamente regolata, chiamata <a href="/wiki/Climax_(ecologia)" title="Climax (ecologia)">Climax</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esempi">Esempi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenosi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Esempi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenosi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Esempi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>biocenosi della barriera corallina<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>biocenosi delle zone umide<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>biocenosi delle aree urbane<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>biocenosi bentoniche<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Superclassificazione">Superclassificazione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenosi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Superclassificazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenosi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Superclassificazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center"> <caption><i>Superclassificazione</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1" style="background: white;">Mundus </th> <th colspan="16" style="background: cornflowerblue;">Biota / Vitae / Eobiontes </th> <th colspan="16" style="background: yellow;">Abiotic / <a href="/wiki/Minerale" title="Minerale">Mineralia</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" style="background: white;">Arborea </th> <th colspan="8" style="background: darkcyan;"><a href="/wiki/Vita" title="Vita">Terroa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Organismo_vivente" title="Organismo vivente">Terrabiota</a> / Geobiota </th> <th colspan="8" style="background: cadetblue;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Esobiologia" title="Esobiologia">Eso-Terroan</a> / Exobiota?)</i> </th> <th colspan="16" style="background: yellow;"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" style="background: white;">Superimpero </th> <th colspan="4" style="background: cyan;"><a href="/wiki/Ribosa" title="Ribosa">Ribosa</a> </th> <th colspan="4" style="background: aquamarine;"><a href="/wiki/Aribosa" title="Aribosa">Aribosa</a> </th> <th colspan="8" style="background: cadetblue;"> </th> <th colspan="16" style="background: yellow;"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" style="background: white;">Impero </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: violet;"><a href="/wiki/Cytota" title="Cytota">Cytota</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: deeppink;"><a href="/wiki/Acytota" title="Acytota">Acytota</a> / Aphanobionta </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: aquamarine;"><a href="/wiki/Xenobiologia" title="Xenobiologia">Xenobiota</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: aquamarine;"><a href="/wiki/Prione" title="Prione">Prioni</a> </th> <th colspan="8" style="background: cadetblue;"> </th> <th colspan="16" style="background: yellow;"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" style="background: white;">Dominio </th> <th colspan="1" style="background: darkorange;"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </th> <th colspan="1" style="background: orange;"><a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: red;"><a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologia)" title="Virus (biologia)">Virii</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: aquamarine;"> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: aquamarine;"> </th> <th colspan="8" style="background: cadetblue;"> </th> <th colspan="12" style="background: yellow;"> </th></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Legenda: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minerale" title="Minerale">Mineralia / Abiotic</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> -fattori non viventi<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (materia ambientale dell'ecosistema<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biota_(ecologia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biota (ecologia)">Biota</a> / Vitae / Eobiontes<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> -fattori viventi (sistemi in uno stato energetico di disequilibrio stazionario in grado di dirigere una serie di reazioni chimiche<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Esobiologia" title="Esobiologia">Arborea: Exobiota</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> -eventuale vita <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestre" title="Extraterrestre">extraterrestre</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vita" title="Vita">Arborea: Terroa / Terrabiota / Geobiota</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> -vita terrestre<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aribosa" title="Aribosa">Aribosa</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> -Organismi biologici non contenenti <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> o <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, o molecole proteiche capaci di riproduzione.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiologia" title="Xenobiologia">Xenobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prione" title="Prione">Prioni</a>;</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribosa" title="Ribosa">Ribosa</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> -viventi basati su RNA o <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acytota" title="Acytota">Acytota / Aphanobionta</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luketa2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luketa2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> -vita non <a href="/wiki/Cellula" title="Cellula">cellulare</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologia)" title="Virus (biologia)">Virus</a>;</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytota" title="Cytota">Cytota</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> -vita cellulare; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenosi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenosi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554517">.mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:#ffeaea;color:#444444}.mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#EE0700}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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Se possibile ritrova il link e inserisci il collegamento corretto, comunque non rimuovere il collegamento e inserisci il template {{Collegamento interrotto}}"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.scubadivingschool.it/UserFiles/File/Le_formazioni_coralligene.pdf">http://www.scubadivingschool.it/UserFiles/File/Le_formazioni_coralligene.pdf</a></span><sup class="noprint chiarimento-apice" title="A volte può capitare che un link presente su Wikipedia non sia più raggiungibile. Se possibile ritrova il link e inserisci il collegamento corretto, comunque non rimuovere il collegamento e inserisci il template {{Collegamento interrotto}}">[<i><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Collegamenti_interrotti" title="Aiuto:Collegamenti interrotti">collegamento interrotto</a></i>]</sup> Formazioni coralligene</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20100225105149/http://www.parcodeltapo.it/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Copia archiviata</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">parcodeltapo.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 24 febbraio 2010</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.parcodeltapo.it/">url originale</abbr> il 25 febbraio 2010)</small>.</cite> Parco del delta del Po</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.archiportale.com/progetti/hector-jacinto-cavone-felicioni/teramo/progetto-recupero-urbano-borgata-vezzola_16210.html%7C">http://www.archiportale.com/progetti/hector-jacinto-cavone-felicioni/teramo/progetto-recupero-urbano-borgata-vezzola_16210.html%7C</a> Un progetto di recupero ambientale</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628153652/http://www.esriitalia.it/conferenza2008/atti/content/documenti/Poster/savini_biologia.doc"><span style="font-style:italic;">Copia archiviata</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento Word 97-2003">DOC</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">esriitalia.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 31 gennaio 2010</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.esriitalia.it/conferenza2008/atti/content/documenti/Poster/savini_biologia.doc">url originale</abbr> il 28 giugno 2011)</small>.</cite> | Difesa Ambientale Mare Adriatico: Il data base biologico del sistema informativo di Chiara Savini</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monografias.com/trabajos82/reinos-vida/reinos-vida2.shtml">Los reinos de la vida (página 2) - Monografias.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quizlet.com/7110136/print/">Print · History of time and life | Quizlet</a> History of time and life</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0210243/Science%20Station/How%20living%20things%20interact%20with%20their%20environment/relationship%20of%20biotic%20and%20abiotic%20factors.htm">biotic and abiotic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428212738/http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0210243/Science%20Station/How%20living%20things%20interact%20with%20their%20environment/relationship%20of%20biotic%20and%20abiotic%20factors.htm">Archiviato</a> il 28 aprile 2012 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14772/">Vitae (living organisms) | BioLib.cz</a> BioLib: Vitae, Living Organisms</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/1.htm">Biota - Classification - Systema Naturae 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614111911/http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/1.htm">Archiviato</a> il 14 giugno 2010 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Sistema Naturae 2000 classification Biota</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disf.org/CosaDevoSapere/Schroedinger.asp">DISF - Documentazione Interdisciplinare di Scienza e Fede | Orientamento Bibliografico</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencemag.org/content/132/3424/393.citation">Exobiology: Approaches to Life beyond the Earth</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/sb/show/an_alien_taxonomy/">CSI | An Alien Taxonomy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projectlinnaeus.com/Terrabiota.htm">Terrabiota</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130406212827/http://projectlinnaeus.com/Terrabiota.htm">Archiviato</a> il 6 aprile 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Yoichi Ezaki, Akira Yao e Jianbo Liu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioone.org/journals/Paleontological-Research/volume-13/issue-1/1342-8144-13.1.001/Preface-Palaeozoic-and-Mesozoic-Geobiota-During-Greenhouse-Intervals/10.2517/1342-8144-13.1.001.full"><span style="font-style:italic;">Preface: Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Geobiota During Greenhouse Intervals</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Paleontological Research</span>, vol. 13, n. 1, 2009/04, pp. 1–1, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2517%2F1342-8144-13.1.001">10.2517/1342-8144-13.1.001</a>. <small>URL consultato il 29 luglio 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/7600031/Toward-a-natural-system-of-organisms-Proposal-for-the">Toward a natural system of organisms Proposal for the</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2012/April/xna-hna-primordial-life-dna-evolution-chemistry.asp">Polymers perform non-DNA evolution</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/33709823/Toward-a-natural-system-of-organisms-Proposal-for-the-dominions">Toward a natural system of organisms Proposal for the dominions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/nai/seminars/detail/60">A new mechanism of mass extinction - and 15 minutes about a new tree of life «Seminars «NAI «NASA Astrobiology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021164506/http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/nai/seminars/detail/60">Archiviato</a> il 21 ottobre 2011 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=71303&tree=0.1">Aphanobionta - Nomenclature & Taxonomy - The Taxonomicon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luketa2012-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Luketa2012_20-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"> <cite id="CITEREFharv" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Luketa S., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://protistology.ifmo.ru/num7_4/luketa_protistology_7-4.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">New views on the megaclassification of life</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), in <span style="font-style:italic;">Protistology</span>, vol. 7, n. 4, 2012, pp. 218–237.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=71304&tree=0.1">Superkingdom Acytota - Nomenclature & Taxonomy - The Taxonomicon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-non-cellular-life.htm">What is Non-Cellular Life?</a> What Is Non-Cellular Life</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projectlinnaeus.com/Cytota.htm">Cytota</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525125054/http://projectlinnaeus.com/Cytota.htm">Archiviato</a> il 25 maggio 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenosi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenosi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Scossiroli, R.E. <i>Elementi di ecologia</i>. Zanichelli, Bologna, 1976.</li> <li>D'Ancona, U. <i>Trattato di Zoologia</i>. U.T.E.T., Torino, 1965 (Ristampa 1981), <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8802022445" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 8802022445</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) Möbius, K. <i>Die auster und die austernwirtscharft</i>. Berlin, 1877.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenosi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenosi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecologia" title="Ecologia">Ecologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecologia_della_comunit%C3%A0" title="Ecologia della comunità">Ecologia della comunità</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=31326">31326</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014266">sh85014266</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4069495-1">4069495-1</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282390705171">987007282390705171</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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