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However, few studies have demonstrated broad transfer from such training to performance on untrained cognitive" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/21143536/Short_term_music_training_enhances_verbal_intelligence_and_executive_function" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Short-term music training enhances verbal intelligence and executive function" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Researchers have designed training methods that can be used to improve mental health and to test the efficacy of education programs. However, few studies have demonstrated broad transfer from such training to performance on untrained cognitive" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://yorku.academia.edu/MelodyWiseheart" /> <meta name="description" content="Researchers have designed training methods that can be used to improve mental health and to test the efficacy of education programs. However, few studies have demonstrated broad transfer from such training to performance on untrained cognitive" /> <title>(PDF) Short-term music training enhances verbal intelligence and executive function | Melody Wiseheart - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/21143536/Short_term_music_training_enhances_verbal_intelligence_and_executive_function" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732412459000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732412459000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Researchers have designed training methods that can be used to improve mental health and to test the efficacy of education programs. However, few studies have demonstrated broad transfer from such training to performance on untrained cognitive activities. Here we report the effects of two interactive computerized training programs developed for preschool children: one for music and one for visual art. After only 20 days of training, only children in the music group exhibited enhanced performance on a measure of verbal intelligence, with 90% of the sample showing this improvement. These improvements in verbal intelligence were positively correlated with changes in functional brain plasticity during an executive-function task. Our findings demonstrate that transfer of a high-level cognitive skill is possible in early childhood.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Melody Wiseheart"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2016-01-29","dateModified":"2016-01-29","datePublished":"2011-01-01","headline":"Short-term music training enhances verbal intelligence and executive function","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Psychology","Cognitive Science","Music","Intelligence","Visual perception","Language Development","Executive Function","Evoked Potentials","Humans","Child","Psychological","Female","Male","Psychological Science"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Psychological science","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/21143536/Short_term_music_training_enhances_verbal_intelligence_and_executive_function","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"yorku"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-352e32ba4e89304dc0b4fa5b3952eef2198174c54cdb79066bc62e91c68a1a91.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":21143536,"created_at":"2016-01-29T07:32:54.002-08:00","from_world_paper_id":147452966,"updated_at":"2021-01-18T08:07:01.749-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Researchers have designed training methods that can be used to improve mental health and to test the efficacy of education programs. However, few studies have demonstrated broad transfer from such training to performance on untrained cognitive activities. Here we report the effects of two interactive computerized training programs developed for preschool children: one for music and one for visual art. After only 20 days of training, only children in the music group exhibited enhanced performance on a measure of verbal intelligence, with 90% of the sample showing this improvement. These improvements in verbal intelligence were positively correlated with changes in functional brain plasticity during an executive-function task. Our findings demonstrate that transfer of a high-level cognitive skill is possible in early childhood.","publication_date":"2011,,","publication_name":"Psychological science"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Short-term music training enhances verbal intelligence and executive function","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [9219850]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":41734464,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Short-term music training enhances verbal intelligence and executive function”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/41734464/mini_magick20190218-5363-yiq2gp.png?1550542812" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Short-term music training enhances verbal intelligence and executive function</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9219850" href="https://yorku.academia.edu/MelodyWiseheart"><img alt="Profile image of Melody Wiseheart" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Melody Wiseheart</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2011, Psychological science</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Researchers have designed training methods that can be used to improve mental health and to test the efficacy of education programs. However, few studies have demonstrated broad transfer from such training to performance on untrained cognitive activities. Here we report the effects of two interactive computerized training programs developed for preschool children: one for music and one for visual art. After only 20 days of training, only children in the music group exhibited enhanced performance on a measure of verbal intelligence, with 90% of the sample showing this improvement. These improvements in verbal intelligence were positively correlated with changes in functional brain plasticity during an executive-function task. Our findings demonstrate that transfer of a high-level cognitive skill is possible in early childhood.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":41734464,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/21143536/Short_term_music_training_enhances_verbal_intelligence_and_executive_function"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":41734464,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/21143536/Short_term_music_training_enhances_verbal_intelligence_and_executive_function"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="41734464" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/21143536/Short_term_music_training_enhances_verbal_intelligence_and_executive_function" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="96825290" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96825290/Longitudinal_Analysis_of_Music_Education_on_Executive_Functions_in_Primary_School_Children">Longitudinal Analysis of Music Education on Executive Functions in Primary School Children</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="477439" href="https://artez.academia.edu/ArturCJaschke">Dr. Artur C Jaschke</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Longitudinal Analysis of Music Education on Executive Functions in Primary School Children","attachmentId":98615663,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96825290/Longitudinal_Analysis_of_Music_Education_on_Executive_Functions_in_Primary_School_Children","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96825290/Longitudinal_Analysis_of_Music_Education_on_Executive_Functions_in_Primary_School_Children"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="26959603" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26959603/Examining_the_association_between_music_lessons_and_intelligence">Examining the association between music lessons and intelligence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29547711" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/GlennSchellenberg">Glenn Schellenberg</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">British Journal of Psychology, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Examining the association between music lessons and intelligence","attachmentId":47221260,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26959603/Examining_the_association_between_music_lessons_and_intelligence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26959603/Examining_the_association_between_music_lessons_and_intelligence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="38015611" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38015611/Investigating_the_Impact_of_a_Musical_Intervention_on_Preschool_Childrens_Executive_Function">Investigating the Impact of a Musical Intervention on Preschool Children's Executive Function</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1921374" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/KathrynMason">Kathryn Mason</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17501928" href="https://goldsmiths.academia.edu/AliceBowmer">Alice Bowmer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The impact of music interventions on the cognitive skills of young children has become the focus of a growing number of research studies in recent years. This study investigated the effect of weekly musicianship training on the executive function abilities of 3-to-4-year-old children at a London, United Kingdom preschool, using a two-phase experimental design. In Phase 1, 14 children (Group A) took part in eight weekly musicianship classes, provided by a specialist music teacher, while 25 children (Groups B and C combined) engaged in nursery free play. Results of this Phase showed Group A to have improved on two measures relating to planning and inhibition skills. During Phase 2, Group A continued with music classes, while Group B began music classes for the first time and Group C took part in an art intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA found no significant difference in performance improvement between the three participant groups during phase 2; however, the performance difference between groups was nearing significance for the peg tapping task (p = 0.06). The findings from this study contribute to current debates about the potential cognitive benefit of musical interventions, including important issues regarding intervention duration, experimental design, target age groups, executive function testing, and task novelty</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Investigating the Impact of a Musical Intervention on Preschool Children's Executive Function","attachmentId":58036262,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38015611/Investigating_the_Impact_of_a_Musical_Intervention_on_Preschool_Childrens_Executive_Function","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38015611/Investigating_the_Impact_of_a_Musical_Intervention_on_Preschool_Childrens_Executive_Function"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="41576912" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41576912/Music_Training_and_Cognitive_Abilities_Associations_Causes_and_Consequences">Music Training and Cognitive Abilities: Associations, Causes, and Consequences</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="806601" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/SwathiSwaminathan">Swathi Swaminathan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Oxford Handbook of Music and the Brain, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This chapter evaluates the evidence that music training leads to improved cognitive abilities. It considers whether music training is associated with measures of general cognitive abilities, visuospatial abilities, and language abilities, as well as with real-world measures such as academic achievement and healthy aging. Although positive associations with music training are evident in each instance, causal evidence is lacking, inconsistent, or weak. The one exception appears to be specialized music training that focuses on listening skills and rhythm perception, which seems to improve listening skills more generally. Improved phonological awareness can, in turn, lead to improvements in reading, particularly for young children who are beginning to read, or for children with dyslexia. Otherwise, associations with music training appear to be the consequence of individual differences in demographics, personality, music aptitude, and cognitive ability, which influence who takes music lessons, particularly for extended durations of time.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Music Training and Cognitive Abilities: Associations, Causes, and Consequences","attachmentId":61733025,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41576912/Music_Training_and_Cognitive_Abilities_Associations_Causes_and_Consequences","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41576912/Music_Training_and_Cognitive_Abilities_Associations_Causes_and_Consequences"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="47797920" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47797920/Two_Randomized_Trials_Provide_No_Consistent_Evidence_for_Nonmusical_Cognitive_Benefits_of_Brief_Preschool_Music_Enrichment">Two Randomized Trials Provide No Consistent Evidence for Nonmusical Cognitive Benefits of Brief Preschool Music Enrichment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1140119" href="https://ucsd.academia.edu/AdenaSchachner">Adena Schachner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLoS ONE, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Two Randomized Trials Provide No Consistent Evidence for Nonmusical Cognitive Benefits of Brief Preschool Music Enrichment","attachmentId":66735044,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47797920/Two_Randomized_Trials_Provide_No_Consistent_Evidence_for_Nonmusical_Cognitive_Benefits_of_Brief_Preschool_Music_Enrichment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47797920/Two_Randomized_Trials_Provide_No_Consistent_Evidence_for_Nonmusical_Cognitive_Benefits_of_Brief_Preschool_Music_Enrichment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="21166150" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21166150/Effects_of_Music_Training_on_the_Childs_Brain_and_Cognitive_Development">Effects of Music Training on the Child's Brain and Cognitive Development</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5852539" href="https://bidmc.academia.edu/AndreaNorton">Andrea Norton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of Music Training on the Child's Brain and Cognitive Development","attachmentId":41744287,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21166150/Effects_of_Music_Training_on_the_Childs_Brain_and_Cognitive_Development","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21166150/Effects_of_Music_Training_on_the_Childs_Brain_and_Cognitive_Development"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="94233779" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94233779/The_effects_of_a_short_term_music_program_on_preschool_children_s_executive_functions">The effects of a short-term music program on preschool children’s executive functions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65430832" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BugosJennifer">Jennifer Bugos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Psychology of Music, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a short-term preschool music program with creativity, bimanual gross motor training, and vocal development on preschool children’s inhibition. Inhibition is the key factor in preschool children’s executive functions development between 3–5 years. Thirty-six preschool children were randomly assigned to music or Lego training, a comparable control task. We administered neuropsychological measures pre- and post-training. Results of a repeated measures ANOVA on the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT), a task requiring inhibition and visual discrimination, indicated a significant time by group interaction, with fewer errors committed post-training by the music group compared to controls. However, only a main effect of time was found for the second inhibition task, the Day/Night Stroop Task, a task requiring inhibition of a dominant verbal response. Music training in early childhood that includes an emphasis on bimanual coordinatio...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The effects of a short-term music program on preschool children’s executive functions","attachmentId":96747912,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94233779/The_effects_of_a_short_term_music_program_on_preschool_children_s_executive_functions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94233779/The_effects_of_a_short_term_music_program_on_preschool_children_s_executive_functions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View 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