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id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vegetative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organisation,_growth_and_life_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation,_growth_and_life_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Organisation, growth and life forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisation,_growth_and_life_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Leaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roots_and_underground_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roots_and_underground_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Roots and underground organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roots_and_underground_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Reproductive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Flowers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruit_and_seed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruit_and_seed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Fruit and seed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruit_and_seed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_dicots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_dicots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Comparison with dicots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_dicots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apomorphies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apomorphies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Apomorphies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apomorphies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synapomorphies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synapomorphies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Synapomorphies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synapomorphies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vascular_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vascular_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Vascular system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vascular_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Linnean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Linnean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Pre-Linnean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Linnean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Linnean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Linnean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Post Linnean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Linnean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Subdivision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Molecular_clock_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_clock_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Molecular clock estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_clock_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Core_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Core_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Core group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Core_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquatic_monocots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquatic_monocots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Aquatic monocots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquatic_monocots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_taxa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_taxa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Other taxa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_taxa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Emergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symposia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symposia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Symposia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symposia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogenetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogenetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.1</span> <span>Phylogenetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogenetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-APG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.2</span> <span>APG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites_and_databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites_and_databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Websites and databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites_and_databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Monocotyledon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monokotyledonen" title="Monokotyledonen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Monokotyledonen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9" title="أحاديات الفلقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أحاديات الفلقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birl%C9%99p%C9%99lil%C9%99r" title="Birləpəlilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birləpəlilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="একবীজপত্রী উদ্ভিদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="একবীজপত্রী উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan-ch%C3%AD-hio%CC%8Dh_si%CC%8Dt-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Tan-chí-hio̍h si̍t-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tan-chí-hio̍h si̍t-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%88%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бер өлөшлөләр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бер өлөшлөләр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Аднадольныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аднадольныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Аднадольныя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аднадольныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Едносемеделни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едносемеделни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monokotiledone_biljke" title="Monokotiledone biljke – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Monokotiledone biljke" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotiled%C3%B2nies" title="Monocotiledònies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monocotiledònies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Пĕр пайвăрăлли – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пĕр пайвăрăлли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednod%C4%9Blo%C5%BEn%C3%A9" title="Jednoděložné – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jednoděložné" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Monocotyledon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkimbladede" title="Enkimbladede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Enkimbladede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monokotyledonen" title="Monokotyledonen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Monokotyledonen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cheidulehelised" title="Üheidulehelised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Üheidulehelised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Μονοκοτυλήδονο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μονοκοτυλήδονο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledoneae" title="Monocotyledoneae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monocotyledoneae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unukotiledonaj_plantoj" title="Unukotiledonaj plantoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unukotiledonaj plantoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliopsida" title="Liliopsida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liliopsida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="تک‌لپه‌ای‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تک‌لپه‌ای‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyl%C3%A9done" title="Monocotylédone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monocotylédone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotylidae" title="Monocotylidae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Monocotylidae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotiled%C3%B3neas" title="Monocotiledóneas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monocotiledóneas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%88)" title="Цхьа дакъа дола (баьцовгӀаш) – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Цхьа дакъа дола (баьцовгӀаш)" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EB%96%A1%EC%9E%8E%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="외떡잎식물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외떡잎식물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Միաշաքիլավորներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միաշաքիլավորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="एकबीजपत्री – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एकबीजपत्री" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednosupnice" title="Jednosupnice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jednosupnice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Monocotyledon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berkeping_biji_tunggal" title="Tumbuhan berkeping biji tunggal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan berkeping biji tunggal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledoneae" title="Monocotyledoneae – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Monocotyledoneae" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Иухайон зайæгойтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иухайон зайæгойтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eink%C3%ADmbl%C3%B6%C3%B0ungar" title="Einkímblöðungar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Einkímblöðungar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotiledoni" title="Monocotiledoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monocotiledoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%93-%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חד-פסיגיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חד-פסיגיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_wiji_tunggal" title="Tetanduran wiji tunggal – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tetanduran wiji tunggal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ერთლებნიანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერთლებნიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дара жарнақтылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дара жарнақтылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monokotiledoni" title="Monokotiledoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Monokotiledoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monokotiled%C3%B2n" title="Monokotiledòn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Monokotiledòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliopsida" title="Liliopsida – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Liliopsida" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80_%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF_%D3%A9%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Бир үлүштүү өсүмдүктөр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бир үлүштүү өсүмдүктөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledoneae" title="Monocotyledoneae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Monocotyledoneae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viend%C4%ABg%C4%BClapji" title="Viendīgļlapji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viendīgļlapji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliopsida" title="Liliopsida – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liliopsida" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelijainiai" title="Lelijainiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lelijainiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyszik%C5%B1ek" title="Egyszikűek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyszikűek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Монокотиледони – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Монокотиледони" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ഏകബീജപത്ര സസ്യങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഏകബീജപത്ര സസ്യങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ართლებერამეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ართლებერამეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monokotiledon" title="Monokotiledon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Monokotiledon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A0_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯃꯣꯅꯣꯀꯣꯠ ꯃꯔꯨ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯣꯅꯣꯀꯣꯠ ꯃꯔꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centz%C4%ABntiliztica" title="Centzīntiliztica – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Centzīntiliztica" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eenzaadlobbigen" title="Eenzaadlobbigen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eenzaadlobbigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="एकदलीय वनस्पति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एकदलीय वनस्पति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E5%AD%90%E8%91%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="単子葉植物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="単子葉植物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfr%C3%B8bladete_planter" title="Enfrøbladete planter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Enfrøbladete planter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einfr%C3%B8blada_plantar" title="Einfrøblada plantar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Einfrøblada plantar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80" title="ଏକବୀଜପତ୍ରୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଏକବୀଜପତ୍ରୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_urug%CA%BBpallali_o%CA%BBsimliklar" title="Bir urugʻpallali oʻsimliklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bir urugʻpallali oʻsimliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DD%AA%D8%A7" title="اک داݪا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اک داݪا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednoli%C5%9Bcienne" title="Jednoliścienne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jednoliścienne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotiled%C3%B3nea" title="Monocotiledónea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monocotiledónea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotiledonate" title="Monocotiledonate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Monocotiledonate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27ulla_phutuy_raphiyuq" title="Ch'ulla phutuy raphiyuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'ulla phutuy raphiyuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Однодольные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Однодольные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Monocotyledon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Monocotyledon" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monocotyledon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednokl%C3%AD%C4%8Dnolistov%C3%A9" title="Jednoklíčnolistové – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jednoklíčnolistové" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enokali%C4%8Dnice" title="Enokaličnice – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enokaličnice" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Монокотиледоне биљке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монокотиледоне биљке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monokotiledone_biljke" title="Monokotiledone biljke – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Monokotiledone biljke" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliopsida" title="Liliopsida – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Liliopsida" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yksisirkkaiset" title="Yksisirkkaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yksisirkkaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhj%C3%A4rtbladiga_v%C3%A4xter" title="Enhjärtbladiga växter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Enhjärtbladiga växter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="ஒருவித்திலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒருவித்திலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taynayyawin" title="Taynayyawin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taynayyawin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8F%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఏకదళబీజాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఏకదళబీజాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="พืชใบเลี้ยงเดี่ยว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พืชใบเลี้ยงเดี่ยว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek_%C3%A7enekliler" title="Tek çenekliler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tek çenekliler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Однодольні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Однодольні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81" title="یک دالہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یک دالہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_m%E1%BB%99t_l%C3%A1_m%E1%BA%A7m" title="Thực vật một lá mầm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực vật một lá mầm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eenzoadlobbign" title="Eenzoadlobbign – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eenzoadlobbign" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%B6%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="单子叶植物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="单子叶植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%AD%90%E8%91%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="單子葉植物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="單子葉植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97inskilt%C4%93_augal%C4%81" title="Vėinskiltē augalā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vėinskiltē augalā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%AD%90%E8%91%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="單子葉植物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="單子葉植物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocots&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Clade of flowering plants</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Monocotyledons<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> – Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:177.69230769231px; width:42.307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:177.69230769231px; width:42.307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:178.69230769231px; width:40.307692307692px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><div style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:200px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_close-up.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.JPG/99px-Wheat_close-up.JPG" decoding="async" width="99" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.JPG/149px-Wheat_close-up.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.JPG/198px-Wheat_close-up.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Araceae_Colocasia_esculenta_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Araceae_Colocasia_esculenta_1.jpg/99px-Araceae_Colocasia_esculenta_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="74" class="mw-file-element" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lily_Lilium_%27Citronella%27_Flower.jpg/149px-Lily_Lilium_%27Citronella%27_Flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lily_Lilium_%27Citronella%27_Flower.jpg/198px-Lily_Lilium_%27Citronella%27_Flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2578" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandanus_heterocarpus_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pandanus_heterocarpus_02.jpg/99px-Pandanus_heterocarpus_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pandanus_heterocarpus_02.jpg/149px-Pandanus_heterocarpus_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pandanus_heterocarpus_02.jpg/198px-Pandanus_heterocarpus_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ginger_plants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ginger_plants.jpg/200px-Ginger_plants.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ginger_plants.jpg/300px-Ginger_plants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ginger_plants.jpg/400px-Ginger_plants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Diversity of monocots which includes <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> (<i>Triticum</i>), <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a> (<i>Colocasia esculenta</i>), <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a>, (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Zostera_marina" title="Zostera marina">Zostera marina</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">lily</a> (<i>Lilium</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_heterocarpus" title="Pandanus heterocarpus">Pandanus heterocarpus</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> (<i>Zingiber officinale</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Monocots" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Orders </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alismatid_monocots" title="Alismatid monocots">alismatid monocots</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilioid_monocots" title="Lilioid monocots">lilioid monocots</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviales" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrosaviales">Petrosaviales</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commelinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Commelinid">commelinid</a> monocots</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Alternifoliae <small><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bessey" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bessey">Bessey</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessey1915_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessey1915-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Endogenae <small><a href="/wiki/DC." class="mw-redirect" title="DC.">DC.</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Candolle1819_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Candolle1819-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilianae" title="Lilianae">Lilianae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Takht." class="mw-redirect" title="Takht.">Takht.</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-Tropiclilianae_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tropiclilianae-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1966_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Liliatae <small> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cronquist" title="Arthur Cronquist">Cronquist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takht." class="mw-redirect" title="Takht.">Takht.</a> & <a href="/wiki/W.Zimm." class="mw-redirect" title="W.Zimm.">W.Zimm.</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliidae" title="Liliidae">Liliidae</a> <small>Takht.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1966_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorne1992a_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorne1992a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliopsida" title="Liliopsida">Liliopsida</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Batsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Batsch">Batsch</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-Tropiclilio_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tropiclilio-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monocotyleae <small><a href="/wiki/August_Eichler" class="mw-redirect" title="August Eichler">Eichler</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEichler1886_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEichler1886-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monocotyledonae <small><a href="/wiki/E.Morren" class="mw-redirect" title="E.Morren">E.Morren</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Carl_Christian_Mez" title="Carl Christian Mez">Mez</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-Tropicmono_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tropicmono-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monocotyledones</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Monocotyledons</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly referred to as <b>monocots</b>, (<b><a href="/wiki/Lilianae" title="Lilianae">Lilianae</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Sensu" title="Sensu">sensu</a></i> Chase & Reveal) are <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a> and grass-like <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (angiosperms), the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> of which typically contain only one <a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">embryonic</a> leaf, or <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledon</a>. They constitute one of the major groups into which the flowering plants have traditionally been divided; the rest of the flowering plants have two cotyledons and were classified as <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledon" title="Dicotyledon">dicotyledons</a>, or dicots. </p><p>Monocotyledons have almost always been recognized as a group, but with various <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomic ranks">taxonomic ranks</a> and under several different names. The <a href="/wiki/APG_III_system" title="APG III system">APG III system</a> of 2009 recognises a clade called "monocots" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank. </p><p>The monocotyledons include about 70,000 species, about a quarter of all angiosperms. The largest <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> in this group (and in the flowering plants as a whole) by number of species are the orchids (family <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a>), with more than 20,000 species. About 12,000 species belong to the true grasses (<a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>), which are economically the most important family of monocotyledons. Often mistaken for grasses, <a href="/wiki/Sedges" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedges">sedges</a> are also monocots. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> produced comes from monocotyledons. These include not only major <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, etc.), but also <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> grasses, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboos</a>, and many other common food and decorative crops. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_crenulatum_5231.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Allium_crenulatum_5231.JPG/220px-Allium_crenulatum_5231.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Allium_crenulatum_5231.JPG/330px-Allium_crenulatum_5231.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Allium_crenulatum_5231.JPG/440px-Allium_crenulatum_5231.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Allium_crenulatum" title="Allium crenulatum">Allium crenulatum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>), an onion, with typical monocot <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> and parallel leaf venation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onion_slice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Onion_slice.jpg/220px-Onion_slice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Onion_slice.jpg/330px-Onion_slice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Onion_slice.jpg/440px-Onion_slice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Onion slice: the cross-sectional view shows the veins that run in parallel along the length of the bulb and stem</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The monocots or monocotyledons have, as the name implies, a single (mono-) <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledon</a>, or embryonic leaf, in their <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>. Historically, this feature was used to contrast the monocots with the <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledon" title="Dicotyledon">dicotyledons</a> or dicots which typically have two cotyledons; however, modern research has shown that the dicots are not a natural group, and the term can only be used to indicate all angiosperms that are not monocots and is used in that respect here. From a diagnostic point of view the number of cotyledons is neither a particularly useful characteristic (as they are only present for a very short period in a plant's life), nor is it completely reliable. The single cotyledon is only one of a number of modifications of the <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a> of the ancestral monocotyledons, whose adaptive advantages are poorly understood, but may have been related to adaption to <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic habitats">aquatic habitats</a>, prior to <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">radiation</a> to terrestrial habitats. Nevertheless, monocots are sufficiently distinctive that there has rarely been disagreement as to membership of this group, despite considerable diversity in terms of external morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillich1998_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillich1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, morphological features that reliably characterise major <a href="/wiki/Clades" class="mw-redirect" title="Clades">clades</a> are rare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudallBuzgo2002_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudallBuzgo2002-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus monocots are distinguishable from other angiosperms both in terms of their uniformity and diversity. On the one hand, the organization of the shoots, leaf structure, and floral configuration are more uniform than in the remaining angiosperms, yet within these constraints a wealth of diversity exists, indicating a high degree of evolutionary success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel1998_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel1998-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monocot <a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">diversity</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Geophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophytes">geophytes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental flowers">ornamental flowers</a> including <a href="/wiki/Orchids" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchids">orchids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>); <a href="/wiki/Tulips" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulips">tulips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilies">lilies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a>); rosette and succulent <a href="/wiki/Epiphytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphytes">epiphytes</a> (Asparagales); <a href="/wiki/Mycoheterotrophs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycoheterotrophs">mycoheterotrophs</a> (Liliales, <a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a>), all in the <a href="/wiki/Lilioid_monocots" title="Lilioid monocots">lilioid monocots</a>; major <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_grains" class="mw-redirect" title="Food grains">grains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Grass_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass family">grass family</a>; and forage grasses (<a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Woody_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Woody plants">woody</a> tree-like <a href="/wiki/Palm_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm trees">palm trees</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">reeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bromeliads" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromeliads">bromeliads</a> (Poales), <a href="/wiki/Bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananas">bananas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Commelinid_monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Commelinid monocots">commelinid monocots</a>, as well as both emergent (Poales, <a href="/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroids">aroids</a>, as well as floating or submerged <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic plants">aquatic plants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrass</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzkiHuber1998_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzkiHuber1998-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al.2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al.2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetative">Vegetative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vegetative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organisation,_growth_and_life_forms"><span id="Organisation.2C_growth_and_life_forms"></span>Organisation, growth and life forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organisation, growth and life forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important distinction is their growth pattern, lacking a <a href="/wiki/Lateral_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral meristem">lateral meristem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambium" title="Cambium">cambium</a>) that allows for continual growth in diameter with height (<a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">secondary growth</a>), and therefore this characteristic is a basic limitation in shoot construction. Although largely herbaceous, some <a href="/wiki/Arboraceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboraceous">arboraceous</a> monocots reach great height, length and mass. The latter include <a href="/wiki/Agaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Agaves">agaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm (plant)">palms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandans">pandans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bamboos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboos">bamboos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_et_al2016_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_et_al2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltisSoltis2016_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltisSoltis2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This creates challenges in water transport that monocots deal with in various ways. Some, such as species of <i><a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">Yucca</a></i>, develop anomalous secondary growth, while palm trees utilise an anomalous primary growth form described as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/establishment_growth" class="extiw" title="wikt:establishment growth">establishment growth</a> (<i>see</i> <a href="#Vascular_system">Vascular system</a>). The axis undergoes primary thickening, that progresses from <a href="/wiki/Internode_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internode (botany)">internode</a> to internode, resulting in a typical inverted conical shape of the basal primary axis (<i>see</i> Tillich, Figure 1). The limited conductivity also contributes to limited branching of the stems. Despite these limitations a wide variety of adaptive <a href="/wiki/Growth_forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth forms">growth forms</a> has resulted (Tillich, Figure 2) from <a href="/wiki/Epiphytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphytic">epiphytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Orchids" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchids">orchids</a> (Asparagales) and <a href="/wiki/Bromeliads" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromeliads">bromeliads</a> (Poales) to submarine <a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a> (including the reduced <a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Lemnoideae</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mycotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycotrophic">mycotrophic</a> <a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a> (Dioscreales) and <a href="/wiki/Triuridaceae" title="Triuridaceae">Triuridaceae</a> (Pandanales). Other forms of adaptation include the climbing vines of <a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a> (Alismatales) which use negative phototropism (<a href="/wiki/Skototropism" class="mw-redirect" title="Skototropism">skototropism</a>) to locate <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a> trees (<i>i.e.</i> the darkest area),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrongRay1975_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrongRay1975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some palms such as <i><a href="/wiki/Calamus_(palm)" title="Calamus (palm)">Calamus manan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a>) produce the longest shoots in the plant kingdom, up to 185 m long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDransfield1978_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDransfield1978-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other monocots, particularly <a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a>, have adopted a <a href="/wiki/Therophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Therophyte">therophyte</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Life form">life form</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tillichfig1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tillichfig1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MausethAFG_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MausethAFG-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetit_et_al2014_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit_et_al2014-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlinsonEsler1973_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlinsonEsler1973-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeck_et_al2008_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeck_et_al2008-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leaves">Leaves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Leaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cotyledon, the primordial Angiosperm <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a> consists of a proximal leaf base or hypophyll and a distal hyperphyll. In monocots the hypophyll tends to be the dominant part in contrast to other angiosperms. From these, considerable diversity arises. Mature monocot leaves are generally narrow and linear, forming a sheathing around the stem at its base, although there are many exceptions. <a href="/wiki/Leaf_venation" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf venation">Leaf venation</a> is of the striate type, mainly arcuate-striate or longitudinally striate (parallel), less often palmate-striate or pinnate-striate with the leaf veins emerging at the leaf base and then running together at the apices. There is usually only one leaf per node because the leaf base encompasses more than half the circumference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlinson1970_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlinson1970-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evolution of this monocot characteristic has been attributed to developmental differences in early zonal differentiation rather than meristem activity (leaf base theory).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillich1998_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillich1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudallBuzgo2002_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudallBuzgo2002-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TakhtajanLiliops_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TakhtajanLiliops-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roots_and_underground_organs">Roots and underground organs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roots and underground organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lack of cambium in the primary <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a> limits its ability to grow sufficiently to maintain the plant. This necessitates early development of roots derived from the shoot (adventitious roots). In addition to roots, monocots develop <a href="/wiki/Stolon" title="Stolon">runners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhizomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomes">rhizomes</a>, which are creeping shoots. Runners serve <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_propagation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetative propagation">vegetative propagation</a>, have elongated <a href="/wiki/Internodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Internodes">internodes</a>, run on or just below the surface of the soil and in most case bear <a href="/wiki/Scale_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale leaves">scale leaves</a>. Rhizomes frequently have an additional storage function and rhizome producing plants are considered <a href="/wiki/Geophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophytes">geophytes</a> (Tillich, Figure 11). Other geophytes develop <a href="/wiki/Bulbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulbs">bulbs</a>, a short axial body bearing leaves whose bases store food. Additional outer non-storage leaves may form a protective function (Tillich, Figure 12). Other storage organs may be <a href="/wiki/Tubers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubers">tubers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Corms" class="mw-redirect" title="Corms">corms</a>, swollen axes. Tubers may form at the end of underground runners and persist. Corms are short lived vertical shoots with terminal <a href="/wiki/Inflorescences" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflorescences">inflorescences</a> and shrivel once flowering has occurred. However, intermediate forms may occur such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Crocosmia" title="Crocosmia">Crocosmia</a></i> (Asparagales). Some monocots may also produce shoots that grow directly down into the soil, these are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/geophilous" class="extiw" title="wikt:geophilous">geophilous</a> shoots (Tillich, Figure 11) that help overcome the limited trunk stability of large woody monocots.<sup id="cite_ref-Kubitzmmonohist_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubitzmmonohist-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TakhtajanLiliops_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TakhtajanLiliops-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillich1998_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillich1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproductive">Reproductive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reproductive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flowers">Flowers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Flowers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In nearly all cases the <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perigone</a> consists of two alternating <a href="/wiki/Trimerous" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimerous">trimerous</a> <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorls</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepals">tepals</a>, being <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homochlamydeous" class="extiw" title="wikt:homochlamydeous">homochlamydeous</a>, without differentiation between <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (flower)">calyx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corolla</a>. In <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zoophilous" class="extiw" title="wikt:zoophilous">zoophilous</a> (pollinated by animals) taxa, both whorls are <a href="/wiki/Corolline" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolline">corolline</a> (petal-like). <a href="/wiki/Anthesis" title="Anthesis">Anthesis</a> (the period of flower opening) is usually <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fugacious" class="extiw" title="wikt:fugacious">fugacious</a> (short lived). Some of the more persistent perigones demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Thermonastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonastic">thermonastic</a> opening and closing (responsive to changes in temperature). About two thirds of monocots are <a href="/wiki/Zoophilous" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoophilous">zoophilous</a>, predominantly by <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a>. These plants need to advertise to pollinators and do so by way of <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#phaneranthous" title="Glossary of botanical terms">phaneranthous</a> (showy) flowers. Such optical signalling is usually a function of the tepal whorls but may also be provided by <a href="/wiki/Semaphylls" class="mw-redirect" title="Semaphylls">semaphylls</a> (other structures such as <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">filaments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staminodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Staminodes">staminodes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stylodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylodia">stylodia</a> which have become modified to attract pollinators). However, some monocot plants may have <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#aphananthous" title="Glossary of botanical terms">aphananthous</a> (inconspicuous) flowers and still be pollinated by animals. In these the plants rely either on chemical attraction or other structures such as coloured <a href="/wiki/Bracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracts">bracts</a> fulfill the role of optical attraction. In some phaneranthous plants such structures may reinforce floral structures. The production of fragrances for olfactory signalling are common in monocots. The perigone also functions as a landing platform for pollinating insects. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel1998_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel1998-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fruit_and_seed">Fruit and seed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fruit and seed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">embryo</a> consists of a single cotyledon, usually with two <a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular bundles">vascular bundles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TakhtajanLiliops_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TakhtajanLiliops-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_dicots">Comparison with dicots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Comparison with dicots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg/220px-Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of a monocot (<a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a>: <a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a>) sprouting (left) with a dicot (right)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joshua_Tree_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Joshua_Tree_01.jpg/220px-Joshua_Tree_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Joshua_Tree_01.jpg/330px-Joshua_Tree_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Joshua_Tree_01.jpg/440px-Joshua_Tree_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="3467" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Yucca_brevifolia" title="Yucca brevifolia">Yucca brevifolia</a></i> (Joshua Tree: Asparagales) </figcaption></figure> <p>The traditionally listed differences between monocots and dicots are as follows. This is a broad sketch only, not invariably applicable, as there are a number of exceptions. The differences indicated are more true for <a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">monocots</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">eudicots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENBGI2016[httpwwwbotanicgardensieeducmonodicpdf_Monocots_versus_Dicots]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENBGI2016[httpwwwbotanicgardensieeducmonodicpdf_Monocots_versus_Dicots]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens2015_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens2015-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Feature </th> <th>In monocots </th> <th>In dicots </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Growth_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth form">Growth form</a> </td> <td>Mostly <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a>, occasionally <a href="/wiki/Arboraceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboraceous">arboraceous</a> </td> <td>Herbaceous or arboraceous </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">Leaves</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudallBuzgo2002_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudallBuzgo2002-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leaf_shape" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf shape">Leaf shape</a> oblong or linear, often sheathed at base, <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> seldom developed, <a href="/wiki/Stipules" class="mw-redirect" title="Stipules">stipules</a> absent. Major <a href="/wiki/Leaf#Veins" title="Leaf">leaf veins</a> usually <a href="/wiki/Leaf#Venation" title="Leaf">parallel</a> </td> <td>Broad, seldom sheathed, petiole common often with stipules. Veins usually <a href="/wiki/Leaf#Venation" title="Leaf">reticulate</a> (pinnate or palmate) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Roots</a> </td> <td>Primary root of short duration, replaced by <a href="/wiki/Adventious_roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventious roots">adventitial</a> roots forming fibrous or fleshy root systems </td> <td>Develops from the <a href="/wiki/Radicle" title="Radicle">radicle</a>. Primary root often persists forming strong taproot and secondary roots </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Plant stem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular bundles">Vascular bundles</a> </td> <td>Numerous scattered bundles in <a href="/wiki/Ground_parenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground parenchyma">ground parenchyma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambium" title="Cambium">cambium</a> rarely present, no differentiation between <a href="/wiki/Cortex_(botany)" title="Cortex (botany)">cortical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stele_(biology)" title="Stele (biology)">stelar</a> regions </td> <td>Ring of primary bundles with cambium, differentiated into cortex and stele (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eustele" class="extiw" title="wikt:eustele">eustelic</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers">Flowers</a> </td> <td>Parts in threes (<a href="/wiki/Merosity" title="Merosity">trimerous</a>) or multiples of three (<i>e.g.</i> 3, 6 or 9 petals) </td> <td>Fours (tetramerous) or fives (pentamerous) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a>: Number of <a href="/wiki/Aperture_(botany)" title="Aperture (botany)">apertures</a> (furrows or pores) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocolpate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocolpate">Monocolpate</a> (single aperture or colpus) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tricolpate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricolpate">Tricolpate</a> (three) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant_embryo" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant embryo">Embryo</a>: Number of <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledons</a> (leaves in the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a>) </td> <td>One, <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> frequently present in seed </td> <td>Two, endosperm present or absent </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:454px;max-width:454px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Comparison of monocots and dicots</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:452px;max-width:452px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monocot_vs_Dicot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustrations of differences between monocots and dicots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Monocot_vs_Dicot.svg/450px-Monocot_vs_Dicot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Monocot_vs_Dicot.svg/675px-Monocot_vs_Dicot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Monocot_vs_Dicot.svg/900px-Monocot_vs_Dicot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>A number of these differences are not unique to the monocots, and, while still useful, no one single feature will infallibly identify a plant as a monocot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENBGI2016[httpwwwbotanicgardensieeducmonodicpdf_Monocots_versus_Dicots]_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENBGI2016[httpwwwbotanicgardensieeducmonodicpdf_Monocots_versus_Dicots]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, trimerous flowers and monosulcate pollen are also found in <a href="/wiki/Magnoliid" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnoliid">magnoliids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and exclusively adventitious roots are found in some of the <a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, at least one of these traits, parallel leaf veins, is far from universal among the monocots. Broad leaves and reticulate leaf veins, features typical of dicots, are found in a wide variety of monocot families: for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Trillium" title="Trillium">Trillium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Smilax" title="Smilax">Smilax</a></i> (greenbriar), <i><a href="/wiki/Pogonia_(plant)" title="Pogonia (plant)">Pogonia</a></i> (an orchid), and the <a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a> (yams).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Potamogeton" title="Potamogeton">Potamogeton</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paris_quadrifolia" title="Paris quadrifolia">Paris quadrifolia</a></i> (herb-paris) are examples of monocots with tetramerous flowers. Other plants exhibit a mixture of characteristics. <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">Nymphaeaceae</a> (water lilies) have reticulate veins, a single cotyledon, adventitious roots, and a monocot-like vascular bundle. These examples reflect their shared ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENBGI2016[httpwwwbotanicgardensieeducmonodicpdf_Monocots_versus_Dicots]_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENBGI2016[httpwwwbotanicgardensieeducmonodicpdf_Monocots_versus_Dicots]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, this list of traits is generally valid, especially when contrasting monocots with <a href="/wiki/Eudicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudicot">eudicots</a>, rather than non-monocot flowering plants in general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apomorphies">Apomorphies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Apomorphies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monocot <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#apomorphy" title="Glossary of botanical terms">apomorphies</a> (characteristics derived during <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">radiation</a> rather than inherited from an ancestral form) include <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> habit, leaves with parallel venation and sheathed base, an embryo with a single cotyledon, an <a href="/wiki/Stele_(biology)" title="Stele (biology)">atactostele</a>, numerous adventitious roots, <a href="/wiki/Sympodial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympodial">sympodial</a> growth, and trimerous (3 parts per <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorl</a>) flowers that are <a href="/wiki/Pentacyclic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentacyclic">pentacyclic</a> (5 whorled) with 3 sepals, 3 petals, 2 whorls of 3 stamens each, and 3 carpels. In contrast, monosulcate pollen is considered an ancestral trait, probably <a href="/wiki/Plesiomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiomorphic">plesiomorphic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens2015_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens2015-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synapomorphies">Synapomorphies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Synapomorphies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distinctive features of the monocots have contributed to the relative taxonomic stability of the group. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Soltis" title="Douglas E. Soltis">Douglas E. Soltis</a> and others<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005p.&nbsp;92_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005p.&nbsp;92-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonoghueDoyle1989b_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonoghueDoyle1989b-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoconteStevenson1991_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoconteStevenson1991-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyleDonoghue1992_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyleDonoghue1992-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identify thirteen <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphies" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphies">synapomorphies</a> (shared characteristics that unite monophyletic groups of taxa); </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxalate" title="Calcium oxalate">Calcium oxalate</a> <a href="/wiki/Raphides" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphides">raphides</a></li> <li>Absence of vessels in leaves</li> <li>Monocotyledonous <a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anther</a> wall formation*</li> <li>Successive <a href="/wiki/Microsporogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporogenesis">microsporogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncarpous" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncarpous">Syncarpous</a> <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">gynoecium</a></li> <li>Parietal <a href="/wiki/Placentation" title="Placentation">placentation</a></li> <li>Monocotyledonous <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedling</a></li> <li>Persistent radicle</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Haustorium" class="extiw" title="wikt:Haustorium">Haustorial</a> cotyledon tip<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELersten2004_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELersten2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Open cotyledon sheath</li> <li>Steroidal <a href="/wiki/Saponins" class="mw-redirect" title="Saponins">saponins</a>*</li> <li>Fly pollination*</li> <li>Diffuse vascular bundles and absence of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">secondary growth</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vascular_system">Vascular system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vascular system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Palm_Trunk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Royal_Palm_Trunk.jpg/220px-Royal_Palm_Trunk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Royal_Palm_Trunk.jpg/330px-Royal_Palm_Trunk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Royal_Palm_Trunk.jpg/440px-Royal_Palm_Trunk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Roystonea_regia" title="Roystonea regia">Roystonea regia</a></i> palm (<a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a>) stems showing anomalous secondary growth in monocots, with characteristic fibrous roots</figcaption></figure> <p>Monocots have a distinctive arrangement of vascular tissue known as an <a href="/wiki/Stele_(biology)" title="Stele (biology)">atactostele</a> in which the vascular tissue is scattered rather than arranged in concentric rings. <a href="/wiki/Collenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Collenchyma">Collenchyma</a> is absent in monocot stems, roots and leaves. Many monocots are <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> and do not have the ability to increase the width of a stem (<a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">secondary growth</a>) via the same kind of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_cambium" title="Vascular cambium">vascular cambium</a> found in non-monocot <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some monocots do have secondary growth; because this does not arise from a single vascular cambium producing <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> inwards and phloem outwards, it is termed "anomalous secondary growth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonoghue2005_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonoghue2005-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of large monocots which either exhibit secondary growth, or can reach large sizes without it, are palms (<a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a>), screwpines (<a href="/wiki/Pandanaceae" title="Pandanaceae">Pandanaceae</a>), bananas (<a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">Yucca</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aloe" title="Aloe">Aloe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dracaena_(plant)" title="Dracaena (plant)">Dracaena</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Cordyline" title="Cordyline">Cordyline</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The monocots form one of five major lineages of <a href="/wiki/Mesangiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesangiosperms">mesangiosperms</a> (core angiosperms), which in themselves form 99.95% of all <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</a>. The monocots and the <a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">eudicots</a> are the largest and most diversified angiosperm <a href="/wiki/Radiations" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiations">radiations</a>, accounting for 22.8% and 74.2% of all angiosperm species respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of these, the grass family (Poaceae) is the most economically important, which together with the orchids <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a> account for half of the species diversity, accounting for 34% and 17% of all monocots respectively, and are among the largest families of angiosperms. They are also among the dominant members of many plant communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Linnean">Pre-Linnean</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pre-Linnean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ray-Malpighi_cotyledon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ray-Malpighi_cotyledon.jpg/220px-Ray-Malpighi_cotyledon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ray-Malpighi_cotyledon.jpg/330px-Ray-Malpighi_cotyledon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ray-Malpighi_cotyledon.jpg/440px-Ray-Malpighi_cotyledon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="2580" /></a><figcaption>Illustrations of <a href="/wiki/Cotyledons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotyledons">cotyledons</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> 1682, after <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Malpighi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The monocots are one of the major divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> or angiosperms. They have been recognized as a natural group since the sixteenth century when <a href="/wiki/Lobelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobelius">Lobelius</a> (1571), searching for a characteristic to group plants by, decided on <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a> form and their <a href="/wiki/Venation_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venation (botany)">venation</a>. He observed that the majority had broad leaves with net-like venation, but a smaller group were grass-like plants with long straight parallel veins.<sup id="cite_ref-ObelStirp65_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ObelStirp65-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so he distinguished between the dicotyledons, and the latter (grass-like) monocotyledon group, although he had no formal names for the two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVines1913p.&nbsp;10_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVines1913p.&nbsp;10-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoenigerHoeniger1969_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoenigerHoeniger1969-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pavordN.339_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pavordN.339-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formal description dates from <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a>'s studies of <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> structure in the 17th century. Ray, who is often considered the first botanical <a href="/wiki/Systematist" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematist">systematist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavord2005_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavord2005-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observed the <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledon</a> structure in his examination of seeds. He reported his findings in a paper read to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> on 17 December 1674, entitled "A Discourse on the Seeds of Plants".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style=";"> <div class="quotebox-title" style=""><i>A Discourse on the Seeds of Plants</i></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>The greatest number of plants that come of seed spring at first out of the earth with two leaves which being for the most part of a different figure from the succeeding leaves are by our gardeners not improperly called the seed leaves... <br />In the first kind the seed leaves are nothing but the two lobes of the seed having their plain sides clapt together like the two halves of a walnut and therefore are of the just figure of the seed slit in sunder flat wise...<br />Of seeds that spring out of the earth with leaves like the succeeding and no seed leaves I have observed two sorts. 1. Such as are congenerous to the first kind precedent that is whose pulp is divided into two lobes and a radicle... <br />2. Such which neither spring out of the ground with seed leaves nor have their pulp divided into lobes </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">John Ray (1674), pp. 164, 166<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1674[httpsbooksgooglecombooksido2EVAAAAQAAJpgPA164_pp.&nbsp;164,_166]_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1674[httpsbooksgooglecombooksido2EVAAAAQAAJpgPA164_pp.&nbsp;164,_166]-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div><p> Since this paper appeared a year before the publication of <a href="/wiki/Malpighi" class="mw-redirect" title="Malpighi">Malpighi</a>'s <i>Anatome Plantarum</i> (1675–1679), Ray has the priority. At the time, Ray did not fully realise the importance of his discovery<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven1950_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven1950-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but progressively developed this over successive publications. And since these were in Latin, "seed leaves" became <i>folia seminalia</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1682[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem84226page35mode1up_''De_foliis_plantarum_seminalibus_dictis''_p.&nbsp;7]_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1682[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem84226page35mode1up_''De_foliis_plantarum_seminalibus_dictis''_p.&nbsp;7]-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then <i>cotyledon</i>, following <a href="/wiki/Malpighi" class="mw-redirect" title="Malpighi">Malpighi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShortGeorge2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFcKLxqEAj4CpgPA15_p.&nbsp;15]_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShortGeorge2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFcKLxqEAj4CpgPA15_p.&nbsp;15]-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1682[httpsarchiveorgstreammethodusplantaru00rayjpage12mode2up_''De_plantula_seminali_reliquisque_femine_contentis''_p.&nbsp;13]_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1682[httpsarchiveorgstreammethodusplantaru00rayjpage12mode2up_''De_plantula_seminali_reliquisque_femine_contentis''_p.&nbsp;13]-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malpighi and Ray were familiar with each other's work,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven1950_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven1950-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Malpighi in describing the same structures had introduced the term cotyledon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalpighi1679[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnSEOAAAAQAAJpgPA18_''De_seminum_vegetatione''_p.&nbsp;18]_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalpighi1679[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnSEOAAAAQAAJpgPA18_''De_seminum_vegetatione''_p.&nbsp;18]-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Ray adopted in his subsequent writing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"></p><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style=";"> <div class="quotebox-title" style=""><i>De seminum vegetatione</i></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p><i>Mense quoque Maii, alias seminales plantulas Fabarum, & Phaseolorum, ablatis pariter binis seminalibus foliis, seu cotyledonibus, incubandas posui</i><br />In the month of May, also, I incubated two seed plants, <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">Faba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">Phaseolus</a>, after removing the two seed leaves, or cotyledons </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">Marcello Malpighi (1679), p. 18<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalpighi1679[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnSEOAAAAQAAJpgPA18_''De_seminum_vegetatione''_p.&nbsp;18]_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalpighi1679[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnSEOAAAAQAAJpgPA18_''De_seminum_vegetatione''_p.&nbsp;18]-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div><p> In this experiment, Malpighi also showed that the cotyledons were critical to the development of the plant, proof that Ray required for his theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBewleyBlackHalmer2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaE414KuXu4gCpgPA334_History_of_seed_research_p.&nbsp;334]_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBewleyBlackHalmer2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaE414KuXu4gCpgPA334_History_of_seed_research_p.&nbsp;334]-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>Methodus plantarum nova</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1682_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1682-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ray also developed and justified the "natural" or pre-evolutionary approach to classification, based on characteristics selected <i><a href="/wiki/A_posteriori" class="mw-redirect" title="A posteriori">a posteriori</a></i> in order to group together taxa that have the greatest number of shared characteristics. This approach, also referred to as polythetic would last till <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary theory">evolutionary theory</a> enabled <a href="/wiki/Eichler_system" title="Eichler system">Eichler</a> to develop the <a href="/wiki/Phyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyletic">phyletic</a> system that superseded it in the late nineteenth century, based on an understanding of the acquisition of characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuessy2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidb9Q2EOkw7toCpgPA47_Natural_classification_p.&nbsp;47]_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuessy2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidb9Q2EOkw7toCpgPA47_Natural_classification_p.&nbsp;47]-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidX7lfMACvjs4CpgPA21_Systems_of_classification_p.&nbsp;21]_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidX7lfMACvjs4CpgPA21_Systems_of_classification_p.&nbsp;21]-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStace1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVfQnuwh3bw8CpgPA19_The_development_of_plant_taxonomy_p.&nbsp;17]_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStace1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVfQnuwh3bw8CpgPA19_The_development_of_plant_taxonomy_p.&nbsp;17]-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also made the crucial observation <i>Ex hac seminum divisione sumum potest generalis plantarum distinctio, eaque meo judicio omnium prima et longe optima, in eas sci. quae plantula seminali sunt bifolia aut διλόβω, et quae plantula sem. adulta analoga.</i> (From this division of the seeds derives a general distinction amongst plants, that in my judgement is first and by far the best, into those seed plants which are bifoliate, or bilobed, and those that are analogous to the adult), that is between monocots and dicots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven1950[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidETusSTe5O8YCpgPA195_p.&nbsp;195]_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven1950[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidETusSTe5O8YCpgPA195_p.&nbsp;195]-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBewleyBlackHalmer2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaE414KuXu4gCpgPA334_History_of_seed_research_p.&nbsp;334]_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBewleyBlackHalmer2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaE414KuXu4gCpgPA334_History_of_seed_research_p.&nbsp;334]-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He illustrated this by quoting from Malpighi and including reproductions of Malpighi's drawings of cotyledons (see figure).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1682[httpsarchiveorgstreammethodusplantaru00rayjpagen39mode2up_''De_foliis_plantarum_seminalibus_dictis''_p.&nbsp;11]_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1682[httpsarchiveorgstreammethodusplantaru00rayjpagen39mode2up_''De_foliis_plantarum_seminalibus_dictis''_p.&nbsp;11]-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially Ray did not develop a classification of flowering plants (florifera) based on a division by the number of cotyledons, but developed his ideas over successive publications,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1696_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1696-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coining the terms <i>Monocotyledones</i> and <i>Dicotyledones</i> in 1703,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1703[httpsarchiveorgstreamjoannisrajisocie00rayjpagen39mode2up_pp.&nbsp;1–2]_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1703[httpsarchiveorgstreamjoannisrajisocie00rayjpagen39mode2up_pp.&nbsp;1–2]-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the revised version of his <i>Methodus</i> (<i>Methodus plantarum emendata</i>), as a primary method for dividing them, <i>Herbae floriferae, dividi possunt, ut diximus, in Monocotyledones & Dicotyledones</i> (Flowering plants, can be divided, as we have said, into Monocotyledons & Dicotyledons).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1703[httpsarchiveorgstreamjoannisrajisocie00rayjpage16mode2up_p.&nbsp;16]_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1703[httpsarchiveorgstreamjoannisrajisocie00rayjpage16mode2up_p.&nbsp;16]-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post_Linnean">Post Linnean</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Post Linnean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> (1707–1778) did not utilise Ray's discovery, basing his own classification solely on <a href="/wiki/Floral_reproductive_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral reproductive morphology">floral reproductive morphology</a>, the term was used shortly after his classification appeared (1753) by <a href="/wiki/Scopoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopoli">Scopoli</a> and who is credited for its introduction.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every <a href="/wiki/Taxonomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomist">taxonomist</a> since then, starting with <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">De Jussieu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustin_De_Candolle" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustin De Candolle">De Candolle</a>, has used Ray's distinction as a major classification characteristic.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kubitzmmonohist_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubitzmmonohist-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/De_Jussieu_system" title="De Jussieu system">De Jussieu's system</a> (1789), he followed Ray, arranging his Monocotyledones into three classes based on stamen position and placing them between <a href="/wiki/Acotyledones" class="mw-redirect" title="Acotyledones">Acotyledones</a> and Dicotyledones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJussieu1789_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJussieu1789-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/De_Candolle_system" title="De Candolle system">De Candolle's system</a> (1813) which was to predominate thinking through much of the 19th century used a similar general arrangement, with two subgroups of his <i>Monocotylédonés</i> (Monocotyledoneae).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Candolle1819_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Candolle1819-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindley</a> (1830) followed De Candolle in using the terms Monocotyledon and Endogenae<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interchangeably. They considered the monocotyledons to be a group of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular plants">vascular plants</a> (<i>Vasculares</i>) whose vascular bundles were thought to arise from within (<i>Endogènes</i> or <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley1830_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1830-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monocotyledons remained in a similar position as a major division of the flowering plants throughout the nineteenth century, with minor variations. <a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">George Bentham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Hooker</a> (1862–1883) used Monocotyledones, as would <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wettstein" title="Richard Wettstein">Wettstein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWettstein1924_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWettstein1924-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/August_Eichler" class="mw-redirect" title="August Eichler">August Eichler</a> used Mononocotyleae<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEichler1886_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEichler1886-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Engler" title="Adolf Engler">Engler</a>, following de Candolle, Monocotyledoneae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngler1886_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngler1886-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the twentieth century, some authors used alternative names such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bessey" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bessey">Bessey</a>'s (1915) Alternifoliae<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessey1915_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessey1915-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cronquist" title="Arthur Cronquist">Cronquist</a>'s (1966) Liliatae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later (1981) Cronquist changed Liliatae to Liliopsida,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquist1981_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquist1981-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usages also adopted by <a href="/wiki/Takhtajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Takhtajan">Takhtajan</a> simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-TakhtajanLiliops_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TakhtajanLiliops-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Thorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Thorne">Thorne</a> (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorne1992a_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorne1992a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rolf" title="Rolf">Dahlgren</a> (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also used Liliidae as a synonym. </p><p>Taxonomists had considerable latitude in naming this group, as the Monocotyledons were a group above the rank of family. Article 16 of the <i><a href="/wiki/ICBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBN">ICBN</a></i> allows either a <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_botanical_name" title="Descriptive botanical name">descriptive botanical name</a> or a name formed from the name of an included family. </p><p>In summary they have been variously named, as follows: </p> <ul><li>class Monocotyledoneae in the <a href="/wiki/De_Candolle_system" title="De Candolle system">de Candolle system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Engler_system" title="Engler system">Engler system</a></li> <li>class Monocotyledones in the <a href="/wiki/Bentham_%26_Hooker_system" title="Bentham & Hooker system">Bentham & Hooker system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wettstein_system" title="Wettstein system">Wettstein system</a></li> <li>class Monocotyleae in the <a href="/wiki/Eichler_system" title="Eichler system">Eichler system</a></li> <li>class Liliatae then <a href="/wiki/Liliopsida" title="Liliopsida">Liliopsida</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Takhtajan_system" title="Takhtajan system">Takhtajan system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cronquist_system" title="Cronquist system">Cronquist system</a></li> <li>subclass <a href="/wiki/Liliidae" title="Liliidae">Liliidae</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_system" title="Dahlgren system">Dahlgren system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thorne_system_(1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorne system (1992)">Thorne system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the 1980s, a more general review of the classification of <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</a> was undertaken. The 1990s saw considerable progress in plant <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cladistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistic">cladistic</a> theory, initially based on <i><a href="/wiki/RbcL" class="mw-redirect" title="RbcL">rbcL</a></i> gene sequencing and cladistic analysis, enabling a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> to be constructed for the flowering plants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1993_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1993-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of major new <a href="/wiki/Clades" class="mw-redirect" title="Clades">clades</a> necessitated a departure from the older but widely used classifications such as Cronquist and Thorne, based largely on morphology rather than genetic data. These developments complicated discussions on <a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">plant evolution</a> and necessitated a major taxonomic restructuring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG1998_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG1998-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> based <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetic</a> research confirmed on the one hand that the monocots remained as a well defined <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a> group or <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, in contrast to the other historical divisions of the flowering plants, which had to be substantially reorganized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No longer could the angiosperms be simply divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons; it was apparent that the monocotyledons were but one of a relatively large number of defined groups within the angiosperms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremerWanntorp1978_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremerWanntorp1978-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Correlation with morphological criteria showed that the defining feature was not cotyledon number but the separation of angiosperms into two major <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> types, <a href="/wiki/Uniaperturate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniaperturate">uniaperturate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monosulcate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosulcate">monosulcate</a> and monosulcate-derived) and triaperturate (tricolpate and tricolpate-derived), with the monocots situated within the uniaperturate groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1993_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1993-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formal taxonomic ranking of Monoctyledons thus became replaced with monocots as an informal clade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaseStevensonWilkinRudall1995b_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaseStevensonWilkinRudall1995b-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the name that has been most commonly used since the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> <a href="/wiki/APG_system" title="APG system">(APG) system</a> in 1998 and regularly updated since.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG1998_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG1998-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELAPGIII2009_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELAPGIII2009-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the angiosperms, there are two major <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" title="Evolutionary grade">grades</a>, a small early branching <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> grade, the <a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">basal angiosperms</a> (ANA grade) with three <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineages</a> and a larger late branching grade, the <a href="/wiki/Core_angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Core angiosperms">core angiosperms</a> (mesangiosperms) with five lineages, as shown in the <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a>. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Clad1"></span><b>Cladogram I: Phylogenetic position of the monocots within the angiosperms in APG IV (2016)</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table border="0" style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid green;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Amborellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellales">Amborellales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:2px solid green;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">       </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid purple;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid purple;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">magnoliids</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid purple;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chloranthales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid purple;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><b>monocots</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid purple;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid purple;border-bottom:2px solid purple;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">eudicots</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td><div style="position:relative;margin-top:0.742em;height:16.96em;width:0em"> <div style="position:absolute;top:2.24em;color:green;white-space:nowrap">basal angiosperms</div> <div style="position:absolute;top:10.72em;color:purple;white-space:nowrap">core angiosperms</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivision">Subdivision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Subdivision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the monocotyledons have remained extremely stable in their outer borders as a well-defined and coherent monophylectic group, the deeper internal relationships have undergone considerable flux, with many competing classification systems over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Kubitzmmonohist_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubitzmmonohist-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">Bentham</a> (1877), considered the monocots to consist of four <a href="/wiki/Alliance_(taxonomy)" title="Alliance (taxonomy)">alliances</a>, Epigynae, Coronariae, Nudiflorae and Glumales, based on floral characteristics. He describes the attempts to subdivide the group since the days of <a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindley</a> as largely unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBentham1877_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentham1877-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most subsequent classification systems it failed to distinguish between two major orders, <a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>, now recognised as quite separate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay2013_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay2013-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major advance in this respect was the work of <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgren" title="Rolf Dahlgren">Rolf Dahlgren</a> (1980),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgren1980_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgren1980-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would form the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a>'s (APG) subsequent modern classification of monocot families. Dahlgren who used the alternate name <a href="/wiki/Lilliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilliidae">Lilliidae</a> considered the monocots as a <a href="/wiki/Subclass_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subclass (biology)">subclass</a> of <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</a> characterised by a single cotyledon and the presence of triangular protein bodies in the <a href="/wiki/Sieve_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieve tube">sieve tube</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastids" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastids">plastids</a>. He divided the monocots into seven <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">superorders</a>, Alismatiflorae, Ariflorae, Triuridiflorae, <a href="/wiki/Liliiflorae" class="mw-redirect" title="Liliiflorae">Liliiflorae</a>, Zingiberiflorae, Commeliniflorae and Areciflorae. With respect to the specific issue regarding Liliales and Asparagales, Dahlgren followed <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Huber_(botanist)" title="Herbert Huber (botanist)">Huber</a> (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuber1969_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuber1969-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in adopting a <a href="/wiki/Lumpers_and_splitters" title="Lumpers and splitters">splitter</a> approach, in contrast to the longstanding tendency to view <a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a> as a very broad <a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">sensu lato</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>. Following Dahlgren's untimely death in 1987, his work was continued by his widow, <a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Dahlgren" title="Gertrud Dahlgren">Gertrud Dahlgren</a>, who published a revised version of the classification in 1989. In this scheme the <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> <i>-florae</i> was replaced with <i>-anae</i> (<i>e.g.</i> <a href="/wiki/Alismatanae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alismatanae">Alismatanae</a>) and the number of superorders expanded to ten with the addition of Bromelianae, Cyclanthanae and Pandananae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgren1989_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgren1989-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molecular studies have both confirmed the <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> of the monocots and helped elucidate relationships within this group. The <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">APG</a> system does not assign the monocots to a taxonomic rank, instead recognizing a monocots clade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1995_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1995-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al2000_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al2000-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al2004_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al2004-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltisSoltis2004_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltisSoltis2004-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there has remained some uncertainty regarding the exact relationships between the major lineages, with a number of competing models (including APG).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2014_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The APG system establishes eleven orders of monocots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantino_et_al2007_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantino_et_al2007-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These form three grades, the <a href="/wiki/Alismatid_monocots" title="Alismatid monocots">alismatid monocots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lilioid_monocots" title="Lilioid monocots">lilioid monocots</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commelinid_monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Commelinid monocots">commelinid monocots</a> by order of branching, from early to late. In the following <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> numbers indicate <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a> (most recent common ancestor of the sampled species of the clade of interest) divergence times in <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a> (million years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertwick_et_al.2015_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertwick_et_al.2015-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Clad2"></span><b>Cladogram 2: The phylogenetic composition of the monocots</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al2018_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al2018-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table border="0" style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0em;font-size:100%;line-height:125%;width:400px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>monocots</b> (131 <a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">MYA</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">           </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid green;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:2px solid green;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">122 MYA </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">           </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid purple;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid purple;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviales" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrosaviales">Petrosaviales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">120 MYA </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid purple;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a> (115 MYA) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid purple;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a> (91 MYA) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid purple;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a> (121 MYA) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">121 MYA </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid purple;border-bottom:2px solid purple;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a> (120 MYA) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">commelinids</a> (118 MYA) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">           </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">           </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">           </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td><div style="position:relative;margin-top:0.742em;height:25.44em;width:0em"> <div style="position:absolute;top:9.66em;color:purple;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lilioid_monocots" title="Lilioid monocots">Lilioid monocots</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;top:2.24em;color:green;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alismatid_monocots" title="Alismatid monocots">Alismatid monocots</a></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Of some 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CoL_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoL-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by far the largest number (65%) are found in two <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>, the orchids and grasses. The orchids (<a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>) contain about 25,000 species and the grasses (<a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a>) about 11,000. Other well known groups within the Poales <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a> (sedges) and <a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">Juncaceae</a> (rushes), and the monocots also include familiar families such as the palms (<a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a>, Arecales) and lilies (<a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay2013_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay2013-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanis2008_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanis2008-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Phyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyletic">prephyletic</a> classification systems monocots were generally positioned between plants other than angiosperms and dicots, implying that monocots were more primitive. With the introduction of phyletic thinking in taxonomy (from the <a href="/wiki/Eichler_system" title="Eichler system">system of Eichler</a> 1875–1878 onwards) the predominant theory of monocot origins was the ranalean (ranalian) theory, particularly in the work of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bessey" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bessey">Bessey</a> (1915),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessey1915_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessey1915-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which traced the origin of all flowering plants to a Ranalean type, and reversed the sequence making dicots the more primitive group.<sup id="cite_ref-Kubitzmmonohist_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubitzmmonohist-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monocots form a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> group arising early in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>, but the fossil record is meagre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanfolfo_et_al1998_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanfolfo_et_al1998-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest fossils presumed to be monocot remains date from the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">early Cretaceous</a> period. For a very long time, <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> of palm trees were believed to be the oldest monocots,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideC0WBAAAQBAJpgPA38_p.&nbsp;38]_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideC0WBAAAQBAJpgPA38_p.&nbsp;38]-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first appearing 90 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>), but this estimate may not be entirely true.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerendeenCrane1995_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerendeenCrane1995-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least some putative monocot fossils have been found in strata as old as the eudicots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerendeenCraneDrinnan1995_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerendeenCraneDrinnan1995-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest fossils that are unequivocally monocots are pollen from the Late <a href="/wiki/Barremian" title="Barremian">Barremian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Aptian" title="Aptian">Aptian</a> – Early <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period, about 120-110 million years ago, and are assignable to <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pothoideae" title="Pothoideae">Pothoideae</a>-Monstereae Araceae; being Araceae, sister to other <a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandolfoNixonCrepet2002_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandolfoNixonCrepet2002-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriisPedersenCrane2004_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriisPedersenCrane2004-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriisPedersenCrane2006_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriisPedersenCrane2006-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also found flower fossils of Triuridaceae (Pandanales) in Upper Cretaceous rocks in New Jersey,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandolfoNixonCrepet2002_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandolfoNixonCrepet2002-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming the oldest known sighting of <a href="/wiki/Saprophytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Saprophytic">saprophytic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mycotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycotrophic">mycotrophic</a> habits in <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperm</a> plants and among the oldest known fossils of monocotyledons. </p><p>Topology of the angiosperm <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> tree could imply that the monocots are among the oldest lineages of angiosperms, which would support the theory that they are just as old as the eudicots. The pollen of the eudicots dates back 125 million years, so the lineage of monocots should be that old too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Molecular_clock_estimates">Molecular clock estimates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Molecular clock estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A5re_Bremer" title="Kåre Bremer">Kåre Bremer</a>, using <a href="/wiki/RuBisCO_large_subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="RuBisCO large subunit">rbcL</a> sequences and the <a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">mean path length method</a> for estimating <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">divergence times</a>, estimated the age of the monocot crown group (i.e. the time at which the ancestor of today's <i>Acorus</i> diverged from the rest of the group) as 134 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer2000_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer2000-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer2002_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer2002-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Wikström <i>et al.</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWikströmSavolainenChase2001_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWikströmSavolainenChase2001-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using Sanderson's <a href="/wiki/Robust_statistics" title="Robust statistics">non-parametric rate smoothing approach</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1997_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1997-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> obtained ages of 127–141 million years for the crown group of monocots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson_et_al2004_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson_et_al2004-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these estimates have large error ranges (usually 15-20%), and Wikström <i>et al.</i> used only a single calibration point,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWikströmSavolainenChase2001_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWikströmSavolainenChase2001-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namely the split between <a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cucurbitales" title="Cucurbitales">Cucurbitales</a>, which was set to 84 Ma, in the late <a href="/wiki/Santonian" title="Santonian">Santonian</a> period. Early molecular clock studies using strict clock models had estimated the monocot crown age to 200 ± 20 million years ago<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavard_et_al1994_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavard_et_al1994-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 160 ± 16 million years,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoremykinHansmanMartin1997_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoremykinHansmanMartin1997-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while studies using relaxed clocks have obtained 135-131 million years<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeebens-Mack_et_al2005_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeebens-Mack_et_al2005-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 133.8 to 124 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore_et_al2007_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore_et_al2007-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bremer's estimate of 134 million years<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer2000_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer2000-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been used as a secondary calibration point in other analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanssenBremer2004_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanssenBremer2004-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some estimates place the diversification of the monocots as far back as 150 mya in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2014_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lineage that led to monocots (stem group) split from other plants about 136 million years ago<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagallonGomez-AcevedoSanchez-ReyesTania_Hernandez-Hernandez2015_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagallonGomez-AcevedoSanchez-ReyesTania_Hernandez-Hernandez2015-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 165-170 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2014_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Core_group">Core group</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Core group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The age of the core group of so-called 'nuclear monocots' or 'core monocots', which correspond to all orders except <a href="/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a> and Alismatales,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHedgesKumar2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9rt1c1hl49MCpgPA205_p.&nbsp;205]_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedgesKumar2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9rt1c1hl49MCpgPA205_p.&nbsp;205]-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is about 131 million years to present, and crown group age is about 126 million years to the present. The subsequent branching in this part of the tree (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Petrosaviaceae" title="Petrosaviaceae">Petrosaviaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a> + Pandanales and <a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a> clades appeared), including the crown <a href="/wiki/Petrosaviaceae" title="Petrosaviaceae">Petrosaviaceae</a> group may be in the period around 125–120 million years BC (about 111 million years so far<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer2000_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer2000-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and stem groups of all other orders, including <a href="/wiki/Commelinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Commelinidae">Commelinidae</a> would have diverged about or shortly after 115 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanssenBremer2004_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanssenBremer2004-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and many clades within these orders may have originated in southern <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, i.e. Antarctica, Australasia, and southern South America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremerJanssen2006_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremerJanssen2006-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aquatic_monocots">Aquatic monocots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Aquatic monocots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aquatic monocots of Alismatales have commonly been regarded as "primitive".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallier1905_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallier1905-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArber1925_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArber1925-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1973_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1973-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquist1981_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquist1981-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquist1988_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquist1988-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan2009_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakhtajan2009-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1991_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1991-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStebbins1974_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStebbins1974-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorne1976_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorne1976-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also been considered to have the most primitive foliage, which were cross-linked as Dioscoreales<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Melanthiales" title="Melanthiales">Melanthiales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorne1992a_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorne1992a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorne1992b_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorne1992b-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keep in mind that the "most primitive" monocot is not necessarily "the sister of everyone else".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because the ancestral or primitive characters are inferred by means of the reconstruction of character states, with the help of the phylogenetic tree. So primitive characters of monocots may be present in some derived groups. On the other hand, the basal taxa may exhibit many <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> <a href="/wiki/Autapomorphy" title="Autapomorphy">autapomorphies</a>. So although Acoraceae is the sister group to the remaining monocotyledons, the result does not imply that Acoraceae is "the most primitive monocot" in terms of its character states. In fact, Acoraceae is highly derived in many morphological characters, and that is precisely why Acoraceae and Alismatales occupied relatively derived positions in the trees produced by Chase <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1995_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1995-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoconteStevenson1991_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoconteStevenson1991-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevensonLoconte1995_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevensonLoconte1995-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some authors support the idea of an aquatic phase as the origin of monocots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenslow1893_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenslow1893-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phylogenetic position of Alismatales (many water), which occupy a relationship with the rest except the Acoraceae, do not rule out the idea, because it could be 'the most primitive monocots' but not 'the most basal'. The Atactostele stem, the long and linear leaves, the absence of secondary growth (see the <a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">biomechanics</a> of living in the water), roots in groups instead of a single root branching (related to the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(gardening)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (gardening)">substrate</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Sympodial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympodial">sympodial</a> use, are consistent with a water source. However, while monocots were sisters of the aquatic <a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a>, or their origin is related to the adoption of some form of aquatic habit, it would not help much to the understanding of how it evolved to develop their distinctive anatomical features: the monocots seem so different from the rest of angiosperms and it's difficult to relate their morphology, anatomy and development and those of broad-leaved angiosperms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmermannTomlinson1972_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmermannTomlinson1972-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlinson1995_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlinson1995-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_taxa">Other taxa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other taxa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the past, taxa which had <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiolate</a> leaves with <a href="/wiki/Reticulate_venation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticulate venation">reticulate venation</a> were considered "primitive" within the monocots, because of the superficial resemblance to the leaves of <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicotyledons">dicotyledons</a>. Recent work suggests that while these taxa are sparse in the phylogenetic tree of monocots, such as fleshy fruited taxa (excluding taxa with aril seeds dispersed by ants), the two features would be adapted to conditions that evolved together regardless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenClifford1982_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenClifford1982-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattersonGivnish2002_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattersonGivnish2002-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al.2005_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al.2005-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al.2006_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al.2006-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the taxa involved were <i><a href="/wiki/Smilax" title="Smilax">Smilax</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trillium" title="Trillium">Trillium</a></i> (Liliales), <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></i> (Dioscoreales), etc. A number of these plants are <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a> that tend to live in shaded habitats for at least part of their lives, and this fact may also relate to their shapeless <a href="/wiki/Stomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomata">stomata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronDickison1998_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronDickison1998-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reticulate venation seems to have appeared at least 26 times in monocots, and fleshy fruits have appeared 21 times (sometimes lost later); the two characteristics, though different, showed strong signs of a tendency to be good or bad in tandem, a phenomenon described as "concerted convergence" ("coordinated convergence").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al.2005_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al.2005-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al.2006_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al.2006-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name monocotyledons is derived from the traditional botanical name "Monocotyledones" or <i>Monocotyledoneae</i> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, which refers to the fact that most members of this group have one <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledon</a>, or embryonic leaf, in their <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence">Emergence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Emergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Epigeal_germination" title="Epigeal germination">Epigeal germination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypogeal_germination" title="Hypogeal germination">Hypogeal germination</a></div> <p>Some monocots, such as grasses, have <a href="/wiki/Hypogeal_germination" title="Hypogeal germination">hypogeal emergence</a>, where the mesocotyl elongates and pushes the coleoptile (which encloses and protects the shoot tip) toward the soil surface.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadosevich_et_al1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXA1ioKqctwwCpgPA149_p.&nbsp;149]_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadosevich_et_al1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXA1ioKqctwwCpgPA149_p.&nbsp;149]-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since elongation occurs above the cotyledon, it is left in place in the soil where it was planted. Many dicots have <a href="/wiki/Epigeal_germination" title="Epigeal germination">epigeal emergence</a>, in which the hypocotyl elongates and becomes arched in the soil. As the hypocotyl continues to elongate, it pulls the cotyledons upward, above the soil surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Red List">Red List</a> describes four species as <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>, four as <a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">extinct in the wild</a>, 626 as possibly extinct, 423 as <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, 632 <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a>, 621 <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a>, and 269 <a href="/wiki/Near_threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near threatened">near threatened</a> of 4,492 whose status is known.<sup id="cite_ref-redlist_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redlist-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monocots are among the most important plants economically and culturally, and account for most of the <a href="/wiki/Staple_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Staple foods">staple foods</a> of the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_grains" class="mw-redirect" title="Food grains">grains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starchy_root_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Starchy root crops">starchy root crops</a>, and palms, orchids and lilies, <a href="/wiki/Building_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Building materials">building materials</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicines">medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the monocots, the grasses are of enormous economic importance as a source of animal and human food,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay2013_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay2013-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and form the largest component of agricultural species in terms of <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> produced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanis2008_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanis2008-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETang_et_al2016_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETang_et_al2016-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other economically important monocotyledon <a href="/wiki/Crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Crops">crops</a> include various <a href="/wiki/Palm_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm (plant)">palms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a>), bananas and plantains (<a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">gingers</a> and their relatives, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a>), sedges (<a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a>) and rushes (<a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">Juncaceae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a>). Many <a href="/wiki/Houseplant" title="Houseplant">houseplants</a> are monocotyledon <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a>. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Horticultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Horticultural">horticultural</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulbs">bulbs</a>, plants cultivated for their blooms, such as <a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">lilies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daffodil" class="mw-redirect" title="Daffodil">daffodils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">irises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amaryllis" title="Amaryllis">amaryllis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canna_(plant)" title="Canna (plant)">cannas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthoides_non-scripta" title="Hyacinthoides non-scripta">bluebells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">tulips</a>, are monocotyledons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon_reproduction" title="Monocotyledon reproduction">Monocotyledon reproduction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1964, Takhtajan proposed that classes including Monocotyledons, be formally named with the suffix <i>-atae</i>, so that the principle of <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">typification</a> resulted in Liliatae for monocotyledons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1964_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1964-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal was formally described in 1966 by Cronquist, Takhtajan and Zimmermann,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which is derived the descriptor "liliates".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a> gives an earlier <a href="/wiki/Botanical_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical authority">authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.H._Schaffn." class="mw-redirect" title="J.H. Schaffn.">J.H. Schaffn.</a> 1911<sup id="cite_ref-Tropicliliidae_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tropicliliidae-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cronquist" title="Arthur Cronquist">Cronquist</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attributes this term to De Candolle as DC. 1818 Syst. 1: 122<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Candolle1818–1821_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Candolle1818–1821-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An <a href="/wiki/Traditional_English_pronunciation_of_Latin" title="Traditional English pronunciation of Latin">Anglo-Latin pronunciation</a>.<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-monocotyledon" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/6968478296">"monocotyledon"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F6968478296">10.1093/OED/6968478296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=monocotyledon&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F6968478296&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F6968478296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monocots show <a href="/wiki/Hypogeal" title="Hypogeal">hypogeal</a> development in which the cotyledon remains invisible within the seed, underground. The visible part is the first true leaf produced from the <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristem</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* Lacking in <i><a href="/wiki/Acorus" title="Acorus">Acorus</a></i>, so that if this genus is <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister</a> to the rest of the monocots, the synapomorphies do not apply to monocots as a whole.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scopoli, in his treatment of Linnaeus' scheme comments in the <i>Hexandria polygynia</i> on the fact that <i><a href="/wiki/Alisma" title="Alisma">Alisma</a></i> is a member of the <i>Gens monocotyledon</i><sup id="cite_ref-ScopoliAlisma_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScopoliAlisma-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindley</a>'s review of classification systems up to 1853,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley1853_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1853-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgren" title="Rolf Dahlgren">Dahlgren</a>'s from 1853–1982<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenClifford1982_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenClifford1982-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Endogènes</i> (ενδον within + γεναω I create)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966">Cronquist, Takhtajan & Zimmermann 1966</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessey1915-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessey1915_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessey1915_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessey1915_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBessey1915">Bessey 1915</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Candolle1819-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Candolle1819_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Candolle1819_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Candolle1819">de Candolle 1819</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tropiclilianae-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tropiclilianae_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTropicos2015">Tropicos 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tropicos.org/Name/43000083">Lilianae</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1966-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1966_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1966_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakhtajan1966">Takhtajan 1966</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1964-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1964_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakhtajan1964">Takhtajan 1964</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tropicliliidae-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tropicliliidae_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTropicos2015">Tropicos 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tropicos.org/Name/43000105">Liliidae</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorne1992a-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorne1992a_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorne1992a_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorne1992a_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorne1992a">Thorne 1992a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tropiclilio-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tropiclilio_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTropicos2015">Tropicos 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tropicos.org/Name/43000083">Liliopsida</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEichler1886-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEichler1886_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEichler1886_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEichler1886">Eichler 1886</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tropicmono-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tropicmono_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTropicos2015">Tropicos 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tropicos.org/Name/43000113">Monocotylondoneae</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Candolle1818–1821-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Candolle1818–1821_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Candolle1818–1821">de Candolle 1818–1821</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monocotyledon">"monocotyledon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=monocotyledon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmonocotyledon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/monocotyledon">"monocotyledon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=monocotyledon&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmonocotyledon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETillich1998-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillich1998_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillich1998_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillich1998_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTillich1998">Tillich 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudallBuzgo2002-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudallBuzgo2002_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudallBuzgo2002_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudallBuzgo2002_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudallBuzgo2002">Rudall & Buzgo 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel1998-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel1998_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel1998_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVogel1998">Vogel 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzkiHuber1998-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzkiHuber1998_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKubitzkiHuber1998">Kubitzki & Huber 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKubitzki1998">Kubitzki 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al.2013-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al.2013_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis_et_al.2013">Davis et al. 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2014-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2014_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2014_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2014_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeng_et_al2014_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZeng_et_al2014">Zeng et al 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_et_al2016-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_et_al2016_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_et_al2016">Du et al 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltisSoltis2016-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltisSoltis2016_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoltisSoltis2016">Soltis & Soltis 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrongRay1975-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrongRay1975_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrongRay1975">Strong & Ray 1975</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDransfield1978-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDransfield1978_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDransfield1978">Dransfield 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tillichfig1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tillichfig1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTillich1998">Tillich 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSfrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Figure 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MausethAFG-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MausethAFG_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauseth2017">Mauseth 2017</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4WkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211">Anomalous forms of growth pp. 211–219</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit_et_al2014-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetit_et_al2014_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetit_et_al2014">Petit et al 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlinsonEsler1973-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlinsonEsler1973_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomlinsonEsler1973">Tomlinson & Esler 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeck_et_al2008-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeck_et_al2008_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeck_et_al2008">Leck et al 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlinson1970-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlinson1970_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomlinson1970">Tomlinson 1970</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TakhtajanLiliops-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TakhtajanLiliops_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TakhtajanLiliops_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TakhtajanLiliops_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TakhtajanLiliops_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakhtajan2009">Takhtajan 2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-9609-9_3">Liliopsida pp. 589–750</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kubitzmmonohist-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kubitzmmonohist_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubitzmmonohist_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubitzmmonohist_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubitzmmonohist_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKubitzkiRudallChase1998">Kubitzki, Rudall & Chase 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSfrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">A brief history of monocot classification p. 23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2004-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2004_38-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChase2004">Chase 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENBGI2016[httpwwwbotanicgardensieeducmonodicpdf_Monocots_versus_Dicots]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENBGI2016[httpwwwbotanicgardensieeducmonodicpdf_Monocots_versus_Dicots]_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENBGI2016[httpwwwbotanicgardensieeducmonodicpdf_Monocots_versus_Dicots]_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENBGI2016[httpwwwbotanicgardensieeducmonodicpdf_Monocots_versus_Dicots]_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNBGI2016">NBGI 2016</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanicgardens.ie/educ/monodic.pdf">Monocots versus Dicots</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens2015-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens2015_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens2015_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevens2015">Stevens 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005p.&nbsp;92-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005p.&nbsp;92_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoltis_et_al.2005">Soltis et al. 2005</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonoghueDoyle1989b-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonoghueDoyle1989b_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonoghueDoyle1989b">Donoghue & Doyle 1989b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoconteStevenson1991-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoconteStevenson1991_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoconteStevenson1991_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoconteStevenson1991">Loconte & Stevenson 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyleDonoghue1992-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyleDonoghue1992_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyleDonoghue1992">Doyle & Donoghue 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELersten2004-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELersten2004_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLersten2004">Lersten 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonoghue2005-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonoghue2005_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonoghue2005">Donoghue 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltis_et_al.2005_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoltis_et_al.2005">Soltis et al. 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ObelStirp65-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ObelStirp65_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFl'Obel1571">l'Obel 1571</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=4137&Pagina=88">p. 65</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVines1913p.&nbsp;10-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVines1913p.&nbsp;10_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVines1913">Vines 1913</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoenigerHoeniger1969-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoenigerHoeniger1969_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoenigerHoeniger1969">Hoeniger & Hoeniger 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pavordN.339-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pavordN.339_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPavord2005">Pavord 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvP92qGbI08C&pg=PT339">p. 339</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavord2005-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavord2005_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPavord2005">Pavord 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1674[httpsbooksgooglecombooksido2EVAAAAQAAJpgPA164_pp.&nbsp;164,_166]-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1674[httpsbooksgooglecombooksido2EVAAAAQAAJpgPA164_pp.&nbsp;164,_166]_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1674">Ray 1674</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o2EVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA164">pp. 164, 166</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven1950-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven1950_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven1950_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaven1950">Raven 1950</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1682[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem84226page35mode1up_''De_foliis_plantarum_seminalibus_dictis''_p.&nbsp;7]-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1682[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem84226page35mode1up_''De_foliis_plantarum_seminalibus_dictis''_p.&nbsp;7]_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1682">Ray 1682</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84226#page/35/mode/1up"><i>De foliis plantarum seminalibus dictis</i> p. 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShortGeorge2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFcKLxqEAj4CpgPA15_p.&nbsp;15]-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShortGeorge2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFcKLxqEAj4CpgPA15_p.&nbsp;15]_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShortGeorge2013">Short & George 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFcKLxqEAj4C&pg=PA15">p. 15</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1682[httpsarchiveorgstreammethodusplantaru00rayjpage12mode2up_''De_plantula_seminali_reliquisque_femine_contentis''_p.&nbsp;13]-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1682[httpsarchiveorgstreammethodusplantaru00rayjpage12mode2up_''De_plantula_seminali_reliquisque_femine_contentis''_p.&nbsp;13]_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1682">Ray 1682</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/methodusplantaru00rayj#page/12/mode/2up"><i>De plantula seminali reliquisque femine contentis</i> p. 13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalpighi1679[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnSEOAAAAQAAJpgPA18_''De_seminum_vegetatione''_p.&nbsp;18]-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalpighi1679[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnSEOAAAAQAAJpgPA18_''De_seminum_vegetatione''_p.&nbsp;18]_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalpighi1679[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnSEOAAAAQAAJpgPA18_''De_seminum_vegetatione''_p.&nbsp;18]_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalpighi1679">Malpighi 1679</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA18"><i>De seminum vegetatione</i> p. 18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBewleyBlackHalmer2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaE414KuXu4gCpgPA334_History_of_seed_research_p.&nbsp;334]-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBewleyBlackHalmer2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaE414KuXu4gCpgPA334_History_of_seed_research_p.&nbsp;334]_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBewleyBlackHalmer2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaE414KuXu4gCpgPA334_History_of_seed_research_p.&nbsp;334]_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBewleyBlackHalmer2006">Bewley, Black & Halmer 2006</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aE414KuXu4gC&pg=PA334">History of seed research p. 334</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1682-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1682_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1682">Ray 1682</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuessy2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidb9Q2EOkw7toCpgPA47_Natural_classification_p.&nbsp;47]-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuessy2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidb9Q2EOkw7toCpgPA47_Natural_classification_p.&nbsp;47]_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuessy2009">Stuessy 2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b9Q2EOkw7toC&pg=PA47">Natural classification p. 47</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidX7lfMACvjs4CpgPA21_Systems_of_classification_p.&nbsp;21]-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidX7lfMACvjs4CpgPA21_Systems_of_classification_p.&nbsp;21]_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDatta1988">Datta 1988</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7lfMACvjs4C&pg=PA21">Systems of classification p. 21</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStace1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVfQnuwh3bw8CpgPA19_The_development_of_plant_taxonomy_p.&nbsp;17]-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStace1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVfQnuwh3bw8CpgPA19_The_development_of_plant_taxonomy_p.&nbsp;17]_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStace1989">Stace 1989</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA19">The development of plant taxonomy p. 17</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven1950[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidETusSTe5O8YCpgPA195_p.&nbsp;195]-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven1950[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidETusSTe5O8YCpgPA195_p.&nbsp;195]_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaven1950">Raven 1950</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ETusSTe5O8YC&pg=PA195">p. 195</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1682[httpsarchiveorgstreammethodusplantaru00rayjpagen39mode2up_''De_foliis_plantarum_seminalibus_dictis''_p.&nbsp;11]-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1682[httpsarchiveorgstreammethodusplantaru00rayjpagen39mode2up_''De_foliis_plantarum_seminalibus_dictis''_p.&nbsp;11]_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1682">Ray 1682</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/methodusplantaru00rayj#page/n39/mode/2up"><i>De foliis plantarum seminalibus dictis</i> p. 11</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1696-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1696_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1696">Ray 1696</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1703[httpsarchiveorgstreamjoannisrajisocie00rayjpagen39mode2up_pp.&nbsp;1–2]-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1703[httpsarchiveorgstreamjoannisrajisocie00rayjpagen39mode2up_pp.&nbsp;1–2]_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1703">Ray 1703</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/joannisrajisocie00rayj#page/n39/mode/2up">pp. 1–2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1703[httpsarchiveorgstreamjoannisrajisocie00rayjpage16mode2up_p.&nbsp;16]-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1703[httpsarchiveorgstreamjoannisrajisocie00rayjpage16mode2up_p.&nbsp;16]_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1703">Ray 1703</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/joannisrajisocie00rayj#page/16/mode/2up">p. 16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScopoliAlisma-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ScopoliAlisma_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScopoli1772">Scopoli 1772</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jl9CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA266"><i>Alisma</i> pp. 266–267</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1853-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley1853_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindley1853">Lindley 1853</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenClifford1982-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenClifford1982_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenClifford1982_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahlgrenClifford1982">Dahlgren & Clifford 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJussieu1789-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJussieu1789_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJussieu1789">Jussieu 1789</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1830-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley1830_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindley1830">Lindley 1830</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWettstein1924-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWettstein1924_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettstein1924">Wettstein 1924</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngler1886-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngler1886_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngler1886">Engler 1886</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquist1981-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquist1981_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquist1981_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCronquist1981">Cronquist 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985">Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1993-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1993_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1993_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChase_et_al1993">Chase et al 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG1998-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG1998_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG1998_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG1998">APG 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG_III2009">APG III 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremerWanntorp1978-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremerWanntorp1978_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBremerWanntorp1978">Bremer & Wanntorp 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaseStevensonWilkinRudall1995b-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaseStevensonWilkinRudall1995b_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaseStevensonWilkinRudall1995b">Chase et al. 1995b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG_II2003">APG II 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELAPGIII2009-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELAPGIII2009_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLAPGIII2009">LAPGIII 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaseReveal2009">Chase & Reveal 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_91-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG_IV2016">APG IV 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentham1877-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBentham1877_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBentham1877">Bentham 1877</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay2013-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay2013_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay2013_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay2013_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFay2013">Fay 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgren1980-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgren1980_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahlgren1980">Dahlgren 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuber1969-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuber1969_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuber1969">Huber 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgren1989-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgren1989_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahlgren1989">Dahlgren 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1995-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1995_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1995_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChase_et_al1995">Chase et al 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al2000-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al2000_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChase_et_al2000">Chase et al 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al2004-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al2004_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis_et_al2004">Davis et al 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoltisSoltis2004-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoltisSoltis2004_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoltisSoltis2004">Soltis & Soltis 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECantino_et_al2007-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantino_et_al2007_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCantino_et_al2007">Cantino et al 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertwick_et_al.2015-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertwick_et_al.2015_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHertwick_et_al.2015">Hertwick et al. 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al2018-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al2018_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGivnish_et_al2018">Givnish et al 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoL-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CoL_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoL2015">CoL 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/classification/class/Liliopsida/fossil/0/match/1">Liliopsida</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanis2008-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanis2008_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanis2008_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanis2008">Panis 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanfolfo_et_al1998-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanfolfo_et_al1998_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGanfolfo_et_al1998">Ganfolfo et al 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideC0WBAAAQBAJpgPA38_p.&nbsp;38]-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideC0WBAAAQBAJpgPA38_p.&nbsp;38]_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith_et_al2010">Smith et al 2010</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eC0WBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">p. 38</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerendeenCrane1995-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerendeenCrane1995_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerendeenCrane1995">Herendeen & Crane 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerendeenCraneDrinnan1995-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerendeenCraneDrinnan1995_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerendeenCraneDrinnan1995">Herendeen, Crane & Drinnan 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandolfoNixonCrepet2002-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandolfoNixonCrepet2002_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandolfoNixonCrepet2002_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGandolfoNixonCrepet2002">Gandolfo, Nixon & Crepet 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriisPedersenCrane2004-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriisPedersenCrane2004_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriisPedersenCrane2004">Friis, Pedersen & Crane 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriisPedersenCrane2006-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriisPedersenCrane2006_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriisPedersenCrane2006">Friis, Pedersen & Crane 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer2000-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer2000_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer2000_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer2000_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBremer2000">Bremer 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer2002-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer2002_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBremer2002">Bremer 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWikströmSavolainenChase2001-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWikströmSavolainenChase2001_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWikströmSavolainenChase2001_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWikströmSavolainenChase2001">Wikström, Savolainen & Chase 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1997-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1997_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanderson1997">Sanderson 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson_et_al2004-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson_et_al2004_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanderson_et_al2004">Sanderson et al 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavard_et_al1994-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavard_et_al1994_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavard_et_al1994">Savard et al 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoremykinHansmanMartin1997-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoremykinHansmanMartin1997_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoremykinHansmanMartin1997">Goremykin, Hansman & Martin 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeebens-Mack_et_al2005-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeebens-Mack_et_al2005_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeebens-Mack_et_al2005">Leebens-Mack et al 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore_et_al2007-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore_et_al2007_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore_et_al2007">Moore et al 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanssenBremer2004-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanssenBremer2004_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanssenBremer2004_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanssenBremer2004">Janssen & Bremer 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagallonGomez-AcevedoSanchez-ReyesTania_Hernandez-Hernandez2015-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagallonGomez-AcevedoSanchez-ReyesTania_Hernandez-Hernandez2015_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagallonGomez-AcevedoSanchez-ReyesTania_Hernandez-Hernandez2015">Magallon et al. 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedgesKumar2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9rt1c1hl49MCpgPA205_p.&nbsp;205]-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHedgesKumar2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9rt1c1hl49MCpgPA205_p.&nbsp;205]_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHedgesKumar2009">Hedges & Kumar 2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9rt1c1hl49MC&pg=PA205">p. 205</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremerJanssen2006-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremerJanssen2006_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBremerJanssen2006">Bremer & Janssen 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallier1905-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallier1905_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallier1905">Hallier 1905</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArber1925-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArber1925_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArber1925">Arber 1925</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1973-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1973_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutchinson1973">Hutchinson 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquist1988-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquist1988_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCronquist1988">Cronquist 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakhtajan2009-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan2009_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakhtajan2009">Takhtajan 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1991-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1991_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakhtajan1991">Takhtajan 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStebbins1974-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStebbins1974_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStebbins1974">Stebbins 1974</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorne1976-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorne1976_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorne1976">Thorne 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorne1992b-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorne1992b_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorne1992b">Thorne 1992b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevensonLoconte1995-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevensonLoconte1995_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevensonLoconte1995">Stevenson & Loconte 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenslow1893-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenslow1893_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenslow1893">Henslow 1893</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmermannTomlinson1972-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmermannTomlinson1972_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmermannTomlinson1972">Zimmermann & Tomlinson 1972</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlinson1995-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlinson1995_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomlinson1995">Tomlinson 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattersonGivnish2002-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattersonGivnish2002_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPattersonGivnish2002">Patterson & Givnish 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al.2005-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al.2005_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al.2005_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGivnish_et_al.2005">Givnish et al. 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al.2006-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al.2006_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGivnish_et_al.2006_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGivnish_et_al.2006">Givnish et al. 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronDickison1998-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameronDickison1998_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameronDickison1998">Cameron & Dickison 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadosevich_et_al1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXA1ioKqctwwCpgPA149_p.&nbsp;149]-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadosevich_et_al1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXA1ioKqctwwCpgPA149_p.&nbsp;149]_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadosevich_et_al1997">Radosevich et al 1997</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XA1ioKqctwwC&pg=PA149">p. 149</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-redlist-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-redlist_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIUCN2016">IUCN 2016</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/summarystats/2016-3_Summary_Stats_Page_Documents/2016_3_RL_Stats_Table_4b.pdf">Red List summary: All plant classes and families</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETang_et_al2016-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETang_et_al2016_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTang_et_al2016">Tang et al 2016</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical">Historical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatsch1802" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/August_Batsch" title="August Batsch">Batsch, August Johann Georg Karl</a> (1802). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7569#/summary"><i>Tabula affinitatum regni vegetabilis, quam delineavit, et nunc ulterius adumbratam tradit A.J.G.C. Batsch ...</i></a> (in Latin). <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>: Landes-Industrie-Comptoir.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tabula+affinitatum+regni+vegetabilis%2C+quam+delineavit%2C+et+nunc+ulterius+adumbratam+tradit+A.J.G.C.+Batsch+...&rft.place=Weimar&rft.pub=Landes-Industrie-Comptoir&rft.date=1802&rft.aulast=Batsch&rft.aufirst=August+Johann+Georg+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F7569%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenthamHooker1862–1883" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">Bentham, G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Hooker, J.D.</a> (1862–1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747#/summary"><i>Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita</i></a> (in Latin). London: L Reeve & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genera+plantarum+ad+exemplaria+imprimis+in+herbariis+kewensibus+servata+definita&rft.place=London&rft.pub=L+Reeve+%26+Co.&rft.date=1862%2F1883&rft.aulast=Bentham&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Hooker%2C+J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F747%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirch1757" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Birch" title="Thomas Birch">Birch, Thomas</a>, ed. (1757). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o2EVAAAAQAAJ"><i>The History of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge from Its First Rise, in which the Most Considerable of Those Papers Communicated to the Society, which Have Hitherto Not Been Published, are Inserted as a Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions, Volume 3</i></a>. London: Millar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+for+Improving+of+Natural+Knowledge+from+Its+First+Rise%2C+in+which+the+Most+Considerable+of+Those+Papers+Communicated+to+the+Society%2C+which+Have+Hitherto+Not+Been+Published%2C+are+Inserted+as+a+Supplement+to+the+Philosophical+Transactions%2C+Volume+3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Millar&rft.date=1757&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do2EVAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Candolle1818–1821" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pyramus_de_Candolle" title="Augustin Pyramus de Candolle">de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus</a> (1818–1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/59874#/summary"><i>Regni vegetabilis systema naturale, sive Ordines, genera et species plantarum secundum methodi naturalis normas digestarum et descriptarum 2 vols</i></a>. Paris: Treuttel et Würtz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regni+vegetabilis+systema+naturale%2C+sive+Ordines%2C+genera+et+species+plantarum+secundum+methodi+naturalis+normas+digestarum+et+descriptarum+2+vols.&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Treuttel+et+W%C3%BCrtz&rft.date=1818%2F1821&rft.aulast=de+Candolle&rft.aufirst=Augustin+Pyramus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F59874%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Candolle1819" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._P._de_Candolle" class="mw-redirect" title="A. P. de Candolle">de Candolle, AP</a> (1819) [1813]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39705#/summary"><i>Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux</i></a> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Th%C3%A9orie+%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire+de+la+botanique%2C+ou+exposition+des+principes+de+la+classification+naturelle+et+de+l%27art+de+d%C3%A9crire+et+d%27etudier+les+v%C3%A9g%C3%A9taux&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1819&rft.aulast=de+Candolle&rft.aufirst=AP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F39705%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichler1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/August_Eichler" class="mw-redirect" title="August Eichler">Eichler, August W.</a> (1886) [1876]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ"><i>Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik</i></a> (4th ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syllabus+der+Vorlesungen+%C3%BCber+specielle+und+medicinisch-pharmaceutische+Botanik&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Borntraeger&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Eichler&rft.aufirst=August+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXE0bAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngler1886" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Engler" title="Adolf Engler">Engler, Adolf</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUcyAQAAMAAJ"><i>Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau</i></a> (in German). J.U. Kerns Verlag (Max Müller)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%BChrer+durch+den+K%C3%B6niglich+botanischen+Garten+der+Universit%C3%A4t+zu+Breslau&rft.pub=J.U.+Kerns+Verlag+%28Max+M%C3%BCller%29&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Engler&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUcyAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJussieu1789" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine de Jussieu">Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de</a> (1789). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284#/summary"><i>Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam</i></a>. Paris. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5161409">5161409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genera+Plantarum%2C+secundum+ordines+naturales+disposita+juxta+methodum+in+Horto+Regio+Parisiensi+exaratam&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1789&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5161409&rft.aulast=Jussieu&rft.aufirst=Antoine+Laurent+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F284%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindley1830" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindley, John</a> (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551#/summary"><i>An introduction to the natural system of botany: or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy</i></a> (1st ed.). London: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+natural+system+of+botany%3A+or%2C+A+systematic+view+of+the+organisation%2C+natural+affinities%2C+and+geographical+distribution%2C+of+the+whole+vegetable+kingdom%3A+together+with+the+uses+of+the+most+important+species+in+medicine%2C+the+arts%2C+and+rural+or+domestic+economy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F7551%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindley1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindley, John</a> (1853) [1846]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95459#/summary"><i>The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system</i></a> (3rd. ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vegetable+Kingdom%3A+or%2C+The+structure%2C+classification%2C+and+uses+of+plants%2C+illustrated+upon+the+natural+system&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd.&rft.pub=Bradbury+%26+Evans&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F95459%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFl'Obel1571" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthias_de_l%27Obel" title="Matthias de l'Obel">l'Obel, Matthias de</a> (1571). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/74457#/summary"><i>Stirpium adversaria nova</i></a> [<i>A new notebook of plants</i>]. London: Thomae Purfoetii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stirpium+adversaria+nova&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thomae+Purfoetii&rft.date=1571&rft.aulast=l%27Obel&rft.aufirst=Matthias+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F74457%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalpighi1675" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Malpighi, Marcello</a> (1675). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marcellimalpigh00malpgoog"><i>Anatome plantarum: Cui subjungitur appendix, iteratas & auctas ejusdem authoris de ovo incubato observationes continens</i></a> (in Latin). London: Johannis Martyn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatome+plantarum%3A+Cui+subjungitur+appendix%2C+iteratas+%26+auctas+ejusdem+authoris+de+ovo+incubato+observationes+continens&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Johannis+Martyn&rft.date=1675&rft.aulast=Malpighi&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarcellimalpigh00malpgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalpighi1679" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Malpighi, Marcello</a> (1679). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSEOAAAAQAAJ"><i>Anatome plantarum: Pars altera</i></a> (in Latin). London: Johannis Martyn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatome+plantarum%3A+Pars+altera&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Johannis+Martyn&rft.date=1679&rft.aulast=Malpighi&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnSEOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1682" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">Ray, John</a> (1682). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/37647#/summary"><i>Methodus plantarum nova: brevitatis & perspicuitatis causa synoptice in tabulis exhibita, cum notis generum tum summorum tum subalternorum characteristicis, observationibus nonnullis de seminibus plantarum & indice copioso</i></a> (in Latin). London: Faithorne & Kersey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodus+plantarum+nova%3A+brevitatis+%26+perspicuitatis+causa+synoptice+in+tabulis+exhibita%2C+cum+notis+generum+tum+summorum+tum+subalternorum+characteristicis%2C+observationibus+nonnullis+de+seminibus+plantarum+%26+indice+copioso&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faithorne+%26+Kersey&rft.date=1682&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F37647%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1696" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">Ray, John</a> (1696). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.onb.ac.at/OnbViewer/viewer.faces?doc=ABO_%2BZ184733202"><i>De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis</i></a> (in Latin). London: Smith & Walford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Variis+Plantarum+Methodis+Dissertatio+Brevis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith+%26+Walford&rft.date=1696&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.onb.ac.at%2FOnbViewer%2Fviewer.faces%3Fdoc%3DABO_%252BZ184733202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1703" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">Ray, John</a> (1703). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/105652#/summary"><i>Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta: In quãa notae maxime characteristicae exhibentur, quibus stirpium genera tum summa, tum infima cognoscuntur & áa se mutuo dignoscuntur, non necessariis omissis. Accedit methodus graminum, juncorum et cyperorum specialis</i></a> (in Latin). London: Smith & Walford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodus+plantarum+emendata+et+aucta%3A+In+qu%C3%A3a+notae+maxime+characteristicae+exhibentur%2C+quibus+stirpium+genera+tum+summa%2C+tum+infima+cognoscuntur+%26+%C3%A1a+se+mutuo+dignoscuntur%2C+non+necessariis+omissis.+Accedit+methodus+graminum%2C+juncorum+et+cyperorum+specialis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith+%26+Walford&rft.date=1703&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F105652%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1875" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Sachs" title="Julius von Sachs">Sachs, Julius von</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geschichtederbot00sachuoft"><i>Geschichte der Botanik vom 16. Jahrhundert bis 1860</i></a> (in German). Munich: Oldenbourg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Botanik+vom+16.+Jahrhundert+bis+1860&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Julius+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeschichtederbot00sachuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Sachs" title="Julius von Sachs">Sachs, Julius von</a> (1890) [1875]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/30585#/summary"><i>Geschichte der Botanik vom 16. Jahrhundert bis 1860</i></a> [<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Botany_(1530-1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Botany (1530-1860)">History of botany (1530-1860)</a></i>]. translated by Henry E. F. Garnsey, revised by Isaac Bayley Balfour. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.30585">10.5962/bhl.title.30585</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Botanik+vom+16.+Jahrhundert+bis+1860&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.30585&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Julius+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F30585%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span>, see also <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iT5-CgAAQBAJ">History of botany (1530-1860)</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScopoli1772" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scopoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopoli">Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio</a> (1772). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jl9CAAAAYAAJ"><i>Flora Carniolica exhibens plantas Carnioliae indigenas et distributas in classes, genera, species, varietates, ordine Linnaeano</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Vindobonensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindobonensis">Vindobonensis</a> (Vienna): Ioannis Pauli Krauss.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora+Carniolica+exhibens+plantas+Carnioliae+indigenas+et+distributas+in+classes%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+varietates%2C+ordine+Linnaeano&rft.place=Vindobonensis+%28Vienna%29&rft.pub=Ioannis+Pauli+Krauss&rft.date=1772&rft.aulast=Scopoli&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djl9CAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern">Modern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArber1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Arber" title="Agnes Arber">Arber, Agnes</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KR89AAAAIAAJ"><i>Monocotyledons: a morphological study</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monocotyledons%3A+a+morphological+study&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Arber&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKR89AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2008" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Adrian D. (2008) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SM3khPHXhKEC"><i>Plant Form. An illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881928501" title="Special:BookSources/9780881928501"><bdi>9780881928501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Form.+An+illustrated+guide+to+flowering+plant+morphology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780881928501&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Adrian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSM3khPHXhKEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plantform00adri">1st edition</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198542193" title="Special:BookSources/9780198542193">9780198542193</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBewleyBlackHalmer2006" class="citation book cs1">Bewley, J.Derek; Black, Michael; Halmer, Peter, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aE414KuXu4gC"><i>The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses</i></a>. Wallingford: CABI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-723-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-723-0"><bdi>978-0-85199-723-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+seeds%3A+science%2C+technology+and+uses&rft.place=Wallingford&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-85199-723-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaE414KuXu4gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraneBlackmore1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Crane" title="Peter Crane">Crane, Peter R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Blackmore" title="Stephen Blackmore">Blackmore, Stephen</a>, eds. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YB8mAQAAMAAJ"><i>Evolution, Systematics, and Fossil History of Hamamelidae. vol. I</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857711-9"><bdi>978-0-19-857711-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%2C+Systematics%2C+and+Fossil+History+of+Hamamelidae.+vol.+I&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-857711-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYB8mAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronkBatemanHawkins2002" class="citation book cs1">Cronk, Quentin C.B.; Bateman, Richard M.; Hawkins, Julie A., eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w1o5VaVG6SkC"><i>Developmental genetics and plant evolution</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420024982" title="Special:BookSources/9781420024982"><bdi>9781420024982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developmental+genetics+and+plant+evolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781420024982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw1o5VaVG6SkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronquist1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cronquist" title="Arthur Cronquist">Cronquist, Arthur</a> (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron"><i>An integrated system of classification of flowering plants</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03880-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03880-5"><bdi>978-0-231-03880-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+integrated+system+of+classification+of+flowering+plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-231-03880-5&rft.aulast=Cronquist&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintegratedsystem0000cron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronquist1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cronquist" title="Arthur Cronquist">Cronquist, Arthur</a> (1988) [1968]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t4XwAAAAMAAJ"><i>The evolution and classification of flowering plants</i></a> (2nd ed.). Bronx, N.Y., US: New York Botanical Garden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780893273323" title="Special:BookSources/9780893273323"><bdi>9780893273323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolution+and+classification+of+flowering+plants&rft.place=Bronx%2C+N.Y.%2C+US&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=New+York+Botanical+Garden&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780893273323&rft.aulast=Cronquist&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt4XwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlgrenClifford1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgren" title="Rolf Dahlgren">Dahlgren, Rolf</a>; Clifford, H. T. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=coXwAAAAMAAJ"><i>The monocotyledons: A comparative study</i></a>. London and New York: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780122006807" title="Special:BookSources/9780122006807"><bdi>9780122006807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+monocotyledons%3A+A+comparative+study&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780122006807&rft.aulast=Dahlgren&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft.au=Clifford%2C+H.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcoXwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgren" title="Rolf Dahlgren">Dahlgren, R.M.</a>; Clifford, H.T.; Yeo, P.F. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC"><i>The families of the monocotyledons</i></a>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64903-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64903-5"><bdi>978-3-642-64903-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+families+of+the+monocotyledons&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-642-64903-5&rft.aulast=Dahlgren&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rft.au=Clifford%2C+H.T.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+P.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3iGndTFY0skC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta1988" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Subhash Chandra (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7lfMACvjs4C"><i>Systematic Botany</i></a> (4 ed.). New Delhi: New Age Intl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-224-0013-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-224-0013-2"><bdi>81-224-0013-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Botany&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=New+Age+Intl.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-224-0013-2&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Subhash+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7lfMACvjs4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernholmBremerJörnvall1989" class="citation book cs1">Fernholm, Bo; Bremer, Kåre; Jörnvall, Hans, eds. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0udqAAAAMAAJ"><i>The hierarchy of life: molecules and morphology in phylogenetic analysis: proceedings from Nobel symposium 70 held at Alfred Nobel's Björkborn, Karlskoga, Sweden, August 29-September 2, 1988</i></a>. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444810731" title="Special:BookSources/9780444810731"><bdi>9780444810731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+hierarchy+of+life%3A+molecules+and+morphology+in+phylogenetic+analysis%3A+proceedings+from+Nobel+symposium+70+held+at+Alfred+Nobel%27s+Bj%C3%B6rkborn%2C+Karlskoga%2C+Sweden%2C+August+29-September+2%2C+1988&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Excerpta+Medica&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780444810731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0udqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedgesKumar2009" class="citation cs2">Hedges, S. Blair; Kumar, Sudhir, eds. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9rt1c1hl49MC"><i>The timetree of life</i></a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191560156" title="Special:BookSources/9780191560156"><bdi>9780191560156</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+timetree+of+life&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780191560156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9rt1c1hl49MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoenigerHoeniger1969" class="citation book cs1">Hoeniger, F. David; Hoeniger, J. F. M. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz4zGoscTH0C"><i>The Development of Natural History in Tudor England</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918016-29-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918016-29-4"><bdi>978-0-918016-29-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Natural+History+in+Tudor+England&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-918016-29-4&rft.aulast=Hoeniger&rft.aufirst=F.+David&rft.au=Hoeniger%2C+J.+F.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHz4zGoscTH0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hutchinson_(botanist)" title="John Hutchinson (botanist)">Hutchinson, John</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-g6AQAAIAAJ"><i>The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783874291606" title="Special:BookSources/9783874291606"><bdi>9783874291606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+families+of+flowering+plants%2C+arranged+according+to+a+new+system+based+on+their+probable+phylogeny.+2+vols&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9783874291606&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-g6AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubitzkiHuber1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kubitzki" title="Klaus Kubitzki">Kubitzki, Klaus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Huber_(botanist)" title="Herbert Huber (botanist)">Huber, Herbert</a>, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC"><i>The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)</i></a>. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-64060-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-64060-6"><bdi>3-540-64060-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+families+and+genera+of+vascular+plants.+Vol.3.+Flowering+plants.+Monocotyledons%3A+Lilianae+%28except+Orchidaceae%29&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-540-64060-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFyPVYzL76sMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubitzki1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kubitzki" title="Klaus Kubitzki">Kubitzki, Klaus</a>, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783540640615"><i>The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 4. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae)</i></a>. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03531-3">10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-03531-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-03531-3"><bdi>978-3-662-03531-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39472817">39472817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+families+and+genera+of+vascular+plants.+Vol.+4.+Flowering+Plants.+Monocotyledons%3A+Alismatanae+and+Commelinanae+%28except+Gramineae%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39472817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-03531-3&rft.isbn=978-3-662-03531-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fus%2Fbook%2F9783540640615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeck_et_al2008" class="citation book cs1">Leck, Mary Allessio; Parker, V. Thomas; Simpson, Robert L., eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lPSYJwMHanAC"><i>Seedling ecology and evolution</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521873055" title="Special:BookSources/9780521873055"><bdi>9780521873055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seedling+ecology+and+evolution&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521873055&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlPSYJwMHanAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLersten2004" class="citation book cs1">Lersten, Nels R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YbwF7tH6dUC"><i>Flowering plant embryology with emphasis on economic species</i></a>. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470752678" title="Special:BookSources/9780470752678"><bdi>9780470752678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowering+plant+embryology+with+emphasis+on+economic+species&rft.place=Ames%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780470752678&rft.aulast=Lersten&rft.aufirst=Nels+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YbwF7tH6dUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauseth2017" class="citation book cs1">Mauseth, James D. (2017) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4WkDAAAQBAJ"><i>Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology</i></a> (6th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781284077537" title="Special:BookSources/9781284077537"><bdi>9781284077537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botany%3A+An+Introduction+to+Plant+Biology&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+MA&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781284077537&rft.aulast=Mauseth&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY4WkDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wall_Oliver" title="Francis Wall Oliver">Oliver, Francis W.</a>, ed. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/1365#/summary"><i>Makers of British Botany</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+British+Botany&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F1365%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavord2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Pavord" title="Anna Pavord">Pavord, Anna</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qksX1BeWkqcC"><i>The naming of names the search for order in the world of plants</i></a>. New York: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781596919655" title="Special:BookSources/9781596919655"><bdi>9781596919655</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+naming+of+names+the+search+for+order+in+the+world+of+plants.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781596919655&rft.aulast=Pavord&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqksX1BeWkqcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvP92qGbI08C">ebook 2010</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavenEvertEichhorn2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Raven, Peter H.</a>; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6MjduQAACAAJ"><i>Biology of plants</i></a> (8th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781464113512" title="Special:BookSources/9781464113512"><bdi>9781464113512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781464113512&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft.au=Evert%2C+Ray+F.&rft.au=Eichhorn%2C+Susan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6MjduQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadosevich_et_al1997" class="citation book cs1">Radosevich, Steven R.; Holt, Jodie S.; Ghersa, Claudio (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XA1ioKqctwwC"><i>Weed ecology: implications for management</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: J. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-11606-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-11606-8"><bdi>0-471-11606-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weed+ecology%3A+implications+for+management&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=J.+Wiley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-471-11606-8&rft.aulast=Radosevich&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rft.au=Holt%2C+Jodie+S.&rft.au=Ghersa%2C+Claudio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXA1ioKqctwwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Raven" title="Charles E. Raven">Raven, Charles E.</a> (1950) [1942]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ETusSTe5O8YC"><i>John Ray, naturalist: his life and works</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521310833" title="Special:BookSources/9780521310833"><bdi>9780521310833</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Ray%2C+naturalist%3A+his+life+and+works&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=9780521310833&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DETusSTe5O8YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2008" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Barbara, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EMNac4aO6qkC"><i>Plant cryopreservation a practical guide</i></a>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-72276-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-72276-4"><bdi>978-0-387-72276-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+cryopreservation+a+practical+guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-387-72276-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEMNac4aO6qkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShortGeorge2013" class="citation book cs1">Short, Emma; <a href="/wiki/Alex_George_(botanist)" title="Alex George (botanist)">George, Alex</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFcKLxqEAj4C"><i>A primer of botanical Latin with vocabulary</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107693753" title="Special:BookSources/9781107693753"><bdi>9781107693753</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+primer+of+botanical+Latin+with+vocabulary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107693753&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=George%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdFcKLxqEAj4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith_et_al2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Mary_Smith" title="Alison Mary Smith">Smith, Alison M</a>; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eC0WBAAAQBAJ"><i>Plant biology</i></a>. New York, NY: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815340256" title="Special:BookSources/9780815340256"><bdi>9780815340256</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+biology&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780815340256&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Alison+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeC0WBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStace1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clive_A._Stace" title="Clive A. Stace">Stace, Clive A.</a> (1989) [1980]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C"><i>Plant taxonomy and biosystematics</i></a> (2nd. ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42785-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42785-2"><bdi>978-0-521-42785-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+taxonomy+and+biosystematics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42785-2&rft.aulast=Stace&rft.aufirst=Clive+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfQnuwh3bw8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStebbins1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">Stebbins, G. Ledyard</a> (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/floweringplantse0000steb"><i>Flowering plants: evolution above the species level</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-30685-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-30685-6"><bdi>0-674-30685-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowering+plants%3A+evolution+above+the+species+level&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-674-30685-6&rft.aulast=Stebbins&rft.aufirst=G.+Ledyard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffloweringplantse0000steb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuessy2009" class="citation book cs1">Stuessy, Tod F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bYs8F0Mb9gC"><i>Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14712-5"><bdi>978-0-231-14712-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Taxonomy%3A+The+Systematic+Evaluation+of+Comparative+Data&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14712-5&rft.aulast=Stuessy&rft.aufirst=Tod+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bYs8F0Mb9gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoltis_et_al.2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Soltis" title="Douglas E. Soltis">Soltis, D.E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_S._Soltis" title="Pamela S. Soltis">Soltis, P.S.</a>; Endress, P.K.; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wayne_Chase" title="Mark Wayne Chase">Chase, M.W.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgbJkQEACAAJ"><i>Phylogeny and evolution of angiosperms</i></a>. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588342010" title="Special:BookSources/9781588342010"><bdi>9781588342010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phylogeny+and+evolution+of+angiosperms&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+MA&rft.pub=Sinauer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781588342010&rft.aulast=Soltis&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+P.S.&rft.au=Endress%2C+P.K.&rft.au=Chase%2C+M.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgbJkQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span> (<i>see also</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Phylogeny-Evolution-Angiosperms-Douglas-Soltis/dp/0878938176">Excerpts at Amazon</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakhtajan1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Takhtajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Takhtajan">Takhtajan, Armen Leonovich</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xljPEon9Qy0C&pg=PA473">"Lilianae"</a>. <i>Система и филогения цветкорых растений (Sistema i filogeniia tsvetkovykh rastenii)</i> [<i>Systema et Phylogemia Magnoliophytorum</i>] (in Russian). trans. C Jeffrey, as <i>Flowering plants: Origin and dispersal</i>, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1969. Moscow: Наука. p. 473. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-05-001715-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-05-001715-2"><bdi>0-05-001715-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lilianae&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%28Sistema+i+filogeniia+tsvetkovykh+rastenii%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=473&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-05-001715-2&rft.aulast=Takhtajan&rft.aufirst=Armen+Leonovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxljPEon9Qy0C%26pg%3DPA473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakhtajan1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Armen_Takhtajan" title="Armen Takhtajan">Takhtajan, Armen</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c11HBwElG-4C"><i>Evolutionary trends in flowering plants</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231073288" title="Special:BookSources/9780231073288"><bdi>9780231073288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+trends+in+flowering+plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780231073288&rft.aulast=Takhtajan&rft.aufirst=Armen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc11HBwElG-4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakhtajan2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Armen_Takhtajan" title="Armen Takhtajan">Takhtajan, Armen Leonovich</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC"><i>Flowering Plants</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9609-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9609-9"><bdi>978-1-4020-9609-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowering+Plants&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9609-9&rft.aulast=Takhtajan&rft.aufirst=Armen+Leonovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoumyfO-NHuUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettstein1924" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wettstein" title="Richard Wettstein">Wettstein, Richard</a> (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218170153/http://biolib.mpipz.mpg.de/library/authors/author_00267_de.html"><i>Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik 2 vols</i></a> (3rd ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biolib.mpipz.mpg.de/library/authors/author_00267_de.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+Systematischen+Botanik+2+vols.&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Wettstein&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiolib.mpipz.mpg.de%2Flibrary%2Fauthors%2Fauthor_00267_de.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symposia">Symposia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Symposia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumbusFriarPorterPrince2006" class="citation journal cs1">Columbus, J. T.; Friar, E. A.; Porter, J. M.; Prince, L. M.; Simpson, M. G., eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbgpress.info/index.php?task=id&id=07015">"Symposium issue: Monocots: comparative biology and evolution (excluding Poales).<i> Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, 31 Mar–4 Apr 2003</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aliso:_A_Journal_of_Systematic_and_Evolutionary_Botany" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany">Aliso</a></i>. <b>22</b> (1). Claremont, Ca.: Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-6275">0065-6275</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aliso&rft.atitle=Symposium+issue%3A+Monocots%3A+comparative+biology+and+evolution+%28excluding+Poales%29.+Proceedings+of+the+Third+International+Conference+on+the+Comparative+Biology+of+the+Monocotyledons%2C+31+Mar%E2%80%934+Apr+2003&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0065-6275&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbgpress.info%2Findex.php%3Ftask%3Did%26id%3D07015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudallCribbCutlerHumphries1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Rudall" title="Paula Rudall">Rudall, P.J.</a>; Cribb, P.J.; Cutler, D.F.; Humphries, C.J., eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/M/bo9856357.html"><i>Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution, Kew 1993)</i></a>. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947643-85-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947643-85-0"><bdi>978-0-947643-85-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monocotyledons%3A+systematics+and+evolution+%28Proceedings+of+the+International+Symposium+on+Monocotyledons%3A+Systematics+and+Evolution%2C+Kew+1993%29&rft.place=Kew&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-947643-85-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fdistributed%2FM%2Fbo9856357.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinMayo2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilkin, Paul; Mayo, Simon J, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sEfKwaRHQj4C"><i>Early events in monocot evolution</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01276-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01276-9"><bdi>978-1-107-01276-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+events+in+monocot+evolution&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01276-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsEfKwaRHQj4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonMorrison2000" class="citation cs2">Wilson, K. L.; Morrison, D. A., eds. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/2424.htm"><i>Monocots: Systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, Sydney, Australia 1998)</i></a>, Collingwood, Australia: <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-643-06437-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-643-06437-0"><bdi>0-643-06437-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monocots%3A+Systematics+and+evolution+%28Proceedings+of+the+Second+International+Conference+on+the+Comparative+Biology+of+the+Monocotyledons%2C+Sydney%2C+Australia+1998%29&rft.place=Collingwood%2C+Australia&rft.pub=CSIRO&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-643-06437-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publish.csiro.au%2Fpid%2F2424.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC">Excerpts</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeberg_et_al2010" class="citation book cs1">Seberg, Ole; Petersen, Gitte; Barfod, Anders; Davis, Jerrold I., eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.unipress.dk/udgivelser/d/diversity,-phylogeny,-and-evolution-in-the-monocotyledons/"><i>Diversity, phylogeny, and evolution in the Monocotyledons: proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons and the Fifth International Symposium on Grass Systematics and Evolution</i></a>. Århus: <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University_Press" title="Aarhus University Press">Aarhus University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7934-398-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7934-398-6"><bdi>978-87-7934-398-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity%2C+phylogeny%2C+and+evolution+in+the+Monocotyledons%3A+proceedings+of+the+Fourth+International+Conference+on+the+Comparative+Biology+of+the+Monocotyledons+and+the+Fifth+International+Symposium+on+Grass+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.place=%C3%85rhus&rft.pub=Aarhus+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-87-7934-398-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.unipress.dk%2Fudgivelser%2Fd%2Fdiversity%2C-phylogeny%2C-and-evolution-in-the-monocotyledons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlinsonZimmerman1978" class="citation book cs1">Tomlinson, P. B.; Zimmerman, Martin, eds. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oxT1M8-bu3IC"><i>Tropical Trees as Living Systems (Proceedings of the fourth Cabot Symposium held at Harvard Forest, Petersham Massachusetts on April 26-30, 1976)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14247-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14247-2"><bdi>978-0-521-14247-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropical+Trees+as+Living+Systems+%28Proceedings+of+the+fourth+Cabot+Symposium+held+at+Harvard+Forest%2C+Petersham+Massachusetts+on+April+26-30%2C+1976%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-521-14247-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoxT1M8-bu3IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapters">Chapters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonJanssen2009" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, CL; Janssen, T (2009-04-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9rt1c1hl49MC&pg=PA203"><i>Monocots</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 203–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191560156" title="Special:BookSources/9780191560156"><bdi>9780191560156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monocots&rft.pages=203-212&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2009-04-23&rft.isbn=9780191560156&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=CL&rft.au=Janssen%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9rt1c1hl49MC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFHedgesKumar2009">Hedges & Kumar (2009)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase_et_al1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Wayne_Chase" title="Mark Wayne Chase">Chase, M. W.</a>; Duvall, M. R.; Hills, H. G.; Conran, J. G.; Cox, A. V.; Eguiarte, L. E.; Hartwell, J.; Fay, M. F.; Caddick, L. R.; Cameron, K. M.; Hoot, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257705581"><i>Molecular phylogenetics of Lilianae</i></a>. pp. 109–137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+phylogenetics+of+Lilianae&rft.pages=109-137&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft.au=Duvall%2C+M.+R.&rft.au=Hills%2C+H.+G.&rft.au=Conran%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Cox%2C+A.+V.&rft.au=Eguiarte%2C+L.+E.&rft.au=Hartwell%2C+J.&rft.au=Fay%2C+M.+F.&rft.au=Caddick%2C+L.+R.&rft.au=Cameron%2C+K.+M.&rft.au=Hoot%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F257705581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span>, In <a href="#CITEREFRudallCribbCutlerHumphries1995">Rudall et al. (1995)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase_et_al2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Wayne_Chase" title="Mark Wayne Chase">Chase, M.W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Soltis" title="Douglas E. Soltis">Soltis, D. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_S._Soltis" title="Pamela S. Soltis">Soltis, P. S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paula_Rudall" title="Paula Rudall">Rudall, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Francis_Fay" title="Michael Francis Fay">Fay, M. F.</a>; Hahn, W. H.; Sullivan, S.; Joseph, J.; Molvray, M.; Kores, P. J.; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Givnish" title="Thomas J. Givnish">Givnish, T. J.</a>; Sytsma, K. J.; Pires, J. C. <i>Higher-level systematics of the monocotyledons: An assessment of current knowledge and a new classification</i>. pp. 3–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Higher-level+systematics+of+the+monocotyledons%3A+An+assessment+of+current+knowledge+and+a+new+classification&rft.pages=3-16&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=M.W.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+P.+S.&rft.au=Rudall%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Fay%2C+M.+F.&rft.au=Hahn%2C+W.+H.&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+S.&rft.au=Joseph%2C+J.&rft.au=Molvray%2C+M.&rft.au=Kores%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Givnish%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Sytsma%2C+K.+J.&rft.au=Pires%2C+J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFWilsonMorrison2000">Wilson & Morrison (2000)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaseStevensonWilkinRudall1995b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Chase">Chase, M. W.</a>; Stevenson, D. W.; Wilkin, P.; <a href="/wiki/Paula_Rudall" title="Paula Rudall">Rudall, P. J.</a> <i>Monocot systematics: A combined analysis</i>. Vol. 2. pp. 685–730.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monocot+systematics%3A+A+combined+analysis&rft.pages=685-730&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+D.+W.&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+P.&rft.au=Rudall%2C+P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span>, In <a href="#CITEREFRudallCribbCutlerHumphries1995">Rudall et al. (1995)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis_et_al.2013" class="citation cs2">Davis, Jerrold I.; Mcneal, Joel R.; Barrett, Craig F.; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wayne_Chase" title="Mark Wayne Chase">Chase, Mark W.</a>; Cohen, James I.; Duvall, Melvin R.; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Givnish" title="Thomas J. Givnish">Givnish, Thomas J.</a>; Graham, Sean W.; Petersen, Gitte; Pires, J. Chris; Seberg, Ole; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Leebens-Mack, Jim (2013), "Contrasting patterns of support among plastid genes and genomes for major clades of the monocotyledons", <i>Early Events in Monocot Evolution</i>, pp. 315–349, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139002950.015">10.1017/CBO9781139002950.015</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139002950" title="Special:BookSources/9781139002950"><bdi>9781139002950</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contrasting+patterns+of+support+among+plastid+genes+and+genomes+for+major+clades+of+the+monocotyledons&rft.btitle=Early+Events+in+Monocot+Evolution&rft.pages=315-349&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139002950.015&rft.isbn=9781139002950&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Jerrold+I.&rft.au=Mcneal%2C+Joel+R.&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Craig+F.&rft.au=Chase%2C+Mark+W.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+James+I.&rft.au=Duvall%2C+Melvin+R.&rft.au=Givnish%2C+Thomas+J.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Sean+W.&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Gitte&rft.au=Pires%2C+J.+Chris&rft.au=Seberg%2C+Ole&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Dennis+W.&rft.au=Leebens-Mack%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFWilkinMayo2013">Wilkin & Mayo (2013)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonoghueDoyle1989" class="citation book cs1">Donoghue, Michael J.; Doyle, James A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/1989/024_MJD_HierarchyOfLife89.pdf"><i>Phylogenetic studies of seed plants and angiosperms based on morphological characters</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 181–193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phylogenetic+studies+of+seed+plants+and+angiosperms+based+on+morphological+characters&rft.pages=181-193&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Donoghue&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Doyle%2C+James+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphylodiversity.net%2Fdonoghue%2Fpublications%2FMJD_papers%2F1989%2F024_MJD_HierarchyOfLife89.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFFernholmBremerJörnvall1989">Fernholm, Bremer & Jörnvall (1989)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonoghueDoyle1989b" class="citation book cs1">Donoghue, Michael J.; Doyle, James A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://donoghuelab.yale.edu/sites/default/files/023_donoghue89.pdf"><i>Phylogenetic analysis of angiosperms and the relationships of Hamamelidae</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 17–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phylogenetic+analysis+of+angiosperms+and+the+relationships+of+Hamamelidae&rft.pages=17-45&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Donoghue&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Doyle%2C+James+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdonoghuelab.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F023_donoghue89.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span>, In <a href="#CITEREFCraneBlackmore1989">Crane & Blackmore (1989)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDransfield1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dransfield" title="John Dransfield">Dransfield, John</a> (2010-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oxT1M8-bu3IC&pg=PA247"><i>Growth forms of rain forest palms</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 247–268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521142472" title="Special:BookSources/9780521142472"><bdi>9780521142472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growth+forms+of+rain+forest+palms&rft.pages=247-268&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.isbn=9780521142472&rft.aulast=Dransfield&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoxT1M8-bu3IC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFTomlinsonZimmerman1978">Tomlinson & Zimmerman (1978)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGivnish_et_al.2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Givnish" title="Thomas J. Givnish">Givnish, T.J.</a>; Pires, J.C.; Graham, S.W.; McPherson, M.A.; Prince, L.M.; Patterson, T.B.; Rai, H.S.; Roalson, E.R.; Evans, T.M.; Hahn, W.J; Millam, K.C.; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Meerow" title="Alan Meerow">Meerow, A.W.</a>; Molvray, M.; Kores, P.; O'Brien, H.E.; Kress, W.J.; Hall, J.; Sytsma, K.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116103031/http://www.botany.wisc.edu/sytsma/pdf/ConcertedConvMonocots06.pdf"><i>Phylogeny of the monocotyledons based on the highly informative plastid gene </i>ndh<i>F: evidence for widespread concerted convergence</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 28–51. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.wisc.edu/sytsma/pdf/ConcertedConvMonocots06.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phylogeny+of+the+monocotyledons+based+on+the+highly+informative+plastid+gene+ndhF%3A+evidence+for+widespread+concerted+convergence&rft.pages=28-51&rft.aulast=Givnish&rft.aufirst=T.J.&rft.au=Pires%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Graham%2C+S.W.&rft.au=McPherson%2C+M.A.&rft.au=Prince%2C+L.M.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+T.B.&rft.au=Rai%2C+H.S.&rft.au=Roalson%2C+E.R.&rft.au=Evans%2C+T.M.&rft.au=Hahn%2C+W.J&rft.au=Millam%2C+K.C.&rft.au=Meerow%2C+A.W.&rft.au=Molvray%2C+M.&rft.au=Kores%2C+P.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+H.E.&rft.au=Kress%2C+W.J.&rft.au=Hall%2C+J.&rft.au=Sytsma%2C+K.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botany.wisc.edu%2Fsytsma%2Fpdf%2FConcertedConvMonocots06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span> In <a href="#CITEREFColumbusFriarPorterPrince2006">Columbus et al. (2006)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerendeenCrane1995" class="citation book cs1">Herendeen, P. S.; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Crane" title="Peter Crane">Crane, P. R.</a> (1995). <i>The fossil history of the monocotyledons</i>. pp. 1–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fossil+history+of+the+monocotyledons&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Herendeen&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rft.au=Crane%2C+P.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span> In <a href="#CITEREFRudallCribbCutlerHumphries1995">Rudall et al. 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(1 December 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0028825X.1973.10430305">"Establishment growth in woody monocotyledons native to New Zealand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Journal_of_Botany" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Journal of Botany">New Zealand Journal of Botany</a></i>. <b>11</b> (4): 627–644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973NZJB...11..627T">1973NZJB...11..627T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0028825X.1973.10430305">10.1080/0028825X.1973.10430305</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Establishment+growth+in+woody+monocotyledons+native+to+New+Zealand&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=627-644&rft.date=1973-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0028825X.1973.10430305&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973NZJB...11..627T&rft.aulast=Tomlinson&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft.au=Esler%2C+A.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0028825X.1973.10430305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikströmSavolainenChase2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wikström, Niklas; Savolainen, Vincent; <a href="/wiki/Mark_W_Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark W Chase">Chase, Mark W.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088868">"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B</i>. <b>268</b> (1482): 2211–2220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1782">10.1098/rspb.2001.1782</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088868">1088868</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11674868">11674868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+B&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+angiosperms%3A+calibrating+the+family+tree&rft.volume=268&rft.issue=1482&rft.pages=2211-2220&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088868%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11674868&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1782&rft.aulast=Wikstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rft.au=Savolainen%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Chase%2C+Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermannTomlinson1972" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmermann, Martin H.; Tomlinson, P. 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Soltis">Soltis, Pamela S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Donoghue" title="Michael Donoghue">Donoghue, Michael J.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2007/164_Cantino_Taxon07.pdf">"Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of <i>Tracheophyta</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a></i>. <b>56</b> (3): 822–846. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25065865">10.2307/25065865</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25065865">25065865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=Towards+a+phylogenetic+nomenclature+of+Tracheophyta&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=822-846&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25065865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25065865%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cantino&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft.au=Doyle%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Sean+W.&rft.au=Judd%2C+Walter+S.&rft.au=Olmstead%2C+Richard+G.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Douglas+E.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Pamela+S.&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phylodiversity.net%2Fdonoghue%2Fpublications%2FMJD_papers%2F2007%2F164_Cantino_Taxon07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase_et_al1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Wayne_Chase" title="Mark Wayne Chase">Chase, Mark W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Soltis" title="Douglas E. 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"An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>141</b> (4): 399–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x">10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=An+Update+of+the+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+Classification+for+the+orders+and+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+APG+II&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=399-436&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x&rft.au=APG+II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPG_III2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">APG III</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x">"An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>161</b> (2): 105–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10654%2F18083">10654/18083</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=An+Update+of+the+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+classification+for+the+orders+and+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+APG+III&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-121&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10654%2F18083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x&rft.au=APG+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPG_IV2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">APG IV</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385">"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>181</b> (1): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385">10.1111/boj.12385</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=An+update+of+the+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+classification+for+the+orders+and+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+APG+IV&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fboj.12385&rft.au=APG+IV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fboj.12385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaseReveal2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_W_Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark W Chase">Chase, Mark W</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_L_Reveal" class="mw-redirect" title="James L Reveal">Reveal, James L</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/downloads/APG2.pdf">"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>161</b> (2): 122–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.01002.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=A+phylogenetic+classification+of+the+land+plants+to+accompany+APG+III&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=122-127&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.01002.x&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Mark+W&rft.au=Reveal%2C+James+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freflora.jbrj.gov.br%2Fdownloads%2FAPG2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLAPGIII2009" class="citation journal cs1">Haston, Elspeth; Richardson, James E.; <a href="/wiki/Peter_F_Stevens" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter F Stevens">Stevens, Peter F.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_W_Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark W Chase">Chase, Mark W.</a>; Harris, David J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.01000.x">"The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>161</b> (2): 128–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.01000.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01000.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=The+Linear+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+%28LAPG%29+III%3A+a+linear+sequence+of+the+families+in+APG+III&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=128-131&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.01000.x&rft.aulast=Haston&rft.aufirst=Elspeth&rft.au=Richardson%2C+James+E.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Peter+F.&rft.au=Chase%2C+Mark+W.&rft.au=Harris%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8339.2009.01000.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites_and_databases">Websites and databases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Websites and databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn1997" class="citation web cs1">Hahn, William J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Monocotyledons&contgroup=Euangiosperms">"Monocotyledons"</a>. Tree of Life web project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monocotyledons&rft.pub=Tree+of+Life+web+project&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftolweb.org%2Ftree%3Fgroup%3DMonocotyledons%26contgroup%3DEuangiosperms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Stevens" title="Peter F. Stevens">Stevens, P.F.</a> (2015) [2001], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/orders/acoralesweb.htm#Monocots"><i>Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Website&rft.pub=Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=P.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobot.org%2Fmobot%2Fresearch%2FAPWeb%2Forders%2Facoralesweb.htm%23Monocots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span> (<i>see also</i> <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Website" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Website">Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGivnish" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Givnish" title="Thomas J. Givnish">Givnish, Thomas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060914144837/http://www.botany.wisc.edu/monatol/welcome.htm">"Assembling the phylogeny of the monocots"</a>. <i>Monocot AToL Project</i>. Madison: Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.wisc.edu/monatol/welcome.htm">the original</a> on 14 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monocot+AToL+Project&rft.atitle=Assembling+the+phylogeny+of+the+monocots&rft.aulast=Givnish&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botany.wisc.edu%2Fmonatol%2Fwelcome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoL2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org">"Catalogue of Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ITIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ITIS">ITIS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Life&rft.pub=ITIS&rft.date=2015&rft.au=CoL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catalogueoflife.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIUCN2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature_and_Natural_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources">International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.pub=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature+and+Natural+Resources&rft.date=2016&rft.au=IUCN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNBGI2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanicgardens.ie/">"National Botanic Gardens of Ireland"</a>. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Botanic+Gardens+of+Ireland&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botanicgardens.ie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTropicos2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tropicos.org/Home.aspx">"Tropicos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tropicos&rft.pub=Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tropicos.org%2FHome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113173134/http://www.plantlifeforms.com/Classes128/MONOCOT_MONOCOTYLEDONEAE_503902_128.aspx">"Class: Monocotyledoneae - Monocot"</a>. <i>Plant Life Forms</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantlifeforms.com/Classes128/MONOCOT_MONOCOTYLEDONEAE_503902_128.aspx">the original</a> on 13 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plant+Life+Forms&rft.atitle=Class%3A+Monocotyledoneae+-+Monocot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantlifeforms.com%2FClasses128%2FMONOCOT_MONOCOTYLEDONEAE_503902_128.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocotyledon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Monocots" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Monocots">Monocots</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Orders_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#C3EEC3;;background:#90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_orders" title="Template:Angiosperm orders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angiosperm_orders" title="Template talk:Angiosperm orders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm_orders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm orders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orders_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Orders of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">APG IV</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amborella" title="Amborella">Amborellales</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Mesangiosperms</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloranthaceae" title="Chloranthaceae">Chloranthales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllaceae" title="Ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canellales" title="Canellales">Canellales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurales" title="Laurales">Laurales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliales" title="Magnoliales">Magnoliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monocots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorus" title="Acorus">Acorales</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviaceae" title="Petrosaviaceae">Petrosaviales</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>³</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochodendraceae" title="Trochodendraceae">Trochodendrales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxales" title="Buxales">Buxales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Core_eudicots" class="mw-redirect" title="Core eudicots">Core eudicots</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilleniales" title="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">Superrosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales">Saxifragales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabids">Fabids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllales" title="Zygophyllales">Zygophyllales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalidales" title="Oxalidales">Oxalidales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitales" title="Cucurbitales">Cucurbitales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malvids" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvids">Malvids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geraniales" title="Geraniales">Geraniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossosomatales" title="Crossosomatales">Crossosomatales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picramniaceae" title="Picramniaceae">Picramniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huerteales" title="Huerteales">Huerteales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicales" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">Superasterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidales" title="Berberidopsidales">Berberidopsidales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santalales" title="Santalales">Santalales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornales" title="Cornales">Cornales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Campanulids" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanulids">Campanulids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliales" title="Aquifoliales">Aquifoliales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalloniaceae" title="Escalloniaceae">Escalloniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruniales" title="Bruniales">Bruniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipsacales" title="Dipsacales">Dipsacales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiaceae" title="Paracryphiaceae">Paracryphiales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lamiids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamiids">Lamiids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icacinales" title="Icacinales">Icacinales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metteniusaceae" title="Metteniusaceae">Metteniusales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryales" title="Garryales">Garryales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boraginales" title="Boraginales">Boraginales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahlia" title="Vahlia">Vahliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_poster_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flower_poster_2.jpg/140px-Flower_poster_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flower_poster_2.jpg/210px-Flower_poster_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flower_poster_2.jpg/280px-Flower_poster_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4462" data-file-height="5932" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>¹<a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a></li> <li>²<a href="/wiki/Alismatid_monocots" title="Alismatid monocots">Alismatids</a></li> <li>³<a href="/wiki/Lilioid_monocots" title="Lilioid monocots">Lilioids</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Angiosperm_orders" title="Category:Angiosperm orders">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Monocots</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78961" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q78961">Q78961</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Monocots" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Monocots">Monocots</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id3358">3358</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table 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/></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="jednoděložné rostliny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114823&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&oldid=1256875980">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monocotyledon&oldid=1256875980</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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Template:Clade"," 6.19% 153.689 11 Template:Navbox"," 5.01% 124.369 9 Template:Efn"," 4.31% 106.898 1 Template:Fossil_range"," 4.11% 101.986 1 Template:Monocotyledons"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.763","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9441784,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAPG1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAPG_II2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAPG_III2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAPG_IV2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonJanssen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArber1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatsch1802\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBentham1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenthamHooker1862–1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBessey1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBewleyBlackHalmer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirch1757\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBremer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBremer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBremerJanssen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBremerWanntorp1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameronDickison1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCantino_et_al2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChase2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaseReveal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaseStevensonWilkinRudall1995b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChase_et_al1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChase_et_al1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChase_et_al2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristenhuszByng2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClifford1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoL2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColumbusFriarPorterPrince2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraneBlackmore1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCronkBatemanHawkins2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCronquist1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCronquist1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCronquist1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCronquistTakhtajanZimmermann1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahlgren1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahlgren1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahlgrenClifford1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahlgrenRasmussen1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDatta1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis_et_al.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis_et_al2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonoghue2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonoghueDoyle1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonoghueDoyle1989b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyleDonoghue1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDransfield1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDu_et_al2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuvallCleggChaseClark1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEichler1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndressDoyle2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngler1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFay2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernholmBremerJörnvall1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriisPedersenCrane2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriisPedersenCrane2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandolfoNixonCrepet2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanfolfo_et_al1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGivnish\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGivnishAmesMcNealMcKain2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGivnish_et_al.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGivnish_et_al.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGivnish_et_al2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoremykinHansmanMartin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHahn1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallier1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedgesKumar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenslow1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerendeenCrane1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerendeenCraneDrinnan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertweck_et_al2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertwick_et_al.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoenigerHoeniger1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuber1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchinson1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIUCN2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanssenBremer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJussieu1789\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubitzki1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubitzkiHuber1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubitzkiRudallChase1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLAPGIII2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeck_et_al2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeebens-Mack_et_al2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLersten2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindley1830\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindley1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoconteStevenson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagallonGomez-AcevedoSanchez-ReyesTania_Hernandez-Hernandez2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalpighi1675\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalpighi1679\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauseth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore_et_al2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNBGI2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattersonGivnish2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavord2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetit_et_al2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQiuLiWangXue2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadosevich_et_al1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaven1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavenEvertEichhorn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay1674\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay1682\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay1696\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay1703\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudallBuzgo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudallCribbCutlerHumphries1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachs1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachs1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderson_et_al2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavard_et_al1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScopoli1772\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeberg_et_al2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShortGeorge2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith_et_al2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoltisSmithCellineseWurdack2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoltisSoltis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoltisSoltis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoltis_et_al.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStace1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStebbins1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevensonLoconte1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrongRay1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuessy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakhtajan1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakhtajan1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakhtajan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakhtajan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTang_et_al2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorne1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorne1992a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorne1992b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTillich1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomlinson1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomlinson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomlinsonEsler1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomlinsonZimmerman1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrias-BlasiBakerHaighSimpson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTropicos2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVines1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWettstein1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWikströmSavolainenChase2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinMayo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonMorrison2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeng_et_al2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmermannTomlinson1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Candolle1818–1821\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Candolle1819\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFl\u0026#039;Obel1571\"] = 1,\n [\"Clad1\"] = 1,\n [\"Clad2\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Barlabel\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite Dictionary.com\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 76,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 68,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Clade\"] = 21,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 9,\n [\"Fossil range\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 34,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 13,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 19,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Monocotyledons\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Photomontage\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotebox\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 181,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","20.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","17.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","7.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","4.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","4.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.1"],["[others]","460","24.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f4smn","timestamp":"20241124053119","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Monocotyledon","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monocotyledon","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q78961","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q78961","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-09T03:09:35Z","dateModified":"2024-11-12T00:34:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/75\/Ginger_plants.jpg","headline":"important clade of plants"}</script> </body> </html>